std12 polsci tm

7/28/2019 Std12 PolSci TM

1/160

RXYo

]Yo N. lWUVu,

RXYo, TPjhPd,

u]s TWVo Utm\jRXYo, AWVp \,UW LUWNo TpLXd LZLm,NWY CpXm, 87/25 NhjR,

AVuWm, Nu] - 23

@WVp @Vp

UpX CWiPm Bi

iPU J TYfNVp

iPU J Tet\m

iPU URjRuUVt\ NVp

RrShlTPp LZLmLpf NX, Nu] 600006

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TPeLs RVl RrS AWdLL TsdLp CVdLLm, RrS

Ckp 60 . Gv. Gm. Rp AfPlThs[.

RrS AW

RtTl - 2005

]Yo Y. S. YSRu

CQl TWVoAWVp \, UXd Lp,Nu] - 5

UXnY[oLs]Yo G. LlTu

WV[o (Ro X)AWVp \, UXdLpNu] - 5

]Yo Gu. L.UWNu WN

WV[o, AWVp \,AiQUXl TpLXdLZLm,AiQUX SLo

]Yo L. TZfN,

R WV[o,AiQ T YrVp UVm,Nu]l TpLXdLZLm,Nu] - 5

U L. YU

ERj RXUVV,XLSRu RWo U. . Ts,AVuWm, Nu] - 23

]Yo L. kRWWUu

X ThPR BVo(AWVp AVp) Gm. Gm. H.AW]o UXlTs,TpXYWm, Nu] - 43

XVoLs


2/160

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uW

URu RuPV \ULs Utm TiLu Qd

Li CRW EoYr C]eLdm UX] YrdLV

APYRt NRVm YYL Nnu\. NRVjp HtTm

NRV URpL[ oj Yj RuPu Yru\ UdLPu

JeQk, LUL YrYRt AWVp ER\. AWUtm AWNeLjPu RPoPV URu AWVp AVu

LlT[L Cd\u. A\S, RjYm Utm TVp

Tu\Y ApXUp URPV Yrp AWVu CVpT

AYRt ERu\ Lpl YL AWVp AVp Es[.

NRV, AWVp Utm T[RW \Lp HtThdu\

Ut\eL[ Ljp Li 12m Yl TPjhPm j

AUdLlThs[. ClTPjhPm AWVp TeLt, Utm

Bhp HtTPdV WfN]L[ RPoPV LpVY

[dm YLp RVdLlThd\. 21m t\ip

RW[UVUdLp Utm EXLUVUdLp Tu\ Tu]h AWVpHtThs[ V Ut\eLs ClTPjhPjp NpXlThs[].

T]u\m Ylp NpXlThs[ TPjhPjR

TuWiPm Yl TPjhPm RPoTjRlThs[.

UpX Lp UhPjp lTlTPUL AWVp AVp

Ltm UQYoLs UX Utm UjV AWLu TdLL

SPjm TjRoLp \kR \p TeLtL Fddm

YLp NpXlThdu\.

GpXLs Utm dLsLs

A. GpXLs

l AWVp Lj u TYeLs (LjdLs) Utm

\L[ Ak AYtu T[k \]n NnRp.

l UQYoL[ TlPV \kR UdL[L BdRp

l AWVp AVp, NhPm Utm Nnj\l TtV

EVoLpd UQYoL[ RVo NnRp.

B. dLsLs

l EXu TX SLm LQlTm AWVp TeLt

BoYjR FdjRp Utm AWVp Lh \Ls

AYt\ RPoPV Ru]XddLs Tu\Yt\

Ak LsRp

l NhPj\, NVXdLj\ E\Ls Utm

ALWloYUL GdLlTPYiV LsLL[

NnRp. ALWYodLm, j\ CYtu Te TL[

YWVjRp.

l Uf RkWm, UdLs SXu Utm RN TLl

RPoPV LsLL[ NnRp.

l CVt\lTm NhPeLs AWVp AUlT

NpXjRdLYV, ApXYV GuTR EfN Uu\m

NnYp GjRLV Te T Bt\ Yim

GuTR] RYL Ak LsRp.

Tu]h AUlp \ks[ \L[ LiPk

AYt\ Yd\. EXL[p HtTm NfNWLs AYt\

oj Ydm \Ls, SLs Ju Nok HtTjm CWY

AUldL] rXLs Utm SLdPV SPTm

TWeLs, Tu]h AUlLs Um Zd Utm Ut

Utm YPd Utm Rt CYLPV HtTm YtULs

BVYt\ oj Ydm \Ls BV]m

[dLlThs[].

CkX BdYRt QkR El]oLs UtmBVoLs, RrSh AWNeL UpX Lpj\,

ALLd, CkX CVtYRtL] TV AYoLPm

JlTPjRRt AYoLPV TWhRX Rjd

Lsu\]o.

RXYo Utm El]oLs

TPjhPd


3/160

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T TPj RXlGi

1. AWu Y[of

1.1 SLW AW

1. 2 X WjY AW

1.3 C] (RN) AW

1.4 NURoU AW

1.5 UdLs SX AW

2. AWj Rt\ LsLLs

2.1 RnLj Rt\ LsL

2.2 NRV JlTkRd LsL

2.3 YUd LsL

2.4 CVtLd LsL

2.5 TQU Y[of LsL

3. AWVp AVp

3 .1 AWVp AVu Ts

3.2 AWVp ALWju TVuTLs3.3 BUu RuU Utm dVjYm

3.4. Ut\YW LYRu CVpm TVuLm

4. AW C\Ud HtTm NYpLs

4.1 RV C\Uu RnU]m

4.2 EXLUVUdLp LsLVp RV C\UdHtTm NYpLs

TPjhPm


4/160

viivi

8. UX AWNeL AUl ------------ ----RrS

8.1 BSo

8.2 RXUfNo

8 .3 AUfNoLs

8.4 NhPUu\m8.5 EVoUu\m

8.6 UXfNVXLm

8.7 UYhP oYLm

9. RrShp Es[h AWNeLm

9.1 Es[h AWNeL LhPUl

9.2 SLol\m

9.2.1 USLWh

9.2.2 SLWh

9.2.3 SLVeLs

9.2. 4 CWY SLVeLs

9.2 .5 T SLW AUlLs

9.2 .6 lhP SLW dLs

9.3 FWLm

9 .3 .1 u\d TgNVj AUl

9.3.1 .1 UYhP Aj LZLm

9.3.1 .2 TgNVj JuVm9.3.1 .3 WU TgNVj

9.3.2 AYtu TLs

9.4 TgNVj\ - Tf Wn

10. 21m t\ip CkV

10. 1 RtTRV XYWm

10.2 GoLXj hPeLs

5. AWNeLm ARu YYeLm

5. 1 Jt\ AWNeL\

5.2 hPh AWNeLm

5.3 TWUu\ \ AWNeLm

5.4 RXYo\ AWNeLm5.5 \ AWNeLm

5.6 CdLX NoYLW AWLs

5.7 KWY Utm DWY \ NhPUu\ [dLm

6. j\

6.1 j\u RYm dVjYm

6.2 TLd CdL YiV RLs

6.3 UBnd LsL

6.4 j\ NVpYLm

6.5 j\ RkWm

7. CkV AWNeLm AWVm

7.1 CkV AWVXUlu \lVpLs

7.2 UjV AWNeLju AUl\

7.2.1 VWjRXYo

7.2.2 WRU AUfNo

7.2.3 AUfNWY7.2.4 UdL[Y U\m UXeLs AYjRXYo

7.2.5 SPUu\m

7.2.6 UdL[Y

7.2.7 EfNUu\m

7 .2 .8 CkV AWVp LhLs


5/160

viii

T[PdLm

TdLm

1. AWu Y[of 1

2. AWu - Rt\m - LsLLs 30

3. V AWVp AVp 51

4. AW C\Ud HtTm NYpLs 67

5. AWNeLm ARu YYeLm 83

6. j\ 103

7. CkV AWNeLm AWVm 117

8. UX AWNeL AUl - RrS 172

9. RrShp Es[h AWNeLm 215

10. 21Bm t\ip CkV 262


6/160

1

AjVVm 1

AWu Y[of

AW GuT UR NRVju Yrtm YNdmHtTjRlThP J CuVUVR AUlTm. AWCVtLVL RtdLlThP AjVYVU] AUlTm.TpY AWVp AOoLs AW J RYV] uTmGu\ t\ BUjs[]o. Xv, AW GuT NLmGu\ RWQ Y-u dV Lp G] l\o. URpGVW Y-VPk LlTtm Thm, URNRVju BNTNeL[ J Lhds YjPmRtdLlThP AUlTL AW LRlT\. T]o

GuTYo, AW CpXVp EXp NfNWm ZlTeLUgm G] l\o.

CqYjVVjp, AWu Y[of j LiTm.Sm Lm RtLX AW, TX LXLhPeLp TXY\LEYj RtTRV XV APks[. Gm,CRu AWu TQU Y[of Gu Ah \ CVXRA[t, AW TlTVL Y[ok Yks[ GuT UdLVR EiUVm.

AW Gu\ AUl JW UVL CpXUp BWmT

LXjp TZUl TWWNL, WdL SLW AWNL RtTRVUdLs SX AWNL UYRt u ElTtkd\.Z X dVU] YL AWLs TtV [dLeLsRWlThdu\].

1. SLW AW

2. XlWjY AW

3. RV AW


7/160

2 3

WdL SLW AWu AmNeLs

JqY SLW AWm RkW AUlTL NVpThP.AqY RkWUL ClTR TUVLd LV. WdLSLW AWLs A]jm A[p VYL[Lm UdLsRLp \Y] GidLm LiPYL[L CkR].

CjRLV AWp UhU NL, T[RW AVp NokRYrdL AUV m G]d LRlThP. CdLjRAvPhm Y-js[o.

Y NjRm, RoR-pYdLlT UhU ULuLPU GuT YuUVLUdLlThP. JqY ULmAYu Noks[ AWuUmThtL] YrRp Yim.

AYu RuPV AW NokRlTL[ R] NnRu.

SLWju LPsL[AYPV LPsL[L TjRu.A]j ZdLm AYu Te Tt\u. AWmNRVm CY AUlTu, AY Ju\ Gu\ XAdLXjp CkR. WdL SLWm AW, fNT, TsGu\ AUlLu JhUjR AUlTL Ck URYrdLV YUL BdWjR. SpYrdLV TtjRYRu AWu dL[L CkR. CR] SdLULdLiP AWu SPYdLLs GpXm VVlTjRlThP].AWVp, JdLm, NUVm Utm T[RWmBVYttPV GqR TTm LQlTPpX.BVLXLs AVp Utm JdLm BVYt\ APVAW TeLVL Cd\ Gum GhUi ToduLjRVhVRLY WdL SLW AW LrkR. HRuvSLW AW Lu EfNj-kR T WdLju \kRAWVp LjdLu W mTULd LRlThP.

4. NUEPU AW, Utm

5. UdLs SX AW.

1.1. SLW AW

TZUl TWW dYkR u]o hPjRhP .1000Y Bi NUVjpWdL Shp SLW AWRuV. SLW AW RuVAR LXjp AWVpLhThu Rt\mHtThPRLd LRlT\.WdL NLeL[ RuR-p AWVp kR]u,

dVjYjR EQokSP\lTj]. WdLoLs,AWVp GuTR Ym RodL,RjYojR XLXV YdLUp YrdLV CQjARV AWNeLULm HtTj TU Tt\oLs.

IWlTp Xm TVokR WdLoLs, dL[L k, BeLeL UXlTLmNUYLm CRW WRNeLm V]o. LXl TdpAYoLu JqY YrPm, AWu ClPUL,

ukR TZUlTWWd tm UTh LrkR.AqYL Bh \, TZe]u oYLj]JjkR G]Xm. CjRLV Es[h oYLU]LXlTdp ElTt SLW AWNL LrkR. WdL SLWm,GpX YLm, S] AWu AjR] AmNeL[mLi EiUV] AWNL CkRR]d LRlT\.UdLPV AWVp T[RW, AYokR, JdL YrdLYm SLW AWNf NokkR.


8/160

4 5

WdL SLW AWLp SW UdL[h SPTt\.UdLs SWVL AWNeLjp TeLt\]o. C UdLs NddGjdLhPL LrkR. AWNeL AUlLs GuTUt\jthThP GuTR WdL AWVp RjYOLsL]o. ARuT R-p Vh \ EVo VhV]

Ut\m HtThP. \ Yh \ UdL[hV]U U tft AWLs HtThP]. B]p WdLoLsUdL[hV UdL[hVL(Mobocracy) L]o.

WdLoLs Ru]h, RkWm Tu\YL[ATRRULl uTt]o. AfNUVjp, YPd IWlTp,UPVY NokR -l GuTYu RXUpY-UdL, Vh \ AW Gf Tt\ T, SLWAWLs Xk T]. LhlTPt\ AR RkWm, WdLAW NRVjp TpYL Ht\jRrL[ HtTjkR].ClTo, CpXRo, GVo, Y-Vo Utm HRu

ApX vToP BVYtu SiToLs G] NRVm[Th UdLPV JtUuU XV.RjYOVo TXo, JdLm GuT Gu]? StTiL[Tdm \Ls GY? GuTR Tt WUL kjR]o.AlTkR UdLs LhlTPt\, JeLt\ YrdLVYrkRRL L]o. CjRLV U]lTuU EPVYoLs,AYoL[ Lhm UX] TiPVYoLPm, rYRYpX G]d L]o. AqY\, WdLoLm rkR]o.

WdL SLW AWLp NL AUlm \TLs

CkR]. HRuv SLWjp, AULs TU[p CkR]o.AU\, SLL UmTht GW]. UdL[h \dU\]. TTLs CpXUp GpX UdLm EULsUtm NLL[l Tt ATdm rXLsUdL[h\p Xm NLRWjYm ARu AvYWm.ARu El]oLs GpXm NUU]YoLs.

UP YrdLu GpX AmNeL[mEs[PdVRL WdL SLW AW [eV. CkR Es[PdV

X, AWNeLm Utm ARu TLs, AWNeLjtm CRWLZLeLdPVs[ YTLs Tu\ AWVpRPoT] Wf]L[ WdLoLs AVUp\dLdmT Nn hP.

NLjum AWN jRV RYVRp AjV

RkWm APV[m LQVR EPThP u]UhPGu UdIYo (MacIver) Gum AOo s[o. AYoUm YRY, GpXYt\m Es[PdV WdL SLWAW, SLWjtm UdLdPVs[ YTLuRuU Utm NhPm Utm YZdLdLdPVs[YWV\L[ AVjRYV. NhPm Utm JeL XShRp, TiTL[ TLjRp Tu\ TLs NoYYpXUTPjR AWu LPULs GuTR EQWj RYV.YtUp JtU, GpXdm EUL[j RW UjRufNVL NVpThP GpXULf Nok SLW AW

AYRt LWQeL[ hP].

1.2 XlWjY AW

UtLjV IWlTp EWUV AWu rf,AW Gu\ AUlu rfVLY LRlThP.Aqrfd u]o Gem TeZlTU, U-hP.EWUV AWu YPd-k TPVjR jRVBYLs (Teutonic Barbarians), TZeV]o XXVYrkR]o. Y-UdL, UV ALWd LhlT, YpXU

TkV UmThP UV ALW AUl Tu\YAYoLd RkdLpX. WRN RkWm UtmRUR RkWm GuTYL[ AYoLd dVU]RLCkR. AYoLPV AWNoLs, YtLWU]TPjRXYoLs GuTRj RW, Y Gu\ APV[eLmAYoLd CpX. AWNeL LrfLp NUVoLsA]Ym Te Tt\]o.


9/160

6 7

CjRLV QSXuL[d LiP jRVTZe]Pu EWUV AWNUlu Je,JUlT Utm UVlTjRlThP ALW\VRPo HtThPT URp HtThP.

CkR CWi WiThP AUlLu NeLUjp JV AW\ RuV. \ NRV AUlTdLiP TZe]o Utm HLTjV AW \

AUlTd LiP EWUV AWNUl BV YqY\Ls Ud LiPT XlWjY AW Gu\AW\ RuV. Xl WjY AW, GuT J AW\V ApX, A J ZlTU] AUl Gum,Cm\V AWu TQU Y[ofp NolT NVuGum TX UoN]eLs Clm, XlWjY \VJd Rp NVu. EWUV Bh rf Tt\LXjp, IWlV UdLd TLlm, AUV]YrdLm, RkR Cm\ AWNm. HLTjV

EWUVl TWWu rfdl \m S]LX RVAW RuYRtU] CPdLXjp AYLdPVTXUL LrkR XlWjY AWNm GuT NV]Rm.

XlWjY AWu Gf

EWUV NmWwVm rkR u]o, AkShuXlTWl, Y-U Tt [eV WdLudLhlThts YkR. JqY Wm AYWLhlThp CkR lhP XlTWlt RXYWL CkARu oYLjRm LYj YkRo. AYo AYW TlpCkR XeL[ AYWf tkRYoLd jRLdh jRLV Tt AYoLs Up BdLm Nj]o.AYPk XjR SPVLlTt\YoLs RXUjRLRWoLs G]lThP]o. AYoLd AjRTVLCkRYoLs jRLRWoLs G]lThP]o. AYoLdm Z

CkRYoLs Qd jRLRWoLs G]m jRLRWoLuSo UtToYp XjR NT NnR CRW Xo AULsApX TiQVhLs G] AZdLlThP]o. CYoLsJqY YL]m AYoLd So UpUhPj-kRYoLd jRL, LdL Utm CRWTL[f Nn YkR]o. CjRLV AUlp YNmGuT EP] UX[dLpXUp AYdmUXs[YoLd PV. G]Y WdLs RXUdjRLRWoL[j Ri CRWoLs Up ALWm NjRYApX LhP[L[ \YtmTV YtjR V.

UX \lThs[ TiQVs\ CdLXjmRu]hu TX TLm SP\-k YYlPjRdL.

CR TX WYm AYWYoL[p HtTjRlThAYWYo LhlThp CVeV. G]Y C\UVLWmUV]RL CpX. JqY UhPjm CkRYoLsAR]l TtkR]o. CfrXp AWVpu]t\jt YpXkR. Cm\X] YNm


10/160

8 9

tLXjp CeXk Tu\ SLp RV AW HtTPYL NnR. XlWjY \ AWu dV NR]UdLd AUVl Tt RkRRm GuTR UdLCVX.

XlWjY AWp AUL[] TiQVhLu

GidL Lm ALU]RL CkR. CRu LWQUL,AYoLs YThP vY URm, Su Y[okR. CR]pEWUV AWu rfd \, XlWjYAWNUlTp, ZjR UTm Y]L, fNTLRlT\.

XlWjY AWNUl fNTu BdLjtY NolTRLY CkR. URjRXUdLWL GkR JTV AUlTm, AdLXjV fNT mTpX.TpYL TXdhTh, GYo JYdm, AL

dVjYm RWR Xl WjY Bh, fNTuBdLm Yu\ dV LWQU]. CqYdLjt GWLtLXjp RuV URfojR CVdLm (Reformation)fNTu RXUV YZdLf NnRPu, RNVh RuP LWQm B].

CjR] \TLs Utm TX]eLdPVm,XlWjY AW, IWlV AWVd TXYLpTeLjs[. UtLjV IWlTp, AWVpJtUVm, YrVp \L[m RtjREWUV AW, SLL \ TZeV]Wp rjRlTh,RdLlThPm, RUR YNj]m, XjR NokRTtu TWp HtTjRlThP XlWjY AW, NLLhPUl R\ YiQm, ZlTeLs HtTP YiQm JJeL RtjR. CWiPYRL, TV XfYuRWoLsVUL, RUR RkWjR mVYiQm, Ru]hTtkR]o. AYoLPV RkWm U TtkR.CR] UVov Gu\ AOo, XlWjY AW,

CPdLXju kRV Tp, RkWju UhUVLh LjR Gu l\o.

