Science of
Hegel and his
of
an
future.
It
must
it
are
brought
to
light
 
has had the
with
child-
ish,
and
crude,
and
it
and
origin
in
religion,
or
rather,
them,
regards
these mythological
creations, however,
a
phers
or
the
fragments
of
their
medieval,
and
of
Education;
Graves,
History
of
Education,
German works
filr
systematische
Philosophic;
equaled. For
:
ambitious men, who
sign
of
gradually disappear;
louder; his Works
the
good
old
of the
into polytheism
of civilization
of
such
a
haps of the
who belong to
(3)
The
to 320
as
humanistic:
noted, an
ethical and
logic
and
metaphysics:
mechanists;
according
to
Asia
Minor
and
der Vorsokratiker
in the
The problem
thus created
that
nothing
can
become
this is origin; and
 
eclipse which
occurred May
secondary
sources.
The
importance
he
introduced
the
sun-dial
regarded all quali-
mois-
ture,
up the
the first
ment which Thales
tensively
and emigrated to
that
his
his followers,
to
act
their character.
and,
particularly,
of
these
dependent
on
man's
among
them
Archytas
of
of
the
master
originator of the
relation
or expression of
figure
are fastened to the
concentric
spheres,
and
earth.
earth
from
fire. The earth
fire
in
such
heliocentric theory,
which was
nature
of
things,
the
Pythagoreans
in
quantitative
the
process
of
change,
transformation,
them
at
transformation of substance
fault. He
to
be
do
not
never
stands
still.
Its
creation
is
destruction,
its
destruction
creation.
into
water,
the
qualities.
In
this
example,
results
away,
mud w^ere
should
observe
him
mind
without
is
not
a
not
Once
the
opinions.
Heraclitus
it has come from
being,
there
non-
tures as
sense
proof of
being;
is also
th
Riddle
had to
a
thing
to
come
from
nothing,
to
become
again
be
means
combination,
decay
separation
of
elements
is composed?
unlikely that
We
the
is
should
by
their
dis-
the
pores
of
the
other,
conse-
quence,
air
or
ether
first
separated
off,
beneath;
union
elements shall
themselves.
There
is
a
tendency
there
produces
sect that
years
(464-434),
and
settled
at
sepa-
full
of
qualities
as
water, air, and
the organic
body, otherwise
mingling
and
separation
of
they lay
as
the
hylozoists
hold,
nor
are
they
bright, departed
tinued and led to
earth. The
heat of
—
on
this
point,
even
in
min-
cause
rather
they received
the
view
the
correct
one.
He
is
said
materials
at
hand,
though
cannot
be
but it exists: what
it.
All
or
striking the other, action
at
rest,
but
have
been
bodies thus
created. From
atoms are distributed
of
these
bodies.
They
being
always
one
soul
heart,
of
images, or idols
Democritus explains dreams,
them-
selves,
but
dis-
tinction
between
primary
and
secondary
Democritus
is
a
rationalist,
as,
indeed,
must be remembered
of
the
body,
less
a
healthy
con-
dition,
(born
471)
is
the
finest
physicians,
are
applied
physicians
of
observation
and
experience.*
We
now
reach
a
in
mind
had
of
of
1^^
V
poets
of
the
seventh
men meditated upon
veloped purer conception of deity,
and,
system
demo-
cratic
institutions,
resulting
from
and
habit
of
thought,
which
to
think
is
under the circum-
clever
enough
to
outwit
him
at
party.
As
for
oaths,
no
'
'
'
'
to
the impetus
to a
the
theory
of
the
State.
times declined,
and the
instruction
to
in debate
for
how
partly because
Sophist
now
upon
true to
skepticism,
their
their
overman
that
others
obey
laws
so
that
he
suspect
just for
the better
and
on what
is
the
and
strain
the just less.
Secondly, in their
just man will
the other
robbers
thieves.
But
use
the
instrument
gion, custom,
they compelled
morality to
the
Sophists,
from the
false, the
science, and,
§
would
be
the
power
of
as
in
the
of cross-
own channels.
not rest content
tell
us
products of injustice
Euthydemus.
Well
now,
friends.
man
is always to
concepts.
At
Here the method
however,
is
a
mere
subjective
your terms.
mentioned),
better citizen
than he
a good
and
of
one's
brain
about
'
'
''
for the
the
like
by
sobriety
and
madness,
what
morality, and
pleases me, the
some
all
else
is
good,
the
highest
good?
and
just.
first and
accusers].
 When
my
sons
are
troubled you
about
if they pretend
__
of the
became
his
all
of
these
different
branches
of
disappointed
with
wonderful
poetic
imagination
and
deep
mystical
feeling.
His
It
seems
Gorgias, Meno,
to
which
Zeller
assigns
a
meaning
of
truth,
and
out-
telling
how
true
of the
in
ideal. Although Plato
in
a
general
way,
in
our
of
the compre-
all
or
ideas,
which
form
the
starting-point
of
sponding to them,—
the true,
the beautiful,
The
Plato bases
world
world
perceived
by
our
world
changing,
know
the
knowledge.
Sense-knowledge,
it
cannot
be
genuine
the
its aim knowledge
necessary
form.
men or
of
chairs, of color and
the
truly
good
are
identical;
without plurality,
to
understand
space;
others
as
a
formless,
world n
things
possess
ideas,
to
the
participation
of
Demiurge
may
uniformity,
life,
due to
mechanical causes.
and opinion the soul
soul to think;
seen
irrational part, which
the soul loves
decomposed; and its
The question arises, How does the pure rational soul happen
to
by the
the lower
of
species; the
craving
for
fame,
the
impulse
to
institutions.
These
impulses
are
another
evidence
meaning
a
life
to
He did
not offer
the foundations for
human institutions
world
and
of
man.
his meta-
that
is
the
soul, knowing what
gymnastics will
bring these
and
gives
effect
to
its
counsels
by
its
to be
course
is
that
which
a
man
would
The ideal, therefore, is
which exercises
man.
teaching
another
the
individual
must
subordinate
his
private
interests
to
perfect;
and
 
mar-
riage,
exposure
of
education
works of
a
high
a
the high-
that
is
for
cities
nor
yet
State
shall
undertake
the
edu-
cation
only
study
the
discipline
will
themselves worthy
of a
perfect state,
*
'
not
a
that
it
affirms
world transcends the
cause
of
theory
is
aristocratic
and
socialistic.
The great influence of this system on later Greek thought and
on
a
treasure-
house
of
conception of
a system
dualism, its
more
besides,
-^^istotles
The
to
develop
the
thought
to separate them from the actual world of experience, and
to
de-
grade
this
to
idealistic
{m^
oV)
but
dynamic
{dvvafxsi
ov)
is
not
a
afterwards
called
also
noble
character,
ethics. His love of truth
was
strong,
of
dialectics,
of
should say)
works
published
by
him
Analytics (Syllogism;
Definition, Classification,
book
of
the
Topics.
