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Paper P3 includes syllabus
capability I 5(c), Advise on the contribution of competency frameworks to human resource development.
This capability is part of thesyllabus section entitled ‘People’which deals with the strategicand operational side of leading,managing and developingpeople in pursuit of wider
organisational objectives.This article explains thepurpose of competencyframeworks for professionals atwork and the benefits of thesefor trainees, qualifying bodies,tuition providers and ultimatelyto business organisations. I referto the accountancy professionby way of example, although the
principles discussed would alsoapply to other professions suchas IT, engineering, procurement,marketing and personnel anddevelopment.
Wt t?Organisations operate in aclimate of considerable change,often in highly competitive
markets and have ever-increasingdemands made upon them bytheir stakeholders and by thecapital markets within whichthey operate.
More than ever before, thereis a need for professionalsat work to make a moreeffective contribution, almostimmediately after appointment
and to continuously improve theirperformance at work over time.The way this can be achievedis to ensure that those in work
are appropriately qualified and
trained to carry out their rolesresponsibly and competently.Professional competency is
defined as:
The ability to perform a work role toa defined standard with referenceto real working environments.(IFAC, 2001)
Wt t w?Competency frameworks areused as a benchmark forprofessional bodies to ensurethat their members possessrelevant and up-to-date skillswhich allow them to undertaketheir role competently andeffectively. These frameworksare designed on the basis of
consultation with a number ofstakeholders including trainees,qualified members, tuitionproviders, employers, and tradeand professional associations.This consultation can take theform of surveys, focus groupsor critical incident reporting.This consultation process helpsto ensure that the competences
developed in students andtrainee professionals are relevant,practical and up to date.
The International Federation
of Accountants (IFAC), ACCAand other global professionalaccountancy bodies havedeveloped and used competencyframeworks to guide educationand training practice. Increasingly,government agencies usecompetency frameworks(sometimes known as occupationalstandards) as a basis for
consistent and flexible qualificationframeworks, where qualificationsfrom different professions arerequired to include competencesrelating to these occupationalstandards to ensure that thosequalified are ‘fit for the role’ andcan make an immediate andcontinuing contribution at work.
IFAC has specified
competences and skills requiredin professional accountants inIES 3, Professional Skills and General Education effective from1 January 2005.
IES 3 groups together fivebroad sets of skills professionalaccountants require. Within thesemain groupings, the particularskills to be acquired are specified
as follows:1 Intellectual skillsa Ability to locate, obtain,
organise and understandinformation from human,print and electronic sources
b Capacity for inquiry,research, logical andanalytical thinking,powers of reasoning and
critical analysisc Ability to identify and solveunstructured problems whichmay be in unfamiliar settings
competency
T h i s a
r T i c l e e x p l a i n s
T h e p u r p o s e o f c o m p e T e n c y f
r a m e W o r k s f o r p r o f e s s i o n a l s
a T W o r k a n d T h e b e n e f i T s o f T h e s e
f o r T r a i n e e s , q u a l i f y i n g b o d
i e s , T u i T i o n
p r o v i d e r s a n d u l T i m
a T e l y T o b u s i n e s s o r g a n i s a T i o n s .
The role o compeTency rameWorks in improving
01 Technical
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Studying Paper P3?p jt 7, 8 9
2 Technical and functional skills
a Numeracy (mathematicaland statistical applications)and IT proficiency
b Decision modelling andrisk analysis
c Measurementd Reportinge Compliance with legislative
and regulatory requirements3 Personal skills
a Self-managementb Initiative influence andself learning
c Ability to select and prioritisewithin restricted resourcesand tight deadlines
d Ability to anticipate andadapt to change
e Consider implications ofprofessional value, ethics and
attitudes to decision makingf Professional scepticism4 Interpersonal and
communication skillsa Work with others in a
consultative process towithstand and resolve conflict
b Work in teamsc Interact with culturally and
intellectually diverse people
d Negotiate acceptablesolutions and agreements inprofessional situations
e Work effectively in across-cultural setting
f Present, discuss, reportand defend viewseffectively through formal,informal, written andspoken communication
g Listen and readeffectively, includingsensitivity to cultural andlanguage differences
5 Organisational and business
management skillsa Strategic planning,project management, ofpeople and resources anddecision making
b The ability to organise anddelegate tasks, to motivateand to develop people
c Leadershipd Professional judgment
and discernment
The main area relevant to PaperP3 is the last of the above areas
– organisational and businessmanagement skills. Paper P3covers these skills and someothers specified in IES 3, withinthe main sections of its syllabus.Figure 1 on the next page shows
the relationship diagram of PaperP3, Business Analysis.The Paper P3 syllabus
covers competences thataccountants need in thebusiness management areasunder strategic management inSections A, B, C; it covers skillsrequired in relation to changeand conflict within personal
skills and interpersonal skillsin Section D. Section E dealswith the technical IT skillsspecified in the standard, andSections F and H address othertechnical skills. Sections G andI relate to the business andmanagement skills of projectand people management.
