reproduction and development in flowering plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) chapter 34

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Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현현현현현 현현현 현현 ) Chapter 34

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Page 1: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 )

Chapter 34

Page 2: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

관상용 양귀비 (Papaver rhoeas) 의 꽃 생식구조 .

Page 3: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Why It Matters

Flowers and fruits of the cacao tree

그림 34.1. 중앙아메일카의 카카오나무 (Theobroma cacao) 줄기로부터 자라는 꽃과 열매 . 열매는 성숙된 씨방임 .

Page 4: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

34.1 Overview of Flowering Plant Reproduction

Diploid and haploid generations arise in the angiosperm life cycle

Page 5: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Flowering Plant Life Cycle

Sporophyte( 포자체 ) (“spore-producing plant”)• Multicellular diploid stage

• Develops roots, stems, leaves, and flowers

Gametophyte( 배우체 ) (“gamete-producing plant”)• Multicellular haploid stage

• Produces gametes

Alternation of Generations( 세대교번 )

Page 6: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.2. 현화식물 생활주기의 개요 , 체리 (Prunus) 의 예 .

Page 7: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

34.2 The Formation of Flowers and Gametes

In angiosperms, flowers contain the organs for sexual reproduction

Pollen grains( 꽃가루 알갱이 ; 화분립 ) arise from microspores in anthers

Eggs and other cells of female gametophytes arise from megaspores

Page 8: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Flowers Develop at Tips of Floral Shoots (1) Up to four whorls( 윤생 ) supported by receptacle

( 화탁 )

1. Calyx( 꽃받침 ): All sepals( 꽃받침 조각 ) combined

2. Corolla( 꽃부리 ; 화관 ): All petals( 꽃잎 ) combined

3. Stamens( 수술 ; 웅예 ): Location of male gametophytes• Filament( 화사 ; 수술대 ) (stalk)( 꽃자루 )• Anther( 꽃밥 ; 약 ) containing four pollen sacs(

꽃가루 주머니 ; 화분낭 )

Page 9: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Flowers Develop at Tips of Floral Shoots (2)

4. Carpels( 심피 ; 암술 ): Location of female gametophytes• Stigma( 암술머리 ) (landing platform for pollen)• Style( 암술대 ) (stalk)• Ovary( 씨방 ) containing ovules( 밑씨 )

Page 10: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.3. 4 가지 윤생체를 지닌 체리 (Prunus) 꽃의 구조 .

Page 11: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Flower Structure

Complete flowers( 완전화 ): All four whorls Incomplete flowers( 불완전화 ): Lacking one or

more whorls

그림 34.4. 완전꽃과 불완전꽃의 예 .

Page 12: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Flower Structure

Perfect flowers( 정제화 ; 갖춘꽃 )• Both stamens and carpels

Imperfect flowers( 불완전화 ; 안갖춘꽃 )• Stamens or carpels, not both

Imperfect flower 들은 모두 incomplete flower임 .

Page 13: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Flower Structure

Monoecious( 암수동주 ; 자웅동주 ) • Male flowers and female flowers on same plant

• Example: Oaks

Dioecious( 암수이주 ; 자웅이주 ) • Some plants with only male flowers, some with

only female flowers

• Example: Willows

Page 14: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Pollen Grains( 꽃가루 알갱이 ; 화분립 ) Meiosis produces haploid microspores( 소포자 )

Mitosis in microspore produces a pollen grain• Immature male gametophyte

• One cell develops into two sperm cells( 정자세포 )

• Other cell produces pollen tube( 꽃가루관 ; 화분관 )

그림 34.6. 화분립의 다양한 예 , (a) 잔디 , (b) 벌꽃 , (c) 돼지풀 .