(2)
Poetics,
of
which
only
Eudemian Ethics
of
Ideals;
knowledge. Socrates
Logic,
there-
fore,
language, are
largely
defined
and
universal:
it
in
deriving
a
form
of
the
syllogism
premises.
And
inherent
in
itself
(vovi)^
the
highest
part
out,
to
make
reason
of
thought
and
with
being.
Our
knowledge,
therefore,
always
us
are
—
also be
be certain.
By the
how
large
when
it
is
(yesterday:
time),
what
posture
(burns:
activity),
and
experience
exist
in
time
and
place,
can
and
place,
can
things,
mere
both
answers,
form cannot
be
different
is
matter
his mind
so
the
organism
form. And the
or
animal
from
immutable
of its
Aris-
of individuals
of
the
purpose;
soul.
highest
good,
of
mo-
tion:
substantial
other
according
to
Aristotle,
can
as the Atom-
causes it to
other
not understand
 Wherever there
without
scale
of
bodies,
inform
the
senses;
by
by the other
also
gives
us
a
clear
picture
of
qualities,
perceived
by
every
out, by
for
tween
active
and
Such images are
Creative
theory
feel-
ing,
the
complete
and
habitual
exercise
of
the
virtue
(temperance,
courage,
liberality,
so
on.
The
question
of
the
travagance and
and under all
and
meas-
ure
a
virtuous
man,
for
that
which
a
second
self
a simple
those
who
are
its
Pleasure
and
never
tasted
prefer-
able.
The
nature,
the
endeavor
to
possess
purpose of society
The constitution of the State must be adapted to the
char-
unequal. differ
and
B.C.,
the
school
turned
its
the
preserva-
tion
mission
to
problem of knowledge
preaching their opposing
times
power of
State lost its
ques-
tion
forced
itself
upon
the
has value
only in
so far
as it
brings pleasure,
only in
greatest possible
of
a
unless
we
he
insistence on the practical,
of
the
universe,
to
is
truth?
What
is
the
criterion
of
truth;
and
what
is
its
origin?
logic
and
metaphysics.
The
but
for
the
sake
of
the
perfection
essential
was the
poets and
are held
Epicurea,
1887,
as
well
of logic
nomena, and
repeating the
which the
one
will
is
the
criterion
of
•
are detached
of elements.
another,
and
are
in
a
move
each,
At first monsters
they endowed with
shapes of men, only
soul.
It
is
diffused
over
the
whole
body;
soul
is
mortal;
a
life
to
life.
presents
itself
spread over the
whole body; the
animals from
and
being chosen,
not every
pain ought
worse
enjoyment
is
not
possible
without
mental.
Hence
Epicurus
the catastrophes
of nature,
of the wrath of the gods, of death and the hereafter;
we
that
is,
study
philosophy.
a
person
to
banish
all
fear
about
those
which
are
it
could
be
true
without
physiological
knowledge
is the
highest measure
of pleasure;
universal laws;
to
public
life
does
not
contribute
to
happiness,
the
wise
sensuality, it
is easy
same
to
interpret
it
as
such
pleasure is
of superstitious fears
philosophy, and
and science
own
happiness
the
goal
life is
moral earnestness.
possessed the
Roman
Empire)
we
have
no
primary
and
notions
{notitice
communes)
concepts, however, are
in
the
general
the
object.
delusive.
What shall
gen-
by
poreality,
if
we
may
so
force without matter
and God
is
present
in
every
smallest
from
every
other
or
seeds
(spermata)
of
life
whole world,
the
Deity,
or
Zeus,
is
seated
at
the
outermost
circle
of
the
prevision and will,
a
is
these
notions
are
not
consistently
carried
out;
its
force:
matter
The
;
manifestation
the
world
it are
only relative
nourished
tion,
of
conceptual
thought.
Man
is
gain
com-
exist until
recreation
of
the
a
harmonious
unity
with
a
ruling
purpose,
a
;
The
the
species,
a
desire
of
some-
thing
beyond
as his
is so
all
to
realize
the
supreme
good.
To
good
will
same disposition
(Chrysippus
did
not
accept
this
view.)
that
a
man
will
act
:
passions
of the
made
fully
con-
scious
and
verified
by
viduals,
free
to
join.
All
one
law
and
are
in
of
the
ethical
made
love
poor,
though
chiefly
interested
in
the
ethical
cureanism and, as a
syn
a
to guide
to its degree
that the
of
Carneades
led
to
the
environ-
ment.
same. Proofs
Roman
thinkers,
however,
never
produced
an
Greeks
reveled;
nor
ment.
an
intelligent
teleological
system,
peoples
and
their
and its
Religions
in
Roman
Paganism;
Gibbon,
in-
benefit
of
the
Jewish
and
30
cording
to
and the
of
Philosophy
of
Religion;
intelligence
or
rov?.)
ideas
the
first-born
Son
of
God,
the
God,
the
principle
as
a
be
conceived
is
brought
in
images of the
ception of creation).
Time and space
and
the
irrational
part
of
the
soul
belong
to
the
world
-^^opytliago-
Pythagorean
secret
societies,
them to
Stoics, they naively
Platonists,
e.g.,
Plu-
speculation, in
ning,
middle,
and
of
Alexr
andria;
Whittaker,
The
Neo
We
and what
most
perfect.
stream
flows
The ani-
of
ema-
same.
This
is
as
object.
God
thinks
his
own
—as
many
as
there
the
power
of
thought,
two
phases
of
the
These par-
 
exist
in
space
phases,
but
indivisible
act.
 With
Aristotle,
there-
fore,
that it may
of
God,
becomes
one
with
small commentary,
(Em-
peror
from
361-363),
who
of
Plato
and
Aristotle;
Neoplatonism
at
Athens
Close
of
life in this
world. This re-
be,
would
be
confounded,
Christianity
183
struck
transformed
by
the
sight,
than
a
life
to
come,
its
gospel
Christ, the
tianity,
universal
empire
own
giving rational
expression to
struggled for
parts
and demonstra-
tion of
a theory
often even
principles
of
of
not
conflict
with
estab-
lished
to
free
made to
the entire
ecclesiastical system
Poole,
Illustrations
of
the
His-
tory
of
Medieval
Thought;
Lecky,
History
of
by
Gass,
Luthardt,
Ziegler;
A.
Mittclalter;
Ebert,
Allgemeine
Geschichte
der
Litteratur
des
Mittelaters.
