Metallography

.

1: . () () . .: : 0.15% .

: ( ). (). 0.04%.: 2%.

: . . ( )

: . . . .

: . . .: . :: ( ) . . ( 0.3%) . . : ( ) . : . : . : .

: . : . : . : . (): . : . Types of Couplings 14 (Flexible Coupling) . 15 . .16 . . ( ).

17 (Rigid Coupling) . . .

18

19 .20 . . . . .21Grooved Joint Gaskets :1- 2- 3- 4-

22 . . (Standard Seal) (Flush Seal) (). (End Seal) .

23 (Gasket Selection) . . . . .24(1) .

25Pressure-Temperature Ratings . . (1). (2) .

26 Temperature of the media Pressure of the media. Corrosive nature of the media Viscosity of the media Chemical resistance to the process media Compressibility. Creep resistance. Ability to corrode the mating flange 27 :1- Nonmetallic (--)2- Semi-metallic or composite ( ) 3- Metallic( - - Monel)28BOLTS AND GASKETS : (Two flanges) (One gasket) (A set of bolts) . . ( 1) . 29(1) .

30 .

31Bolting Procedure . : 1- (Lubrication of the bolts).2- (The bolting sequence)3- (Application of bolt loads) 32

1) Lubrication of the bolts

. : . 332) Bolting Sequence () . : (Hand tight) 30% (Apply 30% of the final torque) 60% (Apply 60% of the final torque) (Apply the final torque)

343) Application of bolt loads 180. . 32 36 . . 1.5 .35VALVES . . (handwheel) (Lever) (Wrench) (actuator) . (1) . . .

36RESPONSIBILITY FOR VALVE SELECTION . .

37 (1) .

38

(Classification of Valves)

39

Major Valve Parts

40

41 (Plug Valve)

42VALVE DATA SHEETS valve data sheet (VDS), (Design Codes) . VDS . 43THE FUNCTION OF A VALVE : - (Gate Valve) (Ball Valve) (Plug Valve). (Globe Valve) ( 16 ) (Butterfly) . ( ) (swing check valve) (wafer check valve) (piston check valve) ( ). (pinch valves) .

44

45

1) () Stop (Isolation) Valves

. . .46

2) () Regulating Valves

. . . .473) Backflow Prevention . . . pneumatic actuators .

48 - Pressure-Relief Devices . . .

49

Gate Valves

. . . . . .

50 Gate Valves

51 52 . . . . - wedge-gate valves () . .

53

. . .

54 Globe Valves . ( ...) . - wye pattern (A10.9) ( A10.10) tee-pattern (A10.11). (A10.10) NPS 12(DN 300).

55 Globe Valves56

Types of Globe Valves

- Tee Pattern globe valves . . . A10.11.

571) - Tee Pattern globe valves

582) - Wye Pattern globevalves . . . () . A10.9.

59 - Wye Pattern globe valves

60 Angle Pattern globe valves (90) (Elbow) . -. . A10.10613) Angle Pattern globe valves

62

( ) . .

63 ( ) ( ) .

64

. . . . . .

65

Needle Valves

. \ . ().

66

67

68 Check Valves . (tee-pattern lift check) (swing check) (tilting-disc Check) (Ball valve) (A10.13 A10.17) .

69 tee-pattern lift check

70 swing check

71

72 tilting-disc Check

73 Ball Check valve

74

75

. . . . (T).

76

77

(Ball Valve)

(A10.20) . (Slurry) . . (270 -260C) (538C) . .

78

(Ball Valve)

79

(Ball Valve)

80

(Ball Valve)

81

82 . . . . . . . . .

83 84

. . .

85 () Plug Valves . . . . . (69000 kPa) (816-46C). .

86

() Plug Valves87

() Plug Valves88

() Plug Valves89 PIPING SUPPORTS . . . . 90

(Hangers) (Supports) . . . . . .

91

Location of Supports

. . 92 Loading Considerations . . 93

: . .

94

95

(B5.1) . (10.35 MPa) (0.1 ) . . . (0.75) (B5.1).

SELECTION OF PIPE-SUPPORTING DEVICES

1) : . (Hot Systems) (49C) : (232 - 49C) . (1) (3) (12) . 41 43 46 . (343 - 232C) . 1 3 4 42 (400C) . 2 3 42 .2) . (49C). . 1 3 12. 24 26 35 38.3) (21C). (0 to 21C).. . (0 to 29C).. . (29C).. . 40 . 1 4 6 7 9 10 11.

PIPING JOINTS

. :1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

(1) Butt-welded Joints

. NPS 2 1/2 (DN65) . .

(2) Socket-Welded Joints : . : .

. .(3) . . . . 1) 2) 3) .(4) Threaded or Screwed Joints .:1) 2) 3) ( )

: . . .(5) Grooved Joints : : .

1) 2) 3) . () . : . .: . ( ) (7) Compression Joints .: .

. .