RESEARCH METHOD

RESEARCH PREPARATION

FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS

Eva Yulianti 2201412019Puspa Merah R 2201412028

RESEARCH METHODS

Concepts and research problems

Research purposesResearch procedure

Concepts and Research Problems

PROBLEMResearch study begins with human’s curiosity about the world.Problem is what people want to know about in this world

Approaches to obtain answer

NON SCIENTIFIC SCIENTIFIC

Common sense, prejudice, intuition, trial and erros, etc

With the power of reason and logic, take coherent and controlled procedures, base their methods on real evidence

Research Problem is……Research problem is the problem that preceding the research and causing the research itself. It is caused by the people’s curiosity or something that they want to know about. Then, the people try to obtain the answer of the problem through the scientific method.

Research Purposes Aim: to find an answer to a problem

through scientific procedures

From the way results are used, research can be classified into

THEORETICAL RESEARCH

(basic research)

PRACTICAL RESEARCH

(applied research)

Is needed to provide bases for solving the problems encountered in actual human life

Is needed to solve actual problems

Research Procedure

1. identifying a problem2. Conceptualization and formulation of the problem3. Identifying and operationally defining variables4. Formulation of hypothesis5. Construction of research design6. Construction of research instruments7. Sampling

Preparation Stage

8. Data collection 9. Data processing10. Data analysis11. Interpretation

12. Drawing conclusion13. reporting

Implementation stage

Completion stage

CHARACTERISTIC OF A RESEARCH PROBLEMA problem statement must have the following characteristics:

it should ask about a relationship between two or more variables.

It should be stated clearly and unambiguously usually in question form.

it should be testable by empirical methods, that is, it should be possible to collect data to answer the questions asked.

it should not represent a moral or ethical position.

Relationship between Variables In this kind of problem the researcher

manipulates a minimum of one variable to determine its effect on other variables.

A problem statement will require at least two variables and their relation.

For example:Are boys more likely than girls to have IQ’s in excess of 120?

The Problem is Stated in Question Form What is relationship between IQ and

achievement? Is there a relationship between racial

background and dropout rate? What is the relationship between rote

learning ability and socio-economics status?

See on page 74-75

Empirical Testability A problem should be testable by

empirical methods, that is through the collection of data.

Avoidance of Moral or Ethical Judgments Questions about ideals or values are often

more difficult to study than questions about attitudes or performance.

For example:Are all philosophies equally inspiring?Should students avoid cheating under all circumstances? These example represent moral and

ethical issues and should be avoided.

Specific Considerations in Choosing a Problem1. Workability it refers problem’s

performnce 2. Critical Mass 3. Interest4. Theoretical Value references 5. Practical Value

RESEARCH PREPARATION

1. Identification of Research ProblemsProblem arise when there are gaps between expectations (Das sollen) and reality (Das sein).It takes a few steps to be able to identify research problem:1. Observe a phenomenon or phenomena.2. Take references.3. Compare the phenomena with your references.4. Determine whether or not there are gaps between

the phenomena and your references.5. Formulate the problems based on the perceived

gaps.

2. Selecting a Research Problem Nunan (1992) calls the problem as one of three

principal components of the study. Two other components are the data and the analysis.

Tuckman (1978) states among these requirements are that research problem should be:

1. About relationships between two or more variables.

2. Specific in the sense it refers to something particular, not being too broad nor too narrow.

3. Answerable by using empirical methods.4. Exempted from ethical or moral values.

3. Conceptualization and formulation of the research problem

The process of transforming reality into concept is called conceptualization. It is done by extracting the meaning that is shared by collection of phenomena.4. Identification and operational definition of variable5. Formulating of hypotheses6. Constructing research design 7. Constructing research instruments8. Sampling techniques

FORMULATING HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis is… Hypothesis is an expectation about

events based on generalizations of the assumed relationship between variables.

It also can be shorten that hypothesis is a temporary answer to the research problem.

Hypothesis Shapes and guides a research study in terms of:

identification of study sample size what issues should be involved in data

collection the proper analysis of the data data interpretation

Characteristics of hypothesis It is about a relationship between two or

more variables It should be stated clearly and

unambiguously in the form of a declarative sentence

It should be testable, then can be evaluated based on the data

Specific Hypothesis and General Hypothesis Specific hypotheses: they require

fewer observations for testing,

General hypotheses: after being observed, they will be formulated to a more specific one

The process to draw upon in developing hypothesis Deduction

Induction

Deduction-- General to Specific

In deductive reasoning, thinking proceeds from general assumption to specific application

GENERAL SPECIFIC

Induction Specific to General Conclusions about events (general) are

based on information generated through many individual and direct observations (specific).

SPECIFIC GENERAL Researchers observe an individual or group

of individuals from a larger population based on these observations, generalizations are made back to the larger population.

Alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that affirmed. We construct them if the null hypothesis is rejected.

A null hypothesis is: the general statement that states there is no relationship between two measured phenomena. The advantage of using it in research is because in the reality it is difficult to obtain unequivocal support for a hypothesis so that the researcher attempts to test and disprove its negation.

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