Information Literacy for the Humanities Researcher

第六組韓雪竹 496100537

陳妍潔 496100161

高倩文 496100135

陳怡靜 496100549

莊妤甄 496100379

(A Syllabus Based on Information Habits Research )

Introduction緒論

緒論

22% Arts and humanities

→ 電子資訊資源需要更多的培訓

6% Physical sciences and engineering

8% Medical and biological sciences

14% Arts and humanities

40% Physical sciences and engineering

24% Medical and biological sciences

→ 電子資訊資源不需要更多培訓

緒論

The aim of this paper 本文主旨：

將人文使用者行為的現有知識用於發展人文學者的資訊素養課程

Our existing knowledge of user behavior in the

humanities can be applied to the development

of an information literacy course for humanists

緒論

Printed information resources

印刷品資訊資源

Stieg 對需要資訊的歷史學家的研究主要的兩個方法被用於：• Analyze the information habits

• The user study

分析資訊行為

使用者研究

An Information Literacy Syllabus for the

Humanities Researcher

人文研究者資訊素養課程

人文學者使用文獻資料習慣的研究 先決條件： An information literacy course

資訊素養課程的規劃 下一步： Survey the literature

調查文獻

Professional competencies

人文研究者所需要獲得的專業能力

The published studies which underpin it

出版研究報告以支持其理論

Three recent works

RSLG 研究：

• 數據來源只有人文與藝術研究者的回覆

• 2002.6 早期的郵遞的問卷• 英國大學的人文藝術研究者 250 名

• Research Support Libraries Group

Three recent works

DLF 研究：

• Digital Library Federation

• 訪談和案例研究• 審查伊利諾斯州 33 所大學人文學者的資訊環境

The DLF Data Set

• 數據來源只有人文與藝術研究者的回覆• 樣本包括 239 位人文藝術研究人員（教師或學生）

The disadvantage 缺點

A state of rapid change

一個變化迅速的國家 Professional literature

專業文獻

Full-text collections of digitized secondary journal literature

數位化館藏全文期刊文獻

Impact 影響 Constantly monitor

不斷地監測 How effective researchers use such tools

研究人員如何有效使用這些工具

The proposed syllabus 擬議的大綱

General skills 一般技能

Specific formats 具體格式

• 每部分又分為若干章節• 每個章節後的學習目標• 方便起見，附錄聚集在文件結尾

General Skills

一般技能

Understanding How Information is Disseminated in the Discipline

了解資訊是怎麼在其學科領域中傳播

How information is disseminated 怎麼傳播

Where it is located 定位

An starting 起點

RSLG 研究發現 藝術、地區研究和社會科學 意識到的障礙：到達所需的時間

非透明的訪問 研究人員確信，實際接觸資料依然至關重要

Identifying Appropriate Bibliographic Tools

確定適當的書目工具

Most surveys show that, for humanists, the most valuable sources of references are the works cited in the books and journal articles that the researcher has already located. This does not mean that scholars make no use of bibliographictools. Wiberley and Jones found that ‘‘bibliography was most important for scholars when they were investigating unfamiliar primary sources or secondary literature about subjects unfamiliar to them.’’

大多數的調查顯示，對於人文學者來說，最有價值的參考來源在於研究人員在作品中找到所引用的書籍和雜誌文章。這並不意味著學者沒有利用書目工具。偉柏利和瓊斯發現”當學者們在調查不熟悉的主要知識或關於不熟悉的主題的二手知識時，書目對他們來說是相當重要的。 “

The literature on the information habits of humanists has traditionally stressed that scholars make only limited use of major abstracting and indexing journals. She calls for ‘‘some fundamental changes in historians’ attitudes’’ and for librarians to be more active in providing bibliographic instruction for historians.

