Agriscience Applications Guided Notes

Leasdership and SAE

Essential Standard 1.00: Understand leadership opportunities and SAE related to the agriscience industry

Objective 1.01Understand the history, opportunities and structure of organizations related to the agriscience industry.

History of the National FFA Organization1917 Smith-Hughes Act

__________________________________________ __________________________________________

1920’s – Virginia was the first state to have Futures Farmers clubs Boys only

History of the National FFA Organization

________ – FFA became a national organization A network of teachers guided the establishment of FFA Effort to establish a club for boys with similar farm interests

________ – NFA was formed (New Farmers of America) Black students studying agriculture

________ – Public Law 740 FFA became one of a few student organizations to receive a Federal Charter from

Congress________ – FFA and NFA merged________– Girls allowed in FFA for the first time

________– Name change Future Farmers of America to National FFA Organization Reflects the growing diversity in the agriculture industry

________– National Convention completes 7 year run in Indianapolis Returns to Louisville, Kentucky in 2013 for 3 years

FFA Mission

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________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

SAE_________________________________________________

Component used to help students learn to keep records, perform practical job skills, and gain opportunity for work and exploratory experience in Agriscience

Opportunities within the FFA______________________________________________ (CDE’s)

Competitive Events - benefits Most events progress from the local (chapter) to the federation, regional, state

and national level. Develops technical and leadership skills as well as confidence. Recognition is received and prize money is often received for 1st place state finish.

Animal Science Competitive Events - examples__________________________________

grade and evaluate dairy cattle__________________________________

grade and evaluate chickens and chicken products__________________________________

grade and evaluate beef cattle, sheep, swine and goats__________________________________

evaluate several classes of horses and present oral reasons

Plant Science Competitive Events - examples__________________________________

knowledge of horticulture and plant identification__________________________________

knowledge of the nursery and landscape industry and plant identification

__________________________________ knowledge of floral arrangement , horticulture and plant identification

__________________________________ identification of trees and forestry tools as well as measurement of

trees

Leadership Competitive Events - examples__________________________________

recitation of the FFA creed.__________________________________

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prepare and present a 6-8 minute speech on an agriculturally related topic of your choice

__________________________________ present a 4-6 minute speech on a topic given to you with 30 minutes

preparation time __________________________________

present a mock business meeting solve business problems and knowledge of business principles

Agriculture Business Competitive Events - examples__________________________________

performance of a mock interview for an agriculturally related job__________________________________

knowledge of sales and marketing__________________________________

solve business problems and knowledge of business principles

Agriculture Mechanical Competitive Events - examples__________________________________

knowledge and identification of tools__________________________________

knowledge of agricultural mechanics as well as performance of specific mechanical skills

Agricultural Organizations related to the Agriscience IndustryGoals

Allow professionals the opportunity to _____________________________________ Provide trade shows and journals

update members on new methods, products, and technology Uses membership dues

commodity advertisement trade journals educational programs scholarships for members

Agricultural Organizations related to the Agriscience IndustryTypes (examples)

Commodity related _____________________________________ (NCGA)

to create and increase opportunities for corn growers

______________________________________(NPPC) promotes and educates a socially responsible and profitable NC pork

industry

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__________________________________________ (NCNLA) flexible, knowledgeable, responsive, environmentally- conscious

organization provides the nursery and landscape industries with leadership,

technological and business advancement opportunities and information services

__________________________________________________ (AQHA) world’s largest breed registry and membership organization

__________________________________________________ (NCCTA) promotes “real” Christmas trees through marketing and education

NC Farm Bureau ___________________________________________________ offers insurance provides scholarships and educational opportunities for youth

__________________________________________________ (CFSA) farm driven, membership based, non-profit, that helps people in the

Carolinas grow and eat local, organic foods……

_____________________________________ is a family–oriented organization serves its members through a variety of programs and promotes agriculture

as an essential industry for our economy

_____________________________________ open to those who wishes to support students in agricultural education

Objective 1.02Understand effective leadership and communication skills.

Leadership Development in FFA1. Purpose

__________________________________________________ Builds cooperative attitudes that help students work with others __________________________________________________

2. Ways and MeansDevelop an appreciation of FFA traditions

Colors- ________________________________________Program of Activities (POA)

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calendar of activities that provides fun opportunities for members, creates a better chapter and provides service to the local community

Symbols and their meaning:Eagle

______________________________________________________Plow

______________________________________________________Owl

______________________________________________________Rising Sun

______________________________________________________ Need for cooperative effort to reach common goals

Ear of corn ______________________________________________________ FFA is a national organization with members from across the U.S. and

Puerto Rico Lettering “Agricultural Education” and “FFA”

______________________________________________________

The FFA Motto:______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Serving in leadership roles as an FFA OfficerPresident (rising sun)

_______________________________________Vice president (plow)

_______________________________________Secretary (ear of corn)

_______________________________________Treasurer (bust of Washington)

_______________________________________Reporter (flag)

_______________________________________Sentinel (hand clasp and shield of friendship)

_______________________________________

Other opportunities to develop leadership in FFA Leaderships schools, camps and conferences (WLC) Committee involvement (Community service committee) State and National Conventions

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o ___________________________, North Carolina in Juneo _____________________________________in October

Conducting Business Meetings (Agenda)

Agenda __________________________________________

Opening ceremony in FFA meetings Minutes of the previous meeting

____________________________________________________ approved by the body in accordance to organizational by-laws and

parliamentary procedure reminds members of what occurred at the last meeting

Treasurer reports Report on Chapter Program of Activities (POA)

presented by officers and committee chairperson ___________________________ New Business

presented by members in the form of motions ___________________________ and closing ceremony

occurs by either passing a motion or by consensus of the body

Purpose for an agenda ________________________________________________________ The agenda forms the framework for the development of a good meeting

General Principles of Parliamentary Procedure

1- ________________________________________________________________ Members must be recognized to speak

except in cases of emergency or to enforce parliamentary law Members ask the president for recognition to speak

standing and saying ” Madame/Mr. President” 2- Focuses on ______________________________________

only one motion on the floor at a time a main motion is presented by saying “I move to/that…”

3- Observes the rule of the ______________________________ Only main motions that have been seconded can be discussed Most motions require a simple majority to pass Action only after the passing of a motion

4- Ensures the rights of the ______________________________ Everyone has the right to voice their opinion during discussion of a motion regardless of

which side they may be on

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Therefore, a motion to stop discussion requires a __________ vote to pass

20 out of 30 would have to vote to end discussion

Main MotionIntroduce new business

1) Address the presiding officer2) Receive recognition to speak3) State the motion4) “I move that our FFA chapter conduct a community service project.”5) Someone seconds the motion6) Discussed by the group7) Vote8) Chair announces result of vote Requires a second ______________________________________ Amendable ___________________________ vote required

AmendmentAlter or _________________________ a motion

adding striking out ________________________________

Requires a secondDebatableAmendable____________________________vote required

Refer to a CommitteeTo put the motion _________________________________________________________

“I move to refer this motion to a committee of three people appointed by the chair, who will report back at the next regular meeting”

Requires a second _________________________________ _________________________________ Majority vote required

Previous Question

“I move the Previous Question.” Requires a second Not Debatable

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Not Amendable _________________________________ vote required

Suspend the RulesAllow the chapter to act in a way that would be _____________________________________.