XlWjY AWp, T Utm R EULsYWVdLlTP-kR. Y-U dL C] AWNeLm EYLCP\L, XlWjY AW, TpYL V AWL[L

kkR. IWlV AWV-p, XlWjY AW,JeLt\ \p JeQdLlThP AUl Gu\BPmu tp TU[ EiU Es[.

CkVp XlWjY AW

CPdLX CkVp XV X EPU Utm XY\Ls, IWlV XlWjY \V JjkRm,CWiPm NUUL LY NV]Ru. AqY\LCkVp XV XEPU AUl _uR \G]lThP.

_uR AUl

Tu]eLXUL, CkVp Xju [fN-pJT XYYVL T\lThP. CqYYn AWAYXoLs XUL SPVLY ApX CPjRWLoLsYXLY T\lThP. CYoLs Y-jR Yu JTV ReLs TeLL Gjd LiP]o CYoL[_uRoLs G] AZdLlThP]o. XY Yp NnRCPeLp AYoLd X NUVeLp NkR Xm CkR.

h`o LXjp, CkR _uR \V], YPdUtm YPUt CkVp, UtVUdLlTh ULpY(Mahalwari) \VL ALm NnVlThP. CkR \pWUm WUUL, B]eLs YVL, XEPUAUpTjRlThP. XEPUV], Uhd mTjth EPUVL BdLlThP.


11/160

10 11

1.3 C] AWu Rt\m

XlWjY Bh\, IWlV UdLd,RtL-LU] TLl AUlTL CkRRVpXUp,UdLPV RV C] EQofVm, YrdL \VmAUj LsYRt GqYLm ER NnVpX.

XlWdL[h \ NRWQ UdL[ APdAYoLs , BdLm NjYRLY CkR. G]YCRtLWL, UdLs NVpThPR Y-UdL BdLmNjRd V AWLs Ru\ BWmjR T AYt\BRjRoLs. CRt Y X LrL[ LWL[LlPXm. AYts AlT UdLPV HtThPUUXof, UR ojR CVdLm Tu\YL[ lPXm.CR] AlT, CeXk ShP Bh NnR VPoTWmTWVf NokR AWNoLs ALW l Utm

ALWjR \UVL LVm \Vp UdL[ RVEQo EPVYoL[L Ut\Xm GuTRm AYoL[JtUlTj AWd NRLUL NVpTP NnVmGuTRm GjdLh]oLs.

UdLPV RPok JtU EQoY Tt\m,C] EQoLs AlTPp AYoL[j Wh, Y[ofHtTP ERY m GuTRm AYoLs CRW IWlVSLd U NnRoLs. CjRLV AWVp Ut\mCeXk Shp HtTYRt AlTPV] Utm

dVU] LWQUL CeXkR IWlV LiPjumBeX LpYn j AR]p A RjRuU EPVRLCkRRVm. LXlTdp lTL T]kRm t\iuBWmT LXjp BeXVoLs Wu Tu\ SLpBdLm NjR BWmjR]o. CkR Td, Wu, vTuUtm TofLp SLp UX \lThP RV C] EQoHtTP HYt. CR TX T]\m t\ip PuUod,Utm Pu UdLPV CqQoY RtjJUlThP UmTjV.

CqY\L, V AW Ju RuV. AW TtVTZV LjLs U\k RVm Gu\ EQof UXeUdLPV HtThP JtU, CjRLV AWL[ TLjR.AkR AlTPp Ru T]k Utm T]\m

t\ip AWLs Ru\m, CkR AWLdPVNUX Utm C\U ALWm HtLlTh, XShPlTPYim Gu\ ElT AWLdPm UdLPjmUXe CkR. CmUt\m, Tu]h NhPm, RuYRtQ u\.

C] AWu Y[of

C] AWLs YWmTt\ ALWm NjmVhL[L CkR]. fNT ALWm JdLlThWdL[h U\Vj RPeV LXjp UdLs AYoLPVEoLd TLl RWjRdL AWLs Up SmdL Li,

AYt\ BRjR]o. Wh vY URm P SuGpXLdhThP Td Ru ALWm NjRAWNoLd EU Ei Gu YkR Tm, NUVjRLhlTjYRt ALWm AWNoLd Ei G]HtdLiP. G]Y Ru RnL Rt\d LsLAlTPp, AWNoLs YWmTt\ ALWm TPjRVhL[ BRjR]o. Clm, CjRLV AWNoLuBdLm UdLPV RPok SPT\VpX. AjRLhPUL, C] AWLp AWNdm UdLdPV, NpLsHtTh UdLs, ReLPV EULdLL AYoLPV

GiQeLs, YrdL \L[ \kR \p AUjdLs[ TW]oLs. UdLd WjYm RmAWNeLm \kRR] L Vh \ YiU]Ytj]oLs.

Vh \ u dV LhTL[Ytj\. AY NUjYm, UdLs C\U Utm RVmGuT]Ym. R-p NpXlThP NUjY LhT, WgWhV[oLs 1789m Bi YhP UR EULs


12/160

12 13

WLP]jp YtjRlThs[. AlT Rp HZ GVUdLs Rp A]Ym AUR]j-k Th NLNUV Utm T[RW \Lp GqR TTm CpXUpRkWUL YZYim Gu\ Lj RPokY-jRlThP. UdLPjp RVm, RkWm Utm NUjYEQoLs UXe AYt\ APYRt AYoLsEjYLjPu SPYdLLs TXYt\ UtLiPoLs.CjRLV EQo AYoLPV HtTYRt WgWhm dVU] LWQUm Gu NpXlT\.

YWmTt\ Vh \ U\kR T ARPVSP\Lm U\k T]R GoLXjp AjRLVBh \Ls Ru\ VRT, Tojd Ls[ YiVLm AYVUt. CqY\L, IWlV LiPjpVh \V uYm S] LX RV C] AWLsHtThP]. CqYWLs Rp, YojRLm Utm VTWm

BVYtp RPLs CpXUp UdLs T[RWSPYdLL[ UtLs[m, AYt\ TjRmV]Yt\ LidLm, RkWUL CY GpXYtmNVpTPm YYL NnR]. CRu LWQUL Xm UtmRhp RY] AR NUVjp EV] tTdSPYdLLs UtLs[lThP].

CqYLV] RV C] AWLs EXLem,Wp HtThP]. CRu [YL Ru]jR] BhNndLs[ RkWm Yim Gu\ Ru]h ElT

UdLPV UXe u\. UdLs GkRkR AWLpYrkRoL[, AkR AWLu GpXdhThP TLpAYoLPV RpLs Utm VTWm Tu\YL[AUj u]YRt RYV] SPYdLL[UtLiPRu LWQUL, hPjRhP Ik t\iLdCm\ uTt\lThP. UtNpXlThP LsLLsAlTPp HtThP C] AWp UdLPjp JtUV

HtTjVR AYtu TLl]m E NnLiP]o.

NURoU AW

NURoU LsLV uTtTYoLs AW SuU RmY]m GuTRL L\oLs. G]Y UdLd NL

PlTRt AL A[p Ts EtTj AR]TokRjRp Tu\Ytp AW LhlT AYVm G]L\oLs. NURoU AWp Ts EPU, Ts EtTjNR]eLs Utm TYojR] Tu\YLm RWlTmYXdL] FVm AYWYo RYd RkRt TXCdLYim Gu NURoUYLs L\oLs. CkRAlTPp Ru NURoU AW HtThP.

NURoU AWu dV \lLs YU

1. J.W. Lo]o GuTYo NRVjp Es[ \LsUtm LRpL[ \j W Ut\eL[ NURoU AWHtTjm Gu s[o. ARt AYo uYmLWQeL[ GjdLhPL Np\o. TQm, ALWmXPjp kdu\]. EZlTo AYoLPVEZltLt\ FVjR TYpX. RXL[AYoLd TWYRtL] NdV TWm Tu\\UV CdLpX. ClTs[ Cm\ XPmALUL NpYm NWdV YnlL[ Rk UdLPVHt\jRrL[ HtTj\. Cp LX RURm,

RYpXR AYpLm ALdu\]. RVT[RWm hPPlTPUp, LhlTPt\ EtTj TdClTRp TsLs U-YL Pdu\]. FVm \YLCdu\. AR NUVjp YX PdLR XmHtTu\. CY GpXm VVUt\ RuU, SoUVt\Td, Ts NojRp ATR lTm Tu\YLsUXe RUR SPjRu RWm \\ Gum Lo]oGjd Lhs[o.


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14 15

Z NURoU AWtL EV X dVU] RuULsRWlThdu\].

1. RXjY \V d\.

NRVjp T[RW VL TQdLWo UtmHZ, Ts EPVYo Utm T[t\Yo,

WiYo Utm WiPlTYo Gu Ht\jRrL[Fdj UdL[ CYLVL du\ RXjY\V Jj Ht\jRrpXR NRVjR HtTj\.

2. ThL[ God\

GpX YLV] ThL[m Jj YXLlTo Utm YX NnYo CPV JtUVm,JjZlTm HtTjR V\.

3. A]Ydm T[RW NUjYm

NRVju TpY LdPV Es[T[RW V] AL A[X] CPYV \jT[RW NUjYm HtTP ER\. NpYm lhPXPm dLlTYR Goj HZ Utm TQdLWo Gu\XUV ALt GpXm NUYnlLs T\m, AR]pPdm SuULu TX] ATdLm ER\.XY- Gu\ TVp Qo, NURoU AW Ht\jRrL[ALt GpXWm NUUd\ Gu l\o.

4. RVo EPUV God\

R SToLs Nj lTR NURoU AW God\.AR dYRt Vtd\. RVo EPU GuThd NUU] Gum, NRVjp eL[Rtd\ Gum L\. Xm XR]mGpXdm TY] Gum, lhP Xd EVRpXGum Yd\.

5. EtTju NRVd LhlT

RSTo Ts EtTj VtLp DTYR RjAWN AR] RVUVUd SP\lTjRYimGuT NURoU AWu LhTLp dVU]. EtTjNnVlTm ThLs TUdLdL TVuTPYim.

G]Y AW AYt\ RV UVUd UdLs ATdmYLp HtT NnV Yim.

6. NRVjt dVjYm R\

RSTo SXd U\L, NLSXu GtLlThNRVjt NURoU AW dVjYm R\. VUtm VSX TdLd GWL TSX] NL AWLlTtYRt m\. NRVjt GY GYRYV, AY AY AWNXV EtTjNnVlTPYim GuT dVU] dL[m.

7. RYdLtT EZlTLd SuU R\

EZldLt\ FVm Utm TXuLsEZlTLd PdL Yim. JY]EZltLt\Y FVUjRp GuT NURoU AWuWR] LsLVm. ARu jRkRm JYu\UdLt\t Tu\ T, AYu RYdLt\o TpFVm.

8. \Ls

_]SVL Utm TQU Y[of]V NN-^AW m\. RtLXjp Xu\ AWVp UtmT[RW AUlLp, TlTVLm, _]SVL UUt\jR LiYW Vtd\. NN-^ jRkRm, AWVpX] AUV] YL[V Sm\.


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16 17

Ul (Evaluation)

jRkR m, T[RW CVdLm Gu\ \mNURoU AWu \Ls Utm \Ls uYU.

A. NURoU AWu \Ls

S] LX AWLp NURoU AW Lm WTXULm,Y-U YnkRRLm Lr\. EXLem TpYYYeLp NURoU AWLs Es[]. T SuU jRA]j SPYdLLm AW AeL RXYRLQXm. RV dVjYm YnkR T[RW UtmRp SPYdLL[ AWN Ru YNm Gjd Li,AYt\ LhlTj\. A]j AWLu TdLm,NN-^ jRkRju TRp NpYRLY R\.

1. AW RUR]d Lhm, UhU LiPRLLRlT\. EtTju dV AmNUL UdLsSXu LRlT\.

2 . NL Ht\jRrL[ AVp oYUL[dYPu, AjRLV NU]t\ XL[TdYR NN-^ jRkRju RXVVLPUL[L \lT\. T[RWHt\jRrLs, Y[eLu TV]t\ ETVLm, Utm\Vt\ hPPp Tu\Yt\ A\Y d\.

3. NRVjp Xu\ T[RW Ht\jRrL[

A\Y Tdm YLp, R EPU]AV TdL GjRd\. CR]p GVoY-VWp WiPlTY A\Y RodLlTh,UmThP NRVm EYL YLXlT\.

4. EtTju LhT, NL TVuTP RW,RUR XTm Au. RtNXL[ XTSdLjtLL Au, NL SXdLLY\lTj oYLm Nn\.

5. EZdm YodLj]u YrdL RWjR EVojNRVjp dV AkRvjR HtTjjRYPu, AYoLu TfZ-] UmTjRmNN-^ AW Vtd\.

6. mm Ut\eLs A]jRm TlTVLm,

AWVp VLm UhU HtTPYim GuTRY-j\. CqYLp _]SVLmYtlTRp NpXm ER\.

7. CY A]jtm UXL RUR]RYL-km, Tl ThL-kmj AYu AWVp Utm T[RWSPYdLLp TeLtL TXYLLp ER\.

NURoU AWu \Ls

Ut\lThP NRLj RuUL[ Ttlm,NN-^ AWN] rdLm LWQeL]p LUVLUoN]m NnVlT\.

1 . RURd UX] AUlTL AWNVpTYRp, RUR RkWm TdLlT\.AW G_U]]Lm, UdLs AWuNYLoL[Lm BPdm. C HtPVRu.

2 . REPU Utm RSTo VtLs\kRs[lTYRp, AL ThN EZl] LhP

URoLs tTPUhPoLs.

3. jRkR p TX SuULs ClTRLRu]m, SP\d JqYR AUlTLYC LRlT\. AWN AjR] AYpL[mLYdL CVX. C LXlTdp, RURjRmFZXm, VRfNLWjRm Rtj m.Cm\ AWp RtNX XTjp CVeLYnlpX.


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18 19

4. LoYo BoYm Utm l GuTR NN-^LsL AeLdLpX. CR]pLoYoLd GqRU] RokRdmEULm AdLlTYpX. AW AdmThL[ UhU TVuTjm XdLoYo Rs[lT\o.

5. NN-^ jRkRlT NVpTm SL[ P,R CpXR YL \Ls LiP SLsTpYLp u]s[]. ERWQjtNN-^ WxV Utm ]Y P AUdLTuUPe u]t\m Lis[.

NN-^ AW GuT ZlTeLu Pe GumLRlT\. ARu EiUV] CXhVeLs GY GuTRGYm AkXo. Gm, C EXLm Ym YWYtT

Tts[. LmNjR UolTYoLs NN-NjR JRYR TRVL TWhu\]o. Cu\V EXp A]jY[of Tt\ SLm, NN-^ TRXV Npu\].UdLs ReLd ERY uYm AWNV YWYtu\]o.

1.4 TSX ApX UdLs SX AW

T SX AW GuT Cu\V CkV ShtTkm. CkV AWVp NhPjp AW YLhm.LhTLp T SX AWu kR]Ls YL

RWlThdu\].AWVp NhP 98, , NL, T[RW AWVp

X] NRV AUlTu\ HtTj GkR[tU, AkR A[t AR] TLj RWdVY]eL[ HtTj, UdLu RV YrdLd BRWULCdm TSXjR UmTjR AW ]m Gu\.

AWVp NhP 39 (A) YZ RYV] BRWeLs(B) TSXu Ldm CVtL Y[eLs To(C) Njlt Gol (D) BiLs Utm TiLd AYWYoEZltLt\ TWThNUt\ FVm (E) EZlTYo EPpSXuUtm SpYr, TTl lTL TiLs UtmZkRLs Um (F) ZkRL[ YXdLUojRpBVYt\l Ttm Gjd\.

AWVp NhP 41 YRY

YXd EU, Lpd EU, Utm YXCpXRo Vo S]p RdLlThPYoLs Utm EPpF]t\dL] EUL[ AW TtjRm.

41 YX YnlLs HtTjRp, Lp AjRpVo, SnYnlThPo, F]t\od ERRp. EQooY Xp, UR SVm LhdLdLlTP Yim Gu

\\. AYts ULd T LX NL, EZdmYodLj]d VVU] -, RrjRlThPYoLs,TZeV]o Utm S-t\ Lu Lp UtmT[RW AX`Ls, UdLd NjQ, T LRWUmT BV] APem. CY A]jm, UdLu SXuL, BhV[oL[p \Yt\lTPYiV C]eLs.CYt\ UX AWLs \Yt\Up T]m, Uu\mAY jR C]eLp RXP V. (AWVXUlNhPm: Tj 37)

UdL[ SX AWu Rt\m Utm Y[ofCu\V Xp, EXp Es[ JqY AWm,

Ru] UdLs SX AWNL ujd LsYp, ARBoYm Lhu\. B]p TjRuTRm t\iuCp, XU YRUL CkR. TmTuUV]AWLs, LYp AWL[LY CkR]. NhP JeTRXV AWLu RXVV TVL LRlThP.UdLs SXu GuT RURoLPjm, RUR


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20 21

dLPjm PlThP. UtT LYp AWLs, UdLsSX AWL[L U\Yim Gu EXLju LY]jR DojRAWVp RjYOVp, Xv ] \jRdLYo.RuR-p CeXk Shp, UdLs SX AWu kR]Brk YuV. Bm, GgV TLp LrkRTp ApXUp, CeXk Shp, UdLs SX AW YYLLp Y[okR. CeXk Shp, Rt NeLeLs,TVuLs RX] NN-^ kR]V[oLs CkR jRkRmRZj Y[W LWQU]o.

CeXk WRUo Bh-u RXUp EY]AW, RV LRWl TLd C YYm LjR.CWpY \, XdL WeLeLs, G@ RtNXLs,CeXk Ye, TdYWj \ R-V]ShPUVdLlThP]. TZUYR Lh]o BhdYkRPu, ShPUVdLp, Rn Tt\.

CeXkp, LlTV A[X] NL LlhhPm Cu\[m SP\lTjRlThs[. hlTiULs eLXL Tm A]Ym ARtL]TeLl] RWYim. CRu Xm, YV okRoKnVm, LmTiLs TVuTm YiQm ERjhPeLs,YXVt\d Zlj hPeLs, C ZkRLdUs[ mTjt TLs, Tsd ZkRLd Tp,Lol RnUoLd Tp Utm N` EQ, CXYNUjY NY, CXYN UpXd Lp Utm RW[U]

Lp FdLjRL BV] NVpTjRlTh Yu\].CmUTm hPm, TX] YlL[m,

UdLu VLhlTh JdLj]m, CeXk ShpNjVU]. Cp Vl Rm Nn VRp, CjR]LUV] YlLd u]m, Shu EtTj Y[ofTt\ Ru! AkShp AL A[ T[RW Ru\LQlT\.

IdV AUdL VW, Y-U Tt\ RURjYjRkReL[ Ru AWVp AUlp Y-j\. G]Y,UdLs SXu GuT TmTuUVd, HtPVLjRL ClTpX. AYoLs URu UVL Ru]VNokdL Yim GuTR Y-ju\]o. Gm,UdLs SX AWu hPeLs TU[ AkShpLQlTu\]. Y] NL TLl hPeLs,TlTLs, \kR NXLs, Y[i EtTjLdUVm, CXYN Lp Lp, EVo Lpd SYi AWu ER BV] AYts APem. CRt ERWQULPu] Ts[jRd BQVju TL[ NpXXm.

vPu, SoY, PuUod Tu\ SLp, ALYlu YXL Y] A[p UdLs SXjhPeLsSP\lTjRlThP]. IWlV Shu J X SLpEVokR Utm \kR YYnLu jVNm TjUPet

\YLY Es[.

NN-^ AWLm UdLs SX AWLs Ru. B]pAeL SXjhPeLs UpXp YdLlThNVpTjRlTu\]. RoL Utm BuL SXuL[dLhm, Ts Rp YRU, XShPlT\. WxV,S] SLp, Ru R-p, hPhP T[RWjRLikR. YtLWU] IkRi hPeL]p, CWiPmEXLlTu T, SpX YY] WxV DhV.