文獻在人文學者的知識習慣中，傳統的強調，學者只能用有限的主要摘要和期刊索引。 她要求” 歷史學家的態度要有一些根本性的變化”館員則應更積極地提供書目來指引歷史學者。

Massey Burzio found that humanists at Johns Hopkins University considered that electronic indexing had been a great boon and allowed them to find information more quickly. Indexing and abstracting databases may be more attractive to the humanist than they were in their earlier printed incarnations. In her survey of historians at the State University of New York, Andersen found that in 1996 two-fifths of her sample were using abstracting/indexing databases on the library network at least monthly.

電子索引，是一個很大的恩賜，使他們能夠更快地找到資訊。索引和摘要資料庫，可能會比初期具體化的印刷吸引更多的人文學者。在她的美國紐約州立大學歷史學者調查中，安德森發現， 1996 年有五分之二的樣本，至少每個月都有使用圖書館網路的文摘 / 索引資料庫。

Similarly, the RSLG Study found that 56% of respondents considered bibliographic tools, indexing, and abstracting services to be essential for their research. According to the DLF Data Set,78.4% of researchers were using online abstracts and indexes for their research, and 69% wereusing print abstracts and indexes.

同樣的， RSLG 研究也發現，有 56 ％的受訪者認為書目工具、索引和文摘服務對於研究是不可或缺的。根據 DLF Data Set ，有 78.4 ％的研究人員使用線上文摘和索引在他們的研究中，還有 69 ％的人使用 Print 文摘和索引。

< 注 >Research Support Libraries Group (RSLG) 圖書館研究支持組Digital Library Federation (DLF) 數位圖書館聯盟

The DLF Study reported that ‘‘our data also verify what previous research has asserted about the age of scholarly resources: older materials continue to be used and valued by humanities scholars.’’ The importance of older materials has considerable significance for the selection of appropriate bibliographic tools. Databases that have extensive retrospective coverage will be of particular use to many researchers. 

DLF 的研究報告說，”我們的數據也證實了先前研究提出有關學術資源的年齡：舊材料繼續使用，對於人文學者相當具有價值。”較舊材料對於選擇適當的書目工具時具有相當的重要性。資料庫，擁有廣泛的追溯範圍也將特別的被許多研究人員使用。

Where no such databases exist, printed bibliographies and indexes are still essential tools for the researcher. Identifying suitable printed bibliographic tools can be a more difficult task than identifying suitable databases, as the number of printed bibliographic tools on the shelves of a large research library will be vastly greater than the number of electronic databases to which it subscribes.

如果沒有這種資料庫存在，印刷文獻目錄和索引仍然為研究員不可或缺的工具。選擇合適的印刷書目工具可能會比物色合適的資料庫更加困難，大量印刷書目工具在一個大型研究圖書館的架上，將會被認同為比大量的電子資料庫更加廣泛。

Learning Objectives

學習目標

*Researchers should be able to identify appropriate bibliographic resources, both print and electronic. *Researchers should be aware of the value of library catalogues as a bibliographic resource and be able to locate catalogues of other libraries via the Web.*Researchers should understand the factors which limit the usefulness of a bibliographic resource, such as chronological scope, types and language of resources indexed, currency, methods of indexing.

* 研究人員應該能夠確定辨別適當的文獻書目資源，包括印 刷版和電子版。 * 研究人員應該注意圖書目錄的書目資源的價值，並能透過 網路找到其他圖書館目錄。 * 研究人員應該了解哪些因素限制了有益的書目資源，如時 間範圍、類型、語言的資源索引、流通、索引的方法。

Searching Databases Effectively

有效地檢索數據庫

There is awareness among many humanists that they need to learn more about how to use databases. The DLF Study identified a ‘‘disparity among the scholars in searching abilities. Some were quite conscious, or self-conscious, about what they perceived as a lack of searching skills.’’ On the other hand, the authors also ‘‘observed the humanists using a variety of sophisticated searching techniques, such as applying the subject headings assigned to a catalog record to locate related works, limiting online searches to fields, or using Boolean combinations.’’