“I move to suspend the rules and waive the reading of the minutes.”Requires a second___________________________________________________________________________________ Majority vote required

Point of OrderEnforces the rules of parliamentary law.

“I rise to a Point of Order.” No second required Not Debatable Not Amendable ____________________________

Adjourn_____________________________________________________________

“I move to adjourn.” __________________________________ Not Debatable Not Amendable Majority vote required

VotingCommon methods

_________________________________________ by saying “aye” or “no”

Rising vote _________________________________________ _________________________________________

Secret ballot ________________________________________________________

Roll call ________________________________________________________

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GavelTaps are used to signal members of action they should take or to signal the completion of a parliamentary action

________________________ tap follows announcement of adjournment follows the completion of a business item to be seated

________________________ taps signal the official start of the meeting and calls the meeting to order

________________________ taps are used to signal all members to stand members are to rise in unison at the third tap of the gavel

Public SpeakingOral communication skills are one of the most important factors in determining career success

The FFA Creed gives students the opportunity to develop basic public speaking skills ______________________________________________________

Oral communication can be improved through practice (and more practice) Practice improves the speaker stage presence

__________________________________Confidence__________________________________Ease before the audiencePersonal appearance__________________________________Posture

The FFA CreedHistory

_____________________________________________________Adopted at the 3rd National FFA Convention in _______________Revised in 1965 and 1990Each of the 5 paragraphs begins with “____________________________……”

Use Basic statement of beliefs that helps members understand the importance of FFA Expresses belief in work ethic, fairness, patriotism, and tradition that all members can

share Requirement for the first degree of FFA membership

_______________________________ Degree

Objective 1.03Understand the importance of SAE to work-based learning.

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SAE – What is it?1. An individualized project

Supervised Agricultural ExperienceConducted outside of the regularly scheduled school day

2. Makes up the third part in a total agricultural education program __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________

3. SAE is for every studentA percent of your course grade

Purpose of SAEOpportunities to explore a variety of subjectsEducational and practical experience in a specialized areaOpportunities for earning while learningTeaches accurate computerized or written recordsWin FFA awards

FFA proficiency awards

Types of SAE

__________________________________ Short duration usually Students become more literate in agriculture Develop awareness of agricultural careers

Examples:Observing and/or assisting a veterinarianInterviewing a landscape contractorShadowing a greenhouse employeeObserving/assisting a welderAttending a career day/fair

EntrepreneurshipOwnership or part-ownership

__________________________________Skills necessary to become established in one’s own business

Types of Entrepreneurship __________________________ SAE

Raise and sell an agricultural commodity for _________________ Examples: produce vegetables, grow Christmas trees, raise livestock, dogs,

or horses, and grow field or nursery crops.___________________________ SAE

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Students own and operate an agricultural related business Examples: lawn maintenance or landscaping business, crop scouting service,

pet sitting service, feed sales, computer service for farms, horse riding lessons

Placement________________________________________________________________________

often with the help of their instructorTypically paid an hourly wage

Examples:Placement in Production

on a farm greenhouse nursery or other production facility

Placement in Agribusiness work at a veterinary clinic florist feed store landscaping business

ImprovementActivities are done to improve the appearance, convenience, efficiency, safety or value of a home, farm or other facility.

No _______________________________ No _______________________________

Examples: landscape parent or grandparent’s home building a fence building a storage shed growing herbs or vegetables in containers on a porch or patio assist with landscape maintenance at an apartment complex

____________________________________________ Students choose an agricultural problem not easily tested by experimentation Gather and evaluate data Non-experimental

Examples:Develop marketing plan for poinsettia cropResearch and present project on effects of temperature change on corn yields in South America

_________________________________________ Students conduct and an agriculturally related experiment Scientific method

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Examples:Compare the effects of various rates of nitrogen on poinsettiasCompare the effects of various feeds on average daily gain in lambs

Can be used to compete in the State Agriscience Fair.

Supplementary Activities are _________________________ activities with little or no planning involved

Skill specific, non- wage earningExamples:

learning to prune peach or apple trees changing hydraulic fluid in a tractor mowing a baseball infield or putting green trimming sheep feet bottle feeding dairy calves

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Global Agriculture

Essential Standard 2.00: Understand global agriculture

Objective 2.01Understand the history of global agriculture.

Agriscience defined:The application of ____________________________ and new technologies to agriculture

Applied science __________________________________________________

Agronomists use biology and chemistry __________________________________________________

Entomologists use biology and chemistry develop new ways to control insects

Agricultural engineers use physics __________________________________________________

Employs the scientific method __________________________________________________

Agriculture defined: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Examples:Cattle Production

farmer __________________________________________________ feeder steers

Processing __________________________________________________ Rendering Beef Leather

Marketing Butcher Grocery

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SteaksTransportation

Plane Rail Truck

Related supplies and services __________________________________________________ feed dealer

Examples:Wheat Production

Farmer Grain

Processing Grain mills Flour

Marketing Bakery Bread

Transportation grain trucks Rail

Related supplies and services fertilizer dealer crop scouting __________________________________________________ GPS

Production flower grower processing/marketing

Harvesters __________________________________________________ retail florist

Transportation Plane Truck floral delivery driver

Related supplies and services glass vase sales greenhouse manufacturers floral designers

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_______________________________________ defined:Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture

Examples of Agribusiness: Farm related __________________________________________________ Tractor Manufacturer Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines) __________________________________________________ Landscape or nursery business __________________________________________________ Mower Manufacturer

Renewable natural resources defined: Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves

Examples ______________________________ – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits ______________________________ – trees, grasses

Progress in US AgricultureMechanization

Helps _____________% of America’s work force meet the food and fiber needs of our nation

Reduction of ______________% in production farming in the last 200 years

Cotton Gin Invented in ___________________________ _____________________________________ Transformed cotton to a usable product Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin

George Washington Carver Late ________________________________ Developed crop rotations and the use of legumes plants that “make” their own ______________________ Peanuts Significantly improve soil _________________________ in the U.S. south

Grain Reaper Cyrus McCormick

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Invented in ________________________ Cut grains Cut wheat, oats, and other crops

Cast Iron Plow Invented in the ________________________________________- Thomas Jefferson Rough surface that dirt stuck to

Steel Moldboard Plow ____________________________ ____________________________ Smoother surface Rich clay soil did not stick to it Made plowing ________________

Henry Blair Seed planter ___________________________

Cotton planter ___________________________

Corn PickerInvented in _________________________________________________________Helped speed up the harvesting of corn

Barbed WireJoseph Glidden1874dramatically changed raising livestock

Milking Machine Invented in ____________________ _____________________________ Used vacuum suction Replaced hand milking

Perishable food preservation _______________________________ ________________________________ designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of

refrigeration

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Tractor Invented in _____________________ Benjamin Holt Replaced the mule as a source of power ______________________

Gene Gun _____________________________ John Sanford A device for injecting cells with ____________________ information

GPS technology ____________________ tractor based GPS systems together with GIS (_______________________________) Used to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other

variables

Robotic Milking Machines Late _________________________ First used in Ontario, Canada Benefits by a reduction in ____________________________ Initial cost is primary disadvantage especially to small producer

Land Grant InstitutionsAn institution designated by its _______________________________ to receive ________________ to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts.

