Bruce LeeBruce Lee as Kato 1967.jpg

Lee in 1967

Chinese name 李小龍 (traditional)

Chinese name 李小龙 (simplified)

Pinyin Lǐ Xiǎolóng (Mandarin)

Jyutping Lei5 Siu2 Lung4 (Cantonese)

Birth name Lee Jun-fan李振藩 (Traditional)李振藩 (Simplified)Lǐ Zhènfān (Mandarin)Lei5 Zan3 Faan4 (Cantonese)

Ancestry Shunde, Guangdong, China

Origin Hong Kong

Born November 27, 1940Chinatown, San Francisco,California, U.S.

Died July 20, 1973 (aged 32)

Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong[1]

Resting place Lakeview Cemetery

Occupation Martial artist, martial arts instructor,actor, film director, screenwriter,producer

Years active 1941–73

Spouse(s) Linda Emery (1964–73)

Children Brandon Lee (1965–93)Shannon Lee (born 1969)

Parents Lee Hoi-chuen (1901–65)Grace Ho (1907–96)

Alma mater University of Washington, Seattle

Official Website Bruce Lee Foundation(http://www.bruceleefoundation.com/)Bruce Lee official website(http://www.brucelee.com/)

Bruce LeeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Bruce Lee (disambiguation).This is a Chinese name; the family name is Lee.

Bruce Lee (Chinese: 李小龍; born Lee Jun-fan, Chinese: 李振藩; November27, 1940 – July 20, 1973) was a Hong Kong American martial artist, Hong Kongaction film actor, martial arts instructor, philosopher, filmmaker,[3] and the founderof Jeet Kune Do. Lee was the son of Cantonese opera star Lee Hoi-Chuen. He iswidely considered by commentators, critics, media and other martial artists to beone of the most influential martial artists of all time,[4] and a pop culture icon of the20th century.[5][6] He is often credited with helping to change the way Asianswere presented in American films.[7]

Lee was born in Chinatown, San Francisco on November 27, 1940 to parentsfrom Hong Kong and was raised in Kowloon with his family until his late teens. Hewas introduced to the film industry by his father and appeared in several films asa child actor. Lee moved to the United States at the age of 18 to receive hishigher education, at the University of Washington, at Seattle[8] and it was duringthis time that he began teaching martial arts. His Hong Kong and Hollywood-produced films elevated the traditional Hong Kong martial arts film to a new levelof popularity and acclaim, sparking a surge of interest in Chinese martial arts inthe West in the 1970s. The direction and tone of his films changed and influencedmartial arts and martial arts films in the United States, Hong Kong and the rest ofthe world.[9]

He is noted for his roles in five feature-length films: Lo Wei's The Big Boss(1971) and Fist of Fury (1972); Golden Harvest's Way of the Dragon (1972),directed and written by Lee; Golden Harvest and Warner Brothers' Enter theDragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978), both directed by RobertClouse.[10] Lee became an iconic figure known throughout the world, particularlyamong the Chinese, as he portrayed Chinese nationalism in his films.[11] Hetrained in the art of Wing Chun and later combined his other influences fromvarious sources, in the spirit of his personal martial arts philosophy, which hedubbed Jeet Kune Do (The Way of the Intercepting Fist). Lee held dual nationalityof Hong Kong and the United States.[12] He died in Kowloon Tong on July 20,1973 at the age of 32.

Contents1 Early life

1.1 Names1.2 Family1.3 Wing Chun1.4 Leaving Hong Kong1.5 New life in America

2 Martial arts career2.1 Jun Fan Gung Fu2.2 Long Beach International Karate Championships2.3 Fight with Wong Jack Man2.4 Jeet Kune Do2.5 Fitness and nutrition

3 Acting career4 Artistry

4.1 Philosophy4.2 Poetry

5 Death5.1 Controversy surrounding Lee's death

6 Legacy6.1 Certified instructors6.2 Hong Kong legacy

7 Awards and honours8 Martial arts lineage9 Filmography

9.1 Film

Awards

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Bruce Lee as a baby.