許多人文學者察覺到，他們需要去學習更多關於如何使用資料庫。 DLF 的研究發現了”學者們搜索能力的差異。有些人自覺或自我意識中，注意到他們缺乏搜索技能。”另一方面，作者也”觀察人文學者利用各種複雜的搜索技術，如採用主題詞分配到目錄記錄來查找相關的事情，限制了線上搜索；使用布林組合。”

Among the important issues here is the question of search terminology. Wiberley remarks that much of the terminology used in the humanities is ‘‘very imprecise: their definitions are often characterized by change over time or a wide range of meaning, and their referents frequently include a diversity of subjects or objects.’’

在重要的議題之中有個關於搜索術語的問題。 Wiberley 評論，許多人文學者使用的術語是”非常不精確：其定義常隨時間變化或廣泛的含義而改變，他們指稱通常包括各種不同的主題或物體。”

The choice of controlled vocabulary or natural language in the searching of databases is also important. Walker compared these two search methods in a range of humanities databases and found that controlled vocabulary searching produced more results. However, her searches using natural language were limited to the title fields of the records in the databases, which probably invalidated her results, as researchers using natural language searching tend to search terms across all fields in the database records.

選擇控制詞彙或自然語言在搜索的資料庫中也是很重要。 WALKER 比較這兩種搜索方法，在一系列的人文資料庫中，發現控制詞彙搜索產生更多的結果。然而，她用自然語言搜索在資料庫的紀錄中被標題所限制，這可能使她的結果無效，研究人員使用自然語言搜索，搜索傾向於跨各個領域的資料庫紀錄。

Knapp and others conducted searches for humanities scholars on controlled vocabulary databases, using both controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, and they found that combining both approaches yielded more relevant items and higher recall than either method alone.Boolean searching is an aspect of database use thatshould not be overlooked, even if some trainees might regard it as too basic a topic for a postgraduate information skills class.

KNAPP 和其他人進行搜查人文學者對受控詞彙資料庫，同時使用受控詞彙和自由詞，他們發現這兩種方法相結合比單獨使用產生了更多的相關項目和較高的回傳。 布林搜索是資料庫使用的其中一種，不應該被忽視，即使有些學員可能會認為對於資訊研究生來說是一個過於基本的主題。

Shaw’s study is also of interest for its finding that the researchers ‘‘generally retrieved and look[ed] through large retrieval sets’’ and ‘‘expected to wade through many citations to find the ones needed.’’ The imprecision of much humanistic vocabulary and the possibilities of serendipitous discovery probably encourage broader, less specific search strategies in the humanities.  

Shaw 的研究結果也是令人注意的，研究人員” 一般檢索和瀏覽大型檢索裝置”和”預計費力的透過許多引文來尋找需要的資料。”在許多不確切的人文詞彙和可能性的偶然發現可能會鼓勵得更廣泛，較不具體的出現在人文學搜索策略中。

Learning Objectives

學習目標

* Researchers should be able to search databases effectively, particularly with regard to choice of search terms, use of controlled vocabulary (where available), use of Boolean operators, and design of search strategy.

* 研究人員應該能有效地搜索數據庫，特別是關於

選擇的搜索字詞、使用控制詞彙（如果有的話）、 使用布林邏輯，以及搜索策略的設計。

Keeping Current維持現狀

Received wisdom has it that, while scientists need to know of the latest research as soon as it is published, humanists are not so concerned about keeping up to date.

收到的智慧認為，雖然科學家們知道需要盡快研究出版最新資訊，但人文主義並不擔心時時保持最新消息Thompson conducted a citation analysis of books and journals in a branch of literary studies and found that only 41% of secondary materials cited were published in the preceding 10 years.

湯普森進行了引文分析的書籍和期刊的一個分支文學研究發現，只有 41 ％的第二手資源引用前 10 年出版的。

Jones and others reported that historians use a great deal of recently published material and use periodicals most extensively immediately after their publication.

瓊絲以及其他報告指出歷史學家使用了大量最近發表的材料和使用最廣泛的期刊後立即公佈。

This is confirmed by data from JSTOR, the electronic archive of academic journals, indicating that historians show more preference for recent journal articles than do mathematicians or economists.

