Past Tense

Diposkan oleh Aries di 12:38:00 AM Label: Materi B.Inggris Dalam bahasa Inggris ada Past Tense, sedangkan bahasa Indonesia kalaupun ada tak perlu dipelajari, karena kata kerjanya tidak berubah. Seperti Present tense, maka Past Tense ini pun terbagi 4: Ada yang Simple Past atau disebut Past Tense saja, ada yang Past contous tense, Past Prefect Tense dan Past perfect continous tense

Inti dari Past Tense adalah untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah “Lampau”. Lampau disini tak harus sudah lama-lama amat juga, pokoknya sudah berlalu, sudah lewat. Itulah penekanannya. Mungkin kemarin, satu jam lalu, 2 tahun lalu, 2 abad yang lalu, dan sebagainya. Semua itu sudah “Past”. Setelah membaca uraian ini Anda pasti faham lebih dalam. Pasang mata pasang telinga dan kuatkan niat ya, hehe.. Rumus Past Tense:

Positif: S + V2

Negatif: S + did not + V1

Tanya: Did + S + V1

Ingat, V2 maksud saya adalah Kata Kerja atau Verb bentuk ke-2. Tentang kata kerja dapat Anda baca di Kata Kerja

Rumus Past Tense Rumit?

Benar! eh tidak, lanjutkan saja bacanya..

Anda resepkan dulu bahwa kata kerja bantu “DO” bentuk present DO, bentuk keduanya (Bentuk Past) adalah DID. Kalau Present kan: I do not… maka Past nya: I did not….

Yang barusan saya terangkan diatas tadi akan memudahkan Anda mempelajari Past Tense ini untuk Kalimat yang Negatif dan Kalimat Tanya. Ingat saja DO jadi DID. inga.. inga… hehe..

Contoh Kalimat Past Tense:

-I launched this blog on july 14th 2009

Artinya:

Saya meluncurkan atau launching blog ini tanggal 14 juli 2009.

Sudah lewat kan?

Kata kerjanya bentuk kedua “launched”, ini tergolong kata kerja beraturan, tinggal tambahkan ED di belakang launch.

Anda ingin punya blog sendiri seperti milik saya ini? Do you want to have your own blog like this? Wah mudah, petunjuk lengkapnya, eh kursusnya bisa Anda ikuti disini:

Ok kita lanjutkan tentang Paste Tense ini ya.

Contoh lagi:

Kita akan pakai kata kerja bentuk 1-2-3 berikut:

see – saw – seen (melihat)

buy – bought- bought (membeli)

go – went – gone (pergi)

-I saw her standing there (Saya lihat dia berdiri disana).

-My Father bought this car last year

-They went to Tokyo last month

-She went home two minutes ago

Semua itu sudah terjadi, sudah melihat, membeli mobilnya juga tahun lalu, ke Tokyonya bulan lalu, pulangnya (went home) juga 2 menit yang lalu. Kita gunakan Past Tense. Faham ya?

Kalimat Negatif Past Tense

Sesuai rumusnya: S + did + not + V1

Perhatikan dengan seksama, Kata kerjanya berubah lagi menjadi bentuk pertama (V1). Lalu kata kerja bentuk past-nya kemana? Pindah ke DID nya itu. Tadi kan diatas sudah saya bilang:

V1 -V2 – V3: Do – Did – Done

Jadi kita pakai “Did”. Karena negatif maka tambah “Not”. Jadi Did Not! hehe..

Kalimat positif tadi, kita jadikan negatif:

-I saw her standing there

Menjadi: I did not see her standing there

Lihatlah saw jadi see lagi. See-saw-seen kan bentuk kata kerjanya?

Yes benar, berurusan dengan Past Tense maka Anda perlu mempunyai banyak perbendaharaan kata kerja

Positif: My Father bought this car last year

Negatif: My Father did not BUY this car last year

Anda coba yang dua ini ya:

-They went to Tokyo last month. Jadi ….

-She went home two minutes ago. Jadi ….

Kalimat Tanya Past Tense

Kalau Anda sudah tau kalimat negatif Past Tense maka kalimat tanya tinggal dibalik mawon, DID nya di depan Subject.

Positif: My Father bought this car last year

Tanya: Did My Father BUY this car last year

Anda coba yang dua ini ya:

-They went to Tokyo last month. Jadi ….

-She went home two minutes ago. Jadi ….

Boleh saja Anda tambahkan dengan Where, When, Why dan sebagainya seperti ini:

-When did my father buy this car?

-Why did they go to tokyo?

Demikianlah tentang Past Tense

Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang SEDANG TERJADI juga, tetapi sedang terjadi sekarang, melainkan sedang terjadi tetapi DULU, tetapi sudah lewat. Loh sedang kok lewat? bukannya sedang itu artinya masa kini alias sekarang?. Oh ada juga sedang dulu. Mari kita bahas tuntas.

Seperti arti katanya, Past berarti “sudah lewat”, sedangkan Continuous artinya “sedang”. Contohnya gini:

Kemarin teman saya datang ke rumah saya, gedor-gedor pintu, tetapi nda ada yang buka. Padahal saya ada di rumah, tetapi saat itu tuh “Saya sedang tidur!”. Kapan sedang tidurnya? Kemarin, saat teman saya itu datang. Bukan sekarang kan? Tetapi sedang loh! Itulah Past Continuous Tense.Rumus Past Continuous Tense

Positif: S + was/were + Ving

Negatif: S + was/were + NOT + Ving

Tanya: Was/Were + S + Ving

Contohnya:

I was sleeping when my friend came to my house yesterday

Lihat tuh, “I was sleeping” adalah bagian Past Continuous Tensenya. Sedang tidurnya itu kemarin, saat teman saya datang ke rumah.

Jadi, Past Continuous Tense ini mirip banget rumusnya dengan Present Continous tense, bedanya di TOBE nya yang menjadi bentuk kedua.

Ingat-ingat perubahan dan pasangan TO BE nya ya.

Tobe: is, am berubah menjadi WAS

Tobe: are berubah menajdi WERE

I, She, He, It, John, Merry pasangannya adalah WAS

We, They, John and Merry pasangannya adalah WERE.

Contoh kalimat lainnya:

-They were learning in the classroom when I came

Mereka lagi belajar di kelas ketika saya datang.