Robinson,
In-
troduction
to
the
History
of
them, and
to construct
to
offer
a
Christian
theology
or
a
philosophy
of
history
a
of
but was
fairly
well-defined
transmitted
by
Jesus
to
such
of
delivered
from
their
material
bondage,
asceticism
being
of
knowledge
and
cannot,
therefore,
be
assigned
Gnostics
of
the
Church,
and
so
became
and,
themselves
to
the
educated
classes.
up
the
it became to
its
home
by
Prussian
Academy
(since
1897)
him
Reason, or
the Logos,
ceived as
an independent
God;
his very
\
world of
by
all
the
soul (Justin)
to choose
of
a
heavenly
spirit,
as
world, for which mankind is suffering,
but
of salvation
?
against Gnostics and
of
Origen.
His
God,
or
of
the
Son
to
the Logos-God, the
system
to
part
must have been free.
to
Augustine,
the
greatest
Augustine
his
mation and
Neoplatonists,
Catholic
doctrine.
Schaff's Library, vols.
La
fin
du
paganisme;
writings
by
in
knowledge, faith in divine
believe,
but
must
accept
authority
of-
is
and
always
will
be.
as
the
pantheistic
Neoplatonists
hold,
for
in space,
for before
God created
belongs to the beauty of the
whole
good that
evil.
good;
for
everything
is
good,
at
least
so
far
as
nature
ought
to
have.
Nor
can
moral
will,
the
good ;
punishment. That
body
arguments of his
exist,
respect
to
the
hand,
and
amor
Dei
which
there
God as opposed to
a
mystical
early
tion of
in
Augustine:
he
wavers
between
the
abstain from
The
same
dualism
the
sway
of
carnal
asceticism,
not
body,
{non
it unfree.
is
original,
hereditary
sin.
The
saved
est good, or God, restores
to
man
will
to
emancipate
himself
that
is,
only
for
its
ap-
pearance
a
mystery;
but
there
is
no.
injustice
in
identical
and that
con-
history rep-
which
Africa,
and
the
Ostrogoths
placed
a new
the beginning
higher
were
manuals
or
systematized
the East
cultivation of
Greek philosophy,
and
and neglected liberal
of higher spiritual
as the
Christian
Philosophy
the shadow
censorship
over
human
conduct
in practice, as
firmly
believed
by
a
fixed
body
proc-
ess
to
defend
with the
is,
harmonize
or
to
render
it
intelligible.
The
rational,
guar-
anteed
by
such
circumstances,
a
the
schoolman
the
way
chiefly
concerned
field
knowledge
with the
is
the
leading
great
Greek
thinker;
that reveals
the
doctrines
or
rendered
intelligible
and
The latter
schoolmen
and
Jewish
specula-
century,
^^^^^s
consisted
profound
influence
born
the Schola
John
ultimate
goal
of
all
to
man
as
universe
the
divine
nature.
It
is
only
a
voice heard
Yes,
God,
others
but the
incomprehensible transcendency
Scotus
crete
sensible
things
or
considering^ gave
nalism
not
prior
to
them,
nor
in
them,
but
after
dle
ground,
—
Trinity,
one substance
in
power.
This
view
was
adopted,
well suited
to ward
Trinity,
and
of particular
the
sum
We
see,
it
was
not
by
a
scheme
a strong
remembering
always,
's
Against
of this
and
even
contradictory,
properties;
places
at
the
is
completely
in
Soc-
rates,
in
Plato,
then
Plato
be
in
Plato's
place
as
well
as
which
him.
According
to
the
Abelard;
Remusat,
Abelard,
apart from
will, for which
firmly
Abelard
was
held
in
the
grip
what
spirit
it
is right
arbi-
times, but
obedience to
required. Here,
physics,
physiological
and
also
notions
some
unde-
termined.
in favor of
nature or in
enter into other than intellectual relations with him. This mys-
tical line of thought represents the conservative Augustinian
element
in
Christianity;
first school of Mystics
naturally
become
interested
in
a
more
is the
source of
to
Christian
it
found
and
in
Scotus
Erigena;
and
the
a
spirit
quarters the desire
of
general
ideas
objects;
this
de-
sire
develops
was to
o/l?earninff^
received its
facts
with them.
a
new
world
began
to
open
up
to
and
commentators
of
forty
years
before.
Aristotle
the
Aristotelian
writings
of Arabian
medicine, and
to
some
of
Jewish
philosophy).
suc-
ceeded
in
placing
their
religion
on
a
philosophical
basis
and
creating
in
its
aim,
tians,
the
pivotal
problem
theory
were
rejected
as
uniformity
of
and which
source
from
is
a
the
The interpretation of dreams, theurgy, alchemy,
astrology,
and
they
which he had lain
unmixed
with
process of
the
public
authorities.
particular
soul-life
to
com-
in
Averroes
had
a
his
intellect
as
the
the
is the
highest self-consciousness, and in this form
becomes one with
common
to
all
human
The
the
thesis;
it
was
the
mortality,
century,
Greek
philosophy,
continued
to
exercise
demonstrated, syllogistically,
Ambrose,
the universities of
contra
Averroem;
Summa
precursor
of
for
the
depth
The
continued
his
Rome,
to
religion really
j
strated
or
rational
questions. It
intellect
particular object
the
occasion
must
vbe
real,
otherwise
existing
apart
or
in
con-
universals
as
objects,
as
the
principle
of
individuation;
according
of mat-
God by faith, but we can also reach a knowledge
of
him
by
reasoning,
knowledge,
infinitum
in
the
some-
thing
that
exists
Such
logical proofs
were
mere
po-
tential
being,
something
else
would
be
any more than
the world. God not
possible
worlds.
He
The
soul,
however,
is
an
immaterial
universal
intelligence,
as
the
Thomas
is
an
actual
form
(a
living
desire
'
'
God
made
everything
for
a
purpose,
good,
circumstances.
These
Testament
has
a
heavenly
goal,
never be
made good
to
this
regard.
Love
is
the
senses,
it
is
a
help
to
it.
can
only
be
men,
who
to
plainly
something,
moreover,
that
but depends
on the
form,
or
be
opinion,
be-
cause
grace
can
his
will.
God
Thomas fuses
Church,
The
Jesuits
adopted
the
Thomistic
teachings
order
by
Loyola
(1534),
but
later
and
exegetical
upon a state
themselves
a
Middle Ages, which was scholastic
philosophy.
Sdem;^
During
the
thirteenth
study of
as
indispensa-
ble
to
theology
and
philosophy.
philosophy.
this attitude of Bacon's
astrology
is
were offered
doctrine of twofold
them
propositions
denying
need
of
grace
as
means
to
a
series
of
nine
although
not
scholars
were
divided
into
two
rival
camps.
The
Franciscans
Christianity
more
signifi-
deny
the
possibility
of
scholasticism
studied at
Oxford, showing
an aptitude
Among
Knowledge
virtue;
vision
to
be
of the
explicit actuality. From the
as
well
as
form.
(This
doctrine
was
one
The psychology
constitute
a
substantial
unity
economy of
the higher
determined
will,
natural morality. Duns
we
should
choose
the
former;
Scotus
says
we
reason
an abiding
Ockam
(born
about
1260).
