(GEI : )

2
: 4141 ..
.
)
( .
:
-1
.
- 20 .
-1 .
) -5 (
.
3
8 ......................................................................................................................................
11 ........................................................................................................ (
GEI ...................................................................................................... 13 -1-4-1
13 ................................................................................. (ATT) -1-4-1-1
15 ................................................................................. (ABT) -1-4-1-2
11 ................................................................................. (ASP) -1-4-1-3
GEI ...................................................................................................... 18 -1-4-2
19 ......................................... -
20 ............................................................................................................... -2-1
MENA .............................. 20 -2-1-1
25 ........................................................................................ -2-1-2
21 ................................................................................................. -2-1-2-1
30 ............................................................................................... -2-1-2-3
31 .................................................................................................. -2-1-2-4
33 ............................................................................................ -2-1-2-5
34 ........................................................................................ -2-1-3
31 ................................................................ -2-1-3-1
38 ................................................................................................. -2-1-3-2
53 ................................................................................................................. -2-2
55 ....................................................................................................................... -2-3
59 ....................................................................................................................................
13 ........................................................................................................... -3-2
13 .............................................................................................. -3-2-1
17 .............................................................................................................. -3-2-5
18 ........................................................................................................ -3-2-1
18 .......................................................................................................... -3-2-7
19 ......................................................................................................... -3-2-8
19 ........................................................................................................................ -3-3
71 .................................................... -
74 .................................................................................. 1 GEI -
5

.
.

(GEI) 2011 .
.

. 1399 .
. 1 955
. . ()
. 2 . .

.
. . ( )
. . (GEI) 2011 . 14 15 % 2888
. " "
.
3 ( 1 )
.
– 911 -911 -
2 ( Market niches 3 ) The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute

1
-1

. .


.
.


:




7
8

. ( 2015) 74 ( 2015-2011) .
. 80 ( 2011) 78 ( 2011) 130
. ( ) 5
.

. .
( )
. 4

. .
. (GEI) .
.
.
.
-5-5
. "" "" "" .
1 1700 . 5 18 - 7 .
. (
. 5 ) Hoselitz, B.F. (1951). The early history of entrepreneurial theory. Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, 3(4), 193-
220. 6 ) Richard Cantillon 7 ) Jean Baptiste

9
. . ()
. ( ) : " "
. ( ) 8 . ( )
. . :
" " .
: -
- .
) . ( 10 ) ( 9
-5-2 .
. .
( )
.
( ) .
.
.
. OECD .
.
8 ) Frank Knight
. ( ) ( 1
.
. ( ) (
(. )

10
.
.
. .
. .
. .
.
. .
( ) .
.
-5-9 .
.
. . . . " " " "
. " "
(
-
. . (GEM) 2000 GEM .
. OECD (EIP)
11 OECD . GEM .
11 - Entrepreneurship Indicators Program
11
. .
- : OECD GEM
GEM . 12 OECD .
. - -
: .1
-( )
. . .2
(
. ( /) /
. ... GEM Eurobarometer
.
(
. :
(GEM) " " -1 .
(EDB) " " -2 . OECD (EIP) -3
. (EDB)

( GDP )
. (
.
. .

12
. . . 10 50 5
. EDB ) (EIP)
. . (
) . . (
( --) 2008 .
Szerb Acs GEM . (GEDI) (GEI)
.
(GEI) -5-4
) ( ) GEI GEI. (
. - :
GEI . .
.
. .
.
. . GEI .
.
. (GEI)
) . ( ) ( ) (

13


( ) ( ) . ( )
GEI -5-4-5
" (GEDI)
. "
GEI (3A) :"13 14" "
15" " "
14 . . (1-1 ) () ( /)
. .
GEI .
. :
(ATT) -4-1-4-4

.
13 ) Attitudes 14 ) Abilities 15 ) Aspirstions
GEI -1 -1

14
( 2 ( 1 . ( 4 ( 3
(. ) ( 5 .
" " :
. : 4 .
" " . " ". " "
. . . "" " " : " "
. .
. :2
. . " "
. .
. . " "
. :3 - . " " . " " .
8 .
. : 1 .
.
.
. (" " )
" ) .("
. :5

. " ".

