第一章 緒論 - ir.nctu.edu.tw · pdf file探討的目標。 1‧3 研究限制...

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第一章 緒論 1‧1 研究背景與動機 現今經濟體系全球化與國際化的結果,使得每個人都能接觸到相同的資 訊、資源、技術及市場。而能否以最快速,最即時與最正確的方式整合應用,將 決定一個企業在競爭中的成敗企業資源規劃(ERP)可以決定企業在競爭中的成 敗的一個重要因素,ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)不只是一套資料處理 軟體,不只是為了解決企業自動化的需求,更需要具備有效地協助企業流程合理 化管理,藉由導入 ERP 而使企業流程合理化,達到企業經營決策的策略目標近年來個人電腦硬體的發展速度遠超過軟體的進步,企業要提升競爭力莫 不希望能用最便宜有效率且功能超強的個人電腦搭配目前最熱門的軟體工具 ERP 系統來面對超十倍速的競爭時代 有鑑於此台灣百分之九十以上的中小企業 為了導入 ERP 系統,而所秏費在軟體人力物力上的龐大資金,其結果可能是失敗 或是勉強為之,甚至只是要配合大廠為了訂單而不得不執行的教條式企業行為, 如果不能讓企業獲得更好的資訊或是不能讓企業以更好的方式經營,那根本談不 上提升企業競爭力,尤其是對中小企業來說反而是一種負擔,因此如何以最低成 本來完成最艱難的 ERP 系統導入任務,可以說是中小企業當務之急。 又因為企業面對的環境具有差異性與變化性,由於區域文化特性的不同, 經濟發展階段的不同,行業本身成熟階段的不同,管理理念與邏輯的不同,再加 上時代的快速變遷,階形成環境條件不斷的演變,使得管理工具的內涵及範圍, 需要不斷的調整,所發展的工具就必需要非常有彈性。 1‧2 研究目標 基於上述原因可了解中小企業有太多的資源不足,諸如:人才、資金及 IT 技術等,導至中小企業對導入 ERP 系統是戒慎恐懼裹足不前,因為企業面對的是 快速變化的環境及競爭快速的商場和快速進步的 IT 工具,所投入的成本可能血 本無歸,因此若能有一套導入 ERP 的過程範例,協助中小企業作為參考,是本文 1

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  • 11

    (ERP)

    ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    12

    IT

    ERP

    IT

    ERP

    1

  • 13

    (PCB)

    1

    2 ERP

    3 ERP

    14

    ERP

    (PCB)

    1

    2

    ERP

    3ERP

    ERP ERP

    ERP

    4

    MIS

    5

    MIS

    2

  • 6

    ERP

    11

    3

  • ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP ERP

    [13] ERP

    [1]

    21 ERP

    211 ERP

    ERP Enterprise Resource Planning

    () Enterprise Applications

    (APICS)

    [20]

    Davenport[12] ERP

    Gould[3]

    212 ERP

    Ross[9] ERP

    ERP ERP

    4

  • ERP [23]

    ERP

    ERP Dell

    Computer ERP

    IBM

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    (Object Technology)

    5

  • ERP

    ERP

    213 ERP

    Thomas [8]

    (Strategic benefits)

    ERP

    (Economic benefits)

    214 ERP IT

    ERP ERP

    AS/400 RS/6000 ERP

    (Client/Server) UnixVMSOS/400

    Microsoft Windows Linux

    DB2InformixOracleSybase ERP

    Microsoft SQL server Linux Oracle server

    ERP

    ERP ERP

    ERP

    6

  • 22

    221

    [13]

    [19]

    (information resources)

    21

    (

    )

    ()

    7

  • 22

    23

    222

    MIS

    A

    () A

    ()

    (strategic information systems, SIS)

    (decision support systems, DSS)

    (executive information systems, EIS)

    (office automation, OA)

    8

  • (expert systems, ES)

    (re-engineering)

    (electronic commerce)

    223

    Machlup,Bell,Porat

    (information goods)

    9

  • (material goods)

    12

    3

    1

    (customized product)

    (buffer)

    2

    3

    Internet

    (streamlined)/

    224

    MIS MIS

    10

  • Gordon B. Davis MIS

    1

    MIS MIS MIS

    2

    MIS

    MIS

    3

    MIS

    4

    1

    (optimization model)2

    (simulation model)3

    (general model)

    MIS (model base)

    23

    11

  • 231

    IEEE[11]1

    2 1

    (system engineering)

    (information

    engineering)(product engineering)

    232

    [2]

    (

    )

    233

    [4]

    (ISP)(BAA)

    234

    [5]()

    12

  • ERP

    ERP

    31

    ERP

    ERP

    32

    ERP (step by step)

    (big-bang)(roll-out)[14]

    (step by step)

    ERP

    13

  • (Big-Bang)

    (Roll-Out)

    14

  • 33

    Meta Group ERP 23

    Oracle 26 SAP 18

    ERP

    ERP [18]

    (1)

    (Michael E.Porter)

    (Right Goal) ERP

    (Right Goal)

    (A) 10 5

    (B)

    (C)

    (2)

    (A)

    (B)

    PC

    (C) ERP

    15

  • (3)

    (4)

    (A) ERP

    (B)

    (C)

    (5) SA/SD(System Analysis/System Design)

    ER-MODEL

    (6)(Coding)

    SA/SD ERP

    (Business Rule)(Customization)

    RAD(Rapid Application

    16

  • Develoment)[10]

    31 RAD

    (7)(Unit Test)

    ERP

    (8)

    ()

    ()

    17

  • (9)(User Training)

    (10)

    (11)

    34 ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    18

  • Windows Linux

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP (End user)

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    19

  • 20

  • ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    41

    1974

    1998

    SellDow ChemicalAsahi

    SanminaHitachiSamsung

    600 4-1 4-2

    41

    21

  • 42

    42

    1998

    1998

    (UPS)

    22

  • ERP

    43

    ERP (step by step)

    (big-bang)(roll-out)(step by step)

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    44

    4

    PC 200 PC 12 1 7

    23

  • 1

    2

    (A)

    (B) PC

    (C)

    CASE-TOOL

    3

    4

    4-3

    24

  • 43

    5 SA/SD(System Analysis/System Design)

    ( 4-4)( 4-5)( 4-6)ER-MODEL(

    4-7)( 4-8)

    CMMCapability Maturity Model for Software

    25

  • A.

