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RFID-ECE4803Lecture 2

Prof. Manos M. Tentzeris(etentze@ece.gatech.edu)

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BroadcastBroadcastMobileMobile

WRANWRAN

WMANWMAN

WPAN

WPANWPAN

WLANWLAN

802.15.1Bluetooth

802.15.1802.15.1

BluetoothBluetooth

802.15.4

ZigBee

802.15.4802.15.4

ZigBeeZigBee

802.11b

WiFi

802.11b802.11b

WiFiWiFi

802.15.3

UWB

802.15.3802.15.3

UWBUWB

802.15.3c

mm-wave

802.15.3c802.15.3c

mmmm--wavewave

802.16

WiMax

802.16802.16

WiMaxWiMax802.11g

802.11g802.11g

802.11n

802.11n802.11n

802.11a

802.11a802.11a

802.22

Cognitive

Radio

802.22802.22

CognitiveCognitive

RadioRadio

GPRS/EGDE

GPRS/EGDEGPRS/EGDE

WCDMA

WCDMAWCDMA

HSDPA

HSDPAHSDPA

GSM

GSMGSM

To be used

To be usedTo be used

Being Used

Being UsedBeing Used

WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network

WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network

WMAN: Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWRAN: Wireless Regional Area Network

UWB: Ultra Wide-Band

HSPDA(3.5G mobile): High-speed Data Packet

Access

WCDMA(3G) : Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access

GPRS(2.5G): General Packet Radio Service

EDGE(2.5G): Enhanced Data Rate for GSM

Evolution

GSM(2G): Global System for Mobile Communication

DVB: Digital Video Broadcast

DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast

1M

10M

100M

10m 100m 1km 10km

1G

Data Rate

bit/sec

Coverage

Sept.122005by

K.Lim,ktlim@ece.

gatech.edu

Communication by ApplicationsCommunication by Applications

DAB

DABDAB

DVB

DVBDVB

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Control of inControl of in--househouse

electronics systemelectronics system

Bluetooth

BluetoothBluetooth

Communication by LocationCommunication by Location

Sensors, Lights,Sensors, Lights,Security, Doors...Security, Doors...

ZigBee

ZigBeeZigBee

Wireless HiFi Audio andWireless HiFi Audio and

HD Video transmissionHD Video transmission

UWB

UWBUWBNext of WCDMA.Next of WCDMA.

Higher speed dataHigher speed data

comm.comm.

HSDPA

HSDPAHSDPA

Free of spectrumFree of spectrum

licensing. Data comm.licensing. Data comm.

for pedestrian andfor pedestrian andhouse.house.

WRAN

WRANWRAN

Phone/Power line forPhone/Power line forconnection of inconnection of in--

house electronicshouse electronics

systemsystem

HomePNA

HomePNAHomePNA

High speed dataHigh speed data

transmission fortransmission for

mobile &mobile &

pedestrianpedestrian

WiMax

WiMaxWiMax

Most popular voiceMost popular voice

and data comm. forand data comm. for

mobile andmobile and

pedestrianpedestrian

WCDMA

WCDMAWCDMA

Fiber/Copper basedFiber/Copper based

high speed last milehigh speed last mile

wired comm.wired comm.

10 Gbps

Ethernet

10 Gbps10 Gbps

EthernetEthernet

Digital TV forDigital TV for

Cellphone userCellphone user

DVB

DVBDVBDigital RadioDigital Radio

Service. Like XMService. Like XM

DAB

DABDAB

Fixed wireless comm.Fixed wireless comm.

in office/room. 802.11nin office/room. 802.11n

can support over 200can support over 200MbpsMbps

WLAN

WLANWLAN

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RFID Operation Scenarios- Aeronautical industry

- Pharmaceutical industry- Port security

- Airport security and baggage

tracking- Automotive industry (tire

pressure monitoring sensor system)

- Inventory control

- Wearable electronics

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What is RFID

Radio Frequency IDentification is detection of tagged

objects from a remote transponder (tag) including an

antenna and a microchip transceiver (IC) using a

local querying system (reader or interrogator)

Power

Stored data

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RFID to Improve Daily Life

Activities

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Acrobat Document

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RFID History

Communication by Means of Reflected Power,

by Harry Stockman, Proceedings of the IRE, 1948,

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Generic Tag Architecture

Protocol

Engine

Protocol

Engine

ReceiverReceiver

MemoryMemory

Antenna

Anten

na

Write Path

D

S

G

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NN

SS

TAG

Rea

der

Rea

der

TAG

BackscatterBackscatter

Near field (LF, HF): inductive coupling of tag to magnetic field circulating around antenna (like a transformer) Varying magnetic flux induces current in tag. Modulate tag load to communicate with reader field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R3 (to first order)

Far field (UHF, microwave): backscatter. Modulate back scatter by changing antenna impedance Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R

Boundry between near and far field: R = wavelength/2 pi so, once have reached far field, lower frequencieswill have lost significantly more energy than high frequencies

Absorption by non-conductive materials significant problem for microwave frequencies

Inductive CouplingInductive Coupling

Source of data:Source of data: Introduction to RFIDIntroduction to RFID CAENRFID an IIT CorporationCAENRFID an IIT Corporation

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1980s-1990s

Animal TrackingAnimal Tracking

Automated Vehicle IdAutomated Vehicle Id

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Todays RFID

Substrate

Tag IC

Antenna

Die

attach

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Todays RFID

IC Antenna

RFID/S M d l I t ti

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Operation modes

Passive Tags:

Antenna uses EM power from reader.

Semi-Passive Tags:

IC uses EM power distribution

Sensor uses battery

Increased nodes lifetime

Active tag:

IC and sensor utilize battery

Increased data range (>100 ft compared to30 ft in semi-passive)

Excellent for harsh environments for their

improved S/N

Ultimate goal: All printed RFID tag (antenna,

IC, battery, and sensor) on paper

Operating frequency: UHF (900 MHz),

RF (2.45 GHz), potentially up to 60 GHz

Suggested Module integration: Printed battery on surface

Printable sensor technology on surface

Surface mounted IC

RFID/Sensor Module Integration

Demodulation

Voltage

Multiplier

Modulation

Ant ennaDigital

Data

Power

Digital data Sensor

Digital Logic &

MODEM

ADCEEPROM

RFID Frequency Bands

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RFID Frequency Bands

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Human implantation of RFID

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Human implantation of RFID

tags

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Advantages of UHF for Sensing

Free Spectrum:

US: 420-450 MHz, 902-928MHz

Europe: 866-868 MHz At UHF, long read distances achievable compared to LF and HF

Better penetration through objects than higher frequencies

Higher data rates achievable Better sensing resolution