Agricultural experiment stations (Hatch Act 1887).

Examples: North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC __________________________________________ (1887) Raleigh, NC __________________________________________ (1889) Clemson, SC University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA

Agriculture related Government Agencies

Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public ______________________________________________ professional assistance funding

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Examples of some of the agencies we now have:

(USDA) United States Department of Agriculture _____________________________ Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development,

nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management.

Examples of branches/agencies of USDA: NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation Service APHIS (1972) – ___________________________________________________ NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics Service USFS (1905) –_____________________________________________________

Mission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.

NCCES North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service ____________________________________ To put research –based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental

stewardship and an improved quality of life

_________________________________________________________________ (NCDA&CS) Services that promote and improve agriculture…..

Origins of Major Food Crops

Fruits and Vegetables Peaches - ______________________________ Tomato – South America Peanut – Peru, South America Sweet potato – Central America

Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops Corn – ________________________________ Soybeans – Southeast Asia Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey, India)

Major US Agricultural Production Regions for Selected Crops and Livestock

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Regions develop based on a variety of factors: Soils Weather Market development Feed availability

Examples of agricultural production regions and/ or states that generally rank high in U.S. production.

Citrus fruit _________________________ Texas California

Corn belt Includes all or parts of these __________________________________ Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and

Nebraska,

Wheat

Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics)Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)

Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries)Southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri.

Spearmint ________________________________________

Floriculture crops _______________________________________________________

_____________________________________ Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma, Missouri, South Dakota (corn

belt area)

_____________________________________

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Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,

Hogs ________________________________________________________________ Corn belt area

_______________________________ (broilers) Southern and southeastern states North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas

North Carolina AgricultureNC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions

_____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________

Mountain counties _____________________________________ Apples Trout

Piedmont counties Greenhouse and Nursery crops _____________________________________ Turkeys Dairy cattle

Eastern counties _____________________________________ Turkeys Broilers _____________________________________ Sweet potatoes Vegetables Peanuts Cotton Corn _____________________________________

world’s most important source of vegetable oil

Cash Receipts (2011)

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Statewide exceeds $__________________________________ annually

Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Approximately __________________ of all farm cash receipts Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount

Crops Approximately __________________ of all farm cash receipts greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees

Objective 2.02Compare the current and future issues in global agriculture.

Global outlook The world population will continue to grow with expectations of ______ billion

humans on the planet by ___________________. More children survive to adulthood worldwide. More adults are living longer worldwide.

Population growth will:Add stress to environmental systems of air, water, soil and natural resources. Create challenges to meet demands for food and fiber.Examples of agriscience research to meet these demands:

Genetically engineered ____________________- a bio-engineered tomato that resists rotting

New fuel sources biodiesel from animal fat

Human nutrition decreasing the amount of _________________ in the diet and raising the proportion

of fat from vegetable sourcesSatellite technology (gps)

determine various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants

Trends and Issues in Global AgricultureAgriculture will always be an essential industry.

Food is essential to life Clothing and shelter are basic needs of humans

Examples of current/future agriculture related issues Food Insecurity Global importance

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Defined as not knowing where a human will find their next meal the situation where people need to live with hunger and fear starvationFood insecurity results from several factors

Climate issues Urban development Corrupt governments Population growth Oil price shifts

______________________________________________________-We must meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Organic Food Production Crops are raised without using most conventional pesticides, petroleum-based

fertilizers, or sewage sludge-based fertilizers Animals must be fed organic feed and be given access to the outdoors Antibiotics and growth hormones may not be used in organic production Accounts for more than __________________ of all U.S. food sales Examples of current/future agriculture related issues

GMO’s _____________________________________ Combing genes from different organisms results in an organism being called

genetically modified or transgenic Controversies surrounding this practice include safety, ethics, labeling and others European countries will not purchase GMO foods from the US Fewer exports

Local ________________________ Movement Can be defined in terms of geographic proximity of producer to consumer. Is a very popular concept in regards to food safety, food freshness, and reduction of

environmental impact due to shorter shipping distances

CSA’s (_____________________________________________________) Direct-to-consumer programs Buy shares of a farms projected harvest Pay for their share of the harvest up front Distributes risk between the farmer and the consumers Pick up their share regularly in a communal location or the shares are delivered

directly USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are operating nationally

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Water (quantity and quality) US water shortages are a major issue in the western portion of the nation where

expanding cities needs are competing with farmers needs for the same water resources

The aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only drinking water for the ___________million plus residents

Southeastern US, including North Carolina, Water Wars have become common place In Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury Most areas of the world, supplies of safe water have become generally insufficient

because of misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and climate change

2 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC Aquaculture Technology Equine Business and Training Fish and Wildlife Management Technology Forest Management Technology Golf Course Management Greenhouse and Grounds Maintenance Horticulture Technology Landscape Gardening Marine Sciences Poultry Management Sustainable Agriculture Swine Management Turfgrass Management Viticulture Technology Agricultural Biotechnology Environmental Science Biotechnology Agribusiness Management Field Crops Technology General Agriculture Livestock and Poultry Management

Examples of 4 year agriculturally related degree programs in NC Agricultural Economics Agricultural Education Animal Science Biological Engineering Landscape Architecture Agricultural and Environmental Technology Food Science Plant and Soil Science Poultry Science Genetics

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Horticultural Science

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Plant ScienceEssential Standard 3.00: Understand the plant industry

Objective 3.01Remember careers in the plant industry.

_______________________________________________ The science and art of producing, processing, marketing and distributing plants

grown for their appearance or beauty

Examples Flowers _________________________ Trees _________________________ Interior plants

________________________________________ The science and art of producing, processing, marketing and distributing fruits and

vegetables

Examples: Blueberries Apples Peaches Strawberries Tomatoes Cucumbers Sweet corn Squash Sweet potatoes

______________________________________ The science of soil management and crops.

Examples Wheat Barley Field corn Soybeans Cotton

Examples of Ornamental Horticulture Careers

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Florist Designs _________________________________________

Groundskeeper ________________________________________________

Landscape Architect a professional trained in the art and science of arranging land and objects upon it

Golf Course Superintendent manages the _______________________________________

Nursery Operator manages a business that grows and sells ___________________________________

Greenhouse Manager manages a business that grows and sells ___________________________________

Gardener a person who grows and maintains plants for estates, institutions, etc.