    1. 2.

    (

    (

    )

    3. 4.

    5. 6.

    7. 8.

    9. 10.

    ()

    (

    sq .ft /sq.mm CHECK

    (sq.in) / 144 ()

    / )

    B.

    (

    C.

    a)

    ()

    b)

    c)

    D.

    1. (

    )

    )

    44

    26

  • : Type .

    1.

    / (,)

    1. ,

    (

    )

    1. 2.

    1. 2. 3. 4.

    1.

    1.

    1.

    2.

    3.

    1. 2.

    45

    Table tbl_i_AddonParams

    Card of the table tbl_i_AddonParams

    Comment

    Reference to list of the table tbl_i_AddonParams

    Code Comment

    27

  • Ref_AddonExtend_AddonParams

    Column list of the table tbl_i_AddonParams

    Name Code Comment Data Type

    ItemID ItemID int

    ReportTitle ReportTitle varchar(4

    0)

    ReportFilename ReportFilen

    ame

    varchar(3

    0)

    ObjectName ObjectName varchar(3

    2)

    ObjectType ObjectType tinyint

    TxtableName TxtableName Table varchar(3

    0)

    CustomerSP CustomerSP SP int

    ModuleID ModuleID varchar(3

    )

    46

    47 ER-MODEL

    28

  • 48

    6(Coding)

    (A)

    Microsoft

    Windows Server Windows 20002003 server SQL

    serverClient Windows 982000

    (B) Delphi

    Delphi

    (C)

    PC-BASE RS232

    Parallel I/O GPIB

    ERP

    ERP

    7(Unit Test)

    4-9

    29

  • 49

    8

    (A)

    (B)

    (D)()

    (E)()

    (F)()

    (G)

    9(User Training)

    (Key User)

    30

  • (Key User)

    (Key User)

    10

    11

    410

    ( H)

    ( G)

    ( F)

    ( A)

    410

    ( B)

    ( C)

    ( D)

    ( E)

    31

  • 51 5-1

    51

    52

    MIS

    5-2MIS

    5-3 MIS 5-4

    1.

    2.

    3.

    10.

    52

    32

    4.

    8. 9.

    6. 7.

    11.

    5.

  • 53

    54 MIS

    5-4

    33

  • 521

    55

    5-5

    56

    5-6

    34

  • 57

    5-7

    58

    5-8

    35

  • 59

    5-9

    36

  • 522

    510

    5-10 ,

    511

    5-11

    37

  • 512

    5-12

    513

    5-13

    38

  • 523

    514

    5-14

    515

    5-15

    39

  • 516

    5-16

    517

    5-17

    40

  • 524

    518

    5-18

    519 WIP

    5-19

    41

  • 520

    5-20

    521 BOM

    5-21 (BOM)

    42

  • 522

    5-22 (BOM)

    43

  • 525

    523

    5-23

    524

    5-24

    44

  • 525

    5-25

    526

    5-26

    45

  • 526

    527

    5-27

    528

    5-28

    46

  • 527

    529

    5-29

    530

    5-30

    47

  • 528

    529

    531

    5-31

    48

  • 5210

    532

    5-32

    49

  • 5211 Mail

    IP

    533 MIS

    5-33 IP

    534

    5-34

    50

  • 53

    1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    6

    7

    8

    9

    10

    51 52 53

    410

    1 A

    2 B

    3 C

    4 D

    5 E

    6 F

    7 G

    8 H

    54

    (Balanced

    Scorecard;BSC)[15]

    51

  • 1 4

    55

    ERP

    [16]

    52

  • IT

    Window98,2000,XP

    Linux ERP

    ERP

    53

  • ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    ERP

    e

    AA ee

    ee e[14]

    e 1

    2

    3

    4

    e 1ERP

    2 e

    3

    4

    5

    e 1

    2

    3

    4

    5

    54

  • e1

    2 e

    3

    4

    ERP e

    [22] ERP

    (Decision Support SystemDSS)

    (Executive Information SystemEIS)ERP

    (EC)(CRM)(SCM)

    (Portal)(DW)(KM)e-Learning (BI)

    55

  • [1] Roger S.Pressman,Software Engineering A Practitioner`s

    Approach,Mcgraw-Hill,Inc.,1998

    [2] Motamarri,S.,Systems Modeling and Description,Software Engineering

    Notes,vol.17,no.2.,pp.57-63,April 1992

    [3] Gould,L.,Planning and Scheduling Today`s automotive enterprises, Automative

    Manufacturing & Production,Vol.109,Iss.4,pp.62-66,1997

    [4] Spewak,S.,Enterprise Architecture Planning,QED Publish,1993

    [5] Fried,L.Performing Cost Benefit Analysis,System Development

    Management,Auerbach Publishshers,Pennsauken,NJ,1997

    [6] Ralph Kappelhoff,Integration of ERP to the final control elements,ISA

    Transactions.Vol.36,No.4,pp229-238,1998

    [7] Tang,J. E. and M. T. Tang,A study of Information Systems Planning and Its

    Effectiveness in Taiwan,International Journal of Information

    Management,Vol.16,No.6,pp429-436,1996

    [8] T