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51-302c.indd
*
A Critical Study on the Landform Recognition of Daegu City as an Intermontane Basin
Jaeha Lee*
:
. ()
.
(1933) (1940) , ( )
.
,
(, , , , )
.
.
,
.
: , , , , ,
Abstract : We may have an incorrect view of Korea and the world by misunderstanding them with a number of geographic misconceptions. Such misconceptions constructed socially tend to perpetuate through reproducing and learning repeatedly from one generation to the next. ‘Daegu city is in the intermontane basin.’ It is also identified that this geographic misconception had constructed (made) by two Japanese geographers (Tamura, 1933; Tada, 1940) in the Japanese colonial period, and have been reproduced and diffused by many Korean geographers (professors and teachers) as well as journalists in the post-colonial days. In terms of the definition of an intermontane basin in the Encyclopedia of Geomorphology published by the International Association of Geomorphologists, Daegu seems not to be a basin city but to be a plain city, since the central plain of Daegu is surrounded by higher terrain like mountains and hills only on the north and south directions of all sides, and also it is well developed thanks to its location where the downstream of the Geumhogang river flows from east to west. This paper hopes that the landform recognition as ‘Daegu intermontane basin city’ should be corrected as soon as possible, and also many geographic misconceptions will be studied actively for an accurate understanding of Korea and the world.
Key Words : Daegu city, intermontane basin, landform recognition, geographic misconceptions, Japanese geographers, Korean geographers
2012 .
* (Professor, Department of Geography, Kyungpook National University), [email protected]
- 328 -
1.
(misconceptions)
. ,
‘
() ()’
.
. (IHO) 4
(, , , (Arctic ocean))
· 2000
60 ‘’(Southern ocean)
.
4~7 .
, , , ,
(Antarctica), , (Australia) 7
. ·
(250mm )
(hot)
,
100mm ()
(cold) .
()
.
.
· .
. (
(1973; 1995) (,
) : 3(1985) :
(2005),
.
.
,
·
. 7
2003~2011 8 2
, 5 ()·
()
.
.
4 (, , , )
1920~1999 ‘’
,
24, () 5,
2, 1
.
() (
) ‘
’ 4 .
‘ ’ .1)
()
.
,
,
(myths)
- 329 -
(Nelson et al., 1992).
.
.
,
.
.
2.
(, )
’ .
‘1 ’
() (, 1933, 1).
“ …
()
, (
)
() ()
() () .
() . …
20km
, ()
.
() .
. (
) … (), , ,
() .”
,
(, basin floor)
.
,
4 .
, (
)
, () ,
. ·
,
()
(134m)·(159m)·216m
(, ) 50~200m
() .
50~150m
····
2)
(299m) (252m)
. ·
,
· ,
·,
.
, (, ), (, ), (,
) .
()
(636m) (808m)·
(891m) ()
(, 1192m) (901m)
20km
- 330 -
(, ,507m)·(660m)
()
200~300m .
(1083m)
(792m)·(653m)·(695m)
20km (915m)
(, , 634m)
(603m)·(568m) ()
.
() ()
(, 1933,
20-21).
() .
1940 () 3
‘ ’ ,
() ()
(, 1940, 3).
3km .
(,
) ,
(,
70m ), (, )·,
·, ·
.
.
, · 200
~300m 100~200m
.
.
(, )
() ()3)
·· 4). ···
5)
() ,
(535m, ) ()
(, , )
.
,
.
3)
) 1948 4
. 1966 :
. ‘1
’ ‘1 ’ 10
, “,
” “ 100km
,
. …
…”
(, 1966, 13).
‘2 ’ ‘3 ’
(, 1966, 73-88).
- 331 -
.
··
, ·(, )··
() (
) ,
.
33km 26km.
200~300m
. ()
··
·.”
.
.
‘3 ’
,
. ·
.
(211m)·(217m)·(150m)·
(190m) ,
(299m) .
(476.2m)
(381.5m)·(431.4m)
(458m)·(516m)·(660m)·
(584m)·
1. ()
(634m) ( 1).
( 2).
(1995 3 1
), , ,
.
( )
. 1
() “
.”
(,
1987, 134).
,
( , , U
) .
,
, 90
, U
(, 1997, 1-3).
.
3
(, 1985, 161-163).
, ,
---
---,
20-29). 6
(, , , , ,
)
2. ()
(, 2006). 3
(
·, 1998; 1999; ·, 2009).