15
. : 18-14 . . ""
(ABT) -4-1-4-2

() . .
. ." ": .
. :6 .
. ( )
" ". ( ) (TEA ) GEM ):
" " . (
. 17 11 .
. : 7 . ( ICT)
" " . " " . .
.
. :8 .
. . " " . . .
. " "
.
. :9

(TEA) "" .
.
16 ) Business Freedom 17 ) Economic Freedom

11
" " .
.
(ASP) -4-1-4-3
. .
. .
/
" : .
."
. :44 . " ". .
" ". .
. :44
" " . / .
: " " .
" ". (R&D) . (GERD) R&D GDP . R&D
. – –
. :42
. " " . ("" ) 10 50 5 . ""
" ". " " .
.
. :43 .
. "". - . -"" -

17
)
. ...(
. :41
" " " : . "
(DCM .) 18-14
.
" (DCM) .
" ( M&A) . .
-1 -1
(GEI)



18 ) Depth of Capital Market 19 ) Venture Capital and Private Equity Index

18
GEI -5-4-2
. ( ) GEI .
(PFB) . 14 20
. 22 21 .
. .
. .
( ) ( )
. ( )
.23
20 ) Penalty For Bottleneck 21 ) Theory of the weakest link 22 ) Theory of Constraints
. 9 GEI ( 9

19


20
-2-5
MENA -2-5-5

(GEI 2016) .
.(1 -2 ) 14 15 80 130 2112 (GEI) -1 -2
GEI GEI GEI
2763 89 1264 15 8662 4
2763 94 1466 16 7965 2
2764 94 1463 17 7864 3
2664 92 1464 18 7664 1
2664 93 1464 19 7569 5
2569 91 3969 54 6967 6
2568 95 3969 54 6869 7
2566 96 3865 52 6768 8
2565 97 3865 53 6767 9
2169 98 3765 51 6661 44
2165 99 3763 55 6664 44
2164 444 3764 56 6566 42
2364 444 3666 57 6561 43
2268 442 3662 58 6166 41
2268 443 3561 59 6269 45
2264 441 3169 64 6264 46
2469 445 3168 64 6264 47
2467 446 3161 62 6468 48
2464 447 3365 63 6461 49
4968 448 3365 61 6464 24
4968 449 3361 65 5761 24
4961 444 3364 66 5763 22
4963 444 3261 67 5762 23
4866 442 3262 68 5667 21
4863 443 3264 69 5168 25
4766 441 3264 74 5365 26
4766 445 3467 74 5361 27
4766 446 3463 72 5267 28
4765 447 3463 73 5261 29
4761 448 3469 71 5466 34
4763 449 3465 75 5461 34
4764 424 3464 76 5462 32
4668 424 2968 77 50.0 33
4666 422 2965 78 1963 31
4568 423 2869 79 1864 35
4568 421 2868 84 1768 36
4562 425 2867 84 1661 37
4564 426 2866 82 1569 38
4166 427 2862 & 83 1566 39
4163 428 2862 81 1561 14
4362 429 2864 85 1564 14
4261 434 2768 86 1169 12
4469 434 2766 87 1168 13
969 432 2761 88 1162 11

21
2 -2
. .
. 2001
.
2112-2112 -2 -2
GEI ATT ABT ASP
1 2011 2888 3288 29 2481 14 80
2 2015 2787 3281 2783 2381 15 94
3 2014 2483 2881 2183 23 15 99
. 2-2 1-2
.
.
-1 -2
(GEI 2014-2016 )
. 14
. 2-3 .
.
GEI ATT ABT ASP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
22
. . 24
.
. .
.
. - - 3-2
.
MENA -3 -2






. 2 -2 2014-2011 . .
24 ( Porter, M., J. Sachs and J. McArthur, 2002), Executive summary: Competitiveness and stages of economic
development, in M. Porter, J. Sachs, P. K. Cornelius, J. McArthur, and K. Schwab (eds.), The Global Competitiveness Report 2001-2002, New York:Oxford University Press, 16-25.