CkVp UdLs SX AW GuT U Tt\RL

CpX. ASL hPeLp, YX Ynl GuT GhPdL]YLY Cum Es[. CXYN Utm LhPVd LplPjRkR A[p u]t\m APkRm, CumdLlThP CXd] Ap Sm APVpX. CRt\kR GjdLh, T]u YV YWp CXYNd LhPVLp AdLlTm GuTRm UdLs A]YdmYXYnl RWlTm GuT]Ym.


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22 23

UdLs RLV LhlTjRm fpSPYdLLs RPWlTPpX. u]t\lTRp CkVNpYp hdLhPVL, AR Tt\d\, Ls,AVU, JeuU Utm NmTp BV] Lru\]Gu\p A LpX.

CkVp YdLlThP IkRi hPeLsA[p TV] RkR G]d LRXm. BLu dLAQLs LhV, TN] YNL[ HtTjV. CmUtm G@ RtNXLs oUQm NnR CWpGguLs Utm ThLs RVl, Rk Utm RXRPo ETLWQeLu EtTj Tu\Y Ap APem.RVo \ Y]eL[ P, Tj\ Y]eLs,Su FddLlThP]. Tj\ Y]eLs Y[ofTt BdLm NjR Yim GuT TiR SuA[lTV BNVm.

UdLs SX AW: YWV\m, CVpm

BWLm GuTYo A]j UdLm NV] NkRUldhTPR Rjp, UdLm, NV] FVmT\jRdL YLp T[RW NdL[ Ut ApX jAUdm \PV AWNPV NLm G] T[RWp YWVd\o.

T.W. Luh, UdLd TXRWlThP NL NYNn\ AW G] UdLs SX AWN Yod\o. Um

J ULu, RuPV NRWQ YY] CZdmThNjp AYd EV TLl RY, UdLs SX AWuAlTP SdLm G]m AYo \o.

alUu GuTYo, UdLs SX AWN, LmNjtm,RUR RjYjtPV HtTjRlThP UjVvRAUlTL L\o. RVoj\d UVm YZemAR NUVm, UR NLjt \kR ThN ERL[ NnYUdLs SX AW Ru\ EjWYRm G]m l\o.

A]j RWl UdLdm UdLs SX AW ERL[Nn\.

UdLs SX AW Gu\ kR], AWVpLhTht ApX. C jR kR], AW Gu\AUlu SdLm Utm NVpTLd, V TUQjR

Ajs[ G]Xm. UdLPV SX] TYR AWuRXVV LPU G] [hP Utm AvPhp Tu\UtLjV AWVp RjYOVoLs Ls[]o. CRVTiPV CkV AWVp kR]V[oLm s[]o.AWu LPU UdLs SX] LlTR Gu\ CYoL[ kR]TU[ SP\d Htd Ls[lTPpX.

TjRuTRm t\iu uTu Ru UdLsSX AWu dVjYm Su EQWlThP. RtWhu[YL, ASL Wf]Ls GkR]. TV[oLdUNU] Tf rXLs, AR NpYm KPjp kRX, SLWeLs Utm Nl TLu ALl,RtSnLu TWYpLs, YXYnluU ALl,RX] XY R-V] AjRLV Wf]Lp JXYm.

AVp Utm RphT Y[ofu LWQULmX GoU\ [Ls UR NRVjt HtThP]. CR]pTjRuTRm t\iu CWiPm Tp TU[ UdLsSXu LdL JeTjm NhPeLs TU[ CVt\lThP].RtNX NhPm \ldLlThPR UdLs SX AW \kR

LXUL LRlT\.

T SX AWu [dLm

TpY kR]V[oL[p rdLiPY UdL[ SXAW YWVdLlThP.

1. AL A[p NL NYLm TLlTmAlTR UdLs SX AWNm. T.W. Luh


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24 25

2. Tt\d\, Ls, AVU, JeuU,NmTp BV UdLu Ik GLPuTh, AlT UdLs SX AWu SdLm. TiR S.

3. \kR ThN YrdLjRWm, Ynlm JqY

ULdm EjRWYRm AlT UdLsSXAWNm. ..Gf.Lp.

4. YXYnl, YYn, Lp, UjY ER, NLTLl Utm A]j UdLdm YdL GuTR YZeLdV AWNeLjR LiPAUl UdLs SX AWNm. AUojV UoNu.

UdLs SX AWu RuULs

1 . NRVjp RURPV Ul]m,R]m Y-j, AYu UdLjRdLYrdL SPjR ER\. A]YWm NUULTd\.

2. u]t\ TL[ UtLs\. XfojRm,Y[iUu Y[of, XLu LhlT,VV X AjVYV EQl Ts AeL,LRWm, Lp, TSX Yr, Utm T[RWXL[ EVojY Tu\ u]t\ TL[UdLs SX AW UtLs\.

3. TWkR A[p NL NYL[ UtLs\.UdLs SpX\p YZ, YiV NLNYL[ UdLs SX AW UtLs\.

iPU Jl, YWRhNQ, ZkR UQm,EPu LhP HRp Tu\ NL AYXeL[Jj P EV SPYdLL[ UtLs\.UdLs TVu T\ TsLs, UjYU]Ls,

Tu\Yt\ AUd\. AjPu YX CpXiPhPjtL] YWQm, T LX NLLs,Vo TWUl Tu\ NL NYLm UdLsSX AWNp NnVlTu\].

UdLs SX AWu NVpTLs

UdLs SX AWu TpY NVpTL[ uC]eL[L dLXm.

1. Ke\Tjm TLs

2. TLl TLs

3. SXl TLs.

1. Ke\lTjm TLs

NhP Ke TWUl, NUR]jR XShPp, NL

WLs Utm NL WR SPYdLL[ JdRp,Yl YR LXYWeL[ APdRp, RX[oLsWiPlTPUp RjRp Tu\Y Je\lTjmTLp APem.

2. TLl TLs

EsSh NhPm Ke TWUl, WkV JtUVLjRp, AlTP Y]eLu UXiU,lTjRlThP RX RPo Utm RWYTdYWj, Ke\lTjRlThP YL SPYdLLs,h Utm CRW t\eLu Rl, AVpSh Sp\,TTX]m Utm Shu UhUVmC\ViUVm TRp Tu\Y TLl TL[LLRlT\.

3. SXlTLs

UXV, LXW Tu\ Ls[ SnL[ JjRp,Lp Y]eLs Xm LpXUV TdRp, RV


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26 27

YU]jR NUfWn TePp, R Es[YoLd YXYnlTjRp, \j\ ojRm, XojRm, RpLs Y[of, NL Y[of hPeLs, NL AYXeL[AV AjRp Tu\Y SXlTLs G] LRlT\.eLdu, UdLs SX AW, UdLPV AjVYVUtm A NokR RYL[l oj Nn\.

UdLs SX AW TtV UoN]eLs

UdLs SX AWu \TLs G] rdLiP C]eLshdLhPlTu\].

1. AL NX dm AUl

TpYLX] NL NYjhPeLd AL NXYm. CR]p HZ SLd CjRLV AWNUlGhPd LVLY Lr\.

2. RUR Vt Utm RkWjR Jd \URu RUR RkWjRm, Ru]jR]

NokjRXm UdLs SX AW AUTlpX. URuStNokR Y[ofV, Bt\Xm CqYL AWpTQ CVX. A]jtm URoLs AWN Nok YZYiV TZdLjt B[YRp, UdLs ReL[l TtVJ Rr U]lTuUV Y[ojdLsm Ynls[.

3. ALWYodLj]d RYVt\ dVjYm

AWu LsLL[ EYdYm, AYt\

SP\TjYm ALW YodLj]d ALTelTRp, AYoLd AR dVjYm YZeLlT\.CRu LWQUL, TpYLp Shu u]t\mTlTPYRL Uodv RX] AOoLs LjRjs[]o.

4. \]t\ oYLj] Rtdm

L ALU] TL[ AWN Ht NnYRp, \]t\oYLm RtdL Ynls[. UR Y[eLs UtmCVtL Y[eLu RY\] UXiUdm A YYdm.

5. Ru]oY Ri Y]eL[ UkRUdm

AW NW Ru]oY Ri Y]eL[m AWJe\TjYRp, AjRLV Y]eLs QdLXd Rs[lTu\ ATVm G\.

UdLs SX AWu dVjYm

UdLs SX AWu \lTu\ UoN]eLsNV]Y Gu LR CVX. AjRLV AWu \TLs Clu, Ad\TL[d L[k AR]NmUTjR VtdL YiU RW, AR] AqY\

hP V.V SdLeLs Utm dLsL[ FdjRp,

ANRWQ oYL RUReL[ L[Rp, SXjhPeL[ TYCPYp Wn NnRp, BdLm Njm SToL[LiPk, AYoL[ dRp, Ru]oY AUlL[FdjRp Tu\ SPYdLL[p UdLs SX AWNNmUTjR CVm.

UdLs SX AWN Yp Es[ dLpLs

NmUTjRlThP UdLs SX AW GuT HhP[p

A]YWm LYokRm, Xu\ NL, AWVp UtmT[RW Wf]L[p, HhP[p Es[ jRkReL[SP\d Li YY L L]U]RL LRlT\.rdLiP LWLs ARt LWQm Gum \Xm.

1. UdLsRLl TdLm

AR UdLsRL]p, A]j YLm Y[eLsTt\d\V \. oYLm dLt\R \.


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2. ALLu BQYl Td

SXjhPeLs SpX\p Yt T\, AYt\ AUpTjm AWNeL ALLs ReL[ UVL ApDTjd Ls[ Yim. AjRLV AolTl AR\. CR]p hPlThP hPeLs, TV]t\R \.

3. T[RWf UCkV Tu\ Y[m SLp, Y[of Utm

hPlTdLdLL, NXPlTm RL, Shu YYVP ALU P Ynls[. CR]p AkVY]eLPk LP]L TRp Tu\ WfN]LsGZdm. CRu LWQUL AR SdL HtTPmCPi.

4. UdLPV V U]lTuU

TWkR kR]m, RkR Sdm, UdLPV

U]lTep, Ut\m L AYVm. V _, URLiQhPjp UdLs ReLds[LY YtUTWhPdP. RN SX] Ttl TLdL Yim.

5. NL AYXeLs

LXm LXUL, SU NLju WVl Tn Es[iPUd LU, LjRU \, XfYuRoLuVRfNLWm R-V] AWNeLju SXjhPeL[ YYLTjs[.

6. A\SLd dVuU

Ts NokR YrdLV WR]m Gu BhPXp, UdLs A\SLd dVjYm RYp RVdLmLh\oLs. LPU EQom, Gjd LiP Tp AolTlm ARd Li Y\. ShuSXjhPeL[ YtLWUL NVpTjR, UdLu JjZl Lm AYVUm. SpX UdL[p UhU\kR UdLs SX AWN EYdd Ls[ CVm.

Tt

T A

LhP CPm WlL.

1. S] AW ______AWNm.

2 . UdLs SX AW jR kR] ______ ShpRuR-p YuV.

3. vPu, PuUod, SoY ______SL[m.

T B

3. SLW AW] YWV.

4. NN-^ AW] YWV.

5. UdLs SX AWu NRLj RuUL[ dLUL L.

T C

6. C] AWu Y[ofV [dL.

7. XlWjY AWu GfV Bn NnL.

T D

8. UdLs SX AW j Y] LhW YWL.

9. AW Gu\ AUlu TQU Y[ofV AXL.


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30

AjVVm 2

AWu - Rt\m - LsLLs

AWu Rt\m Tt AWVp AOoLs TXYLVLYjs[oLs. AW Ge GlT, GqY RuVGuTRtL] [dLm YWXtp PdLpX. G]YAWVp AOoLs LeLs AlTPp AW ClTjRuRudL Yim Gu TXYLlThP YRj\dVLjdL[ Np-d\oLs. AqY NpXlThs[LjdLs TX Ei Gm J X Uhm uYmTdLeLp YdLlThdu\].

1. RnL Rt\ LsL

2. NL JlTkRd LsL

3. RnY Utm RkRYd LsL

4. Y-Ud LsL

5. TQUd LsL

2.1 RnL Rt\ LsL

GpX LsLm CY Lm TZUV].CRuT LPs AWN Rtj Bh NnYRtdAWNW Vdu\o LPd TXL AWNo AYuWVL Bh Nn\o GuT CdLsLuLjRm. ULTWRjp CdLsL lPThd\.BWmTjp UdLs ZlT] rXp YrkRRLm,AfrXV ALt AUV] rXp YrYRtdER Lh UdLs C\Y] Yid LiPRLm


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31 32

4. AWNd GWL NnVlTm Wh NhPV] ALWjR GlTRt NUUm.

CdLsL SeLXjt UdLPV XYkRGu\m CRW TX LWQeL[p tLXjp LPlThP.

\]n

CdLsL TX LQeLp LiPk \LsUtm \Ls NpXlThdu\]. \Ls Gu TodmT ZlTU] rXp UdLPV AUVHtTjYRt RnL LhT ERd\. UdLsJuTh Bh NnTYod APe SPdm Td HtTPER Nnd\. AWNo UdLd SuU UhUpXUpULs NnR Tm AWNd GWL Wh NnYNhPm Utm JeL TWUlTRt BhV[oLdAlTPVL AUkR GuT lPjRdL. Cm\

Vh AWt TdL TXUL LrkR. Gm tLXjpCRWYL AWLs HtThPT T UdLPVCdLsLd BRW \k LXlTdp LPlThP.

\Ls Gu Todm T LPs UdLdLLAWN Rtj AWNd ALWm Lj XNUVeLp NoYLWm NnVm AUjRo GuTHtdLs[jRdLRL CpX. TjRY[oLdPVCdLsLd Gol HtThP. CdLsL CRW YLpAW RuYRt TRLUL SeLXm YWm Ck

YkR. AWV-p Ck fNT dLlThkR]pIWlV TLs GpXYtm CdLsL U\k NRVJlTkRd LhT RuV Gu YWXt BVoLsl\oLs.

ARuT C\Yu AYoLd AWNW Bh NnVTjRRL Ut\lThP CLNjp NpXlThd\.

T]Zm t\ip CeXk ShP RXm_mv Uu]o Bh NnRo. AYo p C\Y]TX C\ ALWjR AWNoLs NnR LWQj]p

AYoLs C\Yd LW]YoL[L LRlThPoLs.C\Yd UhU AYoLs LhlThPYoLs GumAYoLs e NnVdPRu NRWQ UdLs RdLV GuTRLm YWXtp NpXlThd\.ARTX jYNUVjm AW Utm fNTdCPV Lj YtULs LWQUL WfN]Ls GkRT C\ Y Rt\ LsL TtV YReLsSPlTt\]. ALWju \lPm C\YuRu GuTpGpXdm EPuT CkRRm AqYLWjRSP\.p NjY AWNW ApX fNTV (Tl

BiPYo) Gu\ YT CkR.

AWNoLs C\Yu WL[L LRlThPoLs.AYoLs RLRYoL[L UdLd e NnRm AYoL[GodL UdLd EU CpX. AqY Goj WhSPdU]p A C\Yd GW] Wh GuTRLLRlThP. AWNo C\Y]p VdLlThP AYPVW GuTRp AWNW GolT NVL GuYdLlThP. RnL Yd LhThu dVU] XLjdLs dLUL Z RWlThs[].

1. AWNo C\Y]p VdLlTh BhNnYRt ALWm RWlThd\o.

2 . AWNo TWmTW TWmTWVL Bh NnYRtC\ ALWm Ttd\o . Bh Nnm EURkRPk ULd Np\.

3. AYo Nnm LVeLd AWNo C\YdUhU Tp NpX LPUlThd\o.


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33 34

2.2 NRV JlTkRd LhT

AW Rt\d LsLLp RnL Rt\ LsLTX CdLsL TZUV]m WjTt\Um.CdLsL UdLPV HtThP JlTkR AlTPpAWNeLm RuVRL \.

BWmTjp UdLs LhlTL[t\ Je \LsuTt\lTPR NRV AUlp RkWUL Yrk YkRoLs.ClTlThP X CVtL X Gu NpXlThP.CqYUlp JqYYm AYWYo lTlT YrkR]o.Ce TXdLYoLs, TXUt\YoL[ APd]oLs. AYoLslTmTX YiVR Tt LiPoLs. Ut\YoLdAYLs PjR]Y Gu\ AdL\ AYoLd PV.eLm Lhp GlT Lh W_ Gu LRlThPRARlTX Y-U EPVYoLs AYoLd YiVR

T\kR. Y-U EPVo EU EPVWL[e]o. B]p C UdLPV u]t\jtGqYm ER NnVpX. AUhu S-kRYoLsUtm \U CpXRYoLs YrdL SPjY L]ULCkR. CjRLV XUV Ut GpXm u]\AYoL[ LhlTjRdV AUl Ju RY Gu\Lj UdLPV HtThP. CRu [YL AYoLsGpXm Nok T JlTkRm Ju Nn LiR-p NLjR Rtj ARu \ AWNRtjRoLs Gu [dYRu NRV JlTkRd

LhT Gu NpXlT\.T]u Utm T]Zm t\iLp T

UdLPV BRW T H\jRZ GpXmHtdLs[jRL CkR. adLo GuTYo Ru RXLCRt AVp oYU] [dLm RkRo. CeXk ShPNokR RUv alv Utm _uXd GuTYm WuvShP NokR ^ GuTYm CdLsLu VBRWY[oLs. CYoLs Ym NRV JlTkRd

LhThP[oLs Gu AZdLlThPoLs. CYoLsYPV NRV JlTkRm TtV LsLLs Jl SdAlTPp Z RWlThdu\].

alv ^Xd

1 . CYoLPV d V ]

pLs

XVRu (1651) p AWNeLm(1690) NRV JlTkRm(1762).

2. CVtL X

CVtL XpURu TVm,ALWm AWVpNUjYm NV]Gu AVUpCkRu. VV,AVVeLs Gu

TWUpLeLdNUU]YrdLVSPj]u.

CVtL XpURu LU]rXpYrkRuGu\m AWGu\ AUlAYPVSPYdLL[JeTj SPjNpX RY GuEQokRu.

CVtL XpURu RuPVRYL[TtdLiAUV]rXp SpX

\pYrkRuClm R]dGu EPUYiUuNodLBWmjRlTNUXUThP.

1588 - 1679 1632 - 1704 1712 - 1778


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35 36

3. CVtLfNhPm

CVtL XpURoLPVSPYdLL[JeTj

LhlTjYRtp NhPmCpX.URPVU]NhRuAYPVYrdLdBRWUL CkR.JqYYm

CVtLf NhPmUR EQoL[WT-dLUp

AYPVSPYdLVLhlTju\SVWT-dmNhPULCdu\.

TjRAlTPpApXUp UR

GiQm UtmNL EQoAlTPpCVtL NhPmHtT\.

5. NRVJlTkRm

V TLlUtm RtLlBVYLd

Es[ RuPVEULs eLXLCRWGpXYtdmTY]C\Ud URuReLPVEUL[ hdLj JlTkRAlTPpC\UdLhThSPd\u.

CVtL NhPjRSP\TjYRtLL

RYlTm NVpJu\ HtTjRURu JlTkRmJu\ NnLs\u. XEULs RWCRW EULsAkR NVdRWUp AYWYjLsu\u.

AW Gu\AUlURoLs

ReLPVRlThP\mAYoLPVJh UjR hAlTPmHtTjdLsmAUlTm.ERWQUL A,B, C, DGuTYoLsAYPVRlThP\pEUL[hLd\oL[ApXUp CkRA+B+C+D.CYoLsGpXm NokhPL

EUL[hdLdLpX.

4 . C V t LEU

AYWYoY-UVTj CVtLEU AU\.