3.
(basin) ()
(geomorphological unit)
(basin, ) .
,
(plateau)
(Tarim)
(Great Basin)
(inland basin) ,
(intermontane basin) .
.
“
”
(, 1985, 59).
‘
’ , ()
() ‘ ’
‘U ’
(, 1987, 140; 1997, 5-8).
“ ,
, ()
” (
, 2004, 170).
1989 (The International
Association of Geomorphologists)
2004 .
(Migo, 2004, 573-574). ,
(up-
lands)
. , (, all sides)
(higher terrain) . ,
(, basin floor) ,
(narrow valley)
. ,
(marginal slope)
(sharp junction) . ,
(structural line)
.
,
,
() .
2)
. , ,
() ,
,
.
.
“ (lowlands) ,
, , (slope),
” .
, .
- 334 -
,
,
.
. (NGS)
“ ”
,
3 1 ,
, ,
.
“
” .
Advameg(2000 )
“
(lowland) ”
. “
() (steep
sides) ,
(low elevation) ,
.”
.
(USDA-NRCS) 2013 4
‘NSSH (The National Soil Survey Handbook,
) Part 629: (Glossary
of Landform and Geologic Terms)’ “
,
.” .
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
“ (150m )
.
.” (, 2004,
660).
.
.
.
,
(volume) , , ,
(ruggedness or density of dissection), (spacing),
(continuity) .
(mountain regions)
,
, , (area)
(alpine zone)
(Gerrard, 2014).
(a mountain area or region)
. 1
.
- 335 -
, 300m
. 30 arc-seconds
grid( 30×30km) (el-
evation range)
(DEM)
.
(WCMC) 2002
‘Mountain Watch ’ .
Blyth 6 Kapos 5(Kapos et al.,
2000) ‘
’ 6
7 (Blyth
et al., 2002, 74).
300~1000m 7km (local
elevation range) 300m
. (USGS)
( 1000feet )
.
(USDA-NRCS) ‘NSSH part 629:
’(2013 )
300m( 1000feet)
.
300m ,
( , 2013).
.
(www.forestland.go.kr).
“
(, )
”, “
,
, ,
.”
(, 2004, 270-274).
1.
Price(1981) : , (300m ),
Messerli and Ives(1997) : 500m
, : 610m(2000 feet)
Brunsden and Allison(1986) : 700m
Gerrard(2014) : 1000m , 500m , 100km²
Kapos et al.(2000) (): 300~1000m, 7km 300m
(1952, 1995) : 80% 600m , 600m
(1993) : () 70% 600m , · 400m
(1961) : 80% 600m , · 400m
(USDA-NRCS, 2013) : 300m
(UNEP-WCMC, 2002) (): 300~1000m, 7km 300m
: Gerrard(2014), Kapos et al.(2000), UNEP-WCMC(2002), USDA-NRCS(2013), (2008), Wikipedia Website .
- 336 -
,
.
()
. (hill)
(hills)
.
() ()
.
.
(summit) 600m ,
. (USGS)
1000feet(304.8m)
, ()
.
(USDA-NRCS)
(lowlands) 30~300m ,
(bounding slopes)
(a summit area) ,
15° (elevated area)
.
(mass) ,
(30~90m) (90~
300m) .
()
,
() ,
150m
15° (
(, tableland) .
“ (one side)
”
, “
” .
(NGE)
. Advameg
“
1500feet(475m)
( steep slope) ”
. (USDA-
NRCS) ‘ ’
.
(American Geological Institute) ‘
’ “
100m
” .
“ 600m
, 150m
” (
, 2004, 137).
.
(subordinate landform unit)
- 337 -
, , ,
.
()
.
150m
, (low elevation)
.
.
.
75m .
1:50,000
( 100m ) , 100m
.
.
300m .
300~700m ,
.
(upland, highland)
.
.
() “ 100m
,
” .
.
,
300m
.
200~300m
.
.
‘ , 100m
()
300m , 100m ~300m
, 100m
’
.
.
3
.
()
.
, , ·
100~300m .
· ·
, ·
- 338 -
.
, 3(, , )
. 3
(
·· )
3 4 ,
()
, ,
.
(, )
100~300m , , ,
.
.
.
.
100m
.
.
( 1, 3).
100~300m , 300m
( 2).
(·····)
,
(
, · , )
(),
· (, )
( , )
. ·
·
.
·
.
.
.