He
at
alone have real
knowledge
we
by
of
the
impossibility
of
of
the
fundamental
principles
come
(c. 1434).
appears,
fourteenth
century,
God
God was
not God
plurality
**
love
for
understood that a
God
giving
it
to
commu-
nicate
himself.
God
cannot
mysticism,
the
had
led
the
to
know
God
by
wisdom.
They
did
of
on
with
nation have
its own
primate? Objection
since
be subordinate
in the
a republic in
the State,
Lecky, History
the Middle Age,
Kirchen.
is in existence to-day. Waldo emphasized the doctrine of justi-
fication by
He
made
tine and Scotus
intellectual
curiosity
which
outlook
on
life
has
changed
come
to
the
Western
world
from
the
the
same
time,
it
contained
within
itself
elements
that
proved
spirit of
thought
was
not
made
thought
in
of the
cast
it
words;
theology
a
of the
greatly
to
weaken
the
scholastic
system
and
and philosophy,
old art, the
ecclesiastical
organi-
zation.
State
had
been
settled
thinkers was
I;
Graves,
History
of
Educa-
Geschichte des Zeitalters
been to
authority and
preserved, enjoyed,
and secu-
is
glorified,
human
the
philosophy
of
of the
nal, until,
ancient
philosophers.
in
the
time
became
accessible
to
field
against
Neoplatonism. Pletho's
revive
the
fifteenth
century,
track
Cusa
Life
is
the
infinite
substance
of
all
of
substituting
au-
thority
for
the
study
of
shows
to
the
Petrus Ramus (Pierre
possible
in the
's
possesses
body
spirit),
of them.
The so-called
are composed
saint
performed
them
to
study
and
control
naissance,
and
two
principles.
Even
the
soul
(spiritus)
is
explained
mechan-
principle
which
is
super-
added
by
God.
the planetary motions
its
climax
mechanically,
See
§
by
quantities.
Hence
mathematics,
is
laws,
which
form
the
basis
corpuscular
theory
recon-
the
motion.
of
the
new
age.
Bruno
joined
set
world
{natura
system of Bruno. Each
perfection.
To
and physical. The
forms
of
sensation.
At
a
revelation
of
God
are present
existence, however, that
We
have
edge.
for their different
be
deposed.
faith,
and
its
The
State
of the Roman
Church
in
citizen
and
makes
him
passive;
hence,
the
(like
those
in
to
realize
were,
may
be
It
is,
therefore,
right
the corruption
Lines of thought
ir-
Althusius (1557-
be
religious oppression, that the
law
members,
sovereignty
implies
unity
of
will
and,
remained
intact
historical
reli-
have as
rational.
or
understand
the
meaning
scholastic system,
and found
Reformation
emphasizes
inner
thing may
a
theology
rooted
in
faith,
mysticism, and had
Aris-
totelian
world-view,
too godless for
the
the world,
come
from
will (vol-
tastic notions, derived from
their naked purity.
in every
salvation.
are
by
authority
it
be
only for its
in
the
the
may
have
truth, re-
old scholastic system,
bodily
taken
reason:
there
alism; though
some writers
at
all,
mathe-
matics.
If
by
empiricism
philosophy is empirical.
agree
sense-
knowledge
mind, however,
that these
their general attitude
never be
and
all
human
very
failures
of
the
on
the
subject.
He
does,
phase of
an interest
His Neoplatonic
William
Temple
(1553-1626),
entitled,
De
in
confirming
and
of
all
admires, and
the like.
The idols
pure and unadulterated.
syllogistic
methods
will
—
from experience.
Our hope,
not what the
realists meant, not
;
as
regulates
heat
eternal
deduces
this gives
is
negatives
should
that
Bacon calls the Table of Deviation or of
Absence
in
Proximity.
work, or
doctrine of
Mathe-
and
sensibility
are
interesting.
most bodies, and
inquiry
the
the
ship
of
is,
the
honor
we
do
God
in
believing
by sense,
interpretation
entirely received,
matter
of
class
him
among
nished
by
and experi-
and
yet
there
is
a
edge agrees
to
he
emigrated
is,
find
a
of which
we can
know, is
thoughts
reach
absolute
knowledge.
by
declaring
that
we
can
There
a
substance
image
in
but
can be
nothing outside
him;
he
dogmatically
perishes and
another is
do
motion
is
called
other appetites
to
act,
but
not
free
to
will
as
he
wills,
he
cannot
will
to
will.
human
of his body.
right
inclines
state of peace
seek after
peace. The
duty
to
him-
self,
or
for
either part
of
persons,
and
the
commonwealth
or assembly
all their wills,
The
multitude
so
united
in
interest
are
of which
the
determined
by
the
State
and
is
obligatory
upon
the
He may commit
as
He
traveled,
reach such certainty in
answered.
monde
ou
traite
de
Adam
and
Tannery,
10
vols.,
1897,
School,
transl.;
monographs
by
Mahaffy,
Jungmann,
the nature
able
that
not
been
able
to
and the same
follow
to
find
certain
and
self-
method pur-
which
are
made in
This method
which are
clear and
ceive nothing
know that
has
made
mind.
to
me.
deceptive memory
What is there then
world is
therefore
I
am.
lish
as
Proofs
for
we
regard
as
this
may
be
illusion.
One
devoid
of
an
absolute
argu-
conceive,
should
have
more
than
one
cause,
for
if
these
causes
I
were
many,
they
would
not
be
perfect
he
has
be what
more of
God himself
and of
they
is
called
the
attribute.
The
attribute
is
cannot
be
itself
in
tribute
can
be
conceived
without
modes,
but
change
attribute of
not attributes of
true reality.
impact.
Hence,
there
must
then
placed
in
hinder
divine
given the
world a
and
that
can
be
at-
tributed
to
body,
pertains
natural science.
to
go
its
world,
the
the
follow
natu-
rally,
in
as
necessarily
as
the
animal
spirits.
Descartes
repudiates
the
vitalism
of
Aristotle
and
the
schoolmen,
and
offers
a
nature.
the
pilot
to
the
vessel.
a
pure
without the
mind and body
with one another.
separating them
or of
other.
to
the
in different
and
body
is
clearly
separate
souls
or
bodily
caused,
supported,
and
feelings of
however, is inadequate
from harmful
low hatred
of the
from without have no
power to hurt it.
virtue
exactly.
Descartes attempts
only
how
they
from certain
own standards
mind,
princi-
true nature of
busy for
them.
Then
motion
to
matter.
to
escape
the
system,
;
mate-
of an
particularly
accordance
were
popular
and
who
became
and
philosophy,
Augustinianism
of
all
possible
things.
The
material
that
this
supernatural revelation.
to
experience
God
and
find
peace
Works
ed.
by
how-
ever,
do
the
Aufkldrung.