EU URPmCVpTLYClTRm; Eo,RkWm UtmEPUVVYtdURdCVtLXVEU Cd\.

CVtL XpURuRkWU]Y]LCd\u.URu Gu\AlTPpAYdVEUL[ AYuTtATd\u.


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37 38

6. C\U

alv C\UA[Yt\,dLVRY Vdm RWVR,

UV]NhPjtmUmThP NhPm,, EPULu\lPUYAW, fNTBVYtdUX]. ARtGWL Wh NnVVR.

XdC\UPVAW Ju\ TtNpXpXAYPVAWNeLmYWV\NnVlThPUdLdLPUL[\Yt\YiVURPVEdm,RkWjtm

EPULdmTLl RkAYL[AYd ENnV YiV.Xd T UdLsC\UVRul\WApXUp NhPC\UV TtlPpX.

Ju WiPUdLuAUlPUC\U Cd\G]Y ^UdLs C\UVY-js[oG]Y UdLs NhPoYU] C\UPVYoL[LCd\oLs. TLj Ju\C\UVm. CkRC\Uu dVAmNeLs

ARPV JtURjRuU,WkRWRuU\d LdLVRUV]Utm YVmEU LiPPVR.AWNeLm UdLsC\UuAlTPpCVeV Bm.^C\UPVAWNm ARu rCVemAWNeLjRmYTjLhs[o.

7. RkWm

CVtL XpRkWm AWNNok AW]pYZeLlTh

EVdLlT\.AR]XV AdLlT\.AWd GWLAR] TVuTjRV.

Ed EURkWm UtmEPUd EUGuTRpXm

URdCVtLVLYEs[YVm.CYL[AWNeLm UdLV.

p AWpRUR RkWmGuTC\UPVAWNp RWlTY.C BhALWPVAWd GWLCR] TVuTjRV. AWPuCQk AR]TRp Yim.

8. RURmAWm

alvLjlTRUREULsA]jmAWNpYZeLlTTYL[m AR]pAYEVVYL[L

Cdu\].RURuJqYYmC\UALWjtLhlThYL[ NjRYim.


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39 40

RURuAYdL] pAWp XEUL[Ttdu\uAYLs

(A) C\UVpTdLlTu\T Ru]Unj LsmEU.

(B) AW AY]iu\TAYu EWTLjLsm EU.

(C) AYPVEdEjWYRm RWVR ApXTR-kC\dLlThPAWNd GW]EU9 . AW UtmAWNeLm

AW UtmAWNeLm GuApXNhPlTV]UtmLr\X]C\U GualvYTjRpX.

AW UtmAWNeLm UmAW UtmNRVmBVYL[ XdYTj\oAYPVLsL

C\UPVAWNm ARtrlTkNVXtmAWNeLjRm^YlTjLh\o.

YWVdLThP NhPV]AWNeLLjR TtGjWdu\.

alv, Xd Utm ^

CkR YPV LjdL[ JlYU AlTPpLQXm. alk X LjdL[m Xdu XLjdL[m ^ GjdLi NRVJlTkRdLsLV Yd\o. ^ Utm Xd BVCYm CVtL Xp URu UrfPmRkWULm CkRu Gu\ Ljp JulThs[]o.JlTkR AlTPp HtTm p AWNeLm AYVU]G] CYoLs L]oLs. CYm AW Y AWNeLm

Y Gu L]m JlTkRjR AlTPVL LiAWNeLm RuV Gu\ LjR ^ HtdLs[pX. CYm UdLPm Es[ C\UALWjR JlTkRm dLpX Gu L]oLs.^PV Wm Xd]PV Wm Ju\ Gu\mAYoLPV LLs al^d NkRU]Y.

NRV JlTkRd LhT- J Ul

alv, Xd Utm ^ BVYoLu NRVJlTkRd LhT AWu Rt\m Tt YdLpX.CYoLPV LsLLd BRWm CpX. ARt NV]GjdLhLs PV. alv GRfNLW LsLVu YjRo. Xd YWV\ NnVlThP AWNeLm Gu\LjR GjWjRo ^ UdLs C\UV GjWjAR] Ytjs[o.


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41 42

NRV JlTkR LhT - \]n

T]Zm, T]hPm t\iLp JlTkRAlTPp AW RuV Gu\ Lj L WTXULCkR. B]p C Ym LhdLRV. YWXtpClTjRu AW RuV GuTRt GkR BRWmCpX. BWmTLXjp YrkR URoLs JlTkRAlTPp AW RuV GuTRt GkR BRWmCpX. Nn LiP JlTkR AlTPp AWHtThPRu NpXdV A[t AYt\pEPVYoL[L AYoLs CkdL V. G]Y CYWXtd \mT] LhdLR GuT RoN]U]EiUVm.

NhP AlTPm CRp \Ls Ei.NpXjRdL NhP AlTPX] JlTkRm Ju YY]Bh ALWPV AW CpXUp HtThdL V.

JlTkRm HtThPT CjRLV ALWPV AWSP\p CdLpX GuT EiUVm. G]YCdLsL YWX, NhPm Utm RjYm G]lTmCVpLd AlTtTh Htd Ls[ VRRLNVtLV]RL LRlT\.

2.3 RnYd LsL

UdX]u, UoLu, _udv BV AOoLsCdLhThPl Tt AYoLPV LjdL[ [dLUL

Rjs[]o. AdLXjp UQm Gu\ TkRjRpJuThP UdLs CkdLpX. AR]p J TitTX LQYuUoLs CkRoLs Gum AR]p AYoLd\kR ZkRLd RLlTu Vo Gu AVVRXkR LWQjRp RnY\ AW RudLmGu\ Lj XkR. mTm GuTRt TXLAdLXjp UdLs dL[LY L[LY YrkYkR]o. AYoLs tLXjp Z NpXlThs[

AlTPp AW RuYRt LWQUL CkdLU]d LRlT\.

1. RPdLjp TZe AUlTu CkR. ATZUV] Utm, RuUV] NL AUlTLCkdu\.

2. LXm NpXf NpX TZe AUlLs TXYLT XeL[L kR].

3. CkR XeLs JqYum TX t\d LQdL]mTeL[Ll T]. CdmTeLs RjRL[L UVRp AYVpXm Nok AWNLU].

4. CkR AlTPp RtLXjp mTm GuNpXTu\ AUl HtThP.

\]n

CdLsL mTm GqY RuV GuYdu\ GuTRpXUp AW Rt\jR TtNpXpX. C J NRV LsLV RW AWVpLsL ApX. CqY Ru NLm AWm RudLm Gu\ BRWeLs PV.

2.4 RkRYd LsL

CdLsL RkRY \p ARY mTj

RXYu ApX mTjt RXYo RkR Gu\AlTPp AW RuVRL Ydu\. mTjuYdLU AW. BWmTjp mTjp J URu JU] Utm ZkRLs CkR]o. mTju RXYWLRkR Ut\ El]oL[ LhlThp Li Yk AYoLsUp ALWm Nj]o. LXl Tdp mTj-kRZkRLs TVYoLs B]m UQm Nn LiAYoLm ZkRL[ Tt\oLs. RPok CqY J


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43 44

mTm TX mTeL[L U ARu AlTPp AWRuV Gu LjRlT\. CdLjR No auUu Gum BeX AOo YL Gjd s[o.CdLsLu dVU] LjdLs YU

1. RkRY mT AUlp RkR dVU]Yo

2. Y \ BiL[ AlTPVL LiAkR BiLu u]oLs AlTPmYdLlThP. TiLs Y YLs CkRLQdp mTjp Gjd Ls[lTPpXG]Y E\\ GoU\V]RL CkR.

3. WkRW UQm GuT J U] ApX TXU]VoL[ LiP AUlTL CkR.

4. Ut\lThP mTju RXYWL BiULuJYo CkRo. AYo mTjp Es[ A]YoUm Utm AYoLs NkR]o Um ALWmNj]o.

5. AYo mT YLWeL[ Lhl TjVRUhUpXUp AkR mTju URm NmTkRlThPGpXYt\m LhlTjm ALWmTtkRo.

AUdL _]TVL CkR EhW pNu GuTYoAWVp NRVju RVLm A-k HtThPAWNeLeLu BYWLm mT AUl CkR

Gu lhs[o. J mTm TX mTeL[Lm,TX AUlL[Lm YPkR Tm AYttdPVEs[ RPoLm ARu El]oLdPV Es[CWjR TkRm JtUd BRWUL CkR]. SPL[LYrkR UdLs YNVm Tu\ RpLs NnV BWmjRT lhP HRm J CPjp Re]oLs. AqYReV mTeLm AdmTeLu YdLmtLXjp AW Gu\ AUlT RtjR]. CR

Y-jm YLp No au Uu GuTYo CkVpLQlTm hdmT AUlp WUp LQlTmRkRY AUl ARu BdLm Utm WdL ShpEs[ HRuv SLW UdLPV LQlTm mTAUlL[. AdmT AUlLPV XmNLRWjYm Tu\Yt\ ERWQUL Gjd Lhs[o.

\]n

RkRY Rt\d LsL TWYXL TXRdRpLd Es[dLlThPR] AOoLs u\]o.RkRY Utm RnY LsLLs AWVp LsLLsApX. Clm vTuLd GuTYo CdLsLLsAWdm mTjtm Es[ RPoT GjdLh\]Gu \o. Um CY BWmT LXjp CkR NRVAUlL[ GjdLhTYL[Lm AYLPVSP\L[ YlTYL[Lm Cdu\] GuT

HtdLs[dV LjRm.

2 .5 Y-U LsL

CdLsLlT GVo Up Y-Vo NjVBdLm LWQUL AW RuV G]lT\.TodLXeLp Y-Vo AYoLPV Toj \UVYlTj GL[ rj Yt Tu\ TAYoLs Ym TLd XTUL RXYoL[\oLs. CYoL[ S[Pp AWNoL[L Bhm

NnYoL[\oLs. CkR AlTPp TX CPeLpTX AWLs Rudu\].

AWNoL[YRt ToLs ERu\] Gu am,JlTum, _uLv, Wuao Utm Vhv Tu\AOoLs Lj Rjd\oLs. Cm\p Y-UEUV\ Gu\ Lj YtjRl ThPm R SToRkWjt GW] GuT RYm. Y-Ud LsL


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45 46

AW Rt\ju J AmNjR Uhm [d\. B]pY X LWLm AWu Rt\jt BRWUL CkR]GuT Ru EiUVm.

\]n

AW Rt\jp Y-U LsLPV Te

CuVUVR. TWWLs GkRm rkRm Y-UuLWQUL GuTR YUL HtL V. CdLsLRPYoLs UhU YrYRt ALR TPjRYoLsGum LsLV A[dm ALUL Ytj\.GVo rYm Y-Vo YrYm SP\TjRThPmCm\ YLU]m \kRUL. CHtLs[lThPp TY RPok SPlTtdLiPdm. CqY ZlTm Je AU \kTLl CpXR rX HtThm T TYRtLLBReLs Um Um EtTj NnVlTYR UdLm

ARtLLY RVo NnVlTP Sm.

G]Y S Utm UdLs GkR SWm AY SdNpYRp EiU U\k JdLd \ HtThNmTkRlThP A]Ym Uk TYR UR SVmCpXUp Tnm. G]Y Y-Ud LhTHtdLs[RdLRpX G]Xm.

YWX ApX TQU LsL

CRt u Ik dV LsLLs Tt ClTPjp

NpXlThd\. AYtp Gm AW Rt\jRTt TU] [dLm RWpX B]p YWXt ApXTQUd LsL HtdLs[jRdL YLp Cd\.CdLsL AW CVpT] B]p W] \p TXLX LhPeLp Ru ClTRV XV Gh Cd\Gu Yd\.

AW LP[p EYdLlThPRu\ ApX mTmTR AR]p HtThPRu\ ApX Y-U LWQULHtThPRu\ lP V. TWVo Lo]o GuTYoNVtL ApX CVkWjR]U] \pHtThdLdm Gu\ LjR Uj YWX YTX CVtLVL HtThP AUl Ru AW GuTRL

lhs[o. AWu Rt\jp TX X LsCdu\u. AYtp C]lTt, URm, To, CPm TVoRp,T[RW SPYdLLs Utm AWVp lQoBVY dVU]YL[m.

1. C]lTt

TYL UdLs mT AUl X AUlTu\YLp Yru\ T AYoLPV E\\ RPo Cd\. AYoLs GpXm JYWJYo TkRm TNm GuTYL[p QdLlThd\oLs.

CjRLV rXp UtlThP AUlLs GqY[TVYL[L AL El]oL[ LiPRL U]mAYoLs GpXm HRm J jR mTjR NokRBiUL] RXY]L HtdLi AYd LhlThAYu LhP[lT SPdu\oLs.

CdLjR TWVo UdIYo (Mac Iver) LmRYL GjWjd\o. ARY TX RX\L[NokR UdLs GpXm C] AlTPp JuThAYoLd CPV NLRWjY TNjR Y[oj

Ls\oLs, JYo Ut\YW hd LdLUmNokm Yr\o. CjRLV AUl C] AlTPptLXjp AWNL HtThdLXm Gu AYo LjRjs[o.

2. URm

C]jRl TX URm UdL[ JuTjm NdVLCd\. TYL UdLs GlTLp YrkRm


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47 48

AYoLPV RRVoLs GkR URjRl uTt]oL[AkR URjRV uTt Yrkd\oLs. URm AYoL[AQj JuTjd\. URjRXYo AqYlTUdLd RXU Ht AYoLPVR RYL[\Yt Rkd\oLs TYL URm TtV TVmUdLPV LQlThPm C] AlTPp AYoLs

A]Ym JulTh AWN RtjdLm Gu\Ljm YtjRlT\.

3. YU

Y-U ApX YpXU GuTm EXu TXTLp AWLs Utm TWWLs HtTPd LWQULCkd\. CeXk, Wuv, CjR- Utm CRWIWlV SLp AWLs TX U\k V AWLsRudu\]. CRt dVU] LWQm Y-U GuTRu Bm.

4. EPU Utm TLl

CY CWim AW RuYRt TZeLXjpLWL[L Ckdu\] Gu TWVo XvTu\oLs l\oLs. UdLs RUdLuTsL[m CRW EPUL[m NodLm AYt\TLdLm Utm ReL[ NokRYoLd AYLsPdL YiUu TX SPYdLL[ UtLiPoLs.CRt TdL TXUL TLlTL AUkR HtT \ AWNLHtThP Gum u\oLs.

5. AWVp lQo

AWu Rt\jt AWVp lQom dVU]LWVL LRlT\. lhP XlTWlp WkRWULYrdLV SPjR tThP T Eo Utm EPULdTLl WfN]Ls HtThP]. AR AYoLd PVRlThP \p NRV AUl \p AU Utm

TLl NhPm NmTkRlThP WfN]Ls HtlThP].CYL[ oj YdLm AYLs im imHtTPUp RdLm RuV AUlT AW GuTRLLRlThP.

W

UX NpXlThPYLp Ck GkR JLsLm AWu Rt\jt UV] LWVLAUVpX. JqY LWm HRm J YLpRu AW RuYRtm UdLs k \kR UdL[LYrYRtm QVL Ckdu\ GuT RYu\.CdLsLLs GpXYtm YWX NokR TQUdLsL AW CVtLVL LXlTdp UpX UpXRPLs TXYt\d LPk RuVR]d l\.C AVXlTPp Htd Ls[jRdLRL ClTRp\kRRLd LRlT\.


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49 50

Tt

T A

I. NV] PV RokR

1. NRV JlTkR LsLd BRW RjRYoLs

A _udvB UoLuC ^D No au Uu

2. CVtL XV TPm j LhV LsL

A. RnL LsLB. Y-U LsLC. RnYdLsL

D. NRV JlTkRdLsLII. LhP CPjR WlL

3. _____WVL LRlT\o

4. _____mTju J _____AW

5. AWNu _____BdLlT\u

6. YrdLd CuVUVR _____Gm LsLClT VVmTjR VR.

7. C]lTt Ru Rp_____JtUd LWQm

III. NV ApX RY\

8. RnL Rt\d LsL J S] LsLVm.

9. RkR Y mT AUlp RkR dVU]Yo.

10. TQUd LhT AVp NokR LhT.

TjL.

11. RnL LhThp - AWNoLPu W

12. NL JlTkRd LhT - RUv alv

13. RLlTuVWu - RnY\

RVR X14. TXmTeLu Rl - AW

15. TWWL[ Gf Utm - Y-Urfdd LWQm

T B

15. RnL Rt\d LhT [dL

16. Y-U LsL Gu\p Gu].

17. AWu Rt\RjR [dm LsLLs VY?

18. RnYd LsL [dL.

19. RkRYd LsL [dL.

T C

20. RnL Rt\d LhThu LhTLs VY?

21. NRV JlTkRd LhThP Ul NnL.

22. No au Uu LsL [dL.

T D

23. alv, Xd, ^u NRV JlTkRd LsLuLjdLs [dL.

24. NRV JlTkRd LhThP Fd jR LWLsVY?

25. AWu TQU Y[ofd BRWUL CkR LWLsGu]?


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51

AjVVm 3

V AWVp AVp

3.1 Ts Utm u Lj TYjuRuU

AW CVeu\ RuU Tt Am CVp AWVpAVp GuTRm. AWNeLju LhU]m Utm ARuCVdLjR TlTm Cp Es[PeVRm. AR]lTPpAWVp AOoLs rdLiP NL Y]eL[ Tt TdLtTu\]o.

1. LZLeLs

2. hPUlLs3. RYXVm

4. oYL AUlLs

_u TRu (15301596) Gu\ Wg RjY OAWVp AVp Gu\ TRjR TVuTj]o. GlTp ALW Jd Utm ALW CPlTVoY TtVNnL[ AWVp AV[oLs Ltu\]o.

AWVp AVp GuT SoU\ GiQm LjL[u jYm, AWVX TlTn NnYm UmLsL EYdLjt RYlTm LjL[ TNnYp tTm. TWmTV AWVp AVp GuTU]R[p EYm GiQdLjL[ AlTPVLLi AY Y[olTRm. Um AYLs JdLXAlTPX]. TWmTV AWVp LhTLs EjRNmUtm BVoLu RlThP u ATYm Utm BWnfLs O]jRp EYYRm. B]p, V AWVpAVp GuT s YWeL[ NokR AVp


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52 53

SPjR CV-u LWQUn AWVp AVXRu] IdVlTjV. CjRLV IdVlTRp GuTAu Rp Cu YW GkRY Ut\pXUp RPou\.

AWVXl TtV EiUV] AY T\YimGu\p AWVp AVp J AVp AlTPX],RjRuUTt\ CVp Gum, RpV] IdVlTjRpGu\ Xp CqVp Ru]d Lhd Ls[Yim.AVp AlTPX] Y\Lu Xm AWVpBoYXoLs dLs AlTPX], GiQeLuAlTPp ThP, UhT VL AWVXUlTjYp ReL[ DTjd LsYo.Ulh-k ThP (Value-free) AV-p GiQmAlTPX] dLsLs PV.

J RpV] ToYu Xm AWVpBoYXoLs V AWVp AVX ALlTj]o.

AW AUlLp AWVp AL[ j]oLs.TjR V] AWVp LhP[Ls, Xm V AWVpNRVjR EYdYp NL TV[oL[] NoXvUVm Utm aWp Xv Tu\o tThPo.

V AWVp AVp AOoLs UdL[ JLYL Um EtSd AYp ReLs LY]jRNj]o. RkW UdL[h AWN FdLlTjYp VAWVp AOoLs ShPm LiP]o. AVpAlTPX] AWVp NjVUum AR]lTPp

EYm AWVp A NL Utm AWVp WfN]L[WkRWUL odLYpX Gu\ AlTPp CVe]oLs.

hT Vn EYdLlTt\ AWVp AVpA] AWVp AOoLs AWNeLl TLp RdLYLp Nj TVuT\f NnR]o.