100m (
) ( 300m
) (100m ~300m )
.
.
- 339 -
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
( )
.
(·)
.
(
· )
. (drain-
age basin, river basin) ()
·
.
()
.
(hillslopes) (drainage
(landform units) .
(catchment (area), watershed6),
drainage area) ,
(geomorphological unit)
(Goudie et al., 2004, 272-
274).
. ·
, , , ,
,
·
.
. 1914
()
12()
7). 1917, 1938
, 1958, 1963, 1981, 1995
.
1981 7 1
.
1914 7.6 1938 ·
· 115.68, 1958 463.19
1963 (282.77)
1981 6
178.32 .
,
· ,
455.78 , 1995
(, ··
····· 8) 426.59
883.56 .
8)
.
.
- 340 -
··) ()
(2012)
( 3).
(190m), (159m)
(
, )
.
( ) ()
()
.
(295m)·(198.5m)
.
(287.7m)·(660.8m)·(526m)·
(456m)·(431.4m)·(492m)
, (-
---) .
(546m)·(660.3m)·(650m)
(599.5m) , (231m)·
(203m)·(210m)
, (1083m) (880m)
.
3.
- 341 -
, , , , ,
,
( 4).
(, , ,
) (, )
.
.
. ()
.
.
(, 1933), (,
- 342 -
(, )
.
“
100m
()
( 300m ) (100m
~300m ) ” ,
.
( , , , )
.
.
. ,
,
() .
80
.
.
‘
’ ‘TK ’ “
.
” (YTN, Posted :
2010.3.6.01:51).
‘ ’
( 2010.3.7. ),
‘
’ (
2010.3.9. ).
,
, ()
()
,
100m
.
)
·····(
)
.
.
() ,
(, 560m)
400m
(, , )
(, 1940, 13-14.).
5) (600m)·
(,, 507m)·(448m)·(426m)·
(, 1940, 12).
6) watershed ,
(http://www.dictionary.
13 ,
41
·. 1910( 10)
() . 29 () 260
() . 1911 11 ()
() () .
- 343 -
1914 ()
( 7.6 2016 5
7.06 ) ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , 12
. 4 (,
, , ) .
7,920 31,949.
· ·
1981 7 1
.
.
,” , 48(3), 482-496.
, 1985, “ 1) ,” : 3,
, 161-163.
··, 2003, ,
.
, .
.
.
.
·, 2004, , .
··, 2008,
, .
,” , 12(2), 202-214.
, 2008, “
: ,” ,
15(4), 17-28.
59.
.
, 2003, , .
····, 2003,
, .
, ·,
, 121-160.
, 8, 59-78.
, 25, 137-151.
,” , 6, 1-16.
······
, 2003, , .
, 1995, “3 ,” 1(),
, 37-51.
·, 2003, , .
··, 2013, “
,” , 48(1),
1-18.
(), 1991,
·· ·····
, 2003, , .
·, 1998, “
,” , 33(4), 469-
486.
- 344 -
Holocene ,”
, 41, 1-36.
A., 2002, Mountain Watch , UNEP World Conser-
vation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK.
Brunsden, D. and Allison, R. J. 1986, Mountain and high-
lands, in Fookes, P. G. and Vaughan, P. R.(eds.). A
Handbook of Engineering Geomorphology, Surrey
University Press, Guildford, 150-165.
to Definition of Mountains and Mountain Regions,
World Bank Group, Washington, D. C.
Goudie, A. S.(ed.), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology Vol.1, In-
ternational Association of Geomorphologists, Rout-
ledge, London and New York.
Gregory, K. J., and Lewin, J., 2014, The Basic of Geomorphol-
ogy: Key Concepts, Sage Publication, London.
Kapos, V., Rhind, J., Edwards, M., Price M. F., Ravilious, C.,
2000, Developing a map of the world’s mountain
forests, in Price, M. F. and Butt, N.(eds.), Forests
in Sustainable Mountain Development:A state-of-
knowledge Report for 2000, CAB International,
Wallingford, 4-9.
systems, in Hassan, R., Scholes, R., Ash, N.(eds.),
Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and
Trends, Volume 1, Islandpress, Washington, D. C.,
681-716.
Körner, C., Paulsen, J., Spehn, E. M., 2011, A definition of
mountains and their bioclomatic belts for global
comparisons of biodiversity data, Alp Botany, 121,
73-78.