Page 15: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Ovules( 밑씨 )

Form inside carpel( 심피 ; 암술 ), on wall of ovary( 씨방 ; 자방 )

Micropyle( 주공 ) opening at one end

Meiosis produces four haploid megaspores(대포자 )

One megaspore develops into female gametophyte: Embryo sac( 배낭 ) with egg cell( 난자세포 ; 난세포 )

Page 16: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Inside the Ovule

Megaspore undergoes mitosis three times without cytokinesis, producing eight nuclei in a single large cell • Two polar nuclei( 극핵 ) migrate to center of cell,

help give rise to endosperm( 배유 ; 배젖 )

• Three antipodal cells( 반족세포 ) disintegrate(분해됨 ).

• Egg cell[ 난 ( 자 ) 세포 ] plus two synergids(조세포 ) help with pollination

Page 17: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.5. 체리 (Prunus)의 생활주기 .

Page 18: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

34.3 Pollination, Fertilization, and Germination Pollination( 꽃가루 받이 ; 수분 ) requires

compatible pollen and female tissues

Double fertilization( 중복수정 ) occurs in flowering plants

Embryonic sporophyte( 배아기 포자체 ) develops inside a seed

Fruits protect seeds and aid seed dispersal

Seed germination continues the life cycle

Page 19: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Pollination( 수분 )

Pollen grain makes contact with stigma(암술머리 ; 주두 )• Grows if compatible with female tissues

그림 34.7. 자가불화합성 .

2n -

Page 20: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Double Fertilization( 중복수정 )

One sperm nucleus( 정핵 ) fuses with one egg nucleus( 난핵 ) to form a diploid (2n) zygote(접합자 )

Other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei( 극핵 ) in the embryo sac( 배낭 ) to form triploid (3n) endosperm( 배유 ; 배젖 ) tissue

Page 21: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Ovule Maturation (1)

Embryo-nourishing endosperm forms and ovule expands

냉이식물 접합자의 내부구조 공 모양의 배

그림 34.8. 진정쌍떡잎식물인 냉이의 배 발달 단계 .

배자루

Page 22: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Ovule Maturation (2)

Embryonic sporophyte develops 하트 모양의 배 잘 분화된 배

성숙한 밑씨 ( 종자 ) 내의 배 포자체

Page 23: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Seed

Mature ovule encased by protective seed coat( 종피 )

Embryo has lengthwise axis( 세포 방향의 축 )• Root apical meristem at one end

• Shoot apical meristem at other end

Page 24: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Eudicot Embryos

Two cotyledons (seed leaves)

Embryonic shoot( 배아기 줄기 )• Upper epicotyl( 상배축 ) and lower hypocotyl

( 하배축 )

Embryonic root( 배아기 뿌리 )• Radicle( 어린 뿌리 ; 유근 )

Page 25: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Eudicot Embryos

하배축

어린뿌리 ( 유근 )

상배축어린눈

떡잎 ( 자엽 )

강낭콩

피마자

Page 26: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Monocot Embryos

Single cotyledon• Scutellum( 소순판 ; 떡잎 ) absorbs nutrients

from endosperm

Coleoptile( 자엽초 ) • Protects root and shoot apical meristems

Coleorhiza[( 유 ) 근초 ]• Protects radicle

Page 27: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Monocot Embryo옥수수

과피와 융합된 종피

소순판 ( 떡잎 )

자엽초

어린 싹 ( 눈 )

유근 ( 뿌리정단분열조직 )

( 유 ) 근초

Page 28: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Fruits

Matured or ripened ovary

Protects seeds

Helps disperse seeds by animals, wind, or water

Fruit wall (pericarp( 과피 )) develops from ovary wall• Thick, fleshy( 다육질 ) (peach)

• Hard, dry (hazelnut)

Page 29: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Simple Fruits( 단순과 ; 홑열매 )

Develop from single ovary• Pericarp fleshy and

juicy or thin and dry

복숭아 , 단순과 ( 홑열매 )

다육질 과피

Page 30: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Aggregate Fruits( 집합과 )