- I was writing

- Joko was sleeping

Kalimat Negatif Untuk Past Continuous Tense

Gampang bangets nih, tinggal pake rumusnya, tambahkan NOT setelah Tobe (was/were). Ingat rumusnya kan? Yes, Anda benar, rumusnya: S + was/were + NOT + Ving. Misalnya dari contoh sederhana yang terakhir diatas, menjadi:

- I was NOT writing …

- Joko was NOT sleeping …

- … ayo Anda buat yang lain.

Kalimat Tanya Past Continuous Tense

Kembali lagi gampang sekali, yang penting Anda sudah faham penggunaannya seperti saya terangkan diatas. Untuk bikin kalimat tanya tinggal TOBE nya (was atau were) di depan. Berikut ini dari contoh diatas akan menjadi:

- Was I writing ….?

Biasanya sih kalo bertanya kan gak nanya sendiri, karena itu lebih sering contoh-contoh yang ada dibuku pake YOU, sehingga menjadi:

- Were You writing …?

Contoh lain:

- Was Joko Sleeping …?

Tentu saja Anda bisa membuat kalimat yang sangat panjang untuk contoh-contoh ini. Saya bikin ringkas saja agar mudah difahami. Kapan akan lancar bahkan tanpa mikir lagi Anda bisa menggunakan kalimat-kalimat Past Continuous Tense ini? Jawabnya adalah ketika Anda sering memakainya, baik dalam menulis ataupun berbicara. Tul?

Tambahan:

Yes, kalimat Past Continuous Tense sering digandeng dengan Past Tense, tentu saja maksudnya untuk mengatakan bahwa kejadiannya tersebut SEDANG terjadi tetapi di masa LAMPAU

(lewat) ketika sesuatu yang lain terjadi. Bagimana jika ingin menyatakan LAMPAU nya saja tetapi tidak menekankan pada SEDANG TERJADInya itu? Yes, gunakan saja Past Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense mirip dengan Present Perfect Tense hanya saja beda di waktunya saja. Penekannya pada PERFECT-nya itu, usainya itu. Agar lebih jelas saya ulang sedikit tentang Present Perfect Tense dulu ya.

PRESENT Perfect Tense mengenai suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang SELESAI (sempurna, perfect) saat ini, contohnya: She has just gone (Dia baru saja pergi).

Nah PAST Perfect Tense adalah bentuk lampau (Past) dari Present Perfect Tense itu, makanya disebut Past Perfect Tense, sama-sama Perfectnya! Jelas ya? Kalau Present Perfect Tense menggunakan rumus S + Have/has + V3 maka Past Perfect Tense menggunakan bentuk lampau dari Has/has yaitu “HAD”.Rumus Past Perfect Tense

Positif: S + had + V3

Negatif: S + had + not + V3

Tanya: Had + S + V3

Past Perfect Tense sering digunakan dengan menggunakan kalimat lain yang berbentuk lampau (Past Tense) yang dihubungan dengan kata sambung seperti When (ketika), After (setelah) untuk menekankan bahwa Perfectnya (Sudahnya) itu adalah di masa lampau.

Tenses Past Perfect Tense ini jarang loh digunakan, tetapi tentu saja ada baiknya Anda memahinya dengan seksama. Jangan dianggap enteng!, suatu saat Anda akan perlu menggunakannya, hehe..

Contoh kejadiannya seperti ini:

“Kemarin Dia berangkat ke rumahku pagi-pagi bener, tetapi waktu ia sampai eh saya SUDAH pergi”. Tuh, lihatlah SUDAH perginya itu kan Perfect. Anda ingat pelajaran tentang Present Perfect Tense bahwa SUDAH itu adalah ciri-cirinya. Hanya saja SUDAH nya itu adalah kemarin (lampau). Itulah mengapa dalam kejadian ini kita menggunakan Past Perfect Tense.

Contoh kalimatnya:

-I had gone When He arrived at my home

“I had gone” adalah Past Perfect Tense, dengan subjectnya adalah I. Lihat ada “had” nya, dan kata kerja bentuk ketiganya (V3) adalah gone. Sesuai rumusnya S + had + V3. Kalimat pembandingnya adalah bentuk past tense: “When He arrived at my home”.

Contoh kalimat lainnya:

I had written 3 articles when you visited my blog for the first time.

Jadi Past Perfect Tense adalah tentang “Sudah, masa lalu”. Present Perfect Tense tentang “Sudah, kini”. Rumusnya mirip, karena sama-sama Perfect. Setiap Perfect pasti pakai kata kerja bentuk ke-3 baik itu pada Kata Kerja utamanya atau pada kata kerja bantu-nya.

Contoh kalimat lain dalam Past Perfect Tense:

-I had studied hard but I didn’t make good result in the exam.

-You had told me twice before I understood.

-Coba buat kalimat Anda paling tidak 3 biji, ayoo..

Past Perfect Tense Dalam Kalimat Negatif

Gampang saja, tinggal tambah NO setelah HAD. Contoh berikut telah disederhanakan:

-I had not studied hard, so I didn’t make good result

-You had not told me that, that’s why I didn’t understand

Perhatikan kalimat past tense di belakangnya sengaja saya ubah agar mengandung arti yang masuk akal saja. Jika tidak diganti kan menjadi aneh itu kalimat. Betul?

Past Perfect Tense Dalam Kalimat Tanya

Tinggal dibalik, Had nya di depan.

Rumusnya kan: Had + S + V3

-Had You studied hard bla bla bla?

-Had You told me …?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense dalam pelajaran Bahasa Inggris Grammar digunakan untuk menyatakan hal atau peristiwa yang sesuatu yang TELAH dan SEDANG terjadi dimasa LAMPAU. Nah loh: Telah, Sedang dan Lampau pula!. Dalam setiap tenses yang mengandung Perfect Continuous, maka “sedang” nya itu mengandung arti “sudah dimulai, masih terjadi, dan masih terus”, lebih panjang periodenya, dan itu bisa kini (present), bisa dulu (past) dan bisa akan datang (future). Nanti Akan tau perbedaanya setelah memahami kesemua tenses.