Landscape Contractor a person licensed ______________________________________________________

Examples of Fruit and Vegetable Careers

Vegetable Grower grows and sells vegetables for the fresh, wholesale and retail markets

___________________________________ manages retail produce departments of grocery stores

Winery Supervisor manages the production of wines

Examples of Agronomy Careers

Agronomist a specialist in _____________________________ sciences

Forage Manager grow, manage and sell hay crops for various animal producers

Federal grain Inspector Federal employee that __________________________ harvested grain crops

Examples of General Plant Science Careers

Plant Physiologist person who ___________________________plant processes and functions

Plant Breeder person who ____________________new plants through, selection, hybridization, etc

Plant Propagator a person who _________________________plants

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Entomologist a person who studies __________________

Objective 3.02Understand biotechnology in the plant industry.

Biotechnology Basics Biotechnology is the use of living organisms (microorganisms) to make new products

or carry out new processes (solve problems).

New product – ______________________________New Process – ______________________________

propagation method that rapidly multiplies plants

Historic Applications of Biotechnology ________________to make bread rise Bacteria to produce __________________ and other dairy products Microorganisms to transform fruit or grains into alcoholic beverages Use of bacteria to “produce” __________________ __________________ bacteria used to produce insulin

It became one of the first commercial products created by genetic engineering

Basic GeneticsThe science of heredity

________________________________________ discovered the effect of genetics on plant characteristics with his experimentation

with garden peas

____________________ transmission of characteristics from an organism to its offspring through genes in

reproductive cells

____________________ determine the individual characteristics of living things segments of double stranded DNA

____________________ the offspring, or progeny, of common parents

DNA –Genetic Code of Life

______________________

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a structure that holds the genetic information of a cell DNA is wound tightly to form the chromosome

DNA (____________________________________) coded material in all cell nuclei determines what that cell and its successive cells will become structure is that of a twisted ladder double helix

__________________________ small section of DNA thousands of genes on a strand of DNA

Gene __________________________________ process of both finding and recording the locations of genes

_________________________________ Like rungs of a ladder that hold the two sides of the DNA strands together.

The bases are:Adenine (_____) - only pairs with “T”Thymine (_____) – only pairs with “A”Guanine (_____) – only pairs with “C”Cytosine (_____) – only pairs with “G”

Example:A – TG – CT - A

The sequence of the bases between the DNA strands is the code by which a gene controls a specific trait

___________________________________ The color of flowers on a plant

Processes and Practices in biotechnology

Genetic engineering developed in the early _______________________ process of moving genetic information in the form of genes from one cell to another

Gene splicing or __________________________________DNA technology

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process of removing and inserting genes from one organism and inserting them into the DNA of another

Some examples are: Alter a plant’s susceptibility to disease Make a plant resistant to insects

Process in animals is newer and not as well developed

______________________ (micropropagation in plants) creating an exact genetic duplicate of another organism

Indicator species one of the oldest methods of biological detection uses plants, animals and microbes to ______________________ in the environment

________________________________ use living organisms to clean up toxic wastes in water and soil

Biostimulation Adding nutrients such as _____________________________________ to stimulate

the growth of naturally occurring beneficial microbes faster more efficient work

_______________________________ plant absorbs or immobilizing pollutants First tested in the 1990’s

Animal Reproduction and Production Improving the efficiency of reproduction and production involve the use of

biotechnologyThese are considered the more conventional uses of biotechnology

______________________________ Fuels composed of or produced from biological raw materials

Importance of Recombinant DNA Technology Improve plants’ and animals’ performance

The manipulation of genes

Alter characteristics or ___________________________ of microorganisms Controlling disease, insects, weeds, and other pests

Less use of chemical pesticidesPotential for helping clean the environment

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Concerns with the use of Biotechnology

Safety _________________________ government monitor Consumer resistance to new biotech food products remains high

safety of the environmenthuman health concerns

Rapidly changing field, which when not fully understood can create a fear of the unknown

Labeling of genetically modified organisms (GMO) foods many people feel if a product is safe it should be labeled Concern has been expressed over the effect GMO’s may have on biodiversity

Ethics system of moral principles

defines what is right and wrong in a society raises important ethical questions about how biotechnology should be used

Scientific Method used in Biotechnology/AgriscienceSteps of the scientific method:

1. _______________________________________2. Review literature3. _______________________________________4. _______________________________________5. _______________________________________6. _______________________________________7. Draw conclusions8. _______________________________________

Biotechnology in the plant science industry _____________________- and insect resistant crops

Examples:Herbicide tolerant soybean (___________________________________)

contains a gene that provides resistance to broad spectrum herbicidesOthers being developed

Insect- resistant corn (___________________)contains a built-in insecticidal proteinfrom a naturally occurring soil microorganism

Bacillus _____________________gives season- long control of corn borers

Crops with better nutrition and longer shelf life are products of genetic engineering

High ______________Peanutgenetically modified to produce nuts in high oleic acidlonger life for nuts, candy and peanut butter

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High _______________ Sunflowersunflower oil that is low in trans-fatty acids

Delayed- ripening tomato longer _______________________commercial advantages in harvesting and shipping

Tissue culture __________________________________use of a very small actively growing parts of the plantproduces a large number of new plants

African violets

Objective 3.03Understand basic horticultural (ornamental, fruit and vegetable) and agronomic principles and practices.

Type of Plant Growing MediaSoil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface and is the primary medium of cultivated plants

____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________

Sphagnum mossused for __________________________________ under certain conditions

Peat mossconsists of partial ________________________ in waterlogged areas called bogs

Perliteo _______________________________o has water-holding capabilities o used for starting new plants and in media mixes

Vermiculitemineral- type _____________________used for ___________________________ and cuttings and in media mixes

_______________________the Plant Growing Media Add organic matter Specific nutrients Modify soil pH Improper pH will impact the __________________________ of nutrients measure of the degree of acidity or alkalinity pH scale ranges from _______________________- high ___________________ are made more acidic (lowering the pH) by adding sulfur

or aluminum sulfate high acidic level is made more alkaline (raising the pH) by adding ________________

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finely ground _____________________________ supplies both Ca (______________) and Mg (___________________)

Fertilizers

Complete fertilizer Contains the three primary nutrients

N (_________________) P (_________________) K (_________________)

Organic fertilizersmade with plant or animal products

_________________ _________________ (high in phosphorus) _________________

slow acting and long lasting forms of Nlacking in the other primary nutrients (except bone meal)

Inorganic fertilizers ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Fertilizer Application

__________________________________ evenly spreading over the entire surface of a lawn or other growing area

__________________________________ placing fertilizer in bands about 8” from the row of growing plants popular for field crops like corn and soybeans