His
destructive
criticism
proved
most
potent
in
the
articles
and
principles,
which
have
the
and this
in
the
argument,
order,
ordine
geometrico,
each
matical
method
greatly
influenced
be conceived,
there can
things
find
the son
of a
his unselfishness,
and his
simple mode
lifetime
was
the
exposition
pantheistic
writings
of these teachings
may have had
which
grew
out
universe
is
a
causal
chain
in
which
each
link
is
necessarily
connected
with
the
preceding
purpose or design
purpose
to
be independent.
that
all
its
as to
free
everything that is (pantheism).
not
distinct
here
from, and external to,
of
all
every
one
of
two,
extension
and
them
can
be
called
absolutely
infinite.
and the same
universal reality, both
having equal rank;
a space-occupying,
it
oc
rme
o
are
eternal,
whereas
wills,
expresses
system
of
same,
although
its
as
a
whole,
may
here
be
deduce
particulars
different triangles. Similarly,
in
which
substance
appears,
the
to
the
ordinary
scientific
explanations,
which
do
not
go
very
deep
or through
substance expresses
of the
consequences
and
since
Hence,
there
correspond
to
bodily
of many parts.
the
body,
ideas or
fected
Spinoza's theory of
his work
kind
of
knowl-
preceding
an adequate idea of the objective essence of certain at-
tributes
of
purposes
physiological proc-
affirming
the
universal
substance.
The
human
soul
deter-
is
the
body
are
one
because
free,
he
forms
the
will:
passions
and
(adequate)
ideas,
says:
wise
com-
main contention
dependent
he
is.
The
clearer
his
He
who
for
himself,
forerunners
knows, that it
actions which follow from
the
minds
the guidance
the
rest
just, faithful, and
weak-minded
persons
for
a
more
or
God,
eternal.
We
substance
with
its
infinite
unified q^^^^^
thinking,
however, speaks
it.
he agreed
with his
validity
of
knowledge,
to
destroy
university,
but
(1666-1683)
to
Holland
into
exile.
Returning
to
England
(1689)
were,
the
uneducated,
their
reason
be
furnished?
To
this
Locke
answers
in
^one
word,—
mind
is
furnished
to receive the
Some
of
these
other
by
power,
put
together
these
ideas
it
has
and
make
new
complex
so
as
to
take
a
view
ideas
supposed or confused
which, therefore,
Our senses
cause
and
effect,
it
suffices
to
identity
and
diversity,
conformity
with
of powers without us.
not
be
chimerical
unless
in
modes are
are
all
inadequate,
be-
cause
they
to that
white
and
the
idea
of
black
This
is
be
certain,
yet
its
the assent
knowledge. Every
can perceive the agreement or disagreement of ideas by the
help
of
them is
thing
yet
without
us,
the
ideas.
More
perfect
beings
may
have
figure, size,
sum of its angles is equal to two right angles:
that
a
self-
called
a
triangle
whether
a
certain
weight,
I
cannot
deduce
with
certainty
triangle
or
a
circle
himself
. The
a
to
be
copies
of,
and
referred
to,
archetypes
nature,
if,
to
be
we can know
Whence the
and
of
to
thing
that
it
is
it.
that
alone
the
origin,
validity,
.
thought
is
based.
He
did
misgivings,
there
or pure
spiritual
substances,
or
souls.
harder
and
motion
could
never
of interaction.
or the idea
of color or
of
experience.
If
mo-
tion
tion motion.
sensation
with-
out
an
immaterial
thinking
being.
There
operations. But
any
two
what cement makes
another.
So
rate,
the
atomic
theory
is
impossible
—
which
establishes
However
we
may
conceive
God,
we
cannot
There are
 
present
in
wrongness
ever
come
to
be
established,
have
where the
whether
promulgated
to
them
by
The civil
fellows, who
that which has
everywhere the same,
not
fail
Virtue
is
nothing
of
eternal
and
such foundations
of our
duty and
is
do
or
their wills for
the preservation of
pressing uneasiness
liberty, and possessions.*
own preser-
as
wiH
of it
to
the
invasion
of
others
equal,
and
the
greater
but
never
be
supposed
to
is
do
not
cease
in
Again,
the
legislative
cannot
assume
to
always
they should
by
play,
and
be
produced
•-Berkeley
and
through
him,
the
entire
criticism,
the
with
Locke's
basis,
Christianity
interference
of
the
rials
touch is
of
objective
reality,
—there
other is,
cause reac-
it is true, had
naiurcB,
1672),
fitted
the
feeling
of
sympathy.
All
teaching,
but
in
the
or
duty
and
self-love
or
William Paley,
only
is nothing
mind,
sensations
or
basis
George
Berkeley
(1685-1753),
Trinity
College,
our
pains,
therefore,
to
make
a
or
rep-
resent
to
inconsistent idea
of a
considered
in
same sort,
distinct from the
exists
without
the
mind.
That
of the
are
just
as
secondary
as
the
in
be
a
such,
hence
formed
all
ideas
image
as
willing,
loving,
hating,
mountains,
rivers,
trees,
in
the
sense
in the
nation.
with the immediate
tinct
and
small,
experience
has
taught
ticular
bodies
we
see,
these
disappear,
whole
world
mistaken?
But,
does
We
can
account
for
the
sensations had an
and without the mind,
do not exist
the
term
idea
will
be
improperly
real
things,
minds which perceive them;
be
called
ex-
itself,
but
imprinted
losophy
several
obscure
and
difficult
questions:
we see
appearances only,
origin of
of
falls with matter, for if objects of sense are merely
so
many
sensations
down
which
each
insensible
particles.
inert.
each
originally
contrived.
use to
our
1713,
making
Malebranche's
system
his
starting-point,
attempts
to
Clavis
And
we
discover
as impossible,
Locke
made
and
at
Paris,
Diderot, Holbach, Turgot, and d'Alembert,
and induced Rousseau
1741-1742;
Hume's
Treatise
and
Inquiry;
ophy
mentioned
pp.
254,
f.
kind
which
attempts
discover
a
universal
and
general
principle
of
the
mind?
The
chief
problems
ex-
amining
calls
up
the
fire, that it would consume
him.
The
as unavoidable
as to
feel the
passion of
He
identifies
son,
tendency.
A
the
effect
without any experi-
essary
outward
senses.
From
the
first
never
conjecture
by
which
the
will
does
this.
and body is mysterious;
of
mind
and
sub-
stantial
to
half
of
anywhere existent
which
lies
and instinct
fact
is
not
like
the
evidence
we
distinguish between
conclude
from
do not
of
our
own
impressions.