Memang sih kalau diterangkan begitu maka sebagian orang bisa jadi males untuk mengertinya, termasuk saya dulu, hehe.. Karena itu memang sebaiknya Anda mempelajari Tenses secara berurutan, satu demi satu. Mengerti yang satu baru lanjutkan ke Tenses yang lainnya. Yang lebih penting lagi adalah membandingkan tense yang sejenis, misalnya antara Present Perfect Continous tense dengan Past Perfect Continuous Tense ini. Dengan cara itu Anda akan memilki pengertian yang mendalam.

Kita kembali pada topik utama kali ini, yaitu Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Contoh peristiwanya begini:

Kemarin teman saya datang ke rumah saya, ketika itu saya sedang memperbaiki kulkas. Waktu dia sampai saya sudah mulai kerja, dan saya lanjutkan pekerjaan tersebut sambil ngobrol sama dia. Untuk menyatakan kejadian “membetulkan kulkas” tersebut kita gunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense.Rumus Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Positif: S + had + been + Ving

Negatif: S + had + not + been + Ving

Tanya: Had + S + been + Ving

Berdasarkan Contoh peristiwa diatas maka kalimatnya begini:

-I had been repairing freezer when my friend came to my house

Tenang saja, Past Perfect Continuous ini termasuk jarang digunakan, hehe.. Jadi pelajaran kali ini akan dipersimple saja ya. Yang penting Anda dapat apa INTI-nya. Kalau ingin lancar tentu Anda perlu banyak praktek, atau sok pinter dengan ngajar seperti saya, hehe..

Contoh lain:

-They had been playing football.

-She had been singing

-Joh and Merry had been loving each other.

Bentuk Negatif:

-They had not been playing football.

-She had not been singing

-Joh and Merry had not been loving each other.

Kalimat Tanya:

-Had They been playing football?.

-Had She been singing?

-Had Joh and Merry been loving each other?.

Mengapa tidak pakai kalimat lain untuk membandingkannya sehingga logic “Past” nya menjadi jelas? susaahh! haha..

Tips untuk memperkuat pengertian Anda tentang Tenses:

Setiap tenses yang mengandung “Past” pasti pakai kata kerja atau kata kerja bantu bentuk ke-2. Dalam Past Perfect Continuous Tense ini kata kerja bentuk ke-2 atau V2 nya adalah HAD. Bentuk pertamanya adalah Have/has. Urutannya: Have-had-had.

Setiap tenses yang yang mengandung kata “Perfect” pasti pake kata kerja atau kata kerja bentuk ke-3. Dimana kata kerja ketiganya di Past Perfect Continuous Tense ini? Ia terletak pada “Been” nya itu. Been adalah bentuk ke-3 atau V3 dari be (tobe). Urutannya: tobe (am, is are) – (was, were) – been.

Setiap tenses yang mengandung kata “Continuous” pasti menggunakan kata kerja bentung ING atau saya singkat Ving. Present Continuous Tense, Present Perfect Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense dan sebagainya pasti pakai Ving

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Past continous tense

Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang SEDANG TERJADI juga, tetapi sedang terjadi sekarang, melainkan sedang terjadi tetapi DULU, tetapi sudah lewat. Loh sedang kok lewat? bukannya sedang itu artinya masa kini alias sekarang?. Oh ada juga sedang dulu. Mari kita bahas tuntas.

Seperti arti katanya, Past berarti “sudah lewat”, sedangkan Continuous artinya “sedang”. Contohnya gini:

Kemarin teman saya datang ke rumah saya, gedor-gedor pintu, tetapi nda ada yang buka. Padahal saya ada di rumah, tetapi saat itu tuh “Saya sedang tidur!”. Kapan sedang tidurnya? Kemarin, saat teman saya itu datang. Bukan sekarang kan? Tetapi sedang loh! Itulah Past Continuous Tense.

Rumus Past Continuous TensePositif: S + was/were + VingNegatif: S + was/were + NOT + VingTanya: Was/Were + S + Ving

Contohnya:I was sleeping when my friend came to my house yesterday

Lihat tuh, “I was sleeping” adalah bagian Past Continuous Tensenya. Sedang tidurnya itu kemarin, saat teman saya datang ke rumah.

Jadi, Past Continuous Tense ini mirip banget rumusnya dengan Present Continuous Tense, bedanya di TOBE nya yang menjadi bentuk kedua.

Ingat-ingat perubahan dan pasangan TO BE nya ya.

Tobe: is, am berubah menjadi WASTobe: are berubah menajdi WERE

I, She, He, It, John, Merry pasangannya adalah WASWe, They, John and Merry pasangannya adalah WERE.

Contoh kalimat lainnya:-They were learning in the classroom when I cameMereka lagi belajar di kelas ketika saya datang.

- I was writing- Joko was sleeping- … Ayo anda tambahkan sendiri

Kalimat Negatif Untuk Past Continuous Tense

Gampang bangets nih, tinggal pake rumusnya, tambahkan NOT setelah Tobe (was/were). Ingat rumusnya kan? Yes, Anda benar, rumusnya: S + was/were + NOT + Ving. Misalnya dari contoh sederhana yang terakhir diatas, menjadi:

- I was NOT writing …- Joko was NOT sleeping …- … ayo Anda buat yang lain.

Examples

1. I saw her standing there2. My Father bought this car last year 3. They went to Tokyo last month4. She went home two minutes ago5. I did not see her standing there6. My Father did not buy this car last year7. They did not go to Tokyo last month8. She did not go home two minutes ago9. Did My Father buy this car last year ?10. Did they go to Tokyo last year ?11. She went to Bogor a week ago12. When did you buy that Magazine ?13. What time did your sister leave for Bandung ?14. How did you meet your wife wife for the first time ?15. Did you come to her house last night ?16. He came with his wife yesterday17. Last Sunday, we went to Puncak together18. I never drunk coffee five years ago19. I did not sleep last night20. If he had enough money, he would that guitar

TENSES

Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang)

a. Simple Present Tense (Waktu Sekarang Sederhana)

A. Subject + To Be (am / are / is) + …B. Subject + Verb + …

 Rumus :

Contoh kalimat :

(+) She is a new people here.

(+) He plays football every morning

(-) She isn’t a new people here.

(-) He not playing football every morning.

(?) Is she a new people here?

(?) How playing football every morning?

b. Present Continuous  Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sekarang)

Menerangkan suatu perbuatan yabg sedang berlangsungpada waktu sekarang.