UVm RuPV BWnf LhWLp AWVpAVp BrkR AVp Y\L[ uTt\ Yim

AlTPX] Ls O]Um. AWVp AV-uAVp Rt\m GuT 1950Lp SPTt\ SPjRCVdLjRp HtThPRm.

AVp V] AWVp GuT 1950Lp LiPSPjR CVp Whu Xm Sm LiPRm. CqVdLju\L CqV-u TX El]oLs AWVp TPjt JAVp RuU ClTRL EQok LiP]o. AWVpSPjRL[ EQoYm, GiQ[ AlTPp AWVpEQoL[ p-VUL GoTolTm, A]Ym HtdLiP Ul AlTPp ApXR BWnf Y\Lp,AWVp AVp SPjR CV-u Xm XjV.SPjR CVdLju \ CYtp U CkRmSoU\ AVp UV Cu\[m AWVp AVpuTtY\. CRu LWQUn GiQ AlTPpEYm AWVp LhTLs JW[ UeLj RPeV.

EiUp Ym GiQ AlTPX] AWVpLhTLs GiQ[ AlTPX] BRdLpXGuTRp SPjR CVp GiQm AlTPX] AWVpLhTLd tls YjR.

T No UeLu BRW]p AWVp TlGuT RpV] CVp Gu\ AkRvRl Tt\.

ERWQeLs

1. ShP AWVp AVp Um

2. CkV AWVp AVp Um3. CkV T oYL Y]m

4. AUdL AWVp AVp Um

V AVp XV T\Yim Gu\ CXdLSd SPjR CVp Npm T, AWVp AVdJ Rp V] AkRv PdLlTt\.


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54 55

G] L]o. GoTol Utm VN] AlTPX]GiQeL[ j AWVp AVp, AVphTeL[m, Y\L[m Y[ojd Ls[ YimGuTR LQj jRo. UR SLLjR U TjYpGeM]m AVp Q kRR, AR YLp AWVpAVp UR SLLjR LlTm, NU TjYm

Ru] DTjd Lsm. Au TQU Y[of]mUtm UR EQoL[m LhlTjm UdLs LpuXm UdL[h UiL[ Y[odL tThPo. CRu XmUTt\ NRVjR Utm UR C]jR LQtThPo.

SPjR CVp AOoL[V ]v X (Heinz Eulau)Utm Ph DvPu (David Easton) SPjR CVp BWnf\L[ LiPk, TVuTj V AWVp AVXY[odL tThP]o. V AWVp AV-uQNVeL[n rYY]Yt\d lPXm.

1 . u ARp Utm [dLeL[ AlTpAWVp AVp RdL S\L[d LiAWVp SPjRL[ TVuTjYRm.

2 . RUR SPjR Utm AWVp dLuSPjRL[ GidL AlTPp BWnfNn AWVp oL[ [dLf NnYRm.

3 . uh ARX QNnm YLpsVp YWeLs A[PlTPYim.

4 . J LhThu Xm BWnfLs AUV

Yim, Um AqYWnfLs NR]dEs[dLlTu\ Lj uTYj]TtdL Yim.

5 . EiUV] AVp BWnf \L[AWVp AOoLs uTt\Yim.

6. A[PVR LjL[V UdL[h, NUjYmUtm RkWm BVYo\ GidLV[pBWVVpXVu\p AYL[JdLYim.

7 . AWVp AVp J TX CVp AYLEYLYim.

8. TpSd TlTn, NoY BWnf, LQdULs QLi AWVp AVpBWnf Y\Lp AL dVjYmLdLYim.

Xu LjlT T A[ TlTn (Macrolevel analysis) GuT Y]eL[m A[ TlTn(Micro level analysis) GuT RUR] AlTPVLLi AUm. AVp V] AWVp GuT AWVpSPjRL[ TU A[ Utm A[ TlTnuXm Su R TjYRm. JURuU Utm W]SL[ Y[olTp GidL AlTPX] AVpRu Sd] Njm. Y]eLu RdLm RSToSPjRm, RSTo RdLm Y]eLu Um Es[Yt\Sm AVp Vn AVXm.

AWVp AOoLs sVp YWeL[m, ARuL[m Je TjR Yim G] X Lu\o.A[Y, Cu\V BWnf Y\Ls, NR]dVLj uTYeLs BVYLs NVpThtV Um

SmdLdV AWVp A] Tdm. GidLAlTPX] AWVp AVp GuT TX AWVpLjLd BRWUULm, SmdL RuUVLlTm u tm. SPjR CVp Xm AVlTmAWVp AVp GuT TjRYL Cdm.


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56 57

3.2 AWVp ALWju TVuTLs

AWVp ALWm Gu\p Gu]?

Udv Tu tlT AWVp ALWm GuTYWXt NLeLp GRfNWL YodLm RuYNm Es[ JTNm, RtLX NRVjp A NpYju TPL[m,

RtLX NRVjp AWVp ALWj] APYpNfNWLs CkRm, AWVp ALWj] Cu dLuNL AkRv, AWVp Zm, Utm AWVp LhLsBVYLs AWVp ALWj] Tt [eu\].

NRVjp AWVp Utm AWVp Y]eLs LdVjYm YnkR Bm. Lj uTYUL, AWVpGuT Sm Au\P Yrp Lm ALW E\L[ RTjYRm. ERWQUL, Tt\oLPV ALW E\LsClTR LQXm. BLY NRVjp AWVp (Micro

Politics) Utm T AWVp (Macro Politics) Es[. SmAu\P YrdLp LiT AWVXm. Y]A[p Es[ ALW E\Ls T AWVp G]Xm.

AWVp NLVp Gu\ TPm AW UtmNRVjtPV Xm E\L[ TtV TlL[m.ALWjRl Tt Rk Ls[Yim Gu\p Sm AUtm B dLdPV Es[ E\L[ AkLs[Yim. B Gu\ STo J LVjR NnVYiPmGu ]jkRm A AkR LVjR B u XmNn jRp, AjRLV NVpT A Gu\ STo B GuTYo NjV ALWm G] Sm LRXm. CR]lTPpALWm GuT J dVU] u LjlTYUm.Ut\ YLp VU] ALWm GuT BUVm(Authority). ERWQUL, JqY AWVp RXYoLmReLs UdLs ALWm NjR tTYo. CRu LWQUnVU] ALWjR UdLs CjRXYoLs Nju\]oGu UdL[ SmTf NnYoLs.

ALWm, VVjRuU, Utm BU Ju\Ju RPoPV, Um CQkR NpYRm. Ut\YoNnV Ulm, AR AYoLs LiP NnY Gu\ALWm TX YLL[ LiPRm. BU GuTALWjR TXRu, B]p BUd Y]eLuQi. BUpXUp ALWm UhU

CdPjp ALWjt VRuU RYlT\.ALWjt SmdL Utm VVjRuUdUV]pA BUVm.

ALWm (Power) Utm BU (Authority) AWVpNLVp AOoL[ kdLf Nnm C AlTPV]u LjlTYUm.

RUR Lj, dLu SPjR QNVeLsUdLu GiQm Utm NVpTL[ CVdLYpXALWUm. (ERWQm: Tt\o Utm ZkRLs AWNeLm

Utm YLs)

BU GuT AR] RPoPVY]eL[m lYRm. Y]eLuNVpTLdPV Ru BU YlT APm.

Sm YrdLu Y SPjR NL AUlLs NhPmUtm YLhL[ EYdu\. AjRLV NhPm Utm\Ls BUVm. (ERWQm: TpLXdLZLm UtmTWVoLs).

Tm A[X] Y]eLs ru\ T (USSR)ALWm AYt] LlTtm. XjR RuUPVBUV EYdLYiUu\p, ARt VVjRuURYlT\.

eLu, AWu u dV QVNeLsGu]Yu\p, A ALWm, BU UtmVVjRuUVm. ALWm GuT TpY YYeL[


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UdvTo

18641920

GjRm (ujRp, RdLm Utm LhlT)BUV NVpTjRlTm ALWm, AlTPpJYu GiQjR Ut\Yu Up jNVpTjYRm.

3.3 BUu RuU Utm dVjYm

UdvTu LjlT BU GuT uYLlTm

TWmTV BU

BU RXUTi BU

NhPTjR BU

AWNhLs Utm TWWLp Es[ TWmTVNRVjp Sm TWmTV BUV LQXm. TWmTVVL ALWjR CfNLeLp LQXm.RUR UiLu Xm RXUBU ALWm EYm RXUBU TiTPV J RXYu LGp Ru UdL[ RPo LsYo.J X \l QVNeLu \UuLWQUn RXU BU SToLsRuu\oLs. Cu\V EXp,

NhPlTjR AlTPX]BUV Sm AWVp NN]ju XmTu\m.

EVo Yl LhT Gu\p Gu]?

J NRVjp NpYm, ALWm, uULs UtmEVo RL[l Tt\YoL[ EVo Yl]o Gu\m.

EVo ]o GuTR ThP rdLiP YLp

[d\o.1. JqY NRVjm NUjYuU

GlTm Cdm.

2. TuU]W] EVo]o TmTuUV]UdL[ BsYoLs. EVo ]W CWiL[L dLXm. Bh Nnm EVo]o Utm Bh NnV EVo ]oBYoLs. Cq EVo ]o NLNUuXV Nnu\oLs.

EVo ]o Gu\ Lj uTYm, EVokR RLs,\U Utm \l NLL[ Tt\YoL[ lTRm.

ThPu [dLlT EVoV CWi RULTodLXm.

1. JqY NRVjm NLL[PV UdLsEs[]o. BLY NL Yrp NUjYuURodL CVXR. (NL YLTLs)

2. JqY NRVjm EVo ]o

TuU]WLY Ck TmTuUV]UdL[ Bh NnYo.

EVo ]o LhThP[oLs Y Gu]Yu\pUdL[h AUlLp Bh Nnu\ J X EVo]W LsL ] Gdu\oLs. TXdLdPV SPTm TWeL Thu [YnHtTm LsL Ls ApX GuTR Sm AVXm.


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60 61

WToh UdLp tlT rdLiPYLs EVoYl]W [dm LsLLs Bm.

JqY NRVjm J lhP ALWmEPVYoLs NRVjR LhlTjYoLs.GkRRU] AWNeLU ApX T[RWU,AYtp Gum EVo BhRu LXfm.

TmTuUV] UdLs ReL[ BhNVnUhPoLs

Pdu\ Y[eL[ RdL AUlVLm,h Vtm TU[p ReLsLhlThp YjlTo. EVo El]oLsALWjR UVlTj Bh NnYoLs.

Pdu\ A]j Y\L[m TVuTjEVo Yl]o ReLs ALWjR TLjm,Tjm LsYo. ReLd TVuTmGu\XV ALWjR Ut\YoL[ TokLs[ UhPoLs. RufNVL ReLsALWjR Ut\YoLd hdLdLUhPoLs.

ReLs NRVjR Bh NnV TX hT\L[ EVo ]o uTtYo.T[RWjR LhlTjRp, LYp UtmCWYjR ReLs SXu LdL TVuTjRp,Lp \ Utm UdLs RPo NR]eL[

ReLd NRLUL rfVL SPjRp, ReL[GolTYoL[ RUTjY ApXojLhY, ReLs ALWjRm, BhVmVVlTjm AWVp LsLL[EYdY Tu\ YL[ uTt ReLsBhV XTjYo.

ReLs ALWjR TVuTj ReLu VSXjRTQm, ReLu ALW CPjR RdLYjdLsYp AdL\ LhYo.

CWi LWQeLdLL UoV LhTh] EVoLhThP[oLs Udu\]o.

NL YodL LhT GuT:1 . UoVm lu\ BdL YodLm GuT

RY, H]p RtLX RtP NRVeLpEVo Yl]u RPofV] Zt \RuYZdp Es[.

2 . JqY NRVjm NL TXLsClTRp YodLm Gu\ dVjYmTu\.

UdL[h Utm EVo]o LhThp Es[

AlTP WiTLs.

1 . EVo]o LhT GuT JqYNRVjm NjYuU ClTRlu\. B]p UdL[h LhTNRVjp NUjYm ClTRL \.

2 . EVo ]o LhT GuT J X EVo]W TmTuUV] UdLs BdLmNnYRL TLou\. B]p UdL[h LhTGuT TmTuUV[oL[ Bh Nnu\]oG]d Lu\.

WToh ULp ALW YodL GRfNLW BhVlTt \o.

RtLX UdLs SXm Sm AWLp ALW YodLjuBh ALWeLs Y[ok YYRL u\o.


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1 . CWYju QLi, RXYoLsAWVp VL Bh NnY

2. hT TV[oL[ Nok Bh Nnm AWVpRXYoLs CjRLV hT TV[oLsNRVju Au\P SPYdLV LhlTjBh NnYo.

3 . T[RW UkRX HtTu\ LXeLpNRVjp T[RW Y[of]l TdRp.

4. TX YodLeLu APd\V TVuTjRp,lTL UjV YYn YodLj]o .

LWp Uodu EVo Yl]o ApX LhT

J NRVjp AWVp ALWm GqYjRdLlThd\ GuTR BWmT LXm RtdLiP[dV UoV LhTPm. Uodu tlT JqY

SLLUPkR NRVjm AWVp ALWm GuT NUU]A[p TokRdLlTPpX GuTR hdLhu\.Ts EtTj Nnm \V ReLs YNUd LiBhp Es[YoLs AWVp ALWjR JLlTjYo.BLVp AWVp RXYoLs BdL YodLjRWjYm NnTYoLs BYoLs. AWVp ALWjRTokRdL NL T[RW LWLs oUdu\.B[lTYdm, BsYdm CPV RPofVLSPTm NfNWLs NL \UL[ X j\.

CjRLV NfNWLs EtTj NdL[ oU]m Nnu\.YodL VL RhP[oLs Utm RX[oLs G]CY \L Um YodL YThPu YodL TReLsEYdu\]. NfNWLu RuULu AlTPpALW TokRl SPT\. BLY T[RWRuUV odLYpX UodV LhT. A YodLTWhPjR iPYpX. Yu\ AlTPp WhV

BRlT. BLY Ut\ kR]V[oLs UoVLhTh] Godu\oLs.

3.4 RuU Utm Ut\YW LYR-uSuULs

AWVp NLVp GuT GeM]m Ut\YW LYRp,AWVp ALWm Utm ARu To BVYt\ TtAYRm. RtLX NRVjp Ut\YW GkR[d SmLY\m. Gu\ AlTPp Sm Y[U Tu\m.BLY ALWm GuT Ut\YW LYm RjpoUdLlT\. Ut\YW LYRp GuT J STuSPjRV CVpTL LhlTjYRm. C AYoLs mmYiQUL CpXUp, GWLm CdLXm. aWp XvYpUtm BWLm LlTXu Ut\YW LYRp Gu\ LjR[dL tTm TZ LYu\ RuUu AlTPp

AWVp RuULs oUdLlT\ G]d u\oLs.Ut\Yu SPjRV Tl APVf Nnm QVNjRSm LYRp G]d \m. X NUVm Ut\YW LYmRuU EfNXp Cdm. CjRLV RQjpALWjR YjlTo AL LYu\ RuUVTtdLYim.

odLR]m

LYRp GuTRtL] D Ldm RuUp \m T odLjR]jR V ALWjR Sm

TVuTju\m. CR Sm odLjR]U] LYRp G]d\m. AfjRp ApX LhlTL[ jRpGu\ RjX] LYu\ RuUL[ SmTVuTju\m. CjRLV AfjRpLs TWhLsApX LU TjRp GuTYt\ QYm.RiP]Ls GuT GoU\V] LhlTLs G]m,TWhLs SoU\V] LhlTLs G] Sm GjdLs[Xm.


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Ut\YW LYm RuUu A[

Ut\Yu SPjRV RdLm Nnu\ YLpTVuTjm GoU\V] ApX SoU\V]LhlTL[ Sm ALWm Gu\ Ts [dLjRAdu\m.

RPoPVALWm GuT RSTu Nj Au. AlTPp

A Ut\YL[ RPoPVRm. Ut\YoL[ RPoTjV ALWm TVuTjRlTm. H]VYu SPjRVTdLf NnY ALWm G]d \m. J NRVjpALWm Nju\Yo, ALWm NjRlTu\YoLsGu E\Ls ALWjt RPoPVY]YL Es[.SLWm Utm WU NRVeLu CjRLV ALW E\L[Sm LQXm. AW Utm ARu Y]eLu AWVpALWm NVXdLlT\. AWu ALWju XmAWVp oLUdLlT\. NRVju TX AdLpLQlTm ALWjRd Lhm GkR Rjm AWuALWm YThP ApX. BLY NRV UtLWLuToYp ALWm oUdLlT\. NLNVpThu AlTPp, AWVp ALWm oU]mNnVlT\. NRVm NVpTm Rm Utm AWVpALWeLs Um RuUTPjR.

Tt

T A

I. NV] PV RokRdL

1. YU] YV LhlTjRp GuT GR]d

du\?(A) TWmTV BUV

(B) TjR NhP BUV

(C) \lVpL[ EPV RXU BUV

(D) UtV A]jm

2. AWVp AVp Gu Vo Rp R-pTVuTj]o?

(A) AvPhp(B) [hP

(C) _u TRu

(D) BPm vj

II. LhP CPjR WlL

3. RSTo SPjRu AWVp TlTn GuT______

4. BUu YLlTh] VYo ______

III. NV ApX RY\5. GiQ AlTPX] AWVp AVp GuT

GiQ Ulh-k ThP.

6. V AWVp AVp GuT SPjR TlTnYm.


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T B

7. SPjR CVX [dL.

8. V AWVp AVp Gu\p Gu]?

T C

9. ALWju Ts [dLj] RL.10. BU Gu\p Gu]?

T D

11. EVo Yl]o NWR LWp Uodu LhTh]\]n NnL.

12. ALWm Utm BUdL] YTh]XlTjL. BUu YLlTLs Gu]?


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67

AjVVm 4

AW C\Ud HtTmNYpLs

J AWd C\U RXVV Ti \LLRlTu\. CqXp RkWU] JqY SmC\U Tt Lru\. TYL C\UV C TmL[L dLXm.

1. Es C\U Utm

2. Y C\U

Es C\U GuT J S Rup Es[PdVLZLeLs Utm dL[d Lhm RXVV ALWjREPV. Y C\U GuT, J S Tu]hAUldL[] I.S. NT Utm Tu]h Uu\mBVYt\ RW Ut\ GkR Shtm AUldm NhPVL LhlTP YiPm. Es C\UV TjR YWpJ AWd, C\U UVL EjR]. AjRLVC\U EPV AW ARu lTlT NhPeL[ CVt\m.

A.V. Pu LjlT C\Ud CWi RU]GpX RPLs Es[]. UdLs NhPjR Uj SPjRm,

GodLUm CdmT Es C\U GuTXShPlT\ Y ApX \ C\U GuTC\UlTiPV AWNu CRW AVpSLP]]RPop ARu lTlTV] LsLV uTtmYm Bt\Xm TtlTRuTRm. Cu\dAlTPXV SLu Es C\Um, YC\Um NYd Es[dLlThs[]. SLu

NgYf NeL EXL AUlC\Ud ClT RPofVL AfjRp HtThd


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NgYf NeL EXL AUl

GpXpX UjYoLs

TU Y AU (Green peace)

dL]U] RXRPo YNLu Xm UtVAUlLs Gp ReLds RPoL[ HtTj J

Shu Td LsLu TlT HtTjV. Y-UuV SLp CjRLV AW NW Y]eLu TlGuT AkR Shu Es C\UV TlTRL Es[.Tu]h Y]m Utm TXSL[fNokRY]eLs TXm TkR]d[ Utm CRW TpYLhlTLs AlTPp YZeYRm AWuEsSh C\U Tlds[\.

NTjp RtdLlThP IWlV Vu AUlTWmTV C\Uu NVpTh Ld tmTjRUt\.