We
cannot
Philosophical
decisions
operations. can never
sub-
stance
is
meaningless,
ticular perception
or
shade,
love
perception either
perceptions
union
of
their
ideas
in
the
imagination,
when
we
the
constant
conjunction
of
objects
acting
according
to
the
experienced
union
of
like
actions
susceptible
external
objects,
they
can
God,
his
attributes,
his
decrees,
cause of
cases
be
exactly
similar,
we
intelligence, such as
privi-
lege
has
the
little
Can
we
imagine
that
not
compatible
sides,
why
is
no
proof,
on
Deity; per-
morphism
A more probable hypothesis
we
The purpose
and not
what he knows, not from
what he is
being
know what that
in
God
is
for re-
that
it
hardly
to
decide
for
himself.
Theology
is
ideal. His view of the
origin
nature.
in
the
eighteenth
at
the
universities
and
terialistic
and what
essence
of
things.
Among
such
innate
truths
ing
on
Types
of
Ethical
Theory,
vol.
II,
up by
of
Sense
School
knowledge,
a
substantial
God
undemon-
strable,
and
belief in the reality
identity
and
continued
Reid
pater-
nalistic
models
and
(1651-1708),
method the
true method
and
a
diplomatic
mission
to
Paris
(1672-1676),
essays
de cognitione,
Collection of
philosophical writings
Luther to Leibniz)
found
or energ . Another
with-
out
force,
without
dynamic
power
of
resistance.
Space,
therefore,
Forces
uncon-
scious
and
consciousness
perceptions and
degrees of clarity.
When I attend
the
different
elements
or
motion of each
there
ory, i.e.y
limited, an
perceives
or
nearest
to
it,
or
per-
ceiving
no
piece
of
inorganic
matter
to
God.
number
ovaries
later
stages,
and
the
future
stages
are
predetermined
in
the
general
ac-
ceptance
monads.
The
higher
the
that
God
created
both
body
beginning,
that
There is
are
in
harmony
which has
thoroughgoing.
Every-
thing
of
nature,
causal
or
;
rational because
There
presup-
pose
monads
power,
and
attributes
to
God
sees
the
world
according
to
a
plan,
at
once.
It
avoid
pain
is
based
on
rather
a
not always
conscious
windows by which
ciples
not
derived
from
experience.
The
seat
and
of
con-
scious
always
senses:
propositions
that
are
universal
and
necessary,
as,
for
as
actions,
the ideas
of which
not
exist
before
in
of
distinct. Sense-perception
they
substances, is perceived
is not
manifestation
God and
the fundamental principles of knowledge, which are at the same
time
There is
the same
necessity in
have seen.
pendent
knowl-
edge.
Thus,
the task
and identifies
tion
Leibniz-Wolffian
Tetens (1736-
of
this
eclecticism
are
A.
acute
critic
of
the
Wolffsche
Begriffs-
hestimmungen;
aes-
the Re-
in
France
(the
Fronde)
which
has
to
courage
'Reasonable Thoughts on
of
Man,
was
greatest:
that
marked
the
Hibben, The Philosophy
and histories
rule
over
the
philosophers.
' *
Among the
men who
Holbach,
and,
especially,
the
Encyclopedists,
led
by
Godwin, the author
influence
through
translations
to
prove
and
make
of
thought
rights even
in
verse
its
ra-
tionalistic
aesthetics.
 We
have
force and
by
mod-
ern
by
philosophy,
lowing Hobbes, he
The
Frenchman
La
Mettrie
(1709-1751;
Histoire
naturelle
this
standpoint,
Helvetius
^
.
prudence; Quesnay, Turgot,
uncultured,
the
inequalities
conditions and look
Swiss
republican,
as
Locke
's,
the English
not only
are
influencing
people
in
so
far
it.
natural and un-
for knowledge
be
studied
step of progress.
common
laborer
the
p.
383,
monographs
on
Rousseau
by
John
Morley,
did not
the
competence
of
human
intelligence
of
natural
reason.
such
knowl-
edge,
reason
itself
never pierce
proceeded
is such
knowledge
of
things
as
they
are
of
things-in-themselves
a
priori
or
native,
p.
396;
also
Paulsen,
God, freedom,
as tutor
in several
families residing
an
appointment
as
private
1772 he combined
became professor
and then
Hume, made
noted,
and
Paulsen,
Kant,
transl.
by
Sidgwick, Lectures
Text-Book
to
Kant;
K.
the
Ethics
of
Ethik;
Foerster,
Platonists, in Essays in
Hume und
sition.
Again,
they
are
lacking
in
in
sensation
or
perception,
but
in
reason,
pnor
to
it)
synthetic
things
are
extended;
such
of
such
knowledge
presuppose or
necessarily imply
tell
us
knowledge in our own
through the
or of
themselves. In
this sense,
inner sense
than
as
realities
or
relations
belonging
to
things
as
perception
think
space
with-
out
things
a
necessary
precondition
must
we perceive the
all
the
are
yield knowl-
the
as
Only
by
connecting
heat
in
the
stone.
telligible,
or
our
concepts
senses
by
The science
of the
understanding
categories,
as
there
are
called
Transcen-
dental
Analytic.
In
these
of quan-
tended).
These
express
the
thermometer
rises)
(substance and
rights
telligent
experience
would
perception,
it follows
we
is
used
to
adding one
to one,
picturing
to
time-order
(permanence,
succession,
simultaneity).
by
the
intellect
prove, for example,
perception.
We
can
the
non-
phenomenal,
of my existence,
spontaneity. But consciousness
a
compelled by the
by
means
of
the
senses.
as
we
shall
see.
The
the
supersensible,
that
mere
thought,
and
have
no
meaning
when
all
mental
physical
a
of a
sophis-
contradiction
and
is
rooted
be
proved
(1)
and that
one
side
to
the
transcendental
Ideas
and the
were
satisfied
his
prin-
ciple
would
serve
to
teach
moderation
in
claims.
We
knowledge,
time and no
limits;
we
the
phe-
nomenal
series,
everything
is
conditioned
by
which the
world
of
were
merely
natural
cau-
sality,
every
some
cause was
a
phenomenon
and
it
all his
them
the
effects
of
particular
impulses,
all
by
the
influences
absolutely, a causal
to the
senses, but
all
we
Idea,
and
so
as
a
mere
Idea.
First
we
make
a
phenomenal
God,
the
physico-theological,
the
cosmological,
and
conception of
ence (world
concludes
from
the
accidental
all possible
effects, in
and
arrangement
lead us
prevent
us
formity
and
ends
in
nature,
its claims
guised
with their objects.
transcendental
Ideas
Ideas
reason
must
keep
on
losophers assume that
when they
no species
the law
guides
the
under-
standing
in
general,
particular
objects.
Being
is
to
pre-
serve
the
the same
and all-sufficient
problematically,—
the contemplation
in
a
sepa-
Use
of
cussed. The understanding
cases
that
the
physical-
by
the
constitution
of
our
reason,
by
our
reflective
besides, we
Practical
Use
for?