Subject + To Be (am / is / are) +Verb I + ING …

 Rumus :                                                                                                      

Contoh dalam kalimat :

(+) They are studying English now.

(+) He is playing badminton now

(-) They aren’t studying English now.

(-) He isn’t playing badminton now.

(?) Is he playing badminton now.

(?) Is she going to market now?

c. Present Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Sekarang)

Subject + Have / Has +Verb II (Ing) + …

Rumus :                                                                                                         

Contoh :

(+) I have gone.

(+) They have done

(-) I haven’t gone.

(-)They haven’t done.

(?) Have I gone ?

(?) Have they done ?

d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Sekarang)

Subject + Have / Has +Verb II (Ing) + …

Rumus :

Contoh :

(+) She has been going to Malang since evening.

(+) We have been riding a horse for three days

(-) She hasn’t been going to Malang since evening.

(-) We haven’t been riding a horse for three days.

(?) Has she been going to Malang ?

(?) Have He been riding a horse for three days ?

2. Past Tense (Waktu Lampau)

a. Simple Past Tense (Waktu Lampau Sederhana)

A. Subject + To Be (was / were) + …B. Subject + Verb II + …

Rumus :

 

 

Contoh :

(+) I saw a good film last night

(+) He came here last month

(-) I saw not a good film last night

(-) He came not  last month

(?) Saw I a good film last night

(?) Came He here last month

Subject + To Be (was / were) + Verb I (Ing) + …

 

b. Past Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Lampau)Rumus :

 

 

Contoh :

(+) He was watching television all afternoon last week

(+) They were talking about sport when I met him

(-)   He wasn’t watching television all afternoon last week

(-) They weren’t talking about sport when I met him

(?) Was He watching television all afternoon last week

(?) Were they talking about sport when I met him

 

c. Past Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Lampau)

A. Subject + Had + Been + …

B. Subject + Had + Verb III + …

 Rumus :

 

Contoh :

(+) When my brother arrived , I had painted my motor cycle

(+) The ship had left before I arrived

(-) When my brother arrived , I hadn’t painted my motor cycle

(-) The ship hadn’t left before I arrived

(?) Had I my motor cycle , when my brother arrived ?

(?) Had the ship left before I arrived?

 

d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Lampau)

Subject + Had + Been + Verb I (Ing) + …

Rumus :                                                                                              

Contoh :

(+) They had been living there for two month

(+) When they washed my drees , your father had been playing badminton

(-) They hadn’t been living there for two month

(-) When they washed my dress , your father hadn’t been playing badminton

(?) Had they been living there for two month?

      (?) When they washed my dress , had your father been playing badminton ?

3. Future Tense (Akan Datang)

a. Simple Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Sederhana)

A. Subject Shall / Will + Be + …B. Subject + Shall / Will + Verb + …

Rumus :

 

Contoh :

(+) I will visit to yogyakarta tomorrow.

(+) he will met girl friend by seven o’clock

(?) Will he go to America next month?

(+) President shall at Nederland the day after tomorrow.

(-) President shall not at Nederland the day after tomorrow.

(?) Shall President at Nederland the day after tomorrow?

b. Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Akan Datang)

Subject + Shall / Will + Be + Verb (Ing) + …

Rumus :                                                                                                

Contoh :

(+) I will be writing a comic.

(+) I will be studying tomorrow night.

(-) I will not writing a comic.

(-) I will not be studying tomorrow night.

(?)  Will I be writing a comic ?

(?) Will I be studying tomorrow night ?

c. Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Sempurna Akan Datang)

A. Subject + Shall / Will + Have + Been + …B. Subject + Shall / Will + Have + Verb II + …

Rumus :                                                                                                       

Contoh :

(+) Bily will have done his work by the end of this week.

(+) By next week I shall have read this book.

(-) Bily will haven’t done his work by the end of this week.

(-) By next week I shall haven’t read this book.

(?) Will Billy have done his work by the end of this week ?

(?) Shall I have read this book by next week ?

d. Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Waktu Berlangsung Sempurna Akan Datang)

Subject + Shall / Will + Have + Been + Verb (Ing) + …

 Rumus :                                                                                                        

Contoh :

(+) I will have been reading a news paper.

(+) He will have been listening music.

(-) I will haven’t  been reading a news paper.

(-) He will haven’t listening a music.

(?) Will I have been riding a news paper ?

(?) Will He have listening a music ?

 

4. Past Future Tense (Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

a. Past Future Tense (Waktu Akan Datang Di Waktu Lampau)

C. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Been + …D. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Verb III + …

 Rumus :

 

Contoh :

(+) He would come if you invited him.

(+) They would buy a home the previous day.

(-) He wouldn’t come if invited him.

(-) They wouldn’t buy a home the previous day.

(?)  Would He come if invited him ?

(?) Would they buy a home the previous day ?

b. Past Future Continuous Tense (Waktu Akan Sedang Terjadi Diwaktu Lampau)

Subject + Shoul / Would + Be : Verb (Ing) + …

 Rumus :

Contoh :

(+) I should be swimming at this time the following day.

(+) I shall be sliping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(-) I shouldn’t  be swimming at this time the following day.

(-) I shalln’t be sleeping at 10 o’clock tomorrow.

(?) Shall I be swimming at this time the following day ?

(?) Shall I be sleeping at10 o’clock tomorrow ?

c. Past Future Perfect Tense (Waktu Akan Sudah Selesai Di Waktu Lampau)

E. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Been + …F. Subject + Should / Would + Have + Verb III + …

Rumus :

 

Contoh :

(+) He would have graduated if he had studies hard.

(+) Nonok will have studied moth by the end of this week.

(-) He wouldn’t have gone if he had met his darling

(-) Nonok will have not studied month by the end of this week

(?) Would He have gone if he had met his darling ?

(?) Will Nonok have studied month by the end of this week ?

d. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense

(Waktu Yang Sudah Sedang Berlangsung Pada Waktu Lampau)

Subject + Should / Would + Have + Been + Verb (Ing) + …

 

Rumus :

 

Contoh :

Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years

(+) Mrs. Anisa Munif would have been walking here for seventeen years

(+) Rianawati would have been speaking English for two years

(-) Mrs. Anisa Munif wouldn’t have been walking here for seventeen year

(-) Rianawati wouldn’t have been speaking English for two years

(?) Would Mrs. Anisa Munif have been walking here for seventeen years?