IWlV Vu El]oLs RV AWdmUX] (Supra national) Y] AUlL[ EYd]o.

ERWQm: IWlV Uu\m

IWlV BQVm

IWlV AUfNoLs AY

RVjt AlTtThP CjRLV Y]eLs ElSLs CVtu\ L[ GodLXm. El SLu

TQ ZdLjR LhlTjR UjV Ye Utm IWlVd LZLm HtTjRlTh]. JeQdLlThP IWlVNhPm Utm Uvhh EPuTdL BVY (MaastrichtTreaty) IWlV SLu Uu\ RkWjR TdLfNnYRp, El SLu C\U TlTPYRL Es[.

RV C\UV EXLUVUdRX RPoTjRl Todm T Tp Ljl TYUL RuTu\.

C\Ud ClT RPofVL AfjRp HtThdLidu\. CjRLV AfjRpLs V LXBdLm ApX T[RW EXLUVUdRp Tu\Yt\pHtTu\. TX AWVp AOoLs RV C\U LidXlTu\ Utm XlTPR LWL[p Tld ApXdLjt Es[dLlThlTRL Lu\]o.

4.1 RV C\Ud HtTm Tl

RURoL[m, AUlL[m, AWNeLjRmRLYp RPo YXl u]-p CQdu\ CqXLjRdEXL WUm Gu Y NX TjRUm. CjRLVEXL WUm Y[of Tu\ Nnj RPo lT AVpVL J EXL LXfNWjR HtTjm Sdp NuLid\. Rp hT Y[of Utm T[RWNdLu EkR-u LWQUn EXLUVUdRp GuT 1990

L-k Y[W RPeV. EiUp G8 SLuT[RW CfNL[l oj NnYm, TX RVLZLeLu VTWf NkRV lTjYm RuEXLUVUdRp L ]lTL NVpTh Yks[. LPkR1990Bm Bi Rp TX RV LZLeLu GidLATR Y[of] APks[]. LPkR 1990 BmBiLp 3000 Tp RV LZLeLs Gu\ GidLpCkR. Cu 63,000 GidLV Rhs[. NVjVu Rdl um IWlV VuHtThP-k TX TpRVLZLeLs VjR Y[ofV

Tt EXL SLdPV YTjRTjdu\].

T[RW AlTPp SLs TXmCQdLlThP TX AW NW AUlLm L ALA[p Ru].

ERWQm: \YSo l EXL AUl

T[RWm Utm LXfNW Yrp JqY Sm Ut\ C\U EXLUVUdR-u Xm S-YPk TX NYpL[


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70 71

T[RWm Utm LXfNW Yrp JqY Sm Ut\SLPu Nok Es[ GuT RYm. T[RWRgNjR (VTWm, , Utm SW R) Lp,RphTm, AWVp LsL, LXfNWm, tfrX,NhPm CWYm Utm AWVp BVYtm Ut\ SLPmRgNm APu\ X EXLUVUdRp Xm SPTu\.

Ts Utm NYLs SLu GpX-k L GpLPk NpX u\. \l RL[l Tt\ RX[oLsY SLd NpYRt NhPeLs R[ojRlThs[].TX UuTs TV[oLs AUdL Nu WkRWRX[o ApX UdLs RV Tt\]o. TXoCkVp YdLR CkVoLs (NRI) CWhP UTYp BoYUL Es[]o. CeM]m UThP EXp,AWLs NVpTY GuT Lm dLp kR. EXLT[RWjR CQdm Vtm, J Shu GpXVLPk UdLs CPlTVo NnYm RV C\UV

TlTRL Es[. RV C\U GuT Cu RV, WVUtm EXLA[p [ Ths[. SLd AlTtThPY] AUlLs Utm ShP YLf NhPm RVC\UV Y-U u\f NnV YYjR.EXLUVUdR-u TX Ls UjRjp RlThP C\UTt\ AWLs LsL EYdLjp RLY]m,LhlThPm NnV RYhP].

RNjt AlTtThP AUlL[] EXL VTWAUl (WTO) IWlV Vu (EU) YP AhXid

VTW EPuTdL hPUl (NAFTA), EXL Ye (WB)Utm Tu]h d LZLm (IMF) BVYLs J ShuLsLp Cu AL A[p RXh C\UdJ NYXL Lru\. EXLUVUdRp GuT AWuC\Ud TX]jR Adu\. Tu]h NhPeLsUtm Y] AUlLs, Tu]h AW NW AUlLuNVpTh \m BVYt\p RV C\U LmTlds[V. GiQd Lj uTYU] RV

C\U EXLUVUdR-u Xm S-YPk TX NYpL[NkdL Su\.

RV C\U ALWPV AW VVU]Yu\V TVuTjm ALWjRdP S-YPVfNnm YLp Tu]h AW NW AUlLs J NYXLLru\].

RVo UVUdRp Utm RW[UVUdRp BVCWim EXL UVUdR-u CWi BYoL[m. CYW AWNeLm UdLd NnR NYLs CUp RVoYNm JlTPdm Td Cu TX SLp LQlT\.RuLVp NYLs RVo YNm B]Rp LiPYt]p TX BV SLs Cu YWmdhThPAWNeLjRm, RW[ T[RWjRm HtL ]u\].RW[UVUdRp CkVp 1991m Bi LiYWlThPRp TX T Y]eLs RVo UVUdLlThs[].

CkV AWNeLm TsLs EtTj Utm NYLsUp jkR LhlTLs XYt\ R[ojRVRp.RkWU] TWeL Thu LWQUn CkVp CuTX TpSh LZLeLs (MNCs) VTWm NnV uYks[].

CjRLV TpSh LZLeLs ReLs VTWfNVpTLs ReRPu SPT\ RV Utm UXA[p LsL Ls UtLsYp RXu\].

EXL[p AWNeLm NnVYiV TLsRVoYNm BdLlTYRp RV C\U Uem XEs[. EXLUVUdRp Gu\ AlTPp Tm VTWUXiUV[oLs Utm UdLs ApXRo VLsLV EYdTYoLs Tp Es[]o. emRuUV] AWu TldLm YdLm NnVlTu\RVo NYL]p AWNeLjp ALW YodLjudVjYm \dLlTu\. JeTjm TL[

AWd JdLlThs[] ERWQUL CkVp 1991 Rp EXLUVUdRp GuTRm BLY


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AWd JdLlThs[]. ERWQUL CkVp 1991 RpXNu Ww GuT LhlTjRlThs[.

EXLUVUdR-u RuUd LsLu dVSdLm EXL T[RWjR JeQlTR Bm.BLY C AWVp Utm LXfNW CQlp RpVLiP. CRu LWQUn TX LXfNW dLPm RjRm

LXfNW EQoLs UXe EXL T LXfNWjR(AUdLUt LXfNWm) GodL tThP. NYp.. aiePu LY TX, EXLUVUdRp GuTSLLeLu URpL[ iPf NnRRm.

SLLeLu ZV] LLs SLL URpLdQ tm. SLL URpL[ LhlTjR EYdLlTmoU]eL]p RV C\Ud dVjYm CpXmTu\. CjRLV rXLp RV GpX LLsjRlTPXm Utm RV C\UdL] Ts [dLm

Ut\UPVXm.TX NLVp AOoLs EXLUVUdR-u Xm

RV C\U rdLiP NdLu Xm TlT APm:

(A) AlTPYR NdLs (URYLs)

(B) V LX BdLm

(C) SLL URpLs Utm

(D) V AWVp.

4.2 EXLUVUdRp Utm AW C\UGoLsm NYpLs

EXLUVUdRdm AW C\Udm JRPoi. \kRY, GpXpX EXL T[RWjRRtdL SLPV LQlTm VTWd LhlTL[Roj RPpX YTm SPdLf NnY GuTRu

EXLUVUdRp GuTRm. BLYEXLUVUdRp GuTRt NdYnkRAWVp, T[RW Utm NLTYeLs Ei G]Xm. JEXLUVUdLlThP T[RWjpRV C\U Utm RV

GpXLd J A[ Ei.UXiU CV-u YuAZdLlTm hPo WdLo YTp EXUVUdLlThP T[RWjpRV GpXLs TjRpXUpTnu\].

J EXLUVUdLlThP T[RWjp J ShuC\U rdLiP SPYdLL[ UtLsYRu YXLTLdLXm.

1. RtP NRVm RuUVdLlTPYim.2 . NNUNRVm

3. UdL[h AWVp Y]eLs

4. EXL[p T[RW VL TWm Tm Nd

5. AW NW AUlLs AUdLlTRp.

6. AY AlTPVL LiP NRVm

7. Y[okR Nn RPo NR]eLs

8. EXLUVUdLlThP T[RWju [Yp

T\lThP SuUL[ RdL \p TokRdm\ULs.

9. RX[oLd RdL NL TLlLs

10. ALW YodLjt YWV\ NnVlThPTeT Utm AWu SXu LLm TLuYdLm.

UtV TiLs CpXR SLp LXlTdp U GuT U\V RPe UdLs


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t C R S EXLUVUdLlTRX ALlTjRp GuT RVC\UV Tp RV LZLeLd NWi NnYRt JlTmG]TX AOoLs Lu\]o. CkVp EXLUVUdLlThPT[RWm J NNN R[jp Ru LhPlThs[.YU, Lp, AVU, NUjYuU, Gu\ LhPjp

RW[ T[RWm GuT UdLu GolTm, RX[oAUuUVmRu Y[odm. CRu [YnRVjt AlTtThP AUlL[ Tu]h d LZLm(IMF) Utm EXL Ye (WB) BV NdLd RVC\U Yhf Npu\. Um, CjRLV URpLsSLdPV Nn Ls[lTm EPuTdLLs UtmRV LsLu Xm VVlTjRlTu\].

AWNeLm Cu EXL A[X] UREUNhPeLd KW[t Ut\lThs[. RNjtAlTtThP EXL RV AUlLs TX SLu UREUL[ TLdL tTYRp RV C\Um UdLsEUm YYL YZks[].

Y Sht TVm NhPeLs Cu LmR[ojRlThs[]. CRu [Yp WiTPV NhPeLsRus[]. Y[ofVPkR SLp Es[ Tm VTWddLs ReLd NRLU] YLp GpXV LPkNpm \ LhlTL[ R[oj ReLu UtmTV[o RYL[ oj Nn LiP]. ClmYSh]o ReLs SLds ZYR LhlTj

Je Nnm ReLu C\ViU ALWjR TXSLsCum RPok uTtu\].

EsSh Uu\eLs EXL UR EU EPuTL[Lp Li RUR EUL[ TLdL tTmNVpTLs AW C\UV YYLTlds[s[. CRu LWQUn AW C\UuAjR[m, RVm U[dLm LdLlThs[].

\ R Utm YSh]o GuTRt YT CpXUp Tnm.J BWnfV[o Y TX RV C\UuY[ofV RV RYLs uULs GuTRd LhmNkR XYWU oU]m Nnu\, BLY SLuC\U NpXjRdL ApX Gu\ XUp Es[. RV

NL EPuTdLLs VdLlTh Cu Tu]hEPuTdLLs NnVlTh NVXdLlTu\].

UtV TlTnu Xm Sm AYGu]Yu\p RV C\Up EXLUVUdR-u RdLmGuT Y[of uV Utm Y[of Tm SL[dLhm Y[of Tt\ SL[ AL SuUL[Tts[]. Y[of uV Utm Y[of Tu\ SLsRW[ T[RWjR ALlTj]p A RVC\UV Lm TdLf Nnu\. Y[of TmSLu C\Uu EXLUVUdLlTR-u TY]RdLeLs rYY]Ym.

1. Tu]hRV AUlLs TpY CPeLpEs[ NLeLp ReLs RdLjR YTjm.R-p RPo NokR NVXdLjp (EtTj,NYLs Utm tT]) DTYo. UmAlTp Es[ \kR FVjt EZdmRX[oLs Utm Y[eL[f WiYo.

2. Tu]h RV AUlLs YYRt ukRRtNXLs PlTh Ap YXTojRTXTo TV CZlToLs. CjRLV TdYXpX XUV EYdm.

3. V Utm CLm \kR A[p WiPlThPNkRV RYoLs.

4. Tu]h RV LmTLs CWwV dLsUtm J Shu LsL EYdLjp ALA[p RXYo. RVo YNUdLlTR-m,

\kR NY LsLu Xm AqUlLd TV TpRN LZLeL[ TeRWL Nok


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\kR A XTm Pdm.

5. EXLUVUdR-u Ut\ RdLm Gu]YpTu]hRV AUlLp Tm jRUXiUV[oLs, LQdLoLs, NhP YpSoLsUtm TRPo TV[oLs EsSh

ThV[Wd Lhm L ALU] FVjRTYo.

6. CRu [Yn HtTm CZl GuT J ShuRV AWNeLm SPVL ReLsT[RWju RdLjR HtTjR CVX.(lTL TWkR T[RW UXiUVTjRUhp)

7. EVp Utm Pp RphT Y[ofuXUL Cu V EtTjm Utm URXm

Sm Lis[m. V LilL[]CiPoSh Xm EXLA[p TX NnL[Ak JeQl NVpTLp ULjR]Y[ofVPks[m.

8 . Xm, ETLWQm Utm EZlTd LhmCu\d A YZdLRWjR YlTp JdVU] LWVL Es[. RphT VLY[ofTt\ SLs Cu\d AYAlTPVL Lis[].

9 . TV Tu]h RV LZLeLs CumT[RW Utm LXfNW ALWeL[ Tt[eu\].

ERWQm:LdLLX, S, UdP]ph,Utm -v,

10. CkV RXToLs BWnf Utm Y[ofpR NnYp Rpt,EXLUVUdLlTR-p ReL[ CQjd Li,

R Z R krk Tu\ ReLu VTWjR YdLmNnV tTu\]o.

EXLUVUdLlTRX BRdu\ SToLs CR]pCkV RtPeLs SYPYpX Gum U\L AV RtPeL[ RtdLm, CkV T[RWjRL WYL u]\ Q Nnu\ Gum TLou\]o.B]p J Y] TlTnp Todm T LPkR TXBiLp YShu SW Rhu Xm V EtTjVtLs UtLs[lThP] G]d \ CVX.

EXLUVUdLlTPp Utm CkV LXfNWm

Ut LXfNWm EulTL LYdL RdLGu]Yp CkVoLs TYL CkV LXfNWjR uTt\GiYo. NYp P. ahePu Y Tp CkV

LXfNWm Lm TXm YnkRRm. Um YtLXfNWj-k TX SPYdL Utm LjdL[Tt\m, CkV LXfNWju AlTP RuUV Ahd LlTpX. YSh ThLs Utm NYLs CkVp TX GolLs Gks[]. ARu XmCkVo Rm LXfNWjRm, RjRuUVm TLdLRY\pX. Ut Sh UXiU NVpTLs SmShuVTWjp, lTL L UuTs RtPeLpL Wp HtdLs[ThPm CkVoLs Cum,EsSh EQ YLLs, EsSh RXdLh Utm

EsSh WlTPm BVYt\ LiLdu\]o. TWmTVEPL[V Tm Au\]o. CRu LWQUn UtShu LmTLs CkV NkRp FYp TXNeLPeL[ Go Lsu\].

AUojV Nuu LjdLs l YeL[ RVo YNlTjRp.


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AUojV Nu \o, NkRT[RWm Ru]jR] CVdLYpXApX. V RW[ T[RW LsLSpX Y[of] Lis[. CRBRjRYoLs AUdLp

AWVpYV] Lu Utm CeXkuRhNo BYoLs. URU] Y[ofVCu\V Y[m SL[] CkVtRYVm. EXLUVUdLlTR-p AWVpUtm T[RW RkWjR Sm CZkPdP. NkRl T[RWm UtmTSXlT[RWm BVCWiLdPV J NUuXV]A\ RYlT\.

Tu]h RV LZLeLs WhPu hv (BrettonWoods) AUlL[ (EXL Ye, Tu]h dLZL UV Utm EXL VTW AUl) JuQk Lh (GATT)JlTkRju Xm TX hPeL[ js[]. CjhPjuLWQUn Cu TX Tu]h RV LZLeLs TX VTWRPL[ LPk ReLs YTjR YdLm Nns[].

Tu]h dLZLm Utm EXL Yeu hPeLs

l YWNX hPju AW UVjRd\lT

l YNV EtTj NokR ThLdV AWUVjR \jRp

l EQtL] AW UVjR dRp

l RW[ T[RW LsLVl uTtRp

l YSh RhP FdjRp

l C\dUd LsLV GUVdRp.

EXL YojRL AUl (WTO)

l AW UVjR \jRp

l EsSh YNVjtV BRWY \jRp

l T VL \V dRpl Y[of Tu\ SLs RPpX

VTWjR uTtRp

l TVuT RtPeL[ AUlTp Tu]hRV LZLeLd GkRY RPmCpXjRp.

l C\dU R] RPL[ dRp

l YSh RhP[oLs R] RPL[dRp.

Y[of Tm SLu T[RW Y[ofVTdm YiQm WhPu hv AUlLs T[RWLsLL[ Y[of Tm SLu du\].

CkV T[RWjR _X 1991 dl \ RdLNnVlThP T lm YLp GkRYY[ofVm GhPpX. EtTj \p RP ApXRphTU \kR T[RWju Xm CkVpTU[ YkR G]d \ CVX.

Nn EXLmNn RPoLp Sm LiP Wh Cu AWL[

Ym V SLW AWL[L Uts[. RtWh JUVlTjm NdVL [eV B]p Nn RPoWh TWYXdm NdVL Es[.

AUojV

Nu

(\l 1933)

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TZV EXL YWTPju GpXLs BhPmLis[]. TV AWLs Rks[], X TV VTWhL[ HtTj Lis[], TX Ut SLsEXLUVUdLlTR-p ReLs C\UV NkRT[RWjt hd Ljs[]. TX NL Utm

T[RW TlLs RVo Utm AW NWAUlLPm JlTPdLlThs[]. B]p BldL,u]s NVj Vu Utm LNXV SLp19 Bm t\ip LQlThP RV EQo, V RVmUtm NlRuUVt\ U]lTd Y[ok C]lTLXd is[. DWdp Ls (Kurds) RpCvXm URjp ApXRYoLs, Tjp ]oLs CjRLVC]lTLXd B[m X Rus[.

T A

I. NV] PV RokRdL.

1. LdL LX GuT

(A) T Y]m(B) RVo Y]m

(C) Tu]h RN LZLm

(D) YWV\dhThP LmT

2. GYt\p RV C\U NYdEhTjRlThs[?

(A) G-8 SLs

(B) IWlV Vu

(C) ShP Y]eLs

(D) G-77 SLs

3. EXLUVUdLlTPp GR] AjV?

(A) T[RW JeQl

(B) AWVp JeQl

(C) NL JeQl

(D) UtV A]jm

II. LhP CPjR WlL.4. CkV J __________ SPm.

5. N Yp aiePu __________ NfNWY TtYRm Nnu\o.

III. NV RY\.


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T B

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T C

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T D

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NYpLs VY?


50/160

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AjVVm 5

AWNeLm ARu YYeLmAWNeLm AWu dV Lp Ju\m. AWu

NVVL AWNeLm LRlT\. AWNeLju RYUtm ARu TL[ Tt RtLXjp UdLsAklTR AYtu dVjYjYjRmEQokd\oLs. AW Lidj RVRU]LjRuUPV. B]p AWNeLm AqYpXUpUdLs Rk Lsm YLp AUkdu\.CjRLV AWNeLm TXYLlThPRm. RuRhCu YWm SP\p Ck Ykdu\ AWNeLmTX URpL[ Nkjd\. AqY Ap HtThP

Ut\eLs Z Es[T YLlTTjRlTu\].

Ut\lThP .Gl. vPWeu AWNeL YYeLsh l Uk e e t m

Z RWlThs[Y .Gl. vPWe GuTYWp RWlThPe e m


51/160

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NhPlT AUkR AWNeL YYeL[ Tt Y]Ym.