23
(GEI 2014-2016 )

.
( 2011) 3-2 . . " " .
. " "
.
-3 -2






8. 11.6 1 .6 1. 9. 7.6 . 98.1 97. 9 .7 1. 1.1 .1 . 1.
1 6 .6 11.1 16. 1. 1.6 7.9 7.7 .7 91.1 99.9 9 . 1. 9 . 7.7 8.
6 6 . 17. 16.7 1 . 7.8 1.1 1.6 91.1 9 . 99.1 9 .1 1.1 8.1 8.8 7.9
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0



24
.
. (3-2 )
.
( ) 4-2 .
( )
. ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-2
2011 2013 GEI .
" "
.
. ) ( ) (
.
.
( 2112GEI) -2 -2

4677 4653 4652
4672 4671 4674
4623 4664 4641
4652 466 4635
4639 4663 4649
32683 4654 4638 4626
4635 4654 4634
4639 4671 4613
4664 4628 4625
28697
4655 4631 4646
4636 4634 (GERD)
4663
4615 4672 () 4619
4628 4623 4649
4624 4664 4629
21663
4617 4652 GEI 28684
( )
( )
25
14
. .
-2-5-2
( ) (. 1-2 )
. 3 4-2 . MENA
. .
MENA 5585 .
.
-2 -2
(GEI 2014-2016 )
" " " " " " " " " . . "
5-2 .


2014 47.9 40.7 44.9 53.7 50.2 54.3 48.6 48.8 39.2 38.4 41.9 31.2 37.7 28.1 27.1
2015 56.9 55.8 47.5 52.8 54.7 41.1 50.8 45.9 41.7 39.2 39.2 34.4 35.8 32.1 27.1
2016 56.5 55.5 54.0 53.8 52.9 51.6 50.9 44.4 42.3 39.3 38.7 35.2 34.9 32.8 26.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
21
. .
. 92 90 .
. ( )
-5 -2
.( 1-19 -GEI 2014-2016 )
-2-4-2-4
" " " " .
.
. MENA ( 5-2 ) " "
11 15 (. 1-2 )
.
. ( )
. ( 0853) . 4-2 . . 14 ( 1-2 ) MENA
:
.


2014 0857 0853 0807 0824 0823
2015 0859 0817 0815 083 082
2011 0852 0871 0814 0835 0819
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
27
4-2 ) ( )
) . (7-2
. (

. 25
.
MENA -2 -2
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -7 -2
(GEI 2016 )
- 9 - - 1
. 11
0800
0820
0840
0810
0880
1800
28
.
.
- - :
– – - - - - – - -
– – – - –
- - ... 44
- -
- - - - - - - - - - -

-2-4-2-2
" " " "
. (. 5-2 )

.(4-2 ) 9-2 .( )
.

29
MENA -8 -2
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -9 -2 (GEI 2016 )


. .

. ( )

.
.
.
.
46 79
46 77
46 72
46 68
46 61
46 58
46 53
46 54
46 19
46 16
46 15
46 39
46 34
46 34
46 25
30
– – –


- - -
-2-4-2-3
" " "
. . "
.
0814 . ( 5-2 )
(0811 )
(. 10-2 ) ( 0823 ) ) . (
. 2011 . 1 0811 0838 GEI .(11-2 )
MENA -11 -2
(GEI 2016 )
31
MENA -11 -2 (GEI 2016 )
.

.
– –


- - - - - - - - - - -
– – -
-2-4-2-1
" " " " .
. ...
(5-2 ) . (2-4 )
" " . 21 2013
. 6 1. 9 9 . ( 6
46 81
46 68
46 68
46 68
46 52
46 52
46 52
46 52
46 37
46 37
46 37
46 37
46 37
46 23
46 44
46 44
46 88
46 87
46 85
46 85
46 85
46 85
46 67
46 67
46 64
46 64
46 56
46 53
46 38
46 37
32
. " " . . 15 13


.
MENA -12 -2
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -13 -2
(GEI 2016 )
– - - ICT
0800
0820
0840
0810
0880
46 44
46 44
46 99
46 94
46 88
46 87
46 81
46 79
46 76
46 74
46 65
46 65
46 52
46 35
46 35

33

- - - - - - - – -
-2-4-2-5
. "" " " .