__________________________________ spraying of liquid fertilizer directly onto the leaves of plants

Principle Parts of Plants

________________________________Generally two types

1. ________________________________2. tap root

Function anchor the plant __________________________________________

Stems

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Two basic types of aboveground stems1. ____________________________________2. ____________________________________

Supports other plant partsWater and nutrients are carried up to the leavesSugar made in the leaves is transported down to the roots

____________________________manufactures food for the plant by using light energy (photosynthesis)

The chemical equation for ___________________________ is:

light energy6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H1206 + 6 02

Chlorophyll

Occurs best in a temperature range of 65-85 degrees FLeaves are very useful in identifying plants and vary greatly

__________________ (edge), shape and arrangement are all important in plant identification

____________________________ The primary function is the production of seed Male flower part is the stamen (anther, filament) Female part is the pistil (stigma, style, ovary) ____________________________________ Petals attract insects to aid in pollination

Fruit The _________________ (lower part of the pistil) of a flower matures into a fruit

that surrounds the seeds Seed develops in the female part (___________________) of the flower

The seed has 3 basic parts:1. ________________________- protection for the seed2. ________________________– food for the seed3. ________________________ – baby plant

Common Plant Science Skills

_______________________________ Can be done by hand or machine

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Involves moving a young plant from one location to another. Example: a seedling tomato from a cell pack in the greenhouse into a home garden

________________________________Increasing the number of a plant species

___________________________is the use of seeds for reproducing plants

___________________________ (vegetative)use of a part or parts of a plant for reproducing plantsresults in an exact duplication of the parent plant

Asexual Propagation _________________________ (stem)

Vegetative parts that the parent plant uses to regenerate itself.Rooting hormones are often applied to speed up the development of roots

_________________________A method of dividing or separating the main part of a plant into smaller parts

_________________________method of joining two plants together to grow as one

_________________________use of a very small piece of a plant (________)to produce a large number of new

genetically identical plants

Objective 3.04Remember tools and their safety practices related to the plant industry.

Plant Science Related Tool Safety Concepts1. __________________________________________

promote safety in the shop and workplace2. Caring for tools and keeping them in good working condition

______________________________________________

Plant Science Related Tools

Bulb planter planting and transplanting bulbs

_______________________________preparing woody parts for grafting

_______________________________valve for attaching a water hose and turning water supply on and off

_______________________________Cutting large branches when pruning shrubbery.

_______________________________sawing limbs from shrubbery and trees

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Pruning _______________cutting and shaping shrubbery

______________________________trimming and shaping shrubbery

Soil ___________________boring into soil to get samples

Soil ___________________determining soil temperatures

Soil ___________________obtaining soil for testing

______________________________reduces the impact of water pressure on soil and plants

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Animal ScienceEssential Standard 4.00: Understand the animal industry (large animal, poultry, equine, and aquaculture)

Objective 4.01Remember careers in the animal industry.

Major Animal Science Industries:

Large animal (livestock) Defined: Farm _______________________________________________________. Examples: Cattle, sheep, swine, goats

Poultry Defined: _____________________________________________________________. Examples: chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese

Equine Defined: Horses or other members of the family _______________________. Examples: Horses, mules

Aquaculture Defined: Underwater agriculture, commonly called fish farming. Also includes the

growing of water vegetation such as kelp. Examples: ________________________________________________

Examples of animal science careers

__________________________________ – one who studies nutrient values of feeds, including how digestible they are.

___________________________________ – an animal doctor.

___________________________________ – a person who studies and applies genetics.

___________________________________– one who cares for and manages. animals in a variety of settings including animal hospitals.

___________________________________– manages the daily operation of a livestock farm.

___________________________________– breeders are in charge of the record keeping and scheduling involved with being a breeder.

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___________________________________ –a person who shoes horses.

___________________________________– assists the veterinarian in caring for animals.

___________________________________ - a person who slaughters animals or dresses meat.

___________________________________– a trained individual employed by regulatory authorities to inspect all meats as they pass through a slaughter facility or packing plant.

___________________________________– a person certified to artificially breed livestock.Sales representative, Animal Health Products – a person who sells animal health products to veterinarians and stores that sell these products.

___________________________________– a person who manages the daily operation of a hatchery facility.

___________________________________– specialized dentist who works on horses.

___________________________________– a person write articles about the horses and the horse industry.

___________________________________ – a scientist concerned with the study of plant and animal microorganisms.

Objective 4.02Understand biotechnology in the animal industry.

Biotechnology in the Animal Science Industry

Animal ______________________________ For product uniformity

drumstick uniformity in the poultry industry _________________________________________

New animals could be reproduced from the tissue of remaining animals Research purposes

Genetically identical animals are better for research studies that try to isolate one variable

BST (______________________________________) A hormone produced in the pituitary gland of cattle

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____________________________________ Method of gene splicing genetic material into _________________ bacteria

Produced at relatively low cost Dairy cows given BST will produce ____________________ milk

_________________________________ (AI) Process involves the introduction of the male sperm into the reproductive tract of a

female By means other than the natural mating process Most of the cows in the dairy industry are produced through AI

_________________________________ Transferring of embryos from one female to another One female can produce many calves in a year due to superovulation

donor animal to release several eggs instead of just one A superior female can be fertilized by genetics from a superior male

resulting embryos implanted into inferior female animals

Objective 4.03Understand basic animal principles and practices.

Dairy Industry Breeds

__________________________black and white markingsproduces the most milkNinety percent of dairy cattle in the US

__________________________smallest dairy breedsecond most popular breednumber one rank in butterfat

__________________________Fawn and white

__________________________Cherry red and white

Beef Industry Predominant English breeds in the U.S.

__________________________black colorknown for excellent meat quality

__________________________both horned and polled

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red cattle with a white faceExotic breeds

Imported into the U.S. when consumers began demanding leaner meat Grow ___________________________- than English breeds

American breeds

developed to withstand ____________________ resistance to _____________________ and parasites Resulted from crossing Brahman cattle from India with English breeds

increased _________________ tolerance and disease and ____________ resistance of Brahman and the meat quality of the English breeds

Example: Brangus Result of Brahman x _______________

Swine Industry Changed greatly from the lard type hogs of the past to the lean type hogs Types of swine operations:

__________________ –pig producers__________________ –hog producersFarrow to Finish producers

Purebred producers produce high-quality boars

Improves the genetic make-up of one breed of swinePurebred boars bred to crossbred sows increase hybrid vigor (ex. muscling).

Duroc, Hampshire and Yorkshire are the most popular U.S. purebred breeds today

Poultry Industry Classified as ___________________________________

Broilers are young chickens grown for their __________________Trace their ancestors back to the Cornish breed

______________are chickens developed to produce large numbers of eggs______________________ –foundation breed

Breeds White Leghorn (layer)

_________________________________________ Broiler and layer types used in industry today result from _____________________ Turkeys

_________% of commercially raised turkeys are the Broad-Breasted White

Equine Industry Uses

__________________________ __________________________

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Recreationpleasure riding, rodeo, draft horses, etc.