此數據資料是來自 JSTOR ，電子檔案的學術期刊，表明歷史學家查看比數學家或經濟學家更多傾向於最近雜誌文章。

Brown conducted a survey of 188 North American music scholars and found that “the sources scholars find most important in their efforts to find out about new research are or based on face-to-face contact with colleagues.

布朗進行了一項調查，在 188 個北美音樂學者認為“來源學者發現最重要的努力中去了解新的研究是打印的（例如，新的雜誌掃描，掃描的新的圖書貨架或新的書籍清單中的圖書館，或掃描新書目）或基於面對面接觸的同事（例如，將會議或與同事交談）。

Learning Objectives 學習目標

Researchers should be aware of the importance of keeping up to date with new publications and be able to develop strategies for achieving this.

研究人員應該知道到必須保持最新的出版物，並能制定戰略，實現這一目標。

Obtaining Material Not Available Locally獲得材料不能當地使用

In her survey of historians at the State University of New York, Andersen found that in 1996 half of her sample were placing inter-library loan requests at least once a month.

在她調查的歷史學家在美國紐約州立大學，安德森發現，在 1996 年，一半的人把她的樣品館際互借要求至少每月一次。

The RSLG Study found that 49% of respondents considered inter-library loan services to be essential for their research. The history graduate students surveyed by Delgadillo and Lynch made heavy use of the library’s Inter-Library Loan Department, although most of them complained of delays in obtaining materials.

該 RSLG 研究發現， 49 ％的受訪者認為館際互借服務至為重要的研究。由歷史研究生 Delgadillo和 Lynch 調查大量使用圖書館的館際互借部門，儘管其中多數抱怨拖延獲得的材料。

No one library can provide the wide variety of material that many humanists require for their research.

沒有一個圖書館可以提供許多人文主義者所要求對於研究所需要的各種各樣的材料。

For this reason, inter-library loan services are essential to many researchers.

出於這個原因，對於許多研究人員來說館際互借服務是不可或缺的。

To use such services effectively, researchers must be aware of their limitations and plan their work around this.

使用這種服務的有效，研究人員必須知道其局限性（延誤，成本，再加上一些材料不提供借閱），並計劃解決此問題。

Learning Objectives 學習目標

Researchers should be aware of the importance and limitations of inter-library loan services.

研究人員應該了解到館際互借服務的重要性和局限性。

Establishing a Network of Contacts建立一個聯繫網絡

The RSLG Study found that 67% of respondents considered networking with colleagues and attending conferences to be essential for their research and the DLF Study reported that "the 'grapevine,' as one scholar termed it, is crucial for supplying references to recent books or articles that might not yet be indexed or cited."

該 RSLG 研究發現，百分之六十七的受訪者認為與同事在網路上工作參加會議是不可或缺的研究還有 DLF 研究指出 'grapevine'就像一個學者稱呼他，對於提供參考最近的書籍或文章，可能還沒有被索引或引用。

The RSLG Study found that 52% of respondents were making use of discussion lists.

該 RSLG 研究發現百分之五十二的受訪者利用討論清單。Brockman and others found that the scholars in the DLF Study were using electronic discussion lists to identify other scholars working in the same field.

布羅克曼和其他的學者發現學者們在 DLF 研究中，使用電子討論清單，以確定其他學者在同一領域工作。So there is evidence to suggest that discussion lists, if not a major information resource in the humanities, are certainly playing a role in developing networks and helping researchers to keep up to date.

因此，如果不是一個在人文中主要的信息資源，這邊有個對討論名單的建議，當然是發揮作用，發展網絡，並幫助研究人員能夠不斷更新。

Learning Objectives 學習目標

Researchers should understand the value of informal contacts with other researchers as an information resource.

研究者應該了解和其他研究者的非正式接觸作為一種訊息資源的價值。Researchers should be able to identify electronic discussion lists and forthcoming conferences, which are relevant to their area of research.

