nanogene presentation 2011

8/4/2019 NanoGene Presentation 2011

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What is Nanotechnology?Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study ofmanipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally,nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometrein at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devicespossessing at least one dimension within that size. (Wikipedia)

Section Range Unit Example

Atomic to cellular 10-15 fm (femto) Proton, neutron

Atomic to cellular 10-12 pm (pico) wavelength of gamma rays and X-rays,hydrogen atom

Atomic to cellular 10-9 nm (nano) DNA helix, virus, proteins, wavelength ofoptical spectrum

Human scale 10-6 m (micro) Bacterium, human cell, human hair

Human scale 10-3 mm (milli) Insects, plant leaves, small animals

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom


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Nanotechnology Applications:

-> Medicine (Diagnostics, Drug delivery, Tissue engineering)

-> Environment (Biosensors)

-> Consumer goods (food, textiles, household, optics, cosmetics, agrigulture)

-> Energy (new materials for energy reduction/increase of efficiency)

-> Information and communication (new memory storage, display)

-> Heavy Industry (new materials using nanoparticles)

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Nanomedicine:

Biosensors for diagnostics

(blood glucose, blood alcohol,)

Drug delivery systems(Cancer therapy, vaccines)

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glucose_meters.jpg


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Nanomedicine:

Tissue Engineering

(skin, bones, liver,Pancreas, bladder,Cornea )

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Tissue_engineering_english.jpg


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Nanomedicine:

Tissue Engineering

(skin, bones, liver,Pancreas, bladder,Cornea )

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Environment:

Biosensors for detection of toxins (pollution)1. Enzyme based biosensors

2. Whole cell biosensors

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What is Gene Technology?

AFM image of DNA

Gene technology is the term given to a rangeof activities concerned with understandingthe expression of genes, taking advantage ofnatural genetic variation, modifying genes andtransferring genes to new hosts

Gene technology is a tool that offersenormous benefits for human health, diseaseprevention, food security and sustainability

-> using and manipulating DNA to makeproteins or motify organism (bacteria,fungi, plants or animals)

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What is a cell?-> All living organisms are made out of cells

-> Cells are the smallest living unit

Bacteria

Yeast - Fungi

Human red blood cells Plant cells

Single cell organisms - multi cell organisms

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Size of the cells

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Prokaryoticcells:

Bacteria

Eukaryoticcells:

Fungi (Yeast,

mushrooms)AnimalsPlants

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DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acids

DNA: Deoxyribonucleic Acid-> codes for all proteins in the cell

-> inherited

RNA: Ribonucleic Acid-> Intermediate in the production of proteins

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/ADN_animation.gif


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DNA and RNA nucleic acids Minimal building block

RNA

DNA

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DNA

RNA

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DNA and RNA are Polymers

DNA: 5-ATG-3

RNA: 5-UGC-3

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DNA -> double stranded (ds)

RNA -> single stranded (ss)


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3D structure of DNA


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DNA carries the information of all proteins !!!


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Cell growth -> cell division

DNA Replication


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The Central Dogma in Life

DNA -----------------> mRNA -------------------> Protein

Transcription Translation

All proteins in the cell are encoded in the DNA of the cell !!!


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Translation from mRNA to Protein:

1 Triplett (codon) -> codes for 1 AA


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What is a gene ?


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When is a gene expressed (-> protein produced) ?


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Methods and applications

of gene technology

1. Recombinant protein production-> Enzymes produced for medicalapplications, biotechnology, food,(-> Biosensor)

2. Modified Organisms-> plants with altered properties,transgenic fish,. (-> whole cell

biosensor)

3. Study diseases


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How do clone a gene?

Clones -> Cells or organisms withidentical DNA

DNA cut -> many differentfragments (whole genome oforganism)

-> colonies with no insert +

Colonies with different inserts-> library !!!

Within one colony all cells havethe same insert -> clones !!!


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Gene Library

DNA fragments are part of the genome-> Library of one organism

-> Used to screen for gene of interest

Clones -> genetically identical


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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

1993 Kary B Mullis received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Specific amplification of DNA

Can be used to detect disease or infectious agents, modifygenes (mutations,), screening of libraries, forensictechnology, cloning of genes,..

Key technology of gene technology today !!!

Golden standard in Diagnosis:

Automatic Tuberculosis diagnosis testPrenatal diagnosis of genetic diseases-> results within 48 hours


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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

1st CycleResult after 30 cycles -> just DNA betweenthe primers amplified


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Genetic Engineering -> Mutagenesis


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Protein Engineering -> Mutagenesis

Engineering of a molecular spring(light blue, right). Under tension(lower part of the figure) the springleads to a change in the regulatorysubunit which causes the catalyticsubunit (purple, left) to separate,activating the enzyme. (GiovanniZocchi et al, UCLA)

GFP variants
http://www.nanotech-now.com/images/UCLA-PKA.jpg


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Prokaryotic Expression vector: -> Escherichia coli

Gene Expression systems -> Recombinant production of Protein


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Gene Expression systems

Escherichia coli
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg


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Transgenic Animals

Production ofpharmaceuticalproteins -> drugs


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Transgenic versus Cloning

Transgenic -> creation of transgenic animal or plant (introductionof foreign gene into organism)

-> transgenic organisms produced by introduction of foreign gene into germ line

(-> transgenic offspring!!!)

-> introduction of gene into somatic cells -> gene therapy

Cloning -> obtaining an organism that is genetically identical to theoriginal organism

-> such as Dolly the sheep

-> asexual propagation of plants (taking cuttings)-> natural clones -> twins


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Gene Therapy gene transfer into somatic stem cells

Viral genetransfer intosomatic stemcells -> genetherapy

Gene delivery systems:


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DNA Nanostructures

Zhang C. et al., Nature451(7182):1130-4DNA nanoparticlesdone by scientists atCalTech


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DNA Nanostructures

Box with a lock by D. Benetsen, iNano(Aarhus Univeristy)

A rotaxane: The first DNAnano-device with a freelymovable ring.Source: Famulok/University ofBonn

Dietz and coworkers, TU Munich

Thorsten L. Schmidt and Alexander Heckel,

Nano Lett., 2011, 11(4), pp 17391742


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DNA Nanostructures

Quatruplex DNA -> Molecular Electronics

AFM image by L. Gurevich (Aalborg University)


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Nanostructures -> Molecular motors

nanogene presentation 2011

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