Print slides as a handout (not as slides) in “pure back and white” or “gray scale” and you should get a white background with dark letters/lines. This will save ink.

Development of Limnology

Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes

Between WWI and WWII

Post WWII

First textbook on limnology in 1901 by A. Forel,

30 yr of research on Lac Léman

Lakes as integrated units

Stephan Forbes

--1872, was named director of the new State Laboratory of Natural History in 1877

--Illinois Natural History Survey

--Lake as a Microcosm

**Discussion and exercise to follow

In 1865 the head of the Vatican Navy, Commander A. Cialdi, found reference to use of a “dish” to measure transparency

Engaged professor P.A. Secchi to conduct observations aboard the Papal Steam Sloop L’ Immacolata Concezione (Immaculate Conception).

Secchi spent< month at sea and found that depth of visibility depended, among many other variables, on the size of the disk (bigger is better) and its color.

Red portion of the light spectrum is rapidly absorbed in water; while greens and blues persist much deeper, so something contrasting with these hues remains visible.

Secchi’s unusual name will forever be associated with this durable oceanographic tool.

http://www.bayjournal.com/article.cfm?article=860

AE Birge (1851-1950); U. Wisconsin--Importance of small algae--University Dean & administrator--Did much limnological work after retirement, collecting at Trout Lake at 85yrs--Worked with Juday on Lake Mendota

Robert Pennak, who completed his graduate work at Wisconsin and now is emeritus professor at the University of Colorado, relates a story of how Birge admonished him, after a Model A car they were using had been turned on its side by slippery road conditions, " … dammit Pennak, put it back on its wheels, the survey must go on!" (Beckel, 1987).

http://www.bsl.oeaw.ac.at/english/e_institute.htm

C. Wesenberg-Lund: Founding scientist of Biological Station Lunz (Austria) Institute for Limnology. Founded 1904 and recently closed

Sven Ekman and dredge ~1911

Development of Limnology

Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes

Between WWI and WWII: Quantification of material and energy flux and rates of production

Europe - lake classificationNorth America – classification & system

aggregatesJapan

Post WWII

Nutrient cycling and foodweb structure

Using chironomids as indicators to characterize systems

August Friedrich Thienemann (1882 - 1960) trained at Innsbruck, Heidelberg, and Greifswald

1917 appointed director of the Hydrobiological Anstalt at Plön,

directed the Max-Planck-Institut für Limnologie in Plön for 40 years.

Einar Christian Leonard Naumann (1891 - 1934)Trained at University of Lund, Sweden

Coined use of terms:OligotrophicMesotrophic Eutrophic

Edward Birge and Chancey JudayFounders of academic limnology

Multidisciplinary collaborations

Instrument development

Studied range of lake types & sizes

Autotrophic vs. Allotrophic lakes

Recognized gradients of many factors

Quantatiave but lacked hypothesis testing or tests of statistical significance

Founders of Wisconsin ‘dynasty’ in NA limnology

http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~lloyd/tildeImages/People/Fisher.RA/

--1890: Born in London. .--1919: Started work as a statistician at Rothamsted Experimental Station.

1933: Chair of Eugenics at University College, London. . 1962: Died Adelaide, South Australia.

R. A. Fisher

G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1903-1991), an English born, South African raised American Zoologist (Yale U.)

Opposite approach to Birge and Juday, mathematical modeling

Phylogeny and Biogeography of Hutchinsonia: G. E. Hutchinson's Influence Through His Doctoral Students

Alan J. Kohn

Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 16, No. 2, G. Evelyn Hutchinson Celebratory Issue. (Mar., 1971), pp. 173-176.

Kling

BridgemanCulver

Raymond L. Lindeman (1915 – 1942)

--published just six articles, described shortly after his death by G. E. Hutchinson as "one of the most creative and generous minds yet to devote itself to ecological science,"

last paper, "The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology,"—published posthumously

foundational papers in ecology, general analysis of ecological succession in terms of energy flow through the ecosystem

Contrast:1.European and Wisconsin approaches of classifying lakes and searching for pattern among systems

2.Hutchinson-Lindeman approach of attempting to explain function through appreciation of aggregated components (trophic levels)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of each approach?

Is one or the other a “better” way to do science?