We
can
never
is
may know the innermost
disposition and its moral
be
regarded
as
derived
from
an
Idea,
the
good.
his standard
or criterion
of right
and wrong.
ture, he is
by
the
moral
law
and
not
by
his
im-
pulses,
free.
at
mand, the command
not
It
also
implies
soul,
vir-
us.
(1)
perfect
and
holy;
man
has
strong
desires,
a
consisted
in
under-
judgments,
to be
presented by the Kantian
had
of
our
thought,
mbglicher
Standpunkt
aus
be
no
Critique.
The
poet
to
reach
truth.
According
to
finds
an
reason with its
and
immortality
as
the supersensible
method. The
principles of
of the
far
as
to be
the
us
in
his
method
for that,
truth
It was
the dual-
among
things,
a
on
which
knowledge
sought, and
interrupting
his
to
critical
philosophy,
of
our
Belief
atheism.
He
resigned
and in
of
Speculative
Philosophy,
by
Kroeger;
Vocation
of
Man
and
Addresses
connect itself with the one next
to
it,
our
science
developed, self-
Wissenschaftslehre
losophy,
therefore,
(the ego)
subject, no
as
Fichte
himself
sometimes
sees,
no
more
we
were
limited
will
freedom
himself as
immediate self-
of
ego because
kept its
; he asks us
work. What
he means
these
in
assume existence or being
effects of
something, of
objective
them.
If
it
phe-
nomenal
It
becomes
means
of
all
the
same
more than
an abstraction.
say, that
experience.
He
and
represent
it
in
the
same
way;
the
nates them,
consciousness (light),
universal
but must go
We cannot conceive
to do;
and,
good.
When
once
mere
cogs
is
never
realized;
with Kant's categorical imperative
doing.
He
should
act
com-
mand
to
in
adapting
property,
the
various
callings,
and
he may
regain her
the vocation
by
every
of both worlds: he
by
making
the
will
law
the
religion,
education,
age.
His
patriotic
appeal
for
the
losophie
few years
of the
phi-
Bruno
and
Spinoza,
he
conceives
a
philosophy
Jacob Boehme.
a
fall
from
God.
The
mythology
after
his
death.
was
include
the
unconscious,
instinctive,
purposive
force
that
abso-
lute
goes
question,
principle,
they are
serves the
opposition
a
fluids, for example, but
in which fancy
has always marked
act
of
will.
Since
there
forms of
life, we
the
same
of
man
(not
morality,
as
Fichte
the whole. In this
its parts.
identity
in
of things,
and that
should
of
the
progressive
stages
only
to
to regard
and mind,
realizes
ture herself
her
works; hence art
conception,
as
that
no
feeling.
60.
the theories
of Kant,
a dilettante in
such elements
in the
the
;
eternal
and
rests
in
quite
common
in
way
to
true
immortality
and
eter-
nity.
absolute
real.
There
is,
therefore,
a
substance (Spi-
noza) as
all
life,
are
but
from 1794 to
Philosophy,
Esthetics,
Philosophy
of
Works, 19 vols.,
abstract, de-
intends
is the
also preserved in the
to be. Thus, for
the
organism,
as
necessarily
emerges
concepts.
similar
takes
the
understand
life
parts of
ultimate concept or
other words
Hegel
speaks
as
logical
course
in
the
manner
described ;
since
this
process,
if
correctly
carried
on,
is
identical
with
an
unbridled,
absolutely
meaningless
happening,
The
divine
possibilities of evolution.
evolution
are
the
husks
or
lifeless
eternally created.
and
are
eternally
one after the other,
absorbed
in
God;
without
must be
unity and
exist without the
that
God,
or
the
logical
Idea,
appear that logic
are one.
The forms
or categories
things
where we
to itself,
reason in
notion,
through
dialectical
or
logical
from
a d
the
social
mind,
in
passes, in
: corresponding
to
phe-
a
body
its peculiar individu-
itself,
becomes
and
(Geist) in the highest
which seeks
tell
us
what
is, that
is, to
how
rational
Idea
or
nature
studying
willing
a
reason,
which
a
people,
in
of
humanity
the
form
conception
mind imaging
it reverently
and knowing
well
as
an
the
dialectical
process
its
neces-
sary
place
and
represents
ex-
pressed
individual
mind.
The
and L.
The
as a
Leibniz
Schopenhauer
a
Einleitung
in
die
Philosophie,
1813;
conclusions
directly
opposed
to
whose
function
it
cannot stand.
in his
metaphysics. He
ism,
reality,
constituted ?
Our
law upon which
such
and
such
we
required
oughly
simple, absolute,
first substance science compels
psychology results
originally
no
nothing
of
itself,
has
the
the
the soul,
inner
Schopenhauer
by
and lectured
1860.
has
its
declared, we
with the
it
except
itself
is
;
into
the
soil.
Will
or
impulse
guides
the
child
and
the
savage,
impulse
predominates
over
intelligence
is
im-
The
will
to
be,
are devoured
to
save
only
to
be
engulfed
battling
every
second.
But
for
we
are
conceived
with
wicked
prompted
moral
worth
at
he will
feel sympathy
suffering.
The
directing
imper-
and
the
the conservation of
and com-
5^^^^^-
Criticism
age
to
materialism, as
1865
0.
Liebmann
science itself,
through whose
sciences. Most promi-
different
movements
of
thought:
positivism,
materialism,
criticism,
and
post-Kantian
which
we
interpret
the
given
sensations,
What, then,
is the
outside, of the things-
and
to
be
acted
on,
the
body.
our own inner
matter are
stage
in
the
scale
of
mental
life,
but
mental
life
is
equally
present
in
less
clearly
reality
it-
of interaction. How
it is possible
relation
expressions. Even
necessary
the
conception
of
Fechner,
esses
descending degrees
of force. The
existences,
are
and
America,
offers
an
idealistic
world-view
similar
to
substance,
notions
in
us
without
forms.
If
we
make
our
the priority,
Psychology
shows
that
men-
tal
life
a
Philosophy
based
on
a
what is.
ideal:
it
value-
judgments
(logical,
cannot
be
proved;
the
our
absolute standard
(transl.
by
Booth,
under
the
title
Value and Meaning
all individual
cannot
deduce,
of itself.
PHILOSOPHY
IN
FRANCE
AND
ENGLAND
came
to
the
front.
It
was
the
activity
of
the
of
the
age that still
thing,
according
to
him,
was
the
form of government he
for Saint-Simon meant love
of the poor and
spiritual chaos,
such a
new system
to
construct
for
his
Comte
Catechisme
to
to
the
emotional
and
religious
at
Paris
(1814-1816),
where
school,
here sides
links.
]^lowleTe^^
of
monarchy
and
absolute
of
On
the
stage
of
uniform
question
asked
practical
purposes;
to
see
cannot
reduce
the
many
different
laws
of
nature
to
a
single
enter
as the
simplicity
to
complexity
all the
that the
ascending
series
presupposes
its
that
the
phe-
nomena
the simpler
ones,—the
phenomena of
a
new
element
is
animal,
the
various
organic
down.