5.1 Jt\ AWNeL\

Jt\ AWNeL\p UV AWp ALWeLsdLlTh Cdu\]. UV AWNeLm UX Utm T

AWNeLeL[ HtTj AYLd ALWeL[ UtR\. C oYLm WL SPlTRtL] HtTPm. CkRAUlLs WRN AWNeLm G] AZdLlTu\]. Jt\AWNeL \d CeXk, Wuv, _lTu, cXeL SLsERWQeLs Bm.

[dLm

Jt\ AWNeL\ TtV X AOoLPV[dLeLs Z RWlThs[].

Lo]o: Ujp AUks[ AWNeL AUldAWVp NhPm NLX ALWeL[m AjRp.

G.. P:UjV AWNeLm YZdL AlTPpEVV NhPm CVtm ALWjR NjY

.Gl. vPWe: CWi dVU] RLs Ttl\o. AY

1. UjV AWNeLju EVV RuU

2. C\U ALWm EPV CRW AUlLsGpXUp ClT.

C\U ALWm CpXR CRW AUlLPu UVAWNeLm Es[ \ Jt\ AWNeL YLV NokR.UjV AWNeLm Utm UX AWNeLm NhPm CVtmALWm Tt\ AUl hPh \ G]lT\.

AWNeL YYeL[m

YNG

i

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B

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ALWGpXLs

UdL[h NoYLWh

II. A. AWuCVp

JuV AW hPf AW

B.AWVXUlu CVp

SmRuUPV

CVRuUPV

C. RoRpRuCVp

(i) A]YdmYdPV AW\

YWVdLlThPYdUPVAW

(ii) Jt\ El]oRLPVAWLs

TX El]oRLPVAWLs

III. NhPUu\juCVp

DWY EPV AW JWY EPVAW

NhPUu\juAUl

UXYpRokRdLlThPEl]oLsLiP AW

UXYpRokRdLlTPREl]oLsLiP AW

IV. NVXhdu CVp

TWUu\m UtmTlPVAWNeLm

RXYo \AWNeLm

V. j\uCVp

NhP BhuTt\lTmAWLs

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1. JtU, JW UV] NhP\, LsL UtmoYLm.

2. Bh ALWm Utm Tl YlTYoLPVNfNWLs CpXR RuU

3. Ls, WYL GdLlTh AY WYL

SP\lTjRlT\.

4. NX \Y] AUl

5. AWVp NhPjR Gp Ut\dV X

\Ls

1 . ALW l UjV AWNeLjuNoYLWjt HYm.

2. UjV AWNeLm TX dLX] Wf]L[NkdL Sm. Um WRN AXpL[

LYlTRt SWm CpXUp Tm.3 . UjV AWNeLjt WRN Wf]Ls

AYtu YdLm, Utm AYtp DT CpXUpTm.

4. A[p TV SLd Jj YW.

5.2 hPh AWNeLm

JlTkRm Gu TsTm CXjV TPv (Foedus)Gu\ Npk hPh Gu\ Np HtThP. CRt

hPh AWNeLjtm UX AWNeLeLdPVmJlTkRm Cd\ Gu Ts. RV JtUV UXEUL[ TLj RW AUdLlTm AWNeL \dhPh Gu TWVo P GuTYo [dLm Rkd\o.

hPh LsL ApX hPh AWVp \GuT UjV AW Utm UX AWNeLeLdPV

NVpTPdV AUlTu \lT\. CqYUlJt\VW \d GW]. C\U ALWm CYLAWNeLeLdU lhP X \Lp Cd\.CjRLV AUlp UjV AWNeLm RN TLl CRWSLP]] LsL RNm YRtU] TLl Tu\SPYdLL[ ARt Gu LdLlThs[ ALWGpXds NVpT\. CR TX UX AWNeLeLmAYtt Gu RWlThs[ ALW GpXdsNVpTu\].

hPh AWNeLju Ls:

1 . AWVXUlu Eu]R XU.

2 . UjV UX AWNeLeLdPV ALWTe

3 . AWVXUlu CV RuU

4. j\ RkWm

CYtu [dLm YU

1 . AWVXUlu Eu]R XU:AWVXUl GRlThdL Yim. UjV UXAWNeLeLdPV CdL YiV ALWeLsGu]u] Gu RYL NpXlTPYim.CWitPV AWVp NhPU EVV ApX UX].

2. ALW Te: hPh \ AWNeLjpUjV AWNeLjtL] X C]eLm UXAWNeLjtL] X C]eLm j JdLlTu\].CqY JdLlThP C]eLs ApX \Lp JqYYL AWNeLm NhPm CVt\m AYt\ \Yt\mALWm TPjRYL[L, RkWm EPVYL[LCdu\].

3 . AWVXUlu CV RuU:TWVoP GuTYo LjlT AWVXUlp

dV AmNeLs

C


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P GuTYo LjlT AWVXUlpNpXlThdu\ Ls AYtu AlTPpCVt\lTm NRWQ NhPeLs ApXR CRW NhPeL[ GpUt\V. AYLs BRW NhPeLs G]lTu\].AWVp NhPm NRWQ NhPeL[ P UX]. ARGp Ut\V.

4. j\ RkWm: hPh AWNeL\p UjV AWNeLjtm UXAWNeLeLdPV ApX UX AWNeLeLsUhPjp AYLd CPV NfNWLs HtTm. CkRNfNWL[ ojYlTRtLLm AWVXUl L[RYlTm T [dYRtLLm j\RYlT\. Cj\PV BQLs Utm[dLeLs NmUkRlThP AWNeLeL[p HtdLs[lTPYim. \Yt\lTPm Yim.

5.3 TWUu\ \ AWNeLm

TWUu\ AWNeL \p NVXhdNhPUu\jt TlPVRL [e\. AqYWL]h AWNeLm ApX TlPV AWNeLmGu\ZdLlT\.

NhPUu\m

AWNeLm NVXhd

j\

ERWQm: CkV, CeXk

1 . NVXhd CWi YLV] TiL[EPV. Ju TVW[X]. Ut\u EiUV].TVW[X] RXYo AWu RXYW\o. EiUV]RXYo AWNeLju RXYo. CeXkp AWu RXYoW ApX W_. AWNeLju RXYo WRUo.

TVW[X] NVtd CeXkp AWNoApX AWVm CkVp VWjRXYmERWQUYoLs. CYoLs NhPlT GpX ALWeLmEPVYoLs. EiUV] ApX Lr\ dCeXk Utm CkVp WRU AUfNo ERWQUYoLs.CYoLs GpX ALWeL[m TVW[X] NVtTVp NjWoLs.

2 . ShP Bh Nnm Lh RY] UtmPU] TmTuU NhPUu\jp TtdL Yim.

Rem TWUu\m hP Bh HtTP YnlCd\. ERWQUL CkV UV AWNeLjp.RYLP WRUWL CkR T (1996) I.L. _Wp(1998) (Rem TWUu\m) hP HtThPT.

3. Cm\p UdLs WjYPVUu\ju TmTuU Lh RXYo AUfNWYuRXYWL Cd\o. AYW WRU AUfNWLm Cd\o.

4. WRU AUfNm CRW L]h AUfNoLm

TWUu\jp Ck RokRdLlT\oLs.5 . JqY AUfNm AYo UtToYs[

\u SPYdLLd Tl Ht\o. AR TXAWNeLjPV SPYdLLd GpX AUfNoLmhlTl LsL AlTPp TWUu\jtTlPVYoL[L Cd\oLs.

\Ls

1 Cm e jp o d m

CjRLV rXp uTtm LsLpRPof CpXUp Tm.


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90 91

1 . Cm\ AWNeLjp oYL \dmNhP\dm CPV JtUm, JjZlmTU[p LQlT\.

2. AYVlTm T hdLj SPdm \X\. SdL LXeLp AUV]

\p AWNeL Ut\m HtT\.3 . GodLhLs SP\d NjVU]

BXN]Ls YZeYR VVU] \L[Gjdu\].

4 . Cm\ UdLPV lTjtLtTNVpT\.

\Ls

1. C ALWl ] LhTht GW].

oYLj\ Utm NhPj\Ld CPVJtU AlTPp TLs \Yt\lTYRpWRU AUfNo ALWm UXeVYWLNoYLVL UPdV rX Cd\.

2. NhPUu\jp GkR J Lhdm TmTuUPdLR T TX LhLs Ju Nok hAWNeLm Ju\ AUdu\]. CjRLVAWNeLm LhLdPV LQlTmWf]L[ LWQUL AWVp XVt\ RuUHtTYR AWNeLm YU u LQlTm.

3. Bhdm Lh TRk Xu\TR ApX NhPUu\jp RtLdLlTmTR GodLh Bh Nnm EUVT\. CkR AWNeLm u]p CkRAWNeLjPV L[ HtLUp TLdm.

RPof CpXUp Tm.

5.4 RXYo\ AWNeLm

Cm\ AWNeLjp RXYo NhPUu\jtTlPVYWL CdLUhPo. CRt \kR ERWQm

AUdL IdV VW Bm.Cm\u \l AmNeLs

1. VW RXYo SP\m AWVXUlAlTPm EiUV] ALWm EPVYWLCd\o.

2. AWNeLju L[] NhPj\, NVp\Utm j\ BVYtu ALWeLsdLllP JqYum ARtL] XALWeL[ Tu\]. CkR A[p

JqYum RjRuUPVRL Cd\.

3. CqY ALWl] CkRTm J \R \V LiLj RkRSPYdLV UtLsm YLp NUXUtm RP LhT uTt\lT\. GkR J\m GkR J rXm GRfNLWmNjR V.

4 . VW RXYW TRdLXm YWV\NnVlThP. GkR LWQjR Lim TRd

LXjR ALdLY ApX \dLY ApXAYW TRk RNj WL t\fNhAlTPpXUp XdLV.

\Ls

1 . XV] AW NjVU\.

2. VW RXYo lTlT LhV NokRYoLsUhUpXUp Yp Es[YoLm AWNeLju

Ttd\. CRt \kR GjdLh h^oXkAWNeLUm.


55/160

92 93

AW j\Ld RXU ReL Tl HtLVdLlTPXm. AYVU]p GodLhVNokRYoLs P ClTlL[ HtLVdLlTPXm.

3. LsL RPok uTt\lTYRp NVXdLmCQdLUL Cd\.

4 . RV SdLLs HtTmT CjRLVAWNeLm \kRRL Cd\.

5. ALW lt Ynl CpX.

\Ls

1 . oYLj\ NhPj\d Tl HtLUpClTRp ARu lTlT NVpTP\.

2 . oYLj\dm NhPj\dm CPV

WfN]Ls odLlTPVR rXLs ALm.

3. Cm\ AWNeLm CdLU]RL Cd\.

4. NhPj\dm oYL \dm CPV NLU]rX CpXUp Tm T RkWU]YShdLsLV uTtYRt VUpT\. oYLj\ uTtm LsLNhPj\Vp HtLlTPUm TLXm.

5.5 \ AWNeLm

\ ApX TuU oYL AUl \pCWi ApX CWit UtThPYoLs NURmALWm EPVYoL[L Cd\oLs. Cm\pTWUu\\ AWNeLm Utm RXYo \ AWNeLjpSpX AmNeL[m AR NUVjp \L[m

AW

h^oXk Shp hPh \p Yh\ uTt\lTu\]. Ces[ NVt El]oLsHTo Su Bi TR LXjt hdhPjpRokRdLlT\oLs. JqY AUfNm J\d

Tl Ht\o. CqYlTPp AWNeL \Ls HZLCd\. LuXo Gu AZdLlTm AUfNo TltRokRdLlTTYoLs hPh NhPUu\ El]oTRk XLYim. CYoLs GjR] \YiU]m mT mT RokRdLlTPXm. hPhLup Gu AZdLlTm AWNeLjp RXYo Tl,ER RXYo Tl, Zt \p JqYLuXdPV U U JWi LXjt RWlT\.

\Ls

1. CkR Shp Es[ h NVt XV]RLmTlPVRLm Cd\.

2. R AUfNo JYPm ALWeLs lTRtL]NkRolTU PV.

3. LeLuU Utm NoYLW Td CkRNVp\p HtTPYnlpX.

4 . Shp Es[ TLs A]jtm GpXUdLPV LjdL[ WTlTRLmCfNVt TVt\.

5. CjRV NVt LsL Utm AR]SP\lTjRp RPof CdLm UWLsuTt\lTPm ER\.

\Ls

1 hPh Uu\jp TpY LhL[ NokRYoLs

2. CWiPm EXLlTd tThP 191939 LXLhPjp UdL[h \ Yt T\Up


56/160

94 95

1. hPh Uu\jp TpY LhL[ NokRYoLsEl]WL ClTRp Ls GlTp RURmHtT\.

2 . CRu El]oLs YqY LhVNokRYoL[L ClTRp AUfNWY Ls

TLdLlTPUp YVoLd AqYlTRk u\].

3 . SdL LXeLp Uhm Ru CjRLVAWNeLm Wk NVpT\.

4 . TuU LsL AlTPp hdEl]oLs TX LhLk VdLlTYRpAYoLPV JtU Utm RkWmClTpX.

5.6 CdLX NoYLW AWLsNoYL Gum Np TZeLX EWU AW

\k T\lThPRm. Cm\ AWNeLmUdL[hfd GW]. UdL[hp RkWmXShPlT\. B]p NoYLW Bhp AJdLlT\. Uu Gum AOo RURo ApXhPL NokR Xo AW ALWjR ReL[ GjdLiLhlTpXUp Bh NnVdV AUl NoYLWAW Gu \o. RtLX NoYLW AWLs UdL[hdGWL uYm LWQeL[p HtThP] Gu NpXXm.

1 . 19141918 RXm EXLlTp Yt Tt\CeXk Utm Wuv SLs Tp Rt\_oU Tu\ SL[ UdLUp GRfNLWmNj].

Rpt\ rXp NoYLWmRXVjR.

3 . GjVlVY ^ RXUX]CjR CQjdLiP Tm Zd IWlV

SL[ NVj WxV RdVTm,UuVY ]Pk _lTu LlTtVTm CYtdLpXm LWm YjRo TX_oUV NokR hXo CRW SLs UpTPVj AYL[ RdVTm UdL[h\V LlTt\ NoYRN NeLm SPYdLGdLUp Tt.

CdLX NoYLW AWu \lTmNeLs

1. CjRLV AW RUR GRfNLWPV.

2. J Lh Bh\ CRt ERWQm ]uLmvh Lhu Bh.

3. RUR RkWm PV.

4 . TVm Utm LWQUL NoYLdmUdLdPV Es[ CPY.

\Ls

1. NoYLLs U]EPu GkR LVjRmd\oLs. ATt Wp Yd\oLs.

2. oYLf NX \YL Cd\.

3. JW Lh, J RXYo, JW UV] hPRpSP\Ru NoYLWjt EV.

4. RV JtU Utm UdLPjp LQlTmSm GpXm Ju Gu\ EQofNoYLWj]p HtThP SuULp Ju\m.

\Ls

1 YU Utm TVm NoYLWju BRWUm


57/160

96 97

1. YU Utm TVm NoYLWju BRWUm.

2. UdLd EULs Hm RWlTYpX.

3 . N oYLLs ReLPV VSXm NokRdLsL[ APYRt AYoLPV NdVNX\oLs.

4. NoYLLs Wh AlTPp URpL[Rtd\oLs.

CTRm t\iu NoYLLs

LvhW

hXo, (1889-1945)

U^ e

(1893--1976)

^-

(1883-1945)

Tp LvhWm, CjRp ^m,_oUp hXm, ]p UNem CdLXNoYLWjt ERWQm BYoLs. CjRLVNoYLWjp RUR lTm Utm YrdL

UdLlTYpX. U\L AYoLs Up LhlTLsdLlTh RkW LjLs Ru\Up RP

TmTX] SLp NhPUu\m C AYL[LiPRL Cdu\. X SLp Uhm JW J AY


58/160

98 99

NnVlTu\].

5.7 JWY Utm DWY \ NhPUu\[dLm

NhPj\ AWNeLju RXY Ym Cj\NhPeL[ CVt\. NhPeLs CVt\lTh SP\dYmTRu AYlTt Gm NkRLeLs UtmWf]Ls odLlTPYiV XU HtTu\.CVt\lTm NhPeLs GpXm TmTm UdLPVlTeL[ WTlTYL[L Cdu\].

NhPUu\eLs CYLlTm.

1. KWY

\

NhPUu

\

m

2. DWY

\

KWY\: JW J NhPUu\dm \dKWY \ Gu TVo. GjdLh ]p Es[ RVUdLs US.

CkV: RrShs[ NhPUu\m

DWY\: CXjV Up LW Gu\ Np ApX Uu\m Gu TsTm. Ge CWi

NhPUu\eLs Cdu\]Y A DWY \Gu\ZdLlT\.

CkV TWUu\m UdL[Y Utm UXeLsAYV LiP. AUdL SPUu\jp WLsUu\m N]hm Cdu\]. CeXk TWUu\jpTUdLs NT Utm WdLs NTm, Cdu\].

Cd\. AOoLs Wv, Lo]o Utm BdPu WTu\YoLs DWY \u AYVjR Yjd\oLs.AR NUVm Xv, Tu_Uu Wu-u, TuRmTu\oLs JWY TUu Lj Rjd\oLs.

No._.G.Bo.UVh Tu\YoLs LPkR LX YWXDWY \V YtjYRL Cd\. G]Y AR]pHtTm SuUL[ ER]lTjRV Gu d\o.

PdPo. Ld GuTYo KWY\ SP\s[CPeLp mTjRdL NVpTLs ClTRL RVpXGu lhs[o.

KWY Utm DWY \LdPV Es[YTLs:

Distinction between

KWY

\

DWY

\

1. TlPU XjRlT\.

Tl TePlT

2. AYNWULNhPVt\lT\.

AYNWUL CVt\lTNhPeLd RPdLlT\.

3. NoYLWjt Y

L\,

NoYLWm HtTY

Rd\.

4. NhPeLs CVt\lTYpRURm HtTYpX.

NhPVtYp RURHtT\.

5. NhPVtYp PdLeLsHtTYpX

NhPVtYp PdHtTu\].

6. YX CWhlTpX YX CWhlT\

Tt

6. YX CWhlTpX YX CWhlT\


59/160

100 101

T A

I. NV] PV RokRj GRm:

1. hPh Gu\ YojR GmUkT\lT\?

(A) CXju (B) Wg(C) k (D) NUvRm

2. LW Gu\ CXju U Npu Ts

(A) (B) LhPm(C) AUl (D) TPm

3. GkR Shp \ AWNeLm uTt\lT\

(A) AUdL (B) CkV

(C) ] (D) vhNoXk

4. rYm SLp G RXYo \ AWNeLjRuTt\

(A) AUdL (B CeXk

(C) CkV (D) Wuv

5. CkVp YdVU TYRt ZRWlThs[YLp GjR uTt\lT\?

(A) Lp (B) Y NjRp(C) Rp (D) YV

II. LhP CPjR WlL

6. AL W Te ________ W AWNeLjpdVU] AmNm

7. AWVp NhPm ________ hPeL[ P UX].

7. YX T HtT\ YX TY \d\.

8. RV NX]jpdL]m HtT\

NX ALU\

9. TuU]dWjYm, Utm YTX SuULdL]SdLjR RP Nn\

TuU]djYm Y TXSuULdL] SdEs[.

8. C kV X d NT ______ Uu\U]AZdLllT\.

T C

23. CdLX NoYLW Bhu TiLs VY?


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102 103

9. CkV CW wV NT ______ Uu\U]AZdLllT\.

III. NV ApX RY\

10. CWi RU] NhPUu\eLs Cdu\].

11. AUdL Shu UXY N]h Gu\ZdLlT\.

12. AWNeLm, AWu dVd Lp Ju\m.

13. hPh AWNeL \p UV AWp ALWeLsdLlThdu\].