Development of Limnology

Early Days: focus on description of physical, chemical and biological aspects of lakes

Between WWI and WWII: Quantification of material and energy flux and rates of production

Europe - lake classificationNorth America – classification & system

aggregatesJapan

Post WWII: Ecosystem perspective

H. T. Odum (1924 – 2002),

Founded The Center for Wetlands at the University of Florida, 1973

A founder of ecosystem science

ELA Research

1968 and 1975- Eutrophication (pollution by excess nutrients), whole ecosystem studies.

1976 and 1992- lake acidification and the impacts of acid rain,

From 1993 through 2003, impacts of reservoir creation and associated flooding

David Schindler

Founder and original director of Experimental Lakes Area

Many researchers looking at larger spatial and temporal scales

Whole lake manipulations

Long time series

U. Wisconsin

A. Hasler (1976)

J. Magnuson

J. Kitchell S. Carpenter

Trout Lake area LTER

Mendota data support occurrence of global warming

… and now for something completely different

Diversity in Aquatic Ecologists

Debbie Bronk (2010-2012)Carlos Duarte (2008-2010)Sybil Seitzinger (2006-2008)Jonathan Cole (2004-06)Peter Jumars (2002-04)William M. Lewis (2000-02)Thomas C. Malone (1998-00)Diane M. McKnight (1996-98) Nancy H. Marcus (1994-96)John T. Lehman (1992-94) (resigned 6/94)Trevor Platt (1990-92)Claire L. Schelske (1988-90)Richard T. Barber (1986-88)John E. Hobbie (1984-86)Larry R. Pomeroy (1983-84)David Schindler (1982-83)Richard W. Eppley (1981-82)Robert G. Wetzel (1980-81)Patrick L. Parker (1979-80)Robert L. Smith (1978-79)George W. Saunders, Jr. (1977-78)Gene E. Likens (1976-77)Richard C. Dugdale (1975-76)Edward S. Deevey, Jr. (1974-75)James H. Carpenter (1973-74)George H. Lauff (1972-73)I. Eugene Wallen (1971-72)Clifford H. Mortimer (1970-71)

Timothy R. Parsons (1969-70)F. Ronald Hayes (1968-69)Charles R. Goldman (1967-68)Frank F. Hooper (1966-67)Maurice Rattray, Jr. (1965-66)Gerald W. Prescott (1964-65)John C. Ayres (1963-64)Robert W. Pennak (1962-63)Gordon A. Riley (1961-62)W. Thomas Edmondson (1960-61)Bostwick H. Ketchum (1959-60)William E. Ricker (1958-59)Dale F. Leipper (1957-58)David C. Chandler (1956-57)Alfred C. Redfield (1955-56)David G. Frey (1954-55)Thurlow C. Nelson (1953-54)Frederick E.J. Fry (1952-53)Richard H. Fleming (1951-52)Carl L. Hubbs (1950-51)Arthur D. Hasler (1949-50)Claude E. Zobell (1948-49)G. Evelyn Hutchinson (1947-48)Donald S. Rawson (1946-47)Paul S. Welch (1946-46)George L. Clarke (1942-1946)Raymond C. Osburn (1941-42)William J.K. Harkness (1940-41)Lewis H. Tiffany (1939-40)Robert E. Coker (1938-39)James G. Needham (1937-38)Chancey Juday (1935-37)

Past presidents of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography

--John and Margaret Gompertz Chair in Integrative Biology, 2002-2007, Berkley

--G. Evelyn Hutchinson Medal, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, summer 2005

--Past President, American Society of Naturalists, 2005 http://www.amnat.org/

Mary Power: control of primary production and river food webs

Bobbi Peckarsky: mechanisms, consequences and evolution of predator-prey, consumer-resource, and competitive interactions

Professor Emeritus, Cornell UniversityHonorary Fellow, University of Wisconsin,

Carla E. Cáceres   Associate Professor, University of Illinois

--2003-2008  Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE)

--1999. R. L. Lindeman Award for the outstanding paper written by a young aquatic scientist, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography.

Hank Bart; Professor & Director, Tulane University Museum of Natural History

diversity of North American fishes; systematics, taxonomy, community ecology and life history

http://www.limnology.org/index.shtml

International Society of Limnology

Discussion of Lake a Microcosm

What are entomostraca?

Forbes found entomostraca in large lakes to be “inferior in numbers, in size and robustness, and in reproductive power”

He concluded this was “doubtless due to the relative scarcity of food”

On what evidence did he base this conclusion?

Propose and alternative hypothesis.

How would you test it?