bioproject2

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT

Nucleus

Ribosome

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

Nucleus

Ribosome

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT

PromoterTermination sequenceCoding Region

RNA Polymerase

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT


RNA Polymerase

TAC

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT


RNA Polymerase

TACAGG

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT


RNA Polymerase

TACAGGAGT

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT


RNA Polymerase

TACAGGAGTCAG

AU G

TA

GC

AU

CG

TA

GC

AU

CTA

AU

CG

GC

GC

AU


RNA Polymerase

TACAGGAGTCAGACT

AT G

TA

GC

AT

CG

TA

GC

AT

CTA

AT

CG

GC

GC

AT

TACAGGAGTCAGACT

TACAGGAGTCAGACT =mRNA strand

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

=mRNA strand

Nuclear Pore

Ribosomes

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG

tRNA

Start Codon

Anti Codon

Codon Codon Codon Stop Codon

Amino Acid

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG

Large ribosome subunit

Small ribosome subunit

tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC

tRNA

tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC

tRNA

tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid Peptide

bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC

UCAtRNA

tRNA

tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid Peptide

bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC UCA

tRNA tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid Peptide

bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC UCA

GUCtRNA

tRNA

tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid Peptide

bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC UCA GUC

tRNAtRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid Peptide

bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC UCA GUC

tRNA

tRNA

Start Codon


Amino Acid

STOP

Peptide bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC UCA GUC

tRNA

Start Codon


STOP

Amino Acid Peptide

bond

TAC AGG AGT CAG ACT

AUG



UCC UCA GUC

Start Codon


STOP

Amino Acid Peptide

bond

Protein Synthesis

• Protein synthesis has two steps, which are transcription and translation. Transcription is first and RNA polymerase binds onto the double helix strand. It then works it way down the DNA and temporarily unwinds it. It also builds a mRNA strand of the top part of DNA. When the mRNA strand is built the DNA goes back together. When it is finished the mRNA strand breaks off and leaves the nucleus through little holes called nuclear pores. When it is in the cytoplasm it gets on a ribosome and that leads to the next step. It starts at the promoter and ends with the termination sequence. Everything in between is called the coding region.

Protein Synthesis(Con.)

• Translation is the second step of protein synthesis. When the mRNA strand leaves the nucleus it catches onto a ribosome. tRNA messengers then carry in both an anti codon and an amino acid. When the next tRNA messenger comes in a peptide bond is formed between the amino acids and the first tRNA messenger goes away. This continues on until it get to the stop codon which is ACT. When it gets to stop the amino acids break off and start to fold up on itself, which then makes it a protein. The way the protein folds up on itself tells what the function is.

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