研究者應該要能夠在跟他們有關的研究領域辨認電子討論名單和即將召開的會議。

Consulting Library Staff諮詢圖書館工作人員

The graduate students in history who were surveyed by Delgadillo and Lynch generally found that "the reference staff lacked the expertise needed for the level of their queries."

研究生在歷史上被 Delgadillo and Lynch 調查，一般發現“參考工作人員缺乏所需的專門知識水平的問題。”

On the other hand, they found the staff in the Special Collections department and the library's subject bibliographers to be useful contacts.

另一方面，他們發現工作人員在特殊藏書部門和圖書館的主題書目提要編者接觸是有益的。

"The literature makes it abundantly clear that

researchers in the humanities do not see

library staff as a major information resource.“

文獻使它非常清楚，人文研究者沒有看到圖書館工作人員作為一項主要的訊息資源。

The RSLG Study found that only 28% of respondents

considered that using enquiry and research assistance

was essential for their research.

在 RSLG 研究中發現只有百分之二十八的受訪者認為使用查詢和研究援助是不可或缺的研究。

然而調查備註的報告說： “研究人員在社會科學領域的研究和語言和藝術與人文更明顯的比科學領域的同事可能使用研究和諮詢服務的機構的圖書館。顯然地與他們在物理存取的館藏的相關的相對依賴和，藝術案件、人文和區域研究，與多樣性研究材料的物理需要。 “

Learning Objectives 學習目標

Researchers should be aware of the value of specialist staff in libraries and other repositories as an information resource.

研究者應該了解圖書館的專門工作人員和其他信息庫作為一種資訊資源的價值。

Organizing References Effectively組織有效的參考文件

The DLF Study of 33 humanists reported that "at least

two scholars employed a bibliographic program to

manage citations."

三十三位人文學者在 DLF 研究報告“至少有兩位學者受聘於書目程式去管理引文。 “

The usage of such software among younger

researchers is probably considerably higher.

年輕的研究人員使用這種軟件的可能性是相當高的。

Programs such as Reference Manager, EndNote, and Procite, which were originally developed for use in the sciences, are now becoming more widely used in the humanities to enable the researcher to organize references and cite them in publications.

程式例如 Reference Manager ， EndNote 和 Procite最初開發用於科學，正成為更廣泛地使用在人文，以使研究人員，組織他們參考和引用的出版物。

Learning Objectives 學習目標

Researchers should be able to use personal bibliographic software to organize references.

研究者應該能夠使用個人書目軟件組織參考。

It would be difficult to exaggerate the importance of books to humanities researchers.

誇大書的重要性對人文學研究員是困難的。

A survey of U.S. historians placed books as the most heavily used format.

美國史學家把書當作最大量使用的工具。

A survey of scholarly publications in the field of American literature found that 64% of materials cited were books.

學術性出版物被發現在美國文學領域作為援引的材料有 64 ％是書。

The RSLG Study found that 93% of respondents

considered books as essential research tools.

RSLG 研究有 93 的應答者把書是為根本的研究工具。

Because of the importance of primary sources in many

disciplines, there is considerable interest in older books.

由於在許多學科是重要的來源有可觀的興趣在舊書上

Heinzlill found that of the books cited in a sample of

English literary journals, most were more than 10 years

old.

Heinzlill 發現英國文學期刊引援的書有多數超過 10 年。

There are a number of techniques that researchers use

for identifying the books that they require: following up

references in known publications and searching

bibliographic tools (especially library catalogues) have

already been mentioned.

有一些使用的技術，以確定研究人員所需要的圖書：這些在已知的出版物的參考和搜尋書目工具【特別是圖書館目錄】已經被提過了。

In a survey of humanists at the University of Utah,

Broadbent found that 57% used browsing as a means

of identifying wanted items. The DLF Study reported

that "virtually all of the scholars reported browsing in

the library to be of value to them in their work.“

在猶他大學的人文主義者 Broadbent 觀察下，發現有 57

％的人使用瀏覽書架作為尋找所需項目的方法。 DLF 報告顯示”實際上所有學者他們的論文都是在圖書館裡瀏覽搜尋的”。

There are frequent comments in the literature on the

importance of the humanist's personal collection of

books and journals as an information resource.