T h e d
e v e l o p m e n T o f a c o m p e T e n c y f r a m e W o r k r e q u i r e s a
p r o c
e s s s T a r T i n g W
i T h a d e T a i l e d
a n a l y s i s o f T
h e e n v i r o n m e n T
i n W h
i c h T h e p r o f e s
s i o n a l o p e r a T e s , i d e n T i f y i n g T h e k e y r o l e s
a n d r
e s p o n s i b i l i T i e s a n d s u b - d i v i d i n g T h e s e r o l e s i n
T o T a s k s .
frameworksd
t wThe development of acompetency framework requiresa process starting with a detailedanalysis of the environment inwhich the professional operates,identifying the key roles andresponsibilities and sub-dividingthese roles into tasks, specifyingthe attributes required for these
tasks to be completed to adefined standard.From this analysis, a set
of defined standards for theidentified tasks can be developedwhich are measurable andverifiable. Such measures used todetermine competence must bevalid, reliable, relevant, practicaland transferable. By transferable,
this means that the measureshould verify that the task couldbe carried out by the personassessed, to the defined standardin a range of working contextsand settings other than thecontext in which the measure wasoriginally taken. The measuresused for assessing competencecan include on-the-job tests,
observation, simulations, andwritten exams.
bft t wThere are a number of benefitsthat can be obtained fromdeveloping relevant competencyframeworks for professionals atwork. These are as follows:
perormance aT Work relevanT To paper p3
sTudenT accounTanT 09/2009 02
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¤ They provide clear guidanceto professional qualifyingbodies, tuition providers andemployers on how to developand assess competence, andhow to maintain and updatethese competences during themember’s working life.
¤ They establish defined,consistent and currentstandards or attributes
required to undertakeprofessional roles competently,which are transferable from onecontext of the role to another.
¤ They can add value in theworkplace by allowing a gapanalysis between actualperformance levels and thedefined standards, to bettertarget relevant training and
development programmes atthose who need it.
W e l l - r e s e a r c h e d a n
d a p p r o p r i a T e l y d e s i g n e d p r o
f e s s i o n a l c o m
p e T e n c y
f r a m e W o r k s s e T a c o n s i s T e n T b e n c
h m a r k f o r q u a
l i f y i n g o r g a n i s a T i o n s , T u i T i o n
p r o v i d e r s a n d e m p l o y e r s T o s e T m i n i m u m d e f i n e d
s T a n d a r d s o f
p e r f o
r m a n c e a T W o
r k .
¤ Employers and businessorganisations that support andengage with their employees intraining and development willbenefit from more effective,efficient and motivatedemployees, who will contributeto increased performance,productivity and profitability.
c
Business organisations are madeup of a number of departmentsand functional areas whichthemselves are formed ofindividuals. These individuals, oftenwith professional responsibilitiesin such areas as procurement,production, marketing, accountingand other support services mustbe appropriately qualified and
trained to undertake their rolesefficiently and effectively. This
is necessary to ensure that theorganisation remains competitiveand continues to meet itsobligations to stakeholders and thecapital markets.
Well-researched andappropriately designedprofessional competencyframeworks set a consistentbenchmark for qualifyingorganisations, tuition providers
and employers to set minimumdefined standards of performanceat work. Professionals who strive tomeet and exceed these standardswill contribute to increasedproductivity and to the greaterflexibility and adaptability of theprofessional workforce, whichprovides benefits for all concerned.
Gareth Owen is qualificationsdevelopment manager at ACCA
People (I)
Businessprocess
change (D)
Informationtechnology
(E)
Qualityissues
(F)
Projectmanagement
(G)
Financialanalysis
(H)
Strategic action (C)Strategic choices (B)Strategic position (A)
igure 1: relaTionship diagram o paper p3, business analysis
03 Technical