กฎหมายธรรมชาติ�แบบศาสนจั�กร

กฤษณ์�พชร โสมณ์วั�ติร คณ์ะน�ติ�ศาสติร� มหาวั�ทยาลั�ยเช�ยงใหม"

เค#าโครงการบรรยาย• บร�บทอั�นน%าไปส("ควัามย�)งใหญ่"ขอังศาสนจั�กร• กฎหมายธรรมชาติ�ขอังอัไควัน�ส• อั�ทธ�พลัขอังปร�ชญ่ากฎหมายแบบอัไควัน�ส

การลั"มสลัายขอังอัาณ์าจั�กรโรม�น• อัาณ์าจั�กรโรม�นเร,อังอั%านาจัอัย"างท�)ส-ด หลั�งจั�กรพรรด�

อัอักก-สติ-ส (Augustus) (27 BC to 180 AD)• อั%านาจัท�)การเม,อังท�)ม� )นคงเป/ดโอักาสให#ม�การสถาปนา

“ระเบ�ยบกฎเกณ์ฑ์�ติ"างๆ จันเร�ยกย-คด�งกลั"าวัวั"า Pax Romana” (Roman Peace)• หลั�งจัากน�3นโรม�นติะวั�นติกเร�)มเส,)อัมแลัะลั"มสลัายไปในค.ศ.496• การลั"มสลัายขอังโรม�นท%าให#ระเบ�ยบโลัก

เมด�เติอัร�เรเน�ยน ท�)เคยม�แบบ Pax Romana ลั"มสลัายไปพร#อัมก�น

Roman Empire in “Pax Romana”

สถานะขอังศาสนจั�กรหลั�งอัาณ์าจั�กรโรม�น• Constantine I (306–337) สร#างเม,อังหลัวังแห"งท�)สอังค,อั

Constantinople ทางติะวั�นนอัอัก (Istanbul ในป4จัจั-บ�น)• นอักจัากน�3น ย�งเปลั�)ยนให#ศาสนาคร�สติ�เป5นศาสนาประจั%าอัาณ์าจั�กรโรม�นอั�กด#วัย• Justinian I (482 –565) จั�กรพรรด�แห"งไบเซนไทน�

(Byzantine) (โรม�นติะวั�นอัอัก, คอันสแตินติ�โนเป/ลั) ได# รวับรวัมกฎหมายเก"าใหม"เป5น Corpus Juris Civilles

• ติ"อัมากลัายเป5นติ%ารากฎหมายหลั�กในย-โรปย-คกลัาง ซ7)ง ส�)งสอันโดยศาสนจั�กร ศาสนจั�กร�กลัายเป5นศ(นย�กลัาง

ขอังระเบ�ยบโลักใหม"

The Four Cardinal Virtues:

Justice,Prudence,

Fortitude,and Temperance

Prudence

• Prudence is the virtue that disposes practical reason to discern our true good in every circumstance and to choose the right means of achieving it;• “Prudence is "right reason in action," St. Thomas

Aquinas,• It is auriga virtutum (the charioteer of the virtues); • it guides the other virtues by setting rule and

measure. • “Wise Judgments”

Bishop Myriel and Jean Valjean in Les Misérables

Justice• Justice is the moral virtue that consists in the

constant and firm will to give their due to God and neighbor. Justice toward God: the "virtue of religion.“• Justice toward men disposes one to respect the

rights of each and to establish in human relationships the harmony that promotes equity with regard to persons and to the common good.

Jurisprudence(Justice + Prudence)

Fortitude

• Fortitude is the moral virtue that ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in the pursuit of the good. • It strengthens the resolve to resist temptations and to

overcome obstacles in the moral life. • The virtue of fortitude enables one to conquer fear, even

fear of death, and to face trials and persecutions. • It disposes one even to renounce and sacrifice his life in

defence of a just cause. • St. Thomas Aquinas ranked fortitude as the third of the

cardinal virtues, because it serves prudence and justice, the higher virtues.

Temperance

• Temperance is the moral virtue that moderates the attraction of pleasures and provides balance in the use of created goods. It ensures the will's mastery over instincts and keeps desires within the limits of what is honorable.

Cardinal Virtues

ปร�ชญ่ากฎหมายในย-คกลัาง• ภู(ม�ป4ญ่ญ่าทางกฎหมายขอังโลักกร�ก- โรม�น ถ"ายทอัด

ผ่"าน Corpus Juris Civilles แลัะศาสนจั�กร• ภู(ม�ป4ญ่ญ่าขอังย-โรปย-คกลัางจั7งซ#อันก�นระหวั"างปร�ชญ่า

ขอังชาวักร�ก แลัะเทวัวั�ทยาขอังคร�สเติ�ยน• ม�น�กปร�ชญ่าหลัายคน เช"น อัอัก�สติ�นแห"งฮิ�ปโป

(Augustine of Hippo), โธม�วั อัไควัน�ส (Thomas Auinas)• ในท�)น�)เราศ7กษาเฉพาะงานปร�ชญ่ากฎหมายขอัง Aquinas เท"าน�3น

Saint Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) is considered the Catholic Church’s greatest theologian and philosopher.