Messerli, B. and Ives, J. D. (eds.), 1997, Mountains of the
World:A Global Priority, Parthenon, London.
Migo, P., 2004, Intermontane basin, in Goudie, A. S.(ed.),
Encyclopedia of Geomorphology Vol.1, International
Association of Geomorphologists, Routledge, Lon-
don and New York, 573-574.
National Geographic Society, 1989, Exploring Your World
The Adventure of Geography, National Geographic
Society, Washington, D. C.
Nelson, B. D., Aron, R. H., and Francek, M. A., 1992, Clari-
fication of selected misconceptions in physical geog-
raphy, Journal of Geography, 91(2), 76-80.
Price, L. W., 1981, Mountains and Man, University of Cali-
fornia Press, Berkeley.
Price, M. F., Jansky, L., Iatsenia, A. A., 2004, Key Issues for
Mountain Areas, United Nations University Press,
Tokyo.
, , 1-14.
, , .
, , http://jinan.grandcul-
ture.net/Content? local=jin
scienceclarified.com/landforms/
nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/plain/
nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/plateau/
freedictionary.com/Upland
Geologic Terms, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/
wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)
(: [email protected])
Daegu, 41566, Korea (e-mail: [email protected])
2016. 6. 7
2016. 6. 20
2016. 6. 26
*
A Critical Study on the Landform Recognition of Daegu City as an Intermontane Basin
Jaeha Lee*
:
. ()
.
(1933) (1940) , ( )
.
,
(, , , , )
.
.
,
.
: , , , , ,
Abstract : We may have an incorrect view of Korea and the world by misunderstanding them with a number of geographic misconceptions. Such misconceptions constructed socially tend to perpetuate through reproducing and learning repeatedly from one generation to the next. ‘Daegu city is in the intermontane basin.’ It is also identified that this geographic misconception had constructed (made) by two Japanese geographers (Tamura, 1933; Tada, 1940) in the Japanese colonial period, and have been reproduced and diffused by many Korean geographers (professors and teachers) as well as journalists in the post-colonial days. In terms of the definition of an intermontane basin in the Encyclopedia of Geomorphology published by the International Association of Geomorphologists, Daegu seems not to be a basin city but to be a plain city, since the central plain of Daegu is surrounded by higher terrain like mountains and hills only on the north and south directions of all sides, and also it is well developed thanks to its location where the downstream of the Geumhogang river flows from east to west. This paper hopes that the landform recognition as ‘Daegu intermontane basin city’ should be corrected as soon as possible, and also many geographic misconceptions will be studied actively for an accurate understanding of Korea and the world.
Key Words : Daegu city, intermontane basin, landform recognition, geographic misconceptions, Japanese geographers, Korean geographers
2012 .
* (Professor, Department of Geography, Kyungpook National University), [email protected]
- 328 -
1.
(misconceptions)
. ,
‘
() ()’
.
. (IHO) 4
(, , , (Arctic ocean))
· 2000
60 ‘’(Southern ocean)
.
4~7 .
, , , ,
(Antarctica), , (Australia) 7
. ·
(250mm )
(hot)
,
100mm ()
(cold) .
()
.
.
· .
. (
(1973; 1995) (,
) : 3(1985) :
(2005),
.
.
,
·
. 7
2003~2011 8 2
, 5 ()·
()
.
.
4 (, , , )
1920~1999 ‘’
,
24, () 5,
2, 1
.
() (
) ‘
’ 4 .
‘ ’ .1)
()
.
,
,
(myths)
- 329 -
(Nelson et al., 1992).
.
.
,
.
.
2.
(, )
’ .
‘1 ’
() (, 1933, 1).
“ …
()
, (
)
() ()
() () .
() . …
20km
, ()
.
() .
. (
) … (), , ,
() .”
,
(, basin floor)
.
,
4 .
, (
)
, () ,
. ·
,
()
(134m)·(159m)·216m
(, ) 50~200m
() .
50~150m
····
2)
(299m) (252m)
. ·
,
· ,
·,
.
, (, ), (, ), (,
) .
()
(636m) (808m)·
(891m) ()
(, 1192m) (901m)
20km
- 330 -
(, ,507m)·(660m)
()
200~300m .
(1083m)
(792m)·(653m)·(695m)
20km (915m)
(, , 634m)
(603m)·(568m) ()
.
() ()
(, 1933,
20-21).
() .
1940 () 3
‘ ’ ,
() ()
(, 1940, 3).
3km .