個人藏書與文學作為資訊來源的重要性都是一直以來被討論的。Thompson conducted a citation analysis of books and

journals in a branch of literary studies and found that,

of secondary monographs published after 1964, 20 of

the 316 publishers represented had published more

than half of the 2230 works cited.

湯普森對文藝研究分支的書和學報進行引證分析並發現在 1964後被出版的次要專題論文，有 2230篇論文有一半以上引用自 316 分之 20 的出版者筆下。

This illustrates the fact that, in some disciplines, a

small group of publishers are responsible for the great

majority of scholarly monographs published.

這說明了在一些學科中，一個出版小組負責出版了大多數的專題論文。

Where this is the case, using alerting services (print or

electronic) provided by such publishers can be a useful

technique.

在這樣的情況下，使用這用這些出版物 ( 印刷品或電子 )

所提供的最新資訊是有用技巧。

＊‘‘ Electronic books still seem to be a little-used resource.’’

目前電子資源似乎還是很少被使用但是 這是一個迅速在發展的領域 並發展更高層次的電子書

＊合適的書目工具→瀏覽圖書館書架＊個人藏書 標明來源 和 購買新的二手材

料＊出版商提供新書提醒服務

Journal Articles

＊ 20% 的受訪者引用過雜誌文章 很大的部分著重於最近的期刊文獻裡面有 40% 的期刊文章為最近 10 年所發表的＊歷史學家最常使用較新穎期刊資料＊在人文學裡面專著的引用還是高於期刊＊在人文學裡，期刊雖然不是主要的工具，但

期刊在科學領域中是不可以被忽略的。

Journal Articles p.2

＊人文學者有閱讀人文領域中核心期刊的情形

並保持個人最低訂閱數量。＊電子服務友越來越多人使用 全文使用率較高 !

可以結合 E-MAIL 的方式，通知新知。

Book Reviews

書評研究人員了解書評的價值 和 如何找到書籍的相關書評

美國歷史學家進行調查 查詢參考資料第 3 個有用的工具 圖書審查第 2 個有用的工具

Articles in Book

書籍文章對於人文學來說這是一個很重要的資源

一本的某些章節可以特別標示出來 因為這並不是一本書的目錄索引 或 期刊所引能夠找到的

These 論文

研究人員應該明瞭 論文 對於研究的價值相關索引方面確定和主題相關的論文

用此去獲得更多資料

未出版資料

The importance of manuscript material necessarily varies from

discipline to discipline.

The uniqueness of manuscripts makes them particularly difficult

to identify and locate.

Learning Objectives

Researchers should be aware of the value of

unpublished material as an information resource and

understand the challenges involved in identifying and

accessing relevant documents.

網路資源

According to the DLF Data Set, about half of respondents reported that at least one quarter of their information needs for research were available online.

Views on the quality and utility of Web resources vary

greatly.

Learning ObjectivesResearchers should understand how to locate specialist gateways and search engines that may help to identify relevant Web resources.

其他格式

There are many other formats in which relevant information may appear.

The importance of such formats will depend on the discipline and the specific research project.

Learning ObjectivesResearchers should be aware of other formats in which

relevant information may appear and should

understand how to identify and access such materials.

結論A syllabus such as the one outlined above is only a framework for developing a program which will meet the needs of a specific user group.

Teaching is an interactive, dynamic process, and every lesson plan is subject to constant review as a class progresses.

There is no simple formula for designing courses appropriate .

結論

Many issues remain to be resolved:

how to teach the skills, how to mix face-to-face training with Web-based delivery

how to integrate the program into the professional development of the researcher

how to assess and evaluate

how to obtain the cooperation of academic staff