.
. ( )
MENA -12 -2
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -15 -2
(GEI 2016 )
46 84
46 84
46 72
46 62
46 62
46 62
46 58
46 57
46 53
46 52
46 54
46 19
46 39
46 39
46 29

34
(4-2 )
2013 . (. 5-2 )
.
. . .
( 0849 ) . 27
.
(. 13-2 )
. .
- ( ) - -
- – - - - - - - 1392 - - - - - -
30374 /73377 - -
1317 - 22/12/1383 -

– - ) - - - - -( - - - - - -
- - - ) - - - -( -
- - - -
-2-5-9
) ( )
. (2-1
3 15-2
. CPI - 7
35
. MENA . 50 1 . MENA . MENA 5788 .
-12 -2
(GEI 2014-2016 )
. "" " " " " " "
11-2 . 28
(0845 )
. .
. ( ) .
( 8
.





.
.
.
31
-17 -2
.( 1-19 -GEI 2014-2016 )
-2-4-3-4
(.4-2 )
. GEI . 29
. 2011 0821 GEI 2013 0822 " "
. ""
. .30 -U
. .
"
. " .
.
.
. Doing Business - 1
30 ) Wennekers, A. R. M., A. J. van Stel, A.R. Thurik and P. D. Reynolds, 2005, “Nascent Entrepreneurship and Economic Development”, Small Business Economics.

. .9 .9 . 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
37
( ) % 10 . 31 ( ) % 40
(.4-2 ) .
.
2013 (. 17-2 )
(. 18-2 )
MENA -18 -2
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -18 -2
(GEI 2016 )
.
. 919 ( 9
.

38


– – – - – – – – -
- – -
-2-4-3-2
. " "
. ( 11-2 ) (4-2 )
.
MENA .(4-2 )
.(19-2 )
2013 (. 20-2 )
. ( )
.
MENA -19 -2
(GEI 2016 )
39
MENA -21 -2
(GEI 2016 )
– – - – –

- - – ) - - - -
-...( -
-2-4-3-3
.
.

. .
. -" . ( 21 -2 ) (4-2 )
32 . 2011 0874 2013 0834 "
"
( 9
95 46
40
. " " " " " .
(. 22-2 ) . .
. (4-2 ) 0839 " " .

1392 10 . - . 18
(. )
. 0894 (1)
.
(GEI 2016 )
.
.
.
41
MENA -22 -2
(GEI 2016 )
– - - -

- - - -
- -
-2-4-3-1
"" . . " "
( 11-2 ) . ( ) ( ) MENA . (4-2 )
(. 24-2 ) . (23-2 ) ( )
. . " " . .
. 44
.
46 44
46 98
46 89
46 89
46 89
46 89
46 89
46 71
46 72
46 65
46 64
46 54
46 39
46 35
46 42
46 89
46 85
46 74
46 65
46 64
46 64
46 58
46 52
46 52
46 54
46 17
46 16
46 39
46 31
46 32
42
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -22 -2
(GEI 2016 )
44 - – 44
- - – - (104) -
.
.
.
46 89
46 88
46 73
46 72
46 67
46 61
46 64
46 64
46 64
46 59
46 55
46 53
46 54
46 11
46 38
43

- - - - - - - - - - - - 1/1/1311 ( 4)
.
-2-5-4
(1-2 ) 2481
. . . 3 9 15 ( 25-2 )
. 71
-25 -2
(GEI 2014-2016 )
. " " "" " " " " " "
. .
.
21-2 .


2014 47.2 59.0 48.6 59.6 75.0 46.8 35.3 54.3 34.1 28.1 34.0 27.7 27.3 23.0 17.9
2015 49.9 71.4 36.8 56.7 71.7 46.5 35.8 42.6 34.3 28.1 30.7 30.5 26.1 23.6 29.0
2016 46.8 70.9 52.9 64.9 69.0 45.7 34.9 49.1 34.0 27.9 30.0 28.9 27.0 24.6 25.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
44
. . .
14 .
.
-22 -2
.( 1-19 -GEI 2014-2016 )
-2-4-1-4
. .
. . .
. . 2011 0811 2013 0818 (. 27-2 ) 15 14 .
MENA " " " " (. 27-2 )
0855 2013 0829 . .(28-2 ) MENA 2011
.