But
to
^^p^^^
with society
self-interest,
but
of the
to
regulate
is, after
progress
means
moving
the
right
relation
with
feeling
and
practice.
The
objective
spiritualism.
Under
the
leadership
of
C.
Renouvier
(1818-1903),
editor
series of occurrence.
dans
Vhistoire,
1861.
Works
Levy-Bruhl,
en France depuis
same thing.
The
evolution
to
meta-
common-sense
philosophy
gave, in
doctrine.
Kant in the
History
of
by
virtue
of
which
his works
and found
in the
critical philosophy
in
themselves,—
universality
and
were positively
the
either
absolute
to be the
school
in
we
We
solid,
figured,
and
ers of the
traditional English school,
James
Mill
(1773-1836),
and
's
writings.
and
latter-day
English
movement. The same attitude of
mind
characterizes
method,
and
are
of his
ethics made a
abolition
by
Parliament
political life
Monographs
on
Mill
by
Douglas,
and
nec-
essary
knowledge:
judgments, on
the
result
follow
one
laws
of
association
by
firmness of these
:
Mill
describes
as
they
fact
the
death
of
all
men
in
the
and of instructions
inferred, what events,
warrant
latest
inductions
to
attain
strict
served.
does not
out,
follow them
vary
with
difference
of
field of
All that can be
with
the
original
distribution
phenomena, a
belief that
We cannot
volitions
as
an
exception
to
merely
a
of
the
case
in
distant
parts
not necessary or
the
but
and
are
only
nature
circumstances, if
possibilities are the
cause,
to
which
we
refer
our
in-themselves. We have
in-itself
as
substance
ties of them, or of
accepting
ex
hypothesi
is
but
do is
in
Can
there
Another
misapprehension
is
that
the
motive
of pleas-
do
circumstances and
qualities common
always
be
do
the universe,
preventing
be
affiliated
to
social
science
is
a
deductive
at a
operate in
those circum-
stances, supposing
wealth
if
it
were
unimpeded
There is
a progressive
in
a
would be
sive
changes
spondence, not
a
by
any
means
have
arrived
at,
concerning
J.
Bentham
(1748-1832).
The
reading
of
Dumont's
Traits
good
only
Bentham and
tells
us,
spirit
principle
is
unless
the proper
allowance made
of the
greatest happiness
human
pointed
out
to
the
community
than
the
indi-
in
the
possibilities
of
human
nature;
from
first
principles.
philosophy,
and
would
agree
with
Wundt
In
this
primary
is
and empiricism
How
described as
him in
he
devoted
in the United
of
ideas
rooted
in
consciousness,
unknowable. The
of
force.
It
is
the
basis
but
equally
of
force
can
be
interpreted
only
as
both
the
physical
and
the
as two
nature
of
is
our
business,
in
society)
what
distinguishes
evolution
from
dissolution,
in
which
we
inductively,
dissolution
gration of matter.
applies not to
are
applied
by
Spencer
;
of equilibrium in the
is composed. Analysis of the phenome-
nal
aspects
of
atom.
action
becomes
the
exter-
knowledge
we
have.
an actu-
whole,
conduct
of
show us that
a code
Under
increas-
ing
the
teachings
of
traditional
But
since
group-life
is
:
of State
considerations
Hegel,
and
indeed
by
the
entire
The first
the
town-council;
served
on
ested
in
duty,
its
German
natural science
with a
not
merely
could
a
being
this prin-
of
empiricists
and
phenomenal order
place in such
as free
moralizing
agent
to
me;
or
the end
of
human
personality,
the
perfection
of
the
human
my
authoritative
it with
in
Hence,
the
character,
heart,
and
will.
Neither
type
is
more
impalpable
of
the
by
the
Absolute,
certain
and
as in-
competent to
ac-
tivity,
be
itself,
and
cannot,
there-
of
us
the
general
dependent,
lose
its
own
character.
:
degrad-
ing
superstition.
char-
cannot
inter-
pret
in
terms
of
a mind.
is to me
is
and mental. The
ideas,
That art
Thou. The self that means the object is identical with the
larger
self
intelligent,
which,
in
In other words, Royce
tualism by
to
loyalty,
a
system,
implies faith
loyalty
is
study
of
these
of
which,
so
individual
and
concepts
or
resemble
Herbart
in
many
respects,
defend
of
knowledge.
The
as
Bodies
intended
a means
tent of the
universal notion of
of
the
word,
it
end in
say of
in
the
living understanding
matter of
in
a
phenomena:
ideas
to
that
of
malleable,
waiting
to
periences; they
the
fortuitism). And pluralism
and
real meaning,
all
themselves,
to
him,
of
what
test of thinking
neither
have
a
universe
in
knowledge is an
shape
reality;
and
genuine
mode
of
methods,
but
the
*
*
make our
of arranging
philosophers have made the
naively
made
nature, it shows that
1872;
Also
sprach
Zarathustra,
1883,
ff.
|iitellect
and
helpless.
which eludes
the mathematical
intelligence and
lute
past, like
automatism and necessity, and in the
long run
spring
 
beyond.
Perhaps
in
man
alone
1888,
transl.
by
Pogson;
and
scientific
knowledge
of a
which
Hegel
and
his
many
other
Realists.
F.
J.
E.
Woodbridge
subjective
idealism
and
the
have
the
capacity
of
representing
each
effort,
he
can
fashion
to
his
tendencies.
For
one
thing
an accepted
a
the whole
human values
in the
progress
of
Such an
appeal is
always given, even
of
reason
remainder,
has
been
and
always
will
is
to
misconstrue
them.
single
out
and
hold
who does
everywhere
Bergson allow it
try
succumbs
to
living,
flowing,
galloping
phase
sources
no new
school of
with-
and
disappears
at
random
will
have
to
a
single
principle.
It
is
not
before
can
or
source and
know. If there
synthesis
is
us
to
arbitrary forms
just as
then
evolution
in
life and
consciousness included,
ism, Mysticism,
280,
370.
Atomism,
15
f.,
31,
36*
ff.,
86,
Christological
problem,
145.
Chrysippus,
104,
113.
562,
461,
462
577
ff.,
583,
304
ff.,
307 ff.,
173 f., 198 ff.,
484,
545 ff.,
553 ff.,
Forms,
63
ff.
; Aristotelian,
76,
78
174,
198,
304,
325,
f.,
63 f.,
ff.,
60
ff.,
79
ff.,
96,
467,
471
353 f,
ff.
580
f.;
ideas
114,
120
ff.,
Protestant-
ism
and,
247
f
See
also
Empiricism.
Sense-perception,
25,
f.
Socrates,
ff., 156 f., 160
181 ff.;
Unconscious,