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Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller on ECS Applicationsto Reduce CO2 Emission

Yaser Qudaih*, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto UniversityTakashi Hiyama, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University

Abstract - Conventional controllers such as PID, shows flexibleways to deal with electrical equipments; however, intelligentcontrollers show more powerful techniques to deal with suchsystems. In this paper a combination of PI and Fuzzy LogicControllers have been implemented in order to make the EnergyCapacitor System (ECS) working efficiently in power distributionsystem where uncontrollable renewable energy sources have beenused. Results show quite big improvement in the real power thatsupply to the system from a bigger infinite-bus system. CarbonDioxide (CO2) reduction as a target behind building such systems hasbeen considered and discussed in such a way to use the largestamount of energy produced by the renewable energy sources withoutaffecting the system performance negatively which results in CO2emission to be reduced.

Index Terms - CO2 Minimization, ECS, Fuzzy logic controller,Power distribution system.

I. I NTRODUCTION

INCE the studies started to take into account theminimization of CO2 in the atmosphere, the renewable

energy sources were incrementally implemented and rapidlyoccupying an important and huge place in power systems,namely, distributed generations (DG) can be found in most of the recently built and developed distribution systems.

The performance of those systems is affected by thepenetration of the DG. Reliability, performance and alsostability of the system are the main topics following the newtechnology implementations, thus the Energy CapacitorSystems as a new technology of saving energy is participatingand involving in solving such matters [1].

Conventional and intelligent controllers present where theECS present, which is supposed to be relatively small in sizefor economical reasons. Such matters have been discussed inthis paper in order to achieve the target of CO2 reductionusing the ECS technology to keep the distribution system

performed well in the presence of wind energy andphotovoltaic energy systems. Finding the suitable measures toevaluate the minimization of CO2 emission in atmosphere is acontinuous job to be started from this research paper, where anexample of increasing power generated from wind has beenillustrated. According to [2], the amount of CO2 emitted is theproduct of the amount of fossil fuel consumed and the amountof CO2 emitted per unit quantity of that fuel.

II. S YSTEM DESCRIPTION

Medium tension Power Distribution System with a three-phase representation was the most suitable system to be atarget for this paper. The reason behind that was the flexibilityof reconfiguring the system and detecting the effect of the DG

on such system, in addition to simplicity of simulations.Therefore a ring three-phase instantaneous model has beenimplemented using Matlab/Simulink environment. The singleline diagram is shown in Fig.1.

Fig. 1. Single line diagram shows the connection the DG units to the system

A. DG penetration

Diesel generator, wind turbine, and photovoltaic systemsare connected to represent the effect of DG penetration.

Three-phase current injection method is used to connect theDG to the distribution network.

B. ECS

Energy Capacitor System (ECS) consists of capacitors andpower electronics. It is used as an energy storage system. Thecapacitor part of the ECS is a group of electric double layercapacitors of increased energy density. Similar to PV andother elements, the AC side of the three-phase instantaneousmodel is considered in this paper. Charging and dischargingoperation of the ECS is utilized for Load Following Operationcontrol and for Automatic Generation Control as well. Fig. 2shows the charging and discharging operation.

Fig. 2. Charging/Discharging operation of the ECS with the DG support

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Keeping the charging/discharging operation in the specifiedrange vitally depends on the diesel generator support andusing the suitable controllers. The charging and discharginglevel of the ECS was specified from 0.9 kWh to 3 kWh andthe rating power is 1.5 MW in the case study of this paper.

III. C ONTROL STRATEGY

Both the ECS and the diesel generator are coordinated witheach others by using the suitable combination of Fuzzy logicand PI controllers in order to regulate the power supplying thesystem from the infinite-bus. Controllers at every stage of thesystem are shown in Fig. 3, where P is the real power from theinfinite-bus system, P ecs is the power modulation of the ECS,Eis the stored energy and DP set is the control signal to the dieselunit.

Fig 3. Implementation PI and Fuzzy logic controllers

The well regulated real power output has been shown in theresult and compared with the conventional case when thecoordination process between the ECS and the diesel unit isnot possible.

IV. R ESULTS

Tow kinds of results have been found. First to show theefficient usage ECS with PI and Fuzzy logic controllers inregulating the real power by absorbing the fluctuations causedby the renewable energy sources, that illustrated in Fig.4.Second results show the overall energy efficiency of thesystem after increasing the wind energy delivered to thesystem in order to reduce the amount of CO2 emission. TableI, shows the detailed result of energy generated by the

conventional power sources such as diesel unit and infinite-bus source.

Fig 4. (a): Received power with ECS, PI and Fuzzy logic controllers

implementation. (b): Received power without ECS implementation.

To evaluate the CO2 emission, Table I illustrates anexample of using more clean energy extracted from wind andcompensates the lack of energy caused by reducing the dieselusage.

TABLE ITOTAL ENERGY PRODUCED BY THE NON -RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WITH

TWO DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WIND ENERGY GENERATION

Simulation time=100sTotal EnergyGenerated byDiesel (Wh)

Total EnergyReceived from

Infinite-bussystem (Wh)

WithECS

wind unit, 1MWrating power 72.1 0.15

wind unit, 2MWrating power 48.5 -0.25

Without

ECS



The amount of CO2 emission will be reduced following thereduction of using the diesel which is fossil fuel to about 35% according to the above table, which is equivalent to a totalemission saving of CO2 as follow:

Emission saving (tons CO2) = renewable energy generated (Wh) emission factor(kgCO2/Wh) 0.001

Related to the example in this paper the emission saving=23.70.000430.001=0.0000102 (tones CO2) in case of oneunit wind of 1000kw rating power and 47.40.000430.001=0.0000204 (tones CO2) in case of double sized wind turbine.That is similar to the example given by Carbon Trust [3], withthe assumption that additional emissions caused by therenewable technology transport and manufacture are ignoredand should be considered by the applicant.

If considering the PV implementation in the system andaccording to [4], PV systems, especially grid-connectedsystems, can contribute significantly in the mitigation of CO2emission.

V. C ONCLUSION

CO2 emission can be minimized by using more cleansources such as wind. The system performance kept good inthe presence of the ECS with the suitable controllers.

VI. R EFERENCES [1] Y. Qudaih, and T. Hiyama, Reconfiguration of Power Distribution

System Using Multi Agent and Hierarchical Based Load FollowingOperation with Energy Capacitor System, in Proc. The 8th internationalpower engineering conference (IPEC2007)- Singapore, pp. 263-267.

[2] Martin M. Halmann, and Meyer Steinberg. Green House Gas CarbonDioxide Mitigation, Book, Published by CRC press, 1999.

[3] Carbon Trust website, http://www.carbontrust.co.uk Available in 10November, 2008.

[4] Alsema E.A. Energy Requirements and CO2 Mitigation Potential of PVSystems. BNL/NREL Workshop "PV and the Environment 1998",Keystone, CO, 1998.

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