(?) Would Rianawati have been speaking English for two years?

EXAMPLE PAST CONTONOUS TENSE

Past Continuous Tense

May 18th, 2009 | Author: Swara Bhaskara

Formula untuk Past Continuous atau Past Progressive Tense adalah:

Subject + (Was/Were) + (Verb1+ing) + Object + Modifier

Contoh:

1. Farmers in Jati Bali were growing rice crops at 9 a.m yesterday. (Petani-petani di Jati Bali sedang menanam padi jam 9 pagi kemarin).

2. Some students were conducting research on vegetative plant propagations when I went to the agronomy laboratory two days ago. (Beberapa siswa sedang melakukan penelitian pada perbanyakan tanaman vegetatif ketika saya pergi ke lab. agronmy dua hari lalu).

3. Transpiration was starting to increase at 8 a.m. this morning. (Transpirasi sedang mulai meningkat jam 8 pagi tadi).

Penggunaan Past Continuous Tense

1. Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada waktu yang spesifik di masa lampau. Dalam hal ini, spesifikasi waktu biasanya dinyatakan dengan jam (i.e. jam berapa kejadian itu berlangsung).

Contoh:

1. My daughter was watching TV at eight o’clock last night. (Anak saya sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam).

2. She was copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning. (Dia sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 tadi pagi).

3. I was discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday. (Saya sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore hari Jumat yang lalu).

4. I was being busy at 8 o’clock yesterday morning. (Saya sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin).

5. They were being very happy at 9 o’clock last Saturday night. (Mereka sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu).

2. Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang terjadi atau sedang berlangsung di masa lampau, yang terinterupsi oleh kejadian yang lain. Dalam hal ini, formulanya adalah sebagai berikut:

When + subject1 + simple past tense, subject2 + past continuous

Subject1 + past continuous + when + subject2 + simple past tense

Note: Kejadian/aktivitas yang menginterupsi dinyatakan dalam past tense dan berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu. Jika ditempatkan di awal kalimat, sisipkan tanda koma sebelum main clause.

Contoh:

1. When I came home, my daughter was watching TV. (Ketika saya pulang, putri saya sedang nonton TV).

2. When I called him last night, he was playing card with his friends. (Ketika saya telpon dia tadi malam, dia sedang main kartu dengan teman-temannya).

3. When she screamed for help, we were chitchatting. (Ketika dia berteriak minta tolong, kami sedang ngobrol).

4. When someone broke into our house, we were sleeping.  (Ktika seseorang masuk/mencuri ke dalam rumah kami, kami sedang tidur).

5. I held my breath when somebody was behaving suspiciously in my backyard. (Saya menahan nafas saya ketika seseorang bertingkah laku mencurigakan di belakang rumah saya).

3. Past Continuous Tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua kejadian yang terjadi pada saat bersamaan di masa lampau. Dalam hal ini, formula berikut biasanya digunakan.

While + subject1 + past continuous, subject2 + past continuous

Subject1 + past continuous + while + subject2 + past continuous

Contoh:

1. While I was typing this note, my family was watching TV in the family room. (Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan ini, keluarga saya sedang nonton TV di ruang keluarga).

2. While the president was giving his speech, the audience was listening to him carefully. (Sementara presiden sedang berpidato, pemirsa/hadirin sedang mendengarkannya dengan seksama).

3. Male students were playing around while female ones were chitchatting. (Murid-murid laki-laki sedang bermain-main sementara murid-murid wanita sedang ngobrol).

4. My roommate was snoring loudly while I was studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar).

5. We were smoking while we were drinking. (Kami sedang merokok sementara kami sedang minum).

Negative Form untuk Past Continuous Tense

Bentuk negatif dari kalimat dalam Past Continuous Tense dibuat dengan menambahkan ‘not’ setelah be were/was, seperti yang terlihat dalam formula berikut:

Subject + (was/were) + not + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier

Contoh:

1. My daughter was not watching TV at eight o’clock last night. (Anak saya tidak sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam).

2. She was not copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning. (Dia tidak sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 tadi pagi).

3. I was not discussing English with my classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday. (Saya tidak sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelas saya jam 2 sore hari Jumat yang lalu).

4. I was not being busy at 8 o’clock yesterday morning. (Saya sedang tidak sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin).

5. They were not being very happy at 9 o’clock last Saturday night. (Mereka sedang tidak sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu).

6. When I came home, my daughter was not watching TV. (Ketika saya pulang, putri saya tidak sedang nonton TV).

7. When I called him last night, he was not playing card with his friends. (Ketika saya telpon dia tadi malam, dia tidak sedang main kartu dengan teman-temannya).

8. When she screamed for help, we were not chitchatting. (Ketika dia berteriak minta tolong, kami sedang ngobrol).

9. Someone broke into our house when we were not sleeping.  (Seseorang masuk/mencuri ke dalam rumah kami ketika kami tidak sedang tidur).

10. I breathed well when somebody was not behaving suspiciously in my backyard. (Saya bernafas lega ketika seseorang tidak sedang bertingkah laku mencurigakan di belakang rumah saya).

11. While I was not typing this note, we were watching TV in the family room. (Sementara saya sedang mengetik catatan ini, kami sedang nonton TV di ruang keluarga).

12. While the president was giving his speech, the audience was not listening to him carefully. (Sementara presiden sedang berpidato, pemirsa/hadirin tidak sedang mendengarkannya dengan seksama).

13. Male students were not playing around while female ones were chitchatting. (Murid-murid laki-laki tidak sedang bermain-main sementara murid-murid wanita sedang ngobrol).

14. My roommate was not snoring loudly while I was studying. (Teman sekamar saya sedang tidak mendengkur keras sementara saya sedang belajar).

15. We were not smoking while we were not drinking. (Kami sedang  tidak sedang merokok sementara kami tidak sedang minum).

Note: NOT dapat dikontraksi dengan be di depannya menjadi: wasn’t dan weren’t. Tetapi, penggunaan kontraksi dianggap sedikit kurang formal.

Yes/No Questions untuk Past Continuous Tense

Bentuk Yes/No Questions untuk Past Continuous Tense mengikuti formula berikut:

(Was/were) +subject + (verb1+ing) + object + modifier?