1 . .9 . . 7 .97
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
45
( ) .
( ) .
. 1392 )
0805 R&D 10 . ... (

.
.
.
. 5-2
.
-5 -2

( )
( )
284 135 482 44 389 14 488 30 481 45
283 133 381 37 289 89 483 22 287 110 284 133 482 38 387 11 487 22 382 102
PCT 105 081 49 5 42 188 44 187 77 081 ( 144 ) 2014-2015 :

41
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -28 -2
(GEI 2016 )

- – - – - -
- - - –
– – - – –
– ) ...(
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
46 87
46 79
46 67
46 61
46 59
46 58
46 55
46 55
46 53
46 54
46 18
46 16
46 16
46 31
47

- -( ) - - - - -
- - ) – –
– - - - -(... vc

-2-4-1-2
GEI 2011 . MENA .(4-2 )
. (. 29-2 ) "(GERD) "
2011 0813 2013 0818
. GERD ( GDP % 3)
(30-2 ) MENA GERD . (1-2 ) . GDP 1-2 (.4-2 )
.
-2 -2
2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007
0832 - 0827 0828 0817 - 0857
087 - 084 - - - -
- - - - 0807 08049 08045 . :
" "
. (4-2 )
. . 2011 0831 2013 0821
(30-2 ) MENA .

48
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -31 -2
(GEI 2016 )

– – - – –

- - - – - - - -
- – -...( )
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
46 44
46 85
46 74
46 63
46 62
46 55
46 53
46 52
46 17
46 12
46 37
46 33
46 34
46 34
46 27
49
-2-4-1-3
. ( ) . ( )
GEI 2016 ( ) "" (. 4-2 )
. " " : . .
. .
) .
( .
GEI 2016 MENA .(4-2 )
. GEM 0872 "" (. 32-2 ) .
. . GEM
.
-
. .
.(31-2 )
MENA -31 -2
(GEI 2016 )
50
MENA -32 -2
(GEI 2016 )


- - - - - – -
- - - – - –
-2-4-1-1
" " " " . (33-2 4-2 ) . (0841 ) 14 0809 " "
. . . .
(. 33-2 ) MENA .
46 94
46 94
46 88
46 88
46 88
46 88
46 78
46 77
46 72
46 67
46 64
46 58
46 57
46 54
46 14
46 88
46 86
46 73
46 69
46 61
46 63
46 64
46 53
46 53
46 53
46 54
46 19
46 15
46 39
46 35

51
(GEI 2016 )
MENA -32 -2
(GEI 2016 )
– - - - - – – – – – – –
– – –

- - - - - - - -
- -
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
46 73
46 69
46 69
46 65
46 65
46 61
46 64
46 58
46 57
46 54
46 19
46 17
46 37
46 34
46 28
52
-2-4-1-5
. .
(0829) (21-2 ) MENA (. 4-2 )
. . " " " "
. .
) " . (
(. 4-2 ) " (.31-2 ) 14
) . (
.
.
. VC .
. .
MENA -35 -2
(GEI 2016 )
53
MENA -32 -2
(GEI 2016 )
-
52253/111959 – –

- - - – – - - - -
-( - - - ) -
-2-2 .
. 14 :
. ( ) .
. . (ABE) 34 (ABG) 33
33 ) Average Bottleneck Gap 34 ) Average Bottleneck Efficiency
46 44
46 44
46 44
46 44
46 44
46 44
46 95
46 81
46 64
46 57
46 17
46 17
46 39
46 34
46 24
46 81
46 78
46 78
46 76
46 67
46 58
46 56
46 53
46 54
46 18
46 18
46 14
46 31
46 24
46 24

54
. i j
( )
. .
. . MENA 37-2
% 27 GEI 13 . =ABE% 27 (. ) % 45 ( ) % 12 ( )
. .
MENA -37 -2
(GEI 2016 )
. 7-2 . % 50
.
72% 66%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
55


%41 %13 %19 %44 %23 %35 %11 %44 %37 %27 %49 %20 %72 GEI 2016 GEI 8-2
181 3 %27 14 80 2011 GEI % 4:
-8 -2

%35=
**
%24 0834 %38 0825 %52 082 0809 %19 0834 %21 0825 %29 082 0814 %11 0834 %21 0825 %14 082 0811
%14 0834 %14 0825 %5 082 0819 %9 0834 0825


%3 0834 0831 %3 0834 0831
* *
4
.
-2-9 . GEI . 14
.