Bruce Lee and his family, when hewas a child.

9.2 Television10 Bibliography11 See also12 Notes13 References14 External links

Early lifeBruce Lee was born on November 27, 1940, at the Chinese Hospital, in San Francisco'sChinatown. According to the Chinese zodiac, Lee was born in both the hour and the year of theDragon, which according to tradition is a strong and fortuitous omen.[13]

Bruce's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, (李海泉) was Han Chinese, and his mother, Grace Ho (何愛瑜), washalf-Chinese and half-Caucasian.[14] Specifically, Grace Ho was purportedly a half-GermanCatholic.[15] Grace Ho was the daughter of Ho Kom-tong (Ho Gumtong, 何甘棠) and the niece ofSir Robert Ho-tung, both notable Hong Kong businessmen and philanthropists.[16] Bruce was thefourth child of five children: Phoebe Lee (李秋源), Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), Peter Lee (李忠琛), andRobert Lee (李振輝). Lee and his parents returned to Hong Kong when he was three months old.[17]

Names

Lee's Cantonese birth name was Lee Jun-fan (李振藩).[18] The name homophonically means"return again", and was given to Lee by his mother, who felt he would return to the United Statesonce he came of age.[15] Because of his mother's superstitious nature, she had originally namedhim Sai-fon (細鳳), which is a feminine name meaning "small phoenix".[19] The English name"Bruce" is thought to have been given by the hospital attending physician, Dr. Mary Glover.[20]

Lee had three other Chinese names: Li Yuanxin (李源鑫), a family/clan name; Li Yuanjian (李元鑒), which he used as a student name while he was attending La Salle College, and his Chinesescreen name Li Xiaolong (李小龍; Xiaolong means "little dragon"). Lee's given name Jun-fanwas originally written in Chinese as 震藩, however, the Jun (震) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather's name, LeeJun-biu (李震彪). Hence, the Chinese character for Jun in Lee's name was changed to the homonym 振 instead, to avoid naming tabooin Chinese tradition.

Family

Lee's father, Lee Hoi-chuen, was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time, and was embarking on a year-longopera tour with his family on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Hong Kong. Lee Hoi-chuen had been touring the United States formany years and performing at numerous Chinese communities there.

Although many of his peers decided to stay in the United States, Lee Hoi-chuen returned to Hong Kong after Bruce's birth. Withinmonths, Hong Kong was invaded and the Lees lived for three years and eight months under Japanese occupation. After the war ended,Lee Hoi-chuen resumed his acting career and became a more popular actor during Hong Kong's rebuilding years.

Lee's mother, Grace Ho, was from one of the wealthiest and most powerful clans in Hong Kong, the Ho-tungs. She was the niece of SirRobert Ho-tung,[16][21] the Eurasian patriarch of the clan. As such, the young Bruce Lee grew up in an affluent and privilegedenvironment. Despite the advantage of his family's status, the neighborhood in which Lee grew up became overcrowded, dangerous,and full of gang rivalries due to an influx of refugees fleeing communist China for Hong Kong, at that time a British Crown colony.[19]

After Lee was involved in several street fights, his parents decided that he needed to be trained in the martial arts. Lee's first introductionto martial arts was through his father, from whom he learned the fundamentals of Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan.[22]

Wing Chun

See also: History of Wing Chun

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Lee, before the age of 18.

Lee and his teacher Yip Man.

Lee in 1958, dancing Cha-cha.

With son Brandon in 1966

The largest influence on Lee's martial arts development was his study of Wing Chun. Lee begantraining in Wing Chun when he was 16 years old under the Wing Chun teacher Yip Man in 1957,after losing several fights with rival gang members. Yip's regular classes generally consisted of theforms practice, chi sao (sticking hands) drills, wooden dummy techniques, and free-sparring.[23]

There was no set pattern to the classes.[23] Yip tried to keep his students from fighting in the streetgangs of Hong