Contoh:

1. Was your daughter watching TV at eight o’clock last night? (Apakah putrid kamu sedang nonton TV jam 8 tadi malam?).

2. Was she copying the materials at 10 o’clock this morning? (Apakah dia sedang memfotokopi materi jam 10 tadi pagi?).

3. Were you discussing English with your classmates at 2 p.m. last Friday? (Apakah kamu sedang mendiskusikan bahasa Inggris dengan teman-teman kelasmu  jam 2 sore hari Jumat yang lalu?).

4. Were you being busy at 8 o’clock yesterday morning? (Apakah kamu sedang sibuk jam 8 pagi kemarin?).

5. Were they being very happy at 9 o’clock last Saturday night? (Apakah mereka sedang sangat bahagia jam 9 malam minggu lalu?). Dan seterusnya.

Modifier of time untuk Past Continuous Tense

Dari contoh-contoh kalimat di atas dapat kita lihat bahwa modifier of time (keterangan waktu) untuk kalimat-kalimat dalam past continuous tense adalah berupa advervial phrases, yaitu:

1. at + jam + last night/two days ago/yesterday morning, dst. Misalnya: at eight o’clock last night, at 10 this morning, dst.

2. when + simple past tense. Misalnya: when I came home, when I called him last night, dst.

3. while + past continuous tense. Misalnya: while I was typing this note, while we were drinking, dst.

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Related Posts:

Contoh penggunaan simple past dan past continuous tense Simple Present Tense vs Present Continuous Tense Penggunaan kata “right” dalam tag questions dan “Simple past tense vs Present perfect

tense” Simple “Present vs Past” Tense Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Past Future Perfect Tense Past Future Continuous Tense Past Future Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense

Posted in Tenses | Tags: Past Continuous (Progressive) Tense, Tensis « Simple Past TensePresent Perfect Tense »Related Posts

24 Responses to “Past Continuous Tense”

jasmine:

14 January 2010 at 13:45

Aku bingung ni sama formula yg ke duaformula 1:When + subject1 + simple past tense, subject2 + past continuousex: When I(Subject1) came(V2 simple past tense)home, my daughter (Subject2)was watching TV (past continuous)contoh yang ini aku ngerti

nah untuk formula yg kedua ini aku bingungformula 2:Subject1 + past continuous + when + subject2 + simple past tenseSomeone broke into our house when we were sleeping.klo contoh yang ini bukannya formulanya sama spt formula1 hanya peletakkan “When” nya saja berbeda.

tolong di jelaskan…thank’s

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o Swara Bhaskara:

14 January 2010 at 15:51

Maaf karena contoh kalimatnya bikin bingung. Kalimatnya sih tidak salah, cuman main clause-nya bukan dalam past continuous tense melainkan dalam simple past tense yang menggunakan keterangan waktu “when + past continuous tense”.

Someone broke into our house when/while we were sleeping.

Kalimat ini menekankan bahwa seseorang mencuri di rumah kami. Kapan? Ketika kami sedang tidur. (“Sedang tidur”-nya adalah in the past).

Tetapi karena topik ini membahas past continuous tense, semestinya contoh kalimat ini bukan di topik ini. Untuk itu, kalimatnya telah direvisi menjadi:

When someone broke into our house, we were sleeping.

Kalimat ini juga bisa ditulis:

We were sleeping when someone broke into our house.

Thanks Jasmine.

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jasmine:

14 January 2010 at 15:58

We were sleeping when someone broke into our house.Nah ini maksud aku, ya sudah sekarang aku sudah jelas.Aku masih belajar mengulang tenses niy biar “nglupas”. Aku masih banyak pertanyaan kalau ada yang bikin aku bingung.Thanks

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mj:

4 February 2010 at 11:54

‘while’ digunakan pada saat dua kejadian berlangsung secara bersamaan ya ? dan apakah selalu menggunakan past continuous ?

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o Swara Bhaskara:

4 February 2010 at 13:54

Selain digunakan dalam past continuous tense, while juga dapat digunakan dalam present continuous tense.Contoh:

I am writing this reply now. While I am typing, my friends are talking beside me. (Saya sedang menulis reply ini sekarang. Sementara saya sedang mengetik, teman-teman saya sedang ngobrol di samping saya).

Kedua action “typing dan talking” sama-sama sedang berlangsung sekarang.

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mj:

4 February 2010 at 12:07

contohnya :‘while he was reading, we were making a cake in the kitchen.’is that correct?

Do we need to put the adv. of time ?

thank you.

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o Swara Bhaskara:

4 February 2010 at 14:00

Yes, it is correct.

Clause yang diawali oleh “while” berfungsi sebagai adverb of time. Di contoh yang mas berikan, adverb of time-nya adalah “while he was reading”. Jika kita ingin memberikan info yang lebih detail, kita juga dapat menambahkan adverb of time di “while clause” ini.Contoh:

while he was reading “last night”while he was reading “at 8 o’clock last night”.

Tetapi, kalau “while clause”-nya dalam present continuous tense, “now” sebenarnya tidak diperlukan lagi karena secara inplisist action dari verb di clause present continuous sudah bermakna “now”. Akan menjadi redundant kalau ditulis:

while I’m typing this reply now, …

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mj:

6 February 2010 at 09:48

thank you Sir

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coozee:

10 February 2010 at 12:28

Sir, I’m still confused in differentiate the meaning sense of second & third formula.If I change this sentence :“When I called him last night, he was playing card with his friends.”with this one :“While I was calling him last night, he was playing card with his friends.”Apakah makna kedua kalimat itu sama?Thank you..

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o Swara Bhaskara:

10 February 2010 at 13:38

Suggestion:1. Jika setelah preposition (i.e. IN, AT, ON, OF, dst) diikuti oleh verb, maka verb tersebut dalam bentuk gerund (verb-ing).2. Article THE dibutuhkan jika noun yang kita eskpresikan sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya atau jika kita mengacu ke noun yang telah pernah disebutkan itu.

I’m still confused in DIFFERENTIATING the meaning sense of THE second & (THE) third formula.

Note: THE yang kedua optional.

And now, let’s go back to your question!

Ada sedikit perbedaan makna antara “when” (ketika) dan “while” (sementara). When umumnya digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kejadian atau aktivitas yang berlangsung singkat, sedangkan while untuk kejadian atau aktivitas yang berlangsungnya lama. Oleh karena itu, kejadian yang diekspresikan dengan “when” selalu mengintrupsi kejadian yang diekpresikan dengan “while”.