Breeds (3 most popular)1. _________________________ – riding, hunting, and working cattle2. Thoroughbred 3. _________________________

Aquaculture Industry

Water QualityThe key/challenge

___________________ (DO) levels in any fish system can become so low that fish die Measured by oxygen probes or chemical tests and reported as 0-10 ppm

Most fish can survive as low as _________ parts per millionbecome stressed and succumb to other problems

________________________________Require high levels of DO Can only be cultured in oxygen –saturated water

_____________________________ are used to improved oxygen levels

pH measurement of ___________________________________ in water

affects the toxicity of soluble nutrients in the water Measured using a meter or litmus paper

The scale is 0-14_________________________ is 7Below 7 is ___________________Above 7 is ___________________

Most aquatic plants and animals prefer a pH between _____________________

Ammonia/nitrite/nitrate _______________________ products of aquatic animals that must be monitored Ammonia and nitrite can accumulate to a level that is toxic to fish

often limits commercial production ___________________ is ultimately converted to nitrogen gas or absorbed by plants ___________________ toxicity is dependent on pH

____________________ Culture Contains the aquatic animals in a small area

can be monitored for better growth rates and feeding purposes Water quality must be monitored to insure that the fish are not stressed

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fish cannot move to other sections of the pond during stressful weather conditions

___________________________condition where a pond’s water quality suddenly changes conditions bring less-oxygenated water to the surface causing fish to die

__________________________________ Tanks circulate water (including waste) through a ___________________ purifier and return it to the tank

________________________________ supply fry or larvae to units for fingerling production

Fish adapted to aquaculture systems: _____________________________

Cold water (approximately 56 degrees F)Running water

_____________________________commonly raised species in warmer water

Animal Anatomy

Digestive system of the _______________________________ Cattle, sheep, goats, and deer have ______________________ stomach compartments Can tolerate more roughage

________________________________ animals Swine, horses, rabbits _________________ stomach compartment

similar to a human Unable to break down large amounts of roughage

rations must be high in _________________________ (ie. grains)

Digestive System Poultry No true stomachs

can only store ____________________ amounts of food No ___________________

swallowed whole, stored in the ___________________, and passed on to the gizzard where it is ground up

Rations must be _________________ in food valuevery efficient at converting feed

Animal Nutrition

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____________________________ Regulates body temperature dissolves and transports nutrients

____________________________ Builds muscle

____________________________ Energy 75 % of most animal rations.

Corn or other cereal grains

____________________________ Calcium is one of the major minerals

Ground limestoneNeeded for eggshell development

Supplied by mineral supplements Primary aid in the development of bones and teeth.

____________________________ needed in minute quantities help all body functions help prevent many livestock diseases

____________________________ amounts of fat are required

Classes of Feeds

________________________________ low in fiber and high in nutrients

Cereal grains_______________, wheat, oats, barley, rye and milo

Other sources by-products of grain and animals

Roughages _________________________________ Dry roughage is ______________ Bermuda, fescue, and alfalfa Green roughage includes the pasture grasses Bermuda, fescue, Kentucky bluegrass.

Silage

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Roughage _____________________________________________________

corn silage

Objective 4.04Remember tools and their safety practices related to the animal industry.

Examples of tools for use in Animal Science

___________________________________ tool for sterilizing small animals

ElastratorScalpel

___________________________________ removing horns from cattle

ElectricChemical paste

___________________________________ Labels individual animal for identification

___________________________________ Building and repair of wire fences

___________________________________ For nailing up fencing

___________________________________ Injects growth hormones in animals

___________________________________ used in poultry industry to examine eggs

___________________________________ used in artificial insemination to insert semen into female

___________________________________ used to examine sperm for artificial insemination

___________________________________ used to store semen

___________________________________

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used to measure temperature of animals

___________________________________ used to inject medicines and vaccines into animals

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Environmental ScienceEssential Standard 5.00: Understand the environmental science industry (water, soils, wildlife and forestry).

Objective 5.01Remember careers in the environmental science industry.

Major career areas of Environmental Science

_______________________________ an essential nutrient for all plant and animal life

_______________________________ the top layer of the Earth’s surface, which is suitable for the growth of plant life

_______________________________ animals that are adapted to live in a natural environment without the help of

humans

_______________________________ industry that grows, manages, and harvests trees for lumber, posts, panels, paper

and many other commodities

_______________________________– assists landowners in implementing best land use practices

_______________________________– classify soil according to the most appropriate use. Requires bachelor’s degree (4 yr)

_______________________________– one who scientifically manages forests (specializing in the care of trees)

_______________________________– advises private forest land owners.

_______________________________– one who harvests trees

_______________________________– the one responsible for the health and well-being of our cities trees

_______________________________– does research on habitat and wildlife and advises government agencies in establishing fish/game laws and habitat improvement programs. Requires minimum of bachelor’s degree (4 yr)

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_______________________________– often work in government agencies , advising land owners and managing game populations on public lands

_______________________________– works for the agency (North Carolina Wildlife Commission) responsible for controlling the harvest of wildlife

_______________________________– uses soil auger/soil tube to take soil samples and do technical field work

_______________________________– works in the field tagging animals, gathering data and assisting with research

_______________________________ – studies the effects of the environment on animal life

_______________________________ – provides assistance in managing forests for the private landowner as well as the commercial grower

_______________________________– are hired by private landowners and companies to estimate tree volume on a tract of land

_______________________________– is responsible for overseeing and managing logging operations

_______________________________– move felled trees form the cutting site to the loading area

Objective 5.02Understand biotechnology in the environmental science industry.

_______________________________ Biotechnology is playing a large part in detecting and monitoring pollution and

determining how much is present

Environmental Biotechnology Examples _________________________________

Lichens are widely used as environmental indicators or bio-indicatorsIf air is very badly polluted with sulfur dioxide, there may be no lichens

present, just green algae may be found

_______________________________ Bacteria is used to clean up oil and fuel spills

Oleophilic (attracted to oil) bacteria used to clean up oil spills

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Hanahan, SC, a suburb of Charleston, had an 80,000 gallon jet fuel leak from a military fuel storage facilityfuel entered the ground and the groundwaterBacteria were successfully used to remediate this problem

_______________________________ The Exxon Valdez clean-up Used the addition of nutrients Feed the oleophilic bacteria

_______________________________ made from oilseeds

Soybeancanola oil

proven to decrease harmful emissions

_______________________________ Oregon Poplar Site (illegal industrial waste dumping site) J-Field at Aberdeen Proving Ground( disposal site of chemical warfare agents,

munitions and industrial chemicals) used hybrid poplar trees

remove VOC’svolatile organic compounds from contaminated soil

_______________________________ bacterial strains are under development to convert solid waste from humans and

livestock into sugar and fuel

Limitations of using bio and phytoremediation _______________________________

often considered slower than chemical techniques _______________________________

they do not apply to all situations _______________________________

those who live near treatment sites often would rather have the contaminated soil removed than treatedFear that the process will not uncontaminate the soil

Objective 5.03Understand basic environmental science principles and practices.

