takuya kawabata, yoshinori shoji, hiromu … kawabata, yoshinori shoji, hiromu seko and kazuo saito...
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Takuya KAWABATA, Yoshinori SHOJI,
Hiromu SEKO and Kazuo SAITO
Meteorological Research Institute
Japan Meteorological Agency
Kawabata, T., Y. Shoji, H. Seko, and K. Saito, 2013: A numerical study on a mesoscale convective system over a subtropical island with 4D-Var assimilation of GPS slant total delays. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 705-721.
Observe Cumulonimbus
Water vapor and wind
convergence at low levels
GPS:
Water Vapor in all area
Doppler Radar:
Wind, Water substances
inside clouds
Clear air echoes: Wind
Doppler Lidar:
Wind outside clouds
Cumulonimbus
Horizontal:10-20 km
Lifetime: 1 h
Innovative observations
Assimilation techniques
ISDA 2012
in Offenbach
Kawabata et al., 2014: Impact of Doppler
Wind Lidar Assimilation on a Heavy
Rainfall Forecast at a Meso-beta Scale,
Mon. Wea. Rev., (under review).
Reflectivity, radial
velocity
GPS-PWV
+Doppler lidar
Reflectivity,
radial velocity
GPS-PWV MCS
~30km
NHM-4DVAR (Kawabata et al. 2007; 2011; 2013; 2014)
Model
Forward model : JMANHM with full physics
(JMA operational meso-scale nonhydrostatic model)
Adjoint model :Dynamical core
Cloud microphysical process
(warm rain; w/o parameterization)
Observation
Doppler radial wind, radar reflectivity,
GPS precipitable water vapor,
GPS slant delay, zenith delay,
Doppler wind lidar, RASS,
wind profiler, surface wind, surface temperature, surface pressure
Horizontal resolution
2 km
GEONET (GNSS Earth Observation Network System)
http://terras.gsi.go.jp/gps/gps-based_control_station.html
•Installed by the Geospatial
Information Authority of Japan
• Number: 1,200 points
•Density: 20 km^2
GPS-derived observations
measure delay by
the atmosphere
and water vapor
Precipitable
water vapor
mapping
Zenith delay
Ps & Temp
Precipitable water vapor (PWV):
vertically accumulated water vapor
・Only water vapor
・Only zenith direction
Zenith total delay (ZTD):
vertically accumulated delay of radio waves
・water vapor, pressure, temperature
・Only zenith direction
Slant total delay (STD):
accumulated delay along the path of radio waves
・water vapor, pressure, temperature
・slant direction to GPS satellites
ma
ny info
rma
tio
n
Are slant delay data advantageous to PWV and ZTD?
Three kinds of observations
derived by ground based GPS
ea
sy to
assim
ilate
Widely used
Challenging!
Why storm scale?
Zenith delay
High resolution
Similar impact Different!
Coarse resolution
𝑛 − 1 × 106 = 𝐾1 𝑃𝑑
𝑇 + 𝐾2
𝑃𝑣𝑇 + 𝐾3
𝑃𝑣𝑇2
Observation operator
∆L= [𝑛(𝑠)− 1]𝑑𝑠 + [S− G]𝐿
(a) Refractive index
Pd : Partial pressure of dry air, Pv : Partial pressure
of water vapor, T : Temperature, K1, K2, K3:Constants
(b) Integrate along the slant path
G : Distance between the GPS satellite and the
receiver.
S : Real length of propagation root of radio wave.
Assumption : S = G
(c) Assumption Amount of delay becomes ZERO at the height of 100 km
over the model top with exponential reduction.
Model top
100km
exponential
reduction
=Obs
Single observation assimilation experiment
• Assimilation of 3 STDs, 1 PWV, or 1 ZTD
• 10-min assimilation window
• Observations at 0, 5, 10 min
Slant paths projected in the model space
ZTD,
PWV
STD
STD
STD
Analysis increments
Vertical cross sections along path III Water vapor Potential temperature
PWV
ZTD
STD
• PWV and ZTD are Almost same
• Larger magnitude of the
increment of PT in ZTD
• Largest magnitude of the
increments in STD
• Widely distribute
Analysis increments of PWV
elliptical and almost axisymmetric reflects the distribution
of the slant paths.
Naha heavy rainfall 19. Aug. 2009
Norh-
easterly
wind
JMA Radar
1030-1500 JST (every 30 min)
1-h accumulated rainfall (mm)
Rainband
20x100km
Slant delay observations
Cold color: small delay
-> dry, low pressure
-> high level
GPS receivers
100 km
Warm color: large delay
-> humid, high pressure
-> low level
2009.08.18 1100 1200 1300 1400 JST
assimilation
forecast
Observation:
• Precipitable water vapor every 10-min (PWV)
• Zenith total delay every 10-min (ZTD)
• Slant total delay every 10-min (STD)
Assimilation Experiment
Result NODA
PWV ZTD
STD Obs 12 JST 13 JST
Analysis increment (assimilation minus NODA)
STD ZTD
θ
Water
vapor
South North
A
B
A B
• Warm and humid
• Unstable
Horizontal distributions at 225 m
STD NODA
• Wider distribution
of warm and
humid air
θ
Water
vapor
Summary
• Slant total delay is useful data for predicting small scale
MCS, particularly for a storm scale assimilation system.
• ZTD has larger impact in temperature field than PWV has,
but its magnitude is small.
• STD assimilation has large impacts particularly at low levels,
because many slant paths exist in a narrow area above the
observation site.
• The STD assimilation influences the initiation and intensity
of the rainband forecast, through the improvement of
environmental field in the model.
Thank you!
Danke schöen!
Kawabata, T., Y. Shoji, H. Seko, and K. Saito, 2013: A numerical study on a mesoscale convective system over a subtropical island with 4D-Var assimilation of GPS slant total delays. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 91, 705-721.
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