(,
) ,
(,
70m ), (, )·,
·, ·
.
.
, · 200
~300m 100~200m
.
.
(, )
() ()3)
·· 4). ···
5)
() ,
(535m, ) ()
(, , )
.
,
.
3)
) 1948 4
. 1966 :
. ‘1
’ ‘1 ’ 10
, “,
” “ 100km
,
. …
…”
(, 1966, 13).
‘2 ’ ‘3 ’
(, 1966, 73-88).
- 331 -
.
··
, ·(, )··
() (
) ,
.
33km 26km.
200~300m
. ()
··
·.”
.
.
‘3 ’
,
. ·
.
(211m)·(217m)·(150m)·
(190m) ,
(299m) .
(476.2m)
(381.5m)·(431.4m)
(458m)·(516m)·(660m)·
(584m)·
1. ()
(634m) ( 1).
( 2).
(1995 3 1
), , ,
.
( )
. 1
() “
.”
(,
1987, 134).
,
( , , U
) .
,
, 90
, U
(, 1997, 1-3).
.
3
(, 1985, 161-163).
, ,
---
---,
20-29). 6
(, , , , ,
)
2. ()
(, 2006). 3
(
·, 1998; 1999; ·, 2009).
3.
(basin) ()
(geomorphological unit)
(basin, ) .
,
(plateau)
(Tarim)
(Great Basin)
(inland basin) ,
(intermontane basin) .
.
“
”
(, 1985, 59).
‘
’ , ()
() ‘ ’
‘U ’
(, 1987, 140; 1997, 5-8).
“ ,
, ()
” (
, 2004, 170).
1989 (The International
Association of Geomorphologists)
2004 .
(Migo, 2004, 573-574). ,
(up-
lands)
. , (, all sides)
(higher terrain) . ,
(, basin floor) ,
(narrow valley)
. ,
(marginal slope)
(sharp junction) . ,
(structural line)
.
,
,
() .
2)
. , ,
() ,
,
.
.
“ (lowlands) ,
, , (slope),
” .
, .
- 334 -
,
,
.
. (NGS)
“ ”
,
3 1 ,
, ,
.
“
” .
Advameg(2000 )
“
(lowland) ”
. “
() (steep
sides) ,
(low elevation) ,
.”
.
(USDA-NRCS) 2013 4
‘NSSH (The National Soil Survey Handbook,
) Part 629: (Glossary
of Landform and Geologic Terms)’ “
,
.” .
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
.
“ (150m )
.
.” (, 2004,
660).
.
.
.
,
(volume) , , ,
(ruggedness or density of dissection), (spacing),
(continuity) .
(mountain regions)
,
, , (area)
(alpine zone)
(Gerrard, 2014).
(a mountain area or region)
. 1
.
- 335 -
, 300m
. 30 arc-seconds
grid( 30×30km) (el-
evation range)
(DEM)
.
(WCMC) 2002
‘Mountain Watch ’ .
Blyth 6 Kapos 5(Kapos et al.,
2000) ‘
’ 6
7 (Blyth
et al., 2002, 74).
300~1000m 7km (local
elevation range) 300m
. (USGS)
( 1000feet )
.
(USDA-NRCS) ‘NSSH part 629:
’(2013 )
300m( 1000feet)
.
300m ,
( , 2013).
.
(www.forestland.go.kr).
“
(, )
”, “
,
, ,
.”
(, 2004, 270-274).
1.
Price(1981) : , (300m ),
Messerli and Ives(1997) : 500m
, : 610m(2000 feet)
Brunsden and Allison(1986) : 700m
Gerrard(2014) : 1000m , 500m , 100km²
Kapos et al.(2000) (): 300~1000m, 7km 300m
(1952, 1995) : 80% 600m , 600m
(1993) : () 70% 600m , · 400m
(1961) : 80% 600m , · 400m
(USDA-NRCS, 2013) : 300m
(UNEP-WCMC, 2002) (): 300~1000m, 7km 300m
: Gerrard(2014), Kapos et al.(2000), UNEP-WCMC(2002), USDA-NRCS(2013), (2008), Wikipedia Website .
- 336 -
,
.
()
. (hill)
(hills)
.
() ()
.
.
(summit) 600m ,
. (USGS)
1000feet(304.8m)
, ()
.
(USDA-NRCS)
(lowlands) 30~300m ,
(bounding slopes)
(a summit area) ,
15° (elevated area)
.