Verb “call” = menelpon (action ketika nekan nomor telpon yang mau dihubungi dan nekan tombol call (kalau di hp), sebelum percakapan di telpon dimulai). Action dari verb “call” termasuk singkat, so lebih umum digunakan relative pronoun “when”.

When I called him last night, he was playing card with his friends.

Jika yang diekspresikan adalah : “Aku sedang ngobrol di telpon dengan dia tadi malam, dan sambil ngobrol dengan aku (di telpon), dia juga main kartu dengan teman-temannya”, barulah lebih tepat digunakan “while”, tetapi verb-nya bukan “call” melainkan “talk” (on the phone):

While I was talking with him on the phone last night, he was playing card with his friends.

Dan, misalkan jaringan error, dan “Aku berulang kali mencoba dial his number tadi malam” tetapi tidak bisa konek (tidak bisa ngobrol) dengan dia. Pada saat aku sedang mencoba dial his number, dia sedang main kartu dengan teman-temannya”. Di sini juga lebih tepat digunakan “while”:

While I was trying to call him last night, he was playing card with his friends.

Tetapi, kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris ada saja perkecualiannya. Untuk menyatakan “ketika aku muda”, “ketika aku murid SD”, dan seterusnya, yang waktu kejadiannya jauh in the past, native speaker menggunakan “when” walaupun durasi waktunya lama atau bertahun-tahun:

When I was young, …When I was an elementary school student, …

Jadi bingung juga menjelaskannya. .Digunakan “when” mungkin karena tetap mengekspresikan waktu (kapan) yang singkat yang terjadi di kurun waktu yang lama itu, tetapi tidak mengespresikan proses kejadiannya (how).A : When did you go to Bali for the first time?B : I went to Bali for the first time when I was young.A : When was that?B : Let me see. It was in 1990. I was five years old at that time.

Good Afternoo, Mister

1. ‘While I was typing this note, my family was watching TV in the family room’. Negative and Interrogative-nya gimana ?

2. There are two sentences when we’re using ‘while’ and ‘when’, right?So, sentence yang mana yang kita rubah ke negative? bisakah kita ubah semuanya ke dalam bentuk negative ? Dari segi apanya jika kita hanya harus merubah salah satunya ?

Dalam berbicara atau menulis, kita menyampaikan/mengekspresikan fakta, prediksi, argumen, pikiran, dan seterusnya, berupa kalimat atau clause. Jika yang disampaikan bermakna positif maka kalimatnya kita sebut kalimat positif (affirmative), jika bermakna negatif (mengandung TIDAK atau BUKAN) kita sebut kalimat negatif, jika membutuhkan jawaban, kita sebut kalimat tanya (interrogative).

‘While I was typing this note, my family was watching TV in the family room’.

Pokok kalimatnya adalah “My family was watching TV in the family room”, sedangkan “‘While I was typing this note” adalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai keterangan waktu. Secara keseluruhan, kalimat ini menyampaikan apa yang sedang dilakukan oleh subject “my family”, sementara “I” sedang mengetik tulisan ini. Di contoh ini, baik pokok kalimat maupun anak kalimatnya berupa kalimat positif (karena faktanya memang demikian).

Jika misalnya suara TV sangat keras, sehingga “I” tidak bisa konsentarsi dalam mengetik; “I” kemudian mengultimatum keluarga untuk tidak menghidupkan/nonton TV di ruang keluarga, sementara “I” sedang mengetik, maka fakta/informasi yang disampaikan bisa saja menjadi:

‘While I was typing this note, my family was NOT watching TV in the family room’. OR‘While I was NOT typing this note, my family was watching TV in the family room’. OR‘While I was NOT typing this note, my family was NOT watching TV in the family room’.

Jadi, baik pokok kalimat maupun anak kalimat dapat berupa kalimat positif atau juga kalimat negatif. Dan sekali lagi, hal ini ditentukan oleh fakta atau apa yang ingin disampaikan.

Dan sekarang, “How to address question?”. Dengan menggunakan contoh di atas, berikut adalah pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dapat atau mungkin ditanyakan:1. Yes/no question

Was your family watching TV in the family room while you were typing this note?Wasn’t your family watching TV in the family room while you were typing this note?Was your family watching TV in the family room while you were NOT

typing this note?Wasn’t your family watching TV in the family room while you were NOT typing this note?

2. Tag question

Your family was watching TV in the family room while you were typing this note, wasn’t it?Your family was NOT watching TV in the family room while you were typing this note, was it?Your family was watching TV in the family room while you were NOT typing this note, wasn’t it?Your family was NOT watching TV in the family room while you were NOT typing this note, was it?

3. Information question

WHO was watching TV in the family room while you were typing this note?WHAT was your family doing in the family room while you were typing this note?WHERE was your family watching TV while you were typing this note?WHEN was your family watching TV in the family room?

4. Embedded question

I want to know WHO was watching TV in the family room while you were typing this note.Can you tell me WHAT your family was doing in the family room while you were typing this note?I am wondering WHERE your family was watching TV while you were typing this note.I am asking WHEN your family was watching TV in the family room.

Dan seperti kita lihat, yang dirubah ke dalam pola interrogative adalah pokok kalimatnya.

Bagaimana kalau anak kalimat atau keterangan waktunya diawali dengan WHEN? Jawabannya adalah sama dengan jika diawali oleh WHILE.

Dalam grammar, kata “has been” sudah jelas; mungkin semua orang sudah tahu. Akan tetapi kalu dalam mengartikan suatu cerita atau novel malah jadi bingung kalau ketemu sama “has”,”been”, atau “has been” nah tolong jelaskan cara penggunaan kata tersebut!

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PENGGUNAAN HAS

“HAS” adalah singular verb form dari “HAVE”. “HAS” digunakan kalau subjectnya orang ketiga tunggal (seperti: “he”, “she”, “it” dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan “he”, “she”, atau “it”).

Pola-pola penggunaannya antara lain:

1. He/She/It + HAS + object …2. He/She/It + HAS TO + verb1 …

NOTE: Pola 1&2 adalah penggunaan HAS dalam simple present tense. Di Pola 1, HAS = punya/mempunyai, sedangkan di Pola 2, HAS TO = MUST = harus.