• Aquinas was born in the Kingdom of Naples.• His family were local gentry. • At the age of 5 he was sent to the Abbey of Monte

Cassino• “in order to be trained in good morals and taught

his letters”

• Then he studied at the University of Naples.• University of Naples was highly cosmopolitan.• Origins of U. of Naples were secular rather than

ecclesiastical.• U. of Naples was the first U. established by civil

charter.• It was also a place where the works of Aristotle

were studied seriously.

What is Law?

• “law is a rule and measure of acts, whereby man is induced to act or is restrained from acting…”• Aquinas separate Law into four categories; eternal

law, natural law, divine law and human law.• “the three laws – eternal, natural and human – are

not three independent rules of action, but one rule progressively specified.“

Eternal Law

• The eternal law is the rational order that the ruler of the universe established for the creation. All of nature follows these rules blindly, while we have the capacity to obey or disobey them• Law is for ordering and functioning of ruler.• God rule the world with his reason.• This reason is eternal law: law for ordering and

functioning the universe.

Eternal Law = Reason of God

Natural Law

• God creates everything.• Things that created have their essence according to

reason of God (Eternal law).• Human is created as the image of God, so they have

“Free will”.• Essence of things are natural law.• The natural law is the law available to reason that

governs human moral behavior.

Creation of Adam

Natural Law is the essence of things that reflect the Eternal Law.

Devine Law

• “Natural Law” cannot applied easily.• Human have to hardly exercise natural reason to

discover what is “natural law”.• The divine law is given by revelation. It goes beyond

natural law and guides us in achieving eternal happiness. In following this law the natural virtues are surpassed by the theological virtues of faith, hope, and love, which are attained only by God‘s grace.• Bible, Scripture.

Old Law and New Law

• Old Law is Old Testament (Jewish concept).• New Law is New Testament (Bible, Jesus concept).• Which ones is the real Divine law?

Old Law

• Before Jesus Christ• Old Law was given to help human being at a time

when they were unable to apply the percepts of natural law.• Old Law was not identical with natural law as that

can be derived from human reason.• Old Law focus on establish friendship, either

between people, or between people and God.

Jesus’s Salvation

New Law

• The Trinity are “missioned”. (Jesus)• Death of Jesus (The Son back into Spirit)-Jesus’s

salvation for all human. “The Grace” • “Grace is unconditional love toward a person who

does not deserve it.”• “Grace” is the most important concept in the

Bible, Christianity, and the world. It is most clearly expressed in the promises of God revealed in Scripture and embodied in Jesus Christ.

Natural law have to learn manually, but Divine Law is given by God.

Human Law

• All human have sin. We all have no legitimacy.• Human have to bound to human law which is

reflection of natural, or divine law.• The human law is instituted by governments. For it

to be legitimate it must be rooted in God‘s eternal law. • “In temporal law (civil law) Aquinas is quoting

Augustine, there is nothing just and lawful but what humans have drawn from the eternal law“

Epistemology of Aquinas

Aquinas’s Ethic

• Quest of human• Human were created to image God to knowing and

loving him.• Sin is “a word, deed, or desire contrary to the

eternal law”.• Sin of Adam affected the whole human race.

Original sin

• People belonging to the state are considered to be members of one body, and all together deemed to be one person.• The elevation of people to union with God is the

chief purpose and effect of incarnation of Christ.

Origin of “Will”

• Why and how the sin of Adam affect us all?• Guilt cannot be inherited because the soul is

passed to children from its father.• Guilt cannot be inherited from parent to child in

reproduction like bodily defect.• But guilt follows us from the fact that the “will” of

Adam run to his successor.• Adam’s descendants can be regarded as on body

with Adam as their head and soul. (will)

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การบ#าน• เลั,อักท%าเพ�ยงข#อัเด�ยวั• ให#น�กศ7กษาอัธ�บายติวัามแติกติ"างแลัะควัามส�มพ�นธ�

ระหวั"าง eternal law, natural law, divine law• ให#น�กศ7กษาอัธ�บายควัามร�บผ่�ดเด<ดขาด (Strict liability) ด#วัยปร�ชญ่ากฎหมายขอังอัไควัน�ส

• ไม"ม�คะแนน• Kitpatchara.s@cmu.ac.th