(mass) ,
(30~90m) (90~
300m) .
()
,
() ,
150m
15° (
(, tableland) .
“ (one side)
”
, “
” .
(NGE)
. Advameg
“
1500feet(475m)
( steep slope) ”
. (USDA-
NRCS) ‘ ’
.
(American Geological Institute) ‘
’ “
100m
” .
“ 600m
, 150m
” (
, 2004, 137).
.
(subordinate landform unit)
- 337 -
, , ,
.
()
.
150m
, (low elevation)
.
.
.
75m .
1:50,000
( 100m ) , 100m
.
.
300m .
300~700m ,
.
(upland, highland)
.
.
() “ 100m
,
” .
.
,
300m
.
200~300m
.
.
‘ , 100m
()
300m , 100m ~300m
, 100m
’
.
.
3
.
()
.
, , ·
100~300m .
· ·
, ·
- 338 -
.
, 3(, , )
. 3
(
·· )
3 4 ,
()
, ,
.
(, )
100~300m , , ,
.
.
.
.
100m
.
.
( 1, 3).
100~300m , 300m
( 2).
(·····)
,
(
, · , )
(),
· (, )
( , )
. ·
·
.
·
.
.
.
100m (
) ( 300m
) (100m ~300m )
.
.
- 339 -
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
( )
.
(·)
.
(
· )
. (drain-
age basin, river basin) ()
·
.
()
.
(hillslopes) (drainage
(landform units) .
(catchment (area), watershed6),
drainage area) ,
(geomorphological unit)
(Goudie et al., 2004, 272-
274).
. ·
, , , ,
,
·
.
. 1914
()
12()
7). 1917, 1938
, 1958, 1963, 1981, 1995
.
1981 7 1
.
1914 7.6 1938 ·
· 115.68, 1958 463.19
1963 (282.77)
1981 6
178.32 .
,
· ,
455.78 , 1995
(, ··
····· 8) 426.59
883.56 .
8)
.
.
- 340 -
··) ()
(2012)
( 3).
(190m), (159m)
(
, )
.
( ) ()
()
.
(295m)·(198.5m)
.
(287.7m)·(660.8m)·(526m)·
(456m)·(431.4m)·(492m)
, (-
---) .
(546m)·(660.3m)·(650m)
(599.5m) , (231m)·
(203m)·(210m)
, (1083m) (880m)
.
3.
- 341 -
, , , , ,
,
( 4).
(, , ,
) (, )
.
.
. ()
.
.
(, 1933), (,
- 342 -
(, )
.
“
100m
()
( 300m ) (100m
~300m ) ” ,
.
( , , , )
.
.
. ,
,
() .
80
.
.
‘
’ ‘TK ’ “
.
” (YTN, Posted :
2010.3.6.01:51).
‘ ’
( 2010.3.7. ),
‘
’ (
2010.3.9. ).
,
, ()
()
,
100m
.
)
·····(
)
.
.
() ,
(, 560m)
400m
(, , )
(, 1940, 13-14.).
5) (600m)·
(,, 507m)·(448m)·(426m)·
(, 1940, 12).
6) watershed ,
(http://www.dictionary.
13 ,
41
·. 1910( 10)
() . 29 () 260
() . 1911 11 ()
() () .
- 343 -
1914 ()
( 7.6 2016 5
7.06 ) ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , 12
. 4 (,
, , ) .
7,920 31,949.
· ·
1981 7 1
.
.
,” , 48(3), 482-496.
, 1985, “ 1) ,” : 3,
, 161-163.
··, 2003, ,
.
, .
.
.
.
·, 2004, , .
··, 2008,
, .
,” , 12(2), 202-214.
, 2008, “
: ,” ,
15(4), 17-28.
59.
.
, 2003, , .
····, 2003,
, .
, ·,
, 121-160.
, 8, 59-78.
, 25, 137-151.
,” , 6, 1-16.
······
, 2003, , .
, 1995, “3 ,” 1(),
, 37-51.
·, 2003, , .
··, 2013, “
,” , 48(1),
1-18.
(), 1991,
·· ·····
, 2003, , .
·, 1998, “
,” , 33(4), 469-
486.
- 344 -
Holocene ,”
, 41, 1-36.
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, , .
, , http://jinan.grandcul-
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(: [email protected])
Daegu, 41566, Korea (e-mail: [email protected])
2016. 6. 7
2016. 6. 20
2016. 6. 26