Water Resources

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_______________________________Drinkable-free from harmful chemicals and organismsMost of the Earth’s water is not fresh water

_______________________________it dissolves or otherwise changes most other materials

_______________________________cycling of water between water sources, atmosphere, and surface areas

Precipitation – moisture from rain or snowEvaporation – changing from a liquid to a gas

_______________________________large area in which water is absorbed from rain or melting snow and from which

water drainsacts as a storage system

absorbs excess water and releasing it slowly throughout the year _______________________________

level below which soil is saturated with water

Types of Groundwater _______________________________

water that plant roots can absorb _______________________________ (gravitational)

water that drains out of a soil after it has been wetted _______________________________

water that is held too tightly for plant roots to absorb

Conserving Water and Improving Water Quality Ask the right _______________________________

How can we reduce water pollution?How can soil erosion be reduced?

What is the most productive use of water and soil without polluting or losing these essential resources?

Good practices: _______________________________

turn off water faucet while brushing teethDispose of household products carefully and appropriately.

never pour paint down the drain as it will eventually enter the water supply

Care for lawns, gardens and farmland carefullyonly till soil that will not erode excessively and don’t over fertilize

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Soil

Soil Profile _______________________________- topsoil

Surface layer of soil approximately 6” deep.Organic matter

typically darker colorGreatest influence on crops

_______________________________– subsoilSubsurface layerIncrease in clay contentGreatest influence on urban uses (building sites, septic systems, etc.)

C Horizon – _______________________________ (bedrock)Releases water to the upper soil layersContains larger soil particles

Soil TextureRefers to the size of soil particles

_______________________________ Largest soil particle

Problems holding enough water for good plant growthIndividual particles can be seen with the naked eye

Drain well _______________________________

Intermediate size soil particleCan’t be seen with naked eye

Clay_______________________________ soil particleholds lots of watermay be airtight, infertile for root growth, and associated with wet soils

Soil StructureRefers to the tendency of soil particles to cluster together

_______________________________sandy soils

Granular particles _______________________________to form rounded aggregatesvery desirable for all soil uses

_______________________________particles cling together in angular aggregatestypical of soils with high clay content

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Soil Classification _______________________________maps are based on the physical, chemical, and

topographical aspects of the land Land Capability classes are designated by Roman Numerals I – VIII.

Class _______________________________best land for the most intensive cultivation of field cropsfewest limitations and can be planted year after year

_______________________________very steeply sloping best used for planting trees

Class VIIIland is best suited for _______________________________

Soil Conservation Two types of erosion

1. _______________________________ – removal of layers of soil from the land.2. _______________________________– removal of soil that leaves trenches. “No till”

Crops are planted directly into the _______________________________ of a previous crop

An effective means of erosion control Conventional Tillage

disturbs the soil surface by _______________________________ Conservation Tillage

intermediate tillage system conventional and no-till

Wildlife ManagementBenefits of Wildlife

1. _______________________________2. _______________________________3. _______________________________4. _______________________________

Wildlife Environments Farm

_______________________________of the farming operationLeaving crop residue standing can increase food supplyCreating brush piles when harvesting trees provides shelter and cover

_______________________________Difficult to managePlans should be developed so that timber and wildlife can exist in populations

large enough to be sustained and harvested _______________________________

Wetlands are the most productive wildlife management area

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_______________________________difficult to manage due to continuous flow of water

_______________________________easier to manage than streams due to water standing and not flowing

_______________________________ (urban wildlife)birds, butterflies and small mammals can be attracted through use of feeders,

houses and proper landscaping

Carrying Capacity _______________________________ Exceeding the carrying capacity:

Wildlife is affected by malnutrition, disease, and a reduction in the reproduction cycle

Habitat quality decreasesA pond with a carrying capacity of 20 fish will decrease if 50 fish are

competing for the same food, habitat and oxygen

Hunting and FishingHelps to maintain the proper carrying capacityPrevents:

_______________________________ malnutrition _______________________________ _______________________________ decreased wildlife population

Examples of Wildlife in North Carolina _______________________________

deer, ducks, bear, quail, doves, rabbits _______________________________

Cardinal, robin, chickadee, Eastern bluebird _______________________________

Red- tailed hawk, Turkey and black vulture _______________________________ (freshwater)

largemouth and smallmouth bass, bream, catfish, crappie

Forest Management Northern _______________________________

largest region and produces large amounts of pulpwood _______________________________Forest

most productive of the forest regionssome of the largest trees in the world

_______________________________

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one of the most important commercially grown trees _______________________________

Most potential for meeting the future lumber and pulpwood needs of the US_______________________________

Virginia, loblolly, shortleaf, longleaf and slash pines_______________________________

Oak, poplar, maple and walnut

Importance of Forests _______________________________

hunting, hiking _______________________________

lumber, pulpwood, etc. _______________________________ _______________________________

water and air

SilvicultureScientific _______________________________techniques

Managing growing timber _______________________________

remove some trees when competition slows the growth of all trees _______________________________

reduce the risk of wildfireseliminates forest litter (fuel)

Harvesting Timber _______________________________

system of harvesting trees where all of the trees in an area are removed _______________________________

recommended for a forest of trees consisting of different ages and species _______________________________

Replanting seedlings is a surer method of replacing treesNatural seeding

least expensive

Identification and Uses of Important Tree Species in NC

_______________________________ (softwoods) – needle-type evergreensFrazier fir

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Most important commercially grown Christmas Tree in NC (mountains)dark green ½-1” long singular needle

_______________________________pulpwood and plywood3 needles/bundle, needles 6-9” long needles.

_______________________________lumber, pulpwood and plywood3 needles/bundle, 8-18” long needles

Hardwoods – _______________________________Ash

_______________________________opposite pinnately compound leaves

_______________________________flooring, furniturealternate, pinnately lobed leaves,

Red Maplelumber, veneer, cabinetsopposite, palmately lobed,3-5 lobed

Measurement of Trees and Lumber

_______________________________DBH, merchantable height in feet, cords

_______________________________DBH, 16 foot logs, board feet

Lumber 1 board foot = 144 cubic inches

Objective 5.04Remember tools and their safety practices related to the environmental science industry.

Examples of tools used in Environmental Science

_______________________________Cutting bushes and under growth

_______________________________

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Sharpening chain saw chain

_______________________________Cutting and fitting firewood

_______________________________Checking growth rate of trees

Planting bar_______________________________

Soil auger_______________________________

Tree diameter _______________________________Measure circumference of trees

Secchi disc_______________________________

Clinometer_______________________________

Tree scale stick_______________________________

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Agriculture EngineeringEssential Standard 6.00: Understand the agricultural engineering industry.