51
- .

.
.
. .
. . .
. . .
.
. .
– -
. .

57
58
:
: (
.
: (
. .
: (
.
: (
.
(

59
.

. ( )
. . ( )
. ( ) .
. " " SME .
R&D ( )
. ( )
.
. .
( 1347) SME .
70 . .
SME ( ) :
) 1-3 .
. 70 (

10

.

. .
. .
.
-9-5 " "
. . ( ) . .
. . ( ) ()
. . " "

11
.
) .
. ...( :
: (
.
: (
. .
: (
.
: (
.
: (
.
(3-3 ) 8
4 . 3-3 . (1 ) (. )
.

12
R&D
R&D
...( )














(IP)






13
-9-2
. . .
.
.

.
.
.
.
. .

. -
.
-3-2-4
-1 . .
- . 35. -
-2
... 104
. .
) . (
919 - " " - 91

14
71 31.
" " :
. – - -
-
-
R&D -3-2-2 . -1
. . ( )
.
. -2
. . ( )
. "" -3
. . 111 142 2011
. GDP . -4
. . R&D
. . .
.
.

.
91 - " " 96

15
. ( ) 11 -5 .
.
. -1 -
. . 28 3585
. 42 . ...
20 -7 .
37.
: R&D - -
-
-
-
-
-
-3-2-3 -1
. .
.
.
. -2 . - )
. ( .
"( 91 ) - 97
"
11
-3
( ) . .
-4 . .
. .

. )
. ( )
. ...( 25 35
. : " " - - -
-
-
-3-2-1
-1
.

.
. -2
. ( )

.
.

.
17
-3 .
. ( CF) ( VC) . . ( ) ( VC )
. :
- (crowdfunding)
-
- -
-
-3-2-5
-1 .
.
. . -2
.
.
. -3
. -4

) (
. ( ( .
.
:
-
-
18
-
-3-2-6
-1 . .
. . 19 144 2014-2015 .
) . . (
-3-2-7 . -1
. .
.
. .
. - -2
. . ...
.
: ""
-
-
-
-

19
-3-2-8 -1
. ... . . " " " " " " . " "
91 . . .
. . .
GEDI .
" " . .
-9-9 .
.
. ( 1 .
( 3. ( 2 .
.
. :
. - . 2013-2011 GEDI 2013
( ) GEDI - .
. ( )
.
- .
.

70
- .
.
71
-
. . ( GEM)
.


14 18 : 1
GEM
" " " " : .

( ) 7 1 .

) - ( -

/ 14 18 : .
GEM
:

: 14 18
.
GEM



.
:
14 18 .
GEM
:
) 100 (


. " " ""
.
GEM
(CPI) : . .

. 13 CPI
.


:

.
GEM
:
100-0 .
. 100 10


-

:
.
GEM
: 7 : 1: ) 71 (
( )


( TEA) /
GEM
:
) . 7 . (
( )

:

( ) .
GEM
( )
73

( TEA) .
GEM
:
-1
-2 -4 -3

( )


( TEA) . ( ) 5
GEM
(GDP ) GERD :

:
()
10 ) TEA ( 5 % 50
GEM
:

. .
: - -
( )

: %(.1 )
GEM
:

.
KOF

" " " "
GEM
vc


IESE
9 6 GEI -

– . - . 2050
.
(PPP) GEI
) (Tufts ) (GINI) ( ) ( ) ( Yale .
R GEI
0834
. GDP . 58 R
. .
.( 34) .( 51) . .( 72 ) .
" " .
.
GEI 2016 ( 98
75

.
. GDP 58 ( ) . . . ( )
-
. .
71

. . :
. 2010
.
GEI . -. 0813 R GEI ( / )
GEI ) 13 (.
.
. .
.
.
77
GEI
"( )
. 2014 DEI ."
.
. . .
. : . .
. : . : .
- . " " .
.
78
. 0.72 R .
GEI .
. .

GEI
(Yale )
: . 2014 EPI
72. .
. . . . - –
.
79
GEI
. : ( ) . IEF . 2015
. ( ) 9 IEF . 90 30
- .
. (FEI) GEI
. .
80
GEI
: "( )
." (GEI ) 381 182 . : . 2014 . – 2815
:
. . . - :