3. He/She/It + HAS + VERB3 … (Active)4. He/She/It + HAS + BEEN + VERB3 … (Passive)5. He/She/It + HAS + BEEN + adjective/noun …

NOTE: Pola 3&4&5 adalah pengunaan HAS dalam present perfect tense. Disini, HAS berfungsi sebagai auxiliary yang dapat diterjemahkan menjadi “TELAH/SUDAH”.

6. He/She/It + HAS + BEEN + VERB-ING … (Active)7. He/She/It + HAS + BEEN + BEING + VERB3 … (Passive)8. He/She/It + HAS + BEEN + BEING+ adjective/noun …

NOTE: Pola 6&7&8adalah pengunaan HAS dalam present perfect continuous tense. Di sini, HAS juga berfungsi sebagai auxiliary yang dapat diterjemahkan menjadi “TELAH/SUDAH”.

ADDITION:

a. Kalau subjectnya plural (seperti: I, we, you, they, dan noun yang dapat digantikan dengan we atau they), tinggal kita ganti “HAS” di pola-pola di atas dengan “HAVE”.

b. Kalimat negatif untuk Pola 1&2: HAS berubah menjadi DOES NOT HAVE, sedangkan kalimat tanya: DOES + HE/SHE/IT + HAVE …?

c. Kalimat negatif untuk Pola 3-8: tambahkan NOT setelah HAS, sedangkan kalimat tanya: tempatkan HAS di depan subject.

Penggunaan pola-pola di atas dan contoh-contoh kalimatnya dapat dibaca pada link yang saya berikan di atas. Moga membantu. Thanks.

1. Betul. Pola umum untuk simple present tense adalah :

SUBJECT + VERB1 + OBJECT …

Pola 1&2 di tanggapan saya sebelumnya adalah KHUSUS penggunaan verb HAVE dalam simple present tense jika subject-nya adalah orang ketiga tunggal (seperti: he, she, it atau noun yang dapat digantikan dengan he, she atau it). Dengan kata lain, subject dari pola umum tadi saya ganti dengan “he atau she, atau it, sedangkan verb1-nya saya ganti dengan HAS (pola 1) dan HAS TO (pola 2).

NOTE: Untuk verb lainnya (semuanya, selain HAVE), jika subject-nya orang ketiga tunggal, berubah dengan menambahkan -s atau -es dibelakang verb bersangkutan. [Silakan baca kembali PENGGUNAAN SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE].

Contoh kalimatnya:

He has two cars. (Dia punya dua mobil).She has a lot of money. (Dia punya banyak uang).Be careful with that rose! It has a lot of thorns. (Hati- hati dengan mawar itu. Mawar itu punya banyak duri). “IT” di kalimat ini menggantikan “that rose”.

Kalimat negatif-nya:

He doesn’t have a car. (Dia tidak punya sebuah mobil).She doesn’t have a lot of money. (Dia tidak punya banyak uang).Don’t worry about that rose! It doesn’t have thorns. (Jangan khawatir dengan mawar itu. Mawar itu tidak punya duri).

Kalimat tanya:

Does he have a car? (Apakah dia punya sebuah mobil?).Does she have a lot of money? (Apakah dia punya banyak uang?).I’m afraid to touch it. Doesn’t it have many thorns? (Aku takut menyentuhnya. Bukankah mawar itu punya banyak duri?).

Sekarang silakan ganti HAS dengan HAS TO. Tapi ingat, artinya berbeda. HAS = punya/mempunyai, sedangkan HAS TO = harus.

2. (a) Jika auxiliary diikuti oleh adjective atau noun (tanpa verb), (b) jika kalimat aktif dalam simple future continuous tense atau dalam past future tense, dan(c) jika kalimat pasif, “BE” harus ada setelah auxiliary tersebut,Contoh:

She will be happy. (Dia akan bahagia).He might be jealous. (Dia mungkin cemburu).

I will be reading my book at 10 o’clock tonight. (Aku akan sedang membaca bukuku pada jam 10 malam ini).The library will be closed in 15 minutes. (Perpustakaan akan ditutup 15 menit lagi).

Kalimat ini akan SALAH (tapi, apakah bule akan ngerti atau tidak, saya tidak tahu) kalau “BE”-nya dihilangkan menjadi:

She will happy. INCORRECTHe might jealous. INCORRECTI will reading my book at 10 o’clock tonight.INCORRECT.The library will closed in 15 minutes. INCORRECT.

Sebaliknya, “BE” tidak dibutuhkan setelah auxiliary, jika kalimat aktif dalam simpe future tense dan past future tense.

I will drink a glass of coffee. (Aku akan minum segelas kopi).You may go now.(Kamu boleh pergi sekarang).If I had a pair of wings, I could fly (Jika aku punya sepasang sayap, aku dapat terbang).

Ketiga kalimat ini akan salah kalau setelah auxiliary ditambahkan “BE”, menjadi:

I will be drink a glass of coffee. INCORRECTYou may be go now. INCORRECTIf I had a pair of wings, I could be fly. INCORRECT

Jadi, jika “BE” dihilangkan atau ditambahkan setelah auxiliary, di luar pola-pola bakunya, kurang tepat kalau dibilang “merubah arti”. Lebih tepat kalau dibilang : MERUSAK MAKNA“.

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For other uses, see Report (disambiguation).

Example of a front page of a report

Written reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific audience. Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The audience may be public or private, an individual or the public in general. Reports are used in government, business, education, science, and other fields.

Reports often use persuasive elements, such as graphics, images, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade that specific audience to undertake an action. One of the most common formats for presenting reports is IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion. This structure is standard for the genre because it mirrors the traditional publication of scientific research and summons the ethos and credibility of that discipline. Reports are not required to follow this pattern, and may use alternative patterns like the problem-solution format.

Additional elements often used to persuade readers include: headings to indicate topics, to more complex formats including charts, tables, figures, pictures, tables of contents, abstracts, summaries, appendices, footnotes, hyperlinks, and references.

Some examples of reports are: scientific reports, recommendation reports, white papers, annual reports, auditor's reports, workplace reports, census reports, trip reports, progress reports, investigative reports, budget reports, policy reports, demographic reports, credit reports, appraisal reports, inspection reports, military reports, bound reports, etc.