IV. TjL

14. TWUu\m Nh^oXk

15. RXYo\ CeXk

16. \ AUdL

17. TXLh \ ]

18. J Lh \ CkV

T B

19. Jt\ Bh Ts RL.

20. hPh YdL.

21. TVW[X] NVt GuTR [dLL.

22. BRWf NhPju \lTu]?

C W B

24. Bh \V [dL.

25. KWY Utm DWY \s[ YTL[GL.

26. AW Utm AWNeLm NVt El]oLs TtlTL.

27. \ AWNeLju NVt El]oLs TtlTL.

T D

28. TWUu\ AW \u \lTmNeL[ YdL.

29. RXYo \ AWNeLju \ Utm \L[BnL.

30. N oYLW Utm UdL[h AWNeLeLuYTL[ YdL.

31. CTRm t\iu NYLL[l Tt EUdRkRYt\ YdL.

AjVVm 6


61/160

104

AjVVm 6

j\uW

TTX]m CdLXm GupXUp GpX LXeLmdVU]RL Cd\. AWNeLju Y[ofm ARuNVp\Lm Ge GlT GqY lTLsHtTjRlTh SPTt Yu\] GuT RYLAh \VX. AWNeLm u AUlL[LiPRL Cd\, AY YU

A. NhPj\

B. NVp\ (oYLj\)

C. j\

BWmT LXjp Cj\Lu TLs RYLCdLpX. Vh Rp EVoVh BhUtm LeLp Bh G] TXYLlThP AWNeLAUlLs TpY LXeLp TX SLp CVeYkdu\]. CY GU AkR u \Lu TLsYWVdLlTh JqY \m ARtL] RWlThPTL[ Nn YWpX. TmTX] NUVeLpNVp\ CRW \Lu TL[m AR TX

NhPj\ Utm j\ AYtu TL[ CRW\Lu AYpL[m, Nn Ykdu\]. CTRmt\iu tT YWm AkR XV GpXSLm SP\p Ckd\. LX UTL[mUdLs kR]Lp HtlThP u]t\eL[m, AWNeLAUlLm TX URpLs HtThP]. CTRm t\ipVh \ TmTX] SLp TWYXL Htd

RiP]-k RlTUp CdLm RY NnVRYoLd PdLm YL Nn\.

Ls[lTh SP\p uTt\lTh Y\. Vh\p dV AlTPLp j\ RVL dLlThRkWUL NVpTPYiUuTm j\V NokRYoLs


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105 106

SLL \L[ Ht AYt\ RPok uTtmUdL[ LiP SLp j\ Rj RkWULCVeY HRfNLWjR Jj UdLPV RkWmTLdLTYRt QVL Cdu\ Gu CeXk

ShP NokR TuRm Gu\ NL ojR AOoAYPV pLp Y-jd\o.

6.2 TLd CdL YiV RLs

RURPV RkWm Utm NRVjuTXYLlThP Lu AUl Utm AYtu CVdLmj\ NVXtm TeL TjR AU\ Gu\Lj RtLXjp GpX SLm HtdLs[lThPJu\m. G]Y TLs EVokR SdLm EPVYoL[L

O]m EPVYoL[L NhPdLpp RokRYoL[LCVt\lThP NhPeLu SdLeL[ Su AkRYoL[LCdL YiV AYVm. CY ApXUp lhP YX RLm ClT AYVm G] JqY SmARPV AUldm dLsLdm Ht\Y LARu AlTPp RL[ oUd\.

AUdL j\ NokR X LjdLs

AUdL AWVXUl TLd CdL YiVRL[ Tt Gm lPpX. Ap

LQlTYRpXm TLs SuSPjR EPVYoL[LCdL Yim GuTRu. CRu LWQUL UW AlTPpAUdL VW RXYWp TLs RokRdLlThEVoUhP Uu\eLd TLs VdLlT\oLs.CkR VU]eLd uYm RLs TYLGjdLs[lTu\].

RkWUL NVpTPYiUuTm j\V NokRYoLsl Yl CpXUp ReL[PV LPUL[ NnVYim GuTm YZdp Wk NhP AlTPX]olLs RWlTP YiUuTm dVU] AmNUm.j\V TXY oYLj\ (NVp\) Utm

NhPj\ Rj JqYum ARu TL[ Ut\RNokWUp NnV YiUuTm Cu] AmNUm.CqY oYLj\ NhPj\ Utm j\ RjRVLNVpTP Yim GuT ALW ] LsLGu NpXlT\. CdLsLV Wuv ShP NokRUiPv GuTYo AYPV NhPeLu Eo(The spirit of laws) 1748Bm Bi YhP AYPV

-p Yjdu\o. CdLsL AUdLAWVXUlT GVYoL[p HtLs[lThP. ARu\ CRW IWlV Utm BV SLs AYtPV

AWVXUlp CdLsL AlTPp AWNeLmNVpTYRtL] L[ GpXm Noj ARuTAYLu AWNeLeLs SPTu\].

6.1 j\u RYm, AYVm

UX NpXlThP TX TTX]m AWNeLjuTLs dVU]. T JYo YZdLu\Ndu\T SXu NhPju AlTPp YZeL Yim. CkR AlTPp Ru GRlThP AWVp

NhPju TLYX]L j\ LRlT\.GqY[ WYL YZdLs d Yk olLs

RWlTu\]Y AqY[ WYL YZdpNmTkRThPYoLd PdL Ynld\. UdLPVEULm, EPULm TLdLlTm. CjRLV XAYoLPV RkWjt TLlTLm A LdLlTPUpRkWm X ShPlTPm t\m CZjRYoLs

(A) UjV Utm UX AWNeLeLp j\pEs[ ATYm NhPm NmUkRlThP ThPVeLs ApXEVoLpp Tts[ RLs.

(D) NhP Lpp ThPm

(E) j\p ApX YZdLOoL[L lhPX LXjt Es[ ATYm


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107 108

EVoLpp Tts[ RLs.

(B) AWVp LhT lTL JqY AWVpLhm uTtm LsLp DTm AR uTtSPjRm ARY, AqYlT TR-dm Vh

RXYoLs GkR LhV Nok GjRLV LsLL[dLsL[L Lid\oL[ AYt\ uTtY.ERWQUL TZUYR ApX RYR LsLV uTtmVW RXXoLs AdLsLV HtdLsTYoL[TL[L VlTo G] GoTodLXm. CkR AlTPpVU]eLs NnVlThdu\].

(C) TL[L VdL TYoLpTmTX]YoLs Lh No EPVYoL[Lm VWRXYo Utm AYW LhV NokR RXYoL[ uTtSPlTYoL[Lm Cdu\]o.

(D) AiUdLXm YWm C]m Utm Bi, TiGu\ T-] AlTPm hPh TLs BiL[LYCkR]o. TiLs GYm VdLlThPpX. B]pW]ph Lu VhjRXYWL CkRT CkRLsLum UTh TiL[m TL[LVjRo. ClT Ys[VoLs UhUpXUp LlToLmBldL, Utm CXju C]jR NokR AUdLoLmTm A[p TL[L VdLlT\oLs.

TmTX] RtLX AWNeLeLs Z RWlThs[X TY] LsLLs TVL VdLTTYoLdCdL YiU] Ytju\].

(A) U Utm RVm

(B) YV YWm

(C) HRY J TPjp ThP Tl R

X LXjt Es[ ATYm

(F) NhPm Utm V-p \kR XUPVYWLCjRp

6.3 U Bn LsLAWVd U Bn AUdLu \kR

TeLlTm. CVt\lThP NhPUu\ AWVp NhPjtEhThPRpX Gu\ ApX ARt AlTtThP Gu\Adm j\d Es[ ALWm U Bn(X]n) Gu AZdLlT[. Cm\ AUdL, L]P,BvW-V Utm CkV Tu\ SLpSP\-k Y\. CeLpXm UpUhPjp Es[Uu\eLs NhPeLs NpX RLRY Gu Adm

ALWm EPVY. B]p CeXk Shp UhmCdLsL uTt\TPpX.

CkVp UXeLp (States) Es[ EVoUu\eLm CkV YRtU] j\ TlYdm EfN Uu\jtm U Bn ALWm ZRWlThs[ C]eLp YZeLlThd\.

A. UjV Utm UX AWLdPV HtTmNfNWdLs Utm RYdLs.

B. AWVp AUlp Es[ (NWj) HRmTt NkRLeL[ ApX YlThPLjdL[ XU]p AR [dY ApXUolT

C BRW EULs TLl

D. UX NhPUu\eL[p CVt\lTm AWVpAUlt GW] NhPeLs.

\Ls

1. O]m Utm ATY AlTPp TLs n n o s

Ls NnVlTu\]. C TLdCPV Es[ Lj YtUVGjLhYR YZdLu RWeL[m


64/160

109 110

U Bn NnV RPVYoLs.

2. AWVp AUlu TLYX]L, hPhUu\m NVpTP YLNn\.

3. NhPUu\eLs TXpXUp Uu\eLs RkWUL

NVpTPm JRXThNUL SPk Ls[UmCdL ER\.

4 . UdLPV lTL TuU]PVEULs TLdLlTu\].

5 . YWmdhThP RkWU] AWNeLmNVpTYRt YL Nn\.

6 . NhPUu\eLs AYNW AYNWUL NhPeLsCVtYum TLl R\.

\Ls1 . ALWl]d LsLd GW]RL

CdLdm.

2 . Uu\eLd CkR ALWm RWlTYRpoYLj \m NhPj\m \kR \pTVt\ VUp TLXm.

3. \kR NRVjR EYdYRt RYV]LsLL[m, hPeL[m CdLsLTdL m.

4 . TmTX] YZdLs Utm Wf]LsAWVp NL Utm T[RW Wf[LsNmUkRlThPYL[LY ClTRp j\NhPj\V gV ALWm T\ YLNnm.

5. AUdLm, CkVm YZdLs SuApX Ik TLs LiP YLNdLlTmT TmTuU AlTPp

j R Z RW Tdu\.

6 . TLs X NUVeLp LXjtRkRtTXm UThP rXd HtTmSPk Ls[Up TZUYL[L Cdu\]o.

7. TLs X NUVeLp NhPeLu Es SdLmGu] GuTR TWUp AYts[ NtLuTd HtT ol YZe\oLs. CR]pAYoLs L] SdLm EPVYoL[LmU\oLs.

CqY U Bn TX \L[m \L[mEPVRL Cdu\. CR]p X NUVeLp X RPLsGtTu\]. u]t\eLs HtTPUp Tu\]. RYLm

SPTu\] Clm CRPV \Ls \L[Pk LQlTYRp CdLsL j\puTt\lTY AYVU] GpXm Aks[]o.

6.4 j\ NVp YLm ( l)(Judicial Activism)

j\ UdL[h\ AWNeLjp CuVUVRJu\m. ARPV LPULm TlLmAWNeLjPV CRW \Ls TXY L dVU]Y.

SPUu\ Vh \p ARu TpY AUlLmNV] \p TVtYRt NokR AUlLs TXYLLp Qtu\].

T UdLs lTm Utm AYoLs iRpLWQUL Uu\eLs ClT YZeYm TUdLsNmTkRU] YZd[ olTm l dLs UtmSP\L[ T UdLs SXu L uTt Yu\].

AYts dVU]RL j\ NVp YLm Gu\ dLsL SP\d Ykd\. CdLsLAWNeLju SXY AeLm Gu AZdLlTm Nn

UdL[p YWYtLlTm. NhP AlTPX]SPYdLLd UdLPjp SmdL HtTm.


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111 112

j S Z Utm [mTWj\ SPYdLL[ Jhm UdLulTjt CQeLm HtThP G]Xm. j\pEs[YoLs CRW \Lp Es[YoLs TXY Lp UtmCRW SPYdLLs EPVYoL[L Cd\oLs. CYoLm

RYLs NnV VYoLs GuTR UdL CVX, G]YlQo LiP UdLs AYoLPV RkWjRmTLj Lsu\ \p UtLsm SPYdLLsj\ ld UdL[h \ SLpAlTPL[u\].

UdL[h \ uTt\Tu\ SLp YZeYp RURm HtT\. ARu LWQUL UdLlTm T AkR Uk\. G]Y WYL YZeLlTPm Ak VVU]RL CdLm

j\d RkWm AdLlThd\. G]Y j\T UdLPV GoTolt HtT B]p AR NUVjpAWNeLju CRW Ld e CZdLRY SXu C]dm TLl AlT L AYVU\.B]p C j\ HRfNLWjp kPdP.

\m j\m AYNokRAUlLm ERWQUL TLs RWLoLsSXVt\YoLs NoPV AW YZdLOoLsTu\YoLPV XgNm Tu\ NLjt L

[dm TX YZdLeLs Cdu\]. CYLmUt\lTYR LXlTdp JdLlTY LCuVUVR Bm. CY GpXYt\m Nn dLV YnlLm rXLm j\VNokRYoLd ALUL Cdu\]. CYoLs GSR A[tEiUVLm, VVULm, lPm CYoLPVLPUL[f Nnu\oL[ AlT j\ l

6.5 j\ RkWm

RnLjRuU EPVR] UdLs L\oLs.TLs YZdp NmTkRlTPPYoLs GYo TdLm NWUp

NUXp Ck YZeL Yim. RtLX TSX AWpCjRLV RkWm Lm RYlT\. TSX AWpT UdLd SuULs J TdLm CdL ULs HtTPmNkRolTeLs Ei. G]Y YZdLm AL A[pUu\eLd LiYWlTm. CjRLV rXLpTLs ReLPV RkWjR X ju\ \pTfNRTm CpXUp ol NpY AYVUm. uYmLWLs j\ RkWjR XShu\].

TLs VU] \

u]t\UPkR SLp u \Lp TLsVdLT\oLs. AY

(A) UdL[p RokRdm \

(B) h^oXk Shp NhPUu\jRpRokRdLlTm \

(C) oYLj \Vp VdLlTm \, CYtu[dLm Z RWlT\.

(A) UdL[p RokRdLlTm \: Cm\

Wuv Shp uTt\lThP. ARu \ AUdLh^oXk BV SLp X ULQeLs CkR \VuTtu\]. Xv UdL[p RokRdm \UNU]. G]Y AYoLs YZem olLmVVU]YL[L EiUV]YL[L CdL VGu \o. Lo]o GuTYo UdL[p RokRdm\ j\u TUV RWm Rrj LhYR

TL[ AWVp NoPVYoL[L LhYR TLs

AWVp NoPVYoL[L NhPjR AlTPVL Ls[Up

YZeL LWQU\ Gu [d\o.

\Ls CdL Gu LRlT\. TmTX] SLpEVoUhP j\V NokR TLu TRdLXm 60,65, 70 YV GuTRL Cd\. apPu Tu\ AOoLs


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Z

(B) NhPUu\jRp RokRdLlTm \:Cm\ h^oXkp Es[ LuPuLs (Cantons) Gu

AZdLlTm ULQeLp uTt\lT\. C J \kR

\VL. ALWl LhTht U\], Cm\j\ NhPUu\ju HYX[L LRlTm. ApXUm

AlT Bh-dm AWVp LhLu WL[L

TLs NVXtYoLs. AR]p AYoLs RkWjR

CZlToLs.

(C) oYLjRp VdLlTm \: Cm\CeXk, AUdL, L]P, BvW-V, _lTu, Ru

BldL Utm CkV Tu\ SLp uTt\lT\.

EXu CRW TX SLm Cm\VV TmTm

uTtu\]. CkR \p VdLlTm TLsRoLs GYRu XULm SoLQp XULm CRW

RkR Ro \ AlTPm VdLlT\oLs. G]Y

CYoLPV RkWjt L HtTYpX. TLd

CdL YiV RLs, ATYeLs GpXm Toj AkR

AlTPp AYoLs j\ RPoPV AUfNLjRp

TkW NnVlTh oYLjt RXUVL ClTYWp

VdLlTYRp AYoLs VULm SoUVLm,

\lTLm TVt\ m. Cm\V Xv Tu\AOoLs \kR Gu du\oLs.

iP TRdLXm

j\ RkWUL CVeYRt CuVUVR

AjR LW iP LXjt TRdLXm CdL Yim

GuTRm. CR]p V LXjt VdL

TYoLPV LQlTu\ VSXm XgNm Tu\

iP TR LXjt VdLlTm TLsVdVU]YoL[Lm \kR APVYoL[LmClToLs GuTR AWNeLjtm TU HtTPVtlToLs Gu \o.

3. TdLX E

j\ RkWm TLu iP TRdLXmTRp T WkRWm Tu\Yt\m AlTPVLLiP. ARY AYoLs TR-k GpXdLlTPUp CdL Yim. CeXk, AUdL UtmTmTX] RtLX AWNeLeLs CjRLV T L[Htd Lidu\]. CYLs Gp Ut\ VRYAWVXUl NhPjXV Noj j\ RkWjRXjYRt SpX HtTLs Nndu\]. G]YTL[ Gp TR-k dLV.

4. TUu\ A[t FV EjWYRm

TLd AYoLPV Lp Utm CRW RLsAlTPm ATYm NRVjp AYoLd CdLV AkRv Tu\YL[ Ljp Lim RLRYLp ThP tTPUp CdLm TV FVmRWYim. AlT Ru T TRd RkRYoLm\kRYoLm YYoLs. Um TLs TRp CdmT GdLWQm Lim AYoLPV FVm UtmCRWTLs Um EjWYRm RWlThs[ T Nnm LXm\dLlTPY UdLlTPY P. AYoLs TRXkJn TmT AUVL Jn LXjR TYRtHt\ YLp Jn FVm YZeLlTPYim.CYL[VpXm E Nnm YLp j\dL]

Ls RV AWNeLjt AUdLlThP BRWeL-k YZeLlT\.

5. EVo R

Tt

T A


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5. EVo R

RkWm, ARu dVjYm, TLu \l,AYoLs NV] L[ YZeRp RkWUL LjdLsNpRp BVY TLd CdL YiV

RL[m.

6. oYLjum j\V jRp

ClTPjp UuPv GuTYW ALW ]LsL Tt Y\ CPjp NpXlThd\. ARuAlTPp j\ oYLj\um dLlThRVLm RkWULm NVpTU NnVlThd\.G]Y j\V LhlTjY ARu RkWjt L[lT Tu\ NVpLp oYLj\ RXPV. G]Y TLs TVm CpXUp RkWUL olLs

YZeLXm.

Jn LXjp TVtYRt RP

TLs AYoLs TRd LXm kR \Uu\eLp YZdLOoLs Tu\ NmTkRlThP TLpDTPdP. H]p AYoLs TR-kRTAYoLPu TVtVYoLs u]V YP YiVrX HtTm. C RodLlTP Yim.

W

Ut\lThP LjdLs AlTPp j\RkWUL NVpTP TLs VU] \ \kRRLCdLYim. AYoLdj RWlTm FVm AYoLsNnm Td Ht\RL CdL Yim. (TRdLXmlhP LXjtL] E NnVlThjRp AYVm,AWVp RX CdLd P.

I. LhP CPjR WlL

1. UuPv GuTYo AYPV ______ 1748BmBi YhP AYPV -p Yjdu\o.

2. ______ Shp U Bn SP\p CkY\.

3. TLs NhPUu\jRp RokRdLlTm YZdLm______Shp uTt\lT\.

II. NV ApX RY\

5. U Bn GuTp AUdL S dVTeYd\.

6. AWNeLm u TL[L dLlT\.

7. j\ UdL[hu i Gu LRlT\.

T B

8. j\ [d.

9. TL[YRtL] RLs VY?

10. U Bn [d.

T C

11. j\ ClTRtL] RY V?

12. U Bnu \, \L[ YdL.T D

13. j\ NVp YLm Tt l GL.

14. j\u RkWjR Tt [dLUL GL.


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std12 polsci tm

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