Objective 6.01Remember careers in agricultural engineering.

Agricultural _________________________________ Design Operation Maintenance Service Selling and Use of power machinery, equipment, structures and utilities in agriculture

Agricultural Electrification, Power and Controls _______________________________________ Safety technician Electrical engineer

Agricultural Power Machinery Farm or heavy equipment diesel mechanic Parts person _______________________________________ Small engine mechanic Large machinery operator (ie. bulldozer)

Soil and Water Engineering Soil Conservation technician Irrigation Engineer

Agricultural Mechanics, Construction, and Maintenance Skills Construction worker _______________________________________ Safety specialist

Agricultural Structures, Equipment, and Facilities Construction supervisor Farmstead planner Greenhouse builder _______________________________________

Objective 6.02

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Understand basic agricultural engineering principles and practices.

Shop Safety Awareness and Principles for Safety Of all farm related accidents, nearly 50% involve working with machinery.

Safety Developing an environment free from danger, risk or injury.

Keys to shop: _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________

oily rags _______________________________________

Wear appropriate personal protective clothing and devices. For example: _______________________________________ Leather steel-toed shoes _______________________________________

hearing loss when the noise level exceeds 90 dB (decibels) Other safety clothing may be required for certain work such as welding

Safety Color Coding in the Agricultural Mechanics Shop National organizations worked together to develop the system The American Society of Agricultural Engineers and the Safety Committee of the

American Vocational Association alerts people to dangers and hazardsprovides information to help on react quickly in an emergencyconveys a special message based on a standard code

Basic Safety Code Colors

_______________________________________ Identifies areas of danger Red is used on safety switches and fire extinguishers Red = Danger

_______________________________________ Designates machine hazards, such as edges and openings It is also used as background for electrical switches, levers and controls Orange = Warning. Basic Safety Code Colors

_______________________________________ Identifies wheels, levers, and knobs

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adjust or control machines Yellow = Caution

_______________________________________ Used on signs such as “Out of Order” identify broken shop equipment that does not work or does not work properly Blue = Information Basic Safety Code Colors

_______________________________________ Indicates the presence of first aid and safety equipment Green = Safety

Fire Hazards in the Agricultural Mechanics Shop

Fire Triangle Components necessary for a fire

_________________ – Any combustible material that will burnExamples: oily rags, sawdust, paper, etc._________________ – Most materials burn if they are made hot enough_________________ – Not a fuel, but must be present for fuels to burn

Fire Prevention Take away one of the components of the fire triangle and fire

______________________ or will ____________________ if already started.Safe storage of fuels or combustible materials

Store fuels in approved containersClean shop facilities

Extinguishing Fires

Fire Extinguishers Know the kind of fire extinguisher

Class A Fire Extinguishers use water to control ____________________________ Know the placement of fire extinguishers so that time is not taken looking for the

extinguisher if a fire occurs.hung on walls within easy reach in areas where fires would most likely occur

Know how to use______________________________________________________________________________

Other examples _________________________________________________________

eliminates oxygen from getting to the fire

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Cooling with water from a hose or bucket a burning container of paper

Planning an Agricultural Engineering Project _______________________________________

Sharp lead pencilProtractor for drawing and measuring anglesGood eraser for making correctionsA twelve-inch rulerCompass for drawing circles and arches

_______________________________________Drawing boardMaskingThe T squaredrawing horizontal linesThe right triangle (30, 60, 90 degree triangle) in conjunction with the T square, is

used to draw vertical lines.The scale

Instrument with all increments shortened according to proportion___________________________ – looks similar to a ruler.___________________________ – three sided, but six scales

Large Scale Projects CAD (_________________________________)

reduce design time for large scale projects

Basics of Drawing _______________________________________

rough drawing that is not to scaledoes have dimensions included

Pictorial drawingshows all three dimensions at once

Frontside (end)top

_______________________________________represents an object in exact proportion¼” =1’¼” on the drawing would equal 1’2” line on the drawing would equal 8’Scale will vary depending on the size of the object being drawn

Reading a Tape Rule

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Display units of measure______________________________________________________________________________

Marked to show halves, quarters, eighths, and sixteenths of an inchTypically, vertical lines of different heights represent these various intervals

Wood Projects _______________________________________

Fastest way to fasten woodNail hammer or nail gun are the preferred tools

_______________________________________hold better than nailsflathead screw is the one most used in woodworkingPhillips head is preferred

_______________________________________ fastening wood at high stress points

_______________________________________ glued wood joint will be as strong as the wood itselfGluing is often accompanied by nails, screws, etc.Boards are held in place for gluing by clampsBar clamps are one type of clamp used

Metal Projects Steel

most commonly usedat least 4 kinds of steelSoapstone

___________________________________________ shows up well on most metals

The hand tool most often used for cutting metal is the hacksawHacksaws are especially useful for cutting thin conduit

Metal cutting band saws and power hacksawsused for large projects

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Objective 6.03Remember tools and their safety practices related to the agricultural mechanics industry.

Safety using Hand Tools _______________________________________ Keep and use tools that are in good working condition _______________________________________ Wear appropriate protective clothing and devices

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Tools used in Agricultural Mechanics

Layout and measuring tools– used to measure or mark materials. _______________________________________

marking straight lines _______________________________________

straight or curved measuring, most to the 1/16th

_______________________________________determining 45 and 90 degree angles

_______________________________________ 90 degree squaring

_______________________________________leveling and plumbing

Saws – used to cut materials _______________________________________

sawing metal Portable circular saw

sawing wood in construction projects Circular carbide saw blade

blade for use on portable circular saw _______________________________________

cutting curves and irregular cuts Portable jig saw

making irregular cuts

Boring tools – used to make holes or change size or shape of holes. _______________________________________

flaring top of hole for recessing head for flathead screw or bolt Masonry bit

Boring in concrete, brick or block Potable electric drill

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drilling holes with an external source of electricity _______________________________________

drilling metal Speed bore bit

wood-boring bit for electric drill

Hammers and driving tools _______________________________________– hammering metal Nail hammer – driving nails _______________________________________– countersinking nail heads _______________________________________– driving out metal pins Sledgehammer – heavy hammering

Pliers and holding tools _______________________________________– reaching into recessed areas _______________________________________– adjust for holding various size

material Groove joint pliers – gripping when greater pressure is needed _______________________________________– clamping two or more pieces of

metal together Drill press vise – holding stock while drilling

Wrenches are used to turn nuts, bolts, or screws _______________________________________– turning various size nuts and bolts Combination wrench – turning hex and square nuts and bolts Pipe wrench – turning and holding metal pipe Regular socket – general- purpose socket for turning nuts and bolts _______________________________________–turning square head nuts and bolts

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