Develop from several ovaries in a single flower• Pericarp fleshy and

juicy or thin and dry

라즈베리 ( 산딸기 ), 집합과

Page 31: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Accessory Fruits( 덧과실 ; 헛열매 )

Fruit develops from floral parts as well as ovaries

열매 벽

Page 32: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Multiple Fruits( 복합과 )

Develop from several ovaries in multiple flowers• Individual fruits

merge to produce larger structure

Page 33: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Specialized Fruits( 특수한 열매 )

Helps disperse seeds• Splitting pods( 쪼개진 꼬투리 )

• Aerodynamic(항공역학적 ) properties

• Hooks, spines( 가시 ), hairs, sticky surfaces

• Fleshy, nutritious tissues

심피 안의 종자

단풍나무의 열매

Page 34: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Seed Germination

Mature seeds are essentially dehydrated

Seed dormancy( 휴면 ) prevents germination

Particular factors may trigger germination• Moisture, oxygen, temperature, number of

daylight hours, and more

Page 35: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.11. 외떡잎식물인 보리 종자가 발아되면서 저장된 영양소를 사용하는 방법 .

Page 36: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.12. 대표적인 진정쌍떡잎식물인 강낭콩의 발달 단계 .

Page 37: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.13. 대표적인 외떡잎식물인 옥수수 (Zea mays) 식물의 발달 단계 .

Page 38: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

34.4 Asexual Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Vegetative reproduction( 영양생식 ) is common in nature

Many commercial growers and gardeners use artificial vegetative reproduction

Page 39: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Vegetative (Asexual) Reproduction

Fragmentation( 분절 )•Cells dedifferentiate and regenerate missing parts

Meristematic tissue( 분열조직 )•Mitotic divisions at nodes or buds along modified

stems of parent plant

Apomixis( 무수정생식 ; 단성생식 ; 동정생식 )•Diploid embryo develops from unfertilized egg or

other cells in ovule

Page 40: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Vegetative Reproduction

그림 34.14. ‘mother of thousands( 수천의 어 aj 니 )’ 식물 , 칼란코에 (Kalanchoe daigremontiana).

Page 41: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.15. 식물세포배양 .

Page 42: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

34.5 Early Development of Plant Form and Function

Within hours, an early plant embryo’s basic body plan is established

Key developmental cues are based on a cell’s position

Morphogenesis shapes the plant body

Page 43: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

34.5 (cont.)

Regulatory genes guide the development of floral organs

Leaves arise from leaf primordia in a closely regulated sequence

Page 44: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.16. 식물 배의 기본적인 체계의 발달 단계들 .

Page 45: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Positional Information( 위치 정보 )

Pattern formation based on progressive ordering of plant parts

Positional information helps establish a cell’s developmental fate

Page 46: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.17. 위치정보가 뿌리털 발달에 어떻게 영향을 미치는가를 보여주는 모델 .

Page 47: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Morphogenesis( 형태발생 ; 형태형성 ) (1)

Oriented cell division establishes overall shape

그림 34.18. 다른 평면에서 일어나는 식물세포분열 .

Page 48: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Dividing Plant Cells

New cell plate( 세포판 ) forms in a different plane from old cell plate

Establishes direction of lateral roots, branches, and leaf and flower buds

Page 49: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.19. 식물세포에서 어떻게 세포분열의 평면 ( 세포판 ) 이 결정되는가 .

Page 50: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Cell Expansion Cells enlarge in specific directions

그림 34.20. 세포확장과 섬유소 미세섬유의 방향성 .

Page 51: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Regulatory Genes (1)

Homeotic genes regulate development of floral organs

Page 52: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Regulatory Genes (2)

Mutations in homeotic genes disrupt organ identities

Page 53: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

Regulatory Genes (3)

Four gene classes interact to determine proper organ identity and relative position

Page 54: Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants ( 현화식물의 생식과 발달 ) Chapter 34

그림 34.22. 잎 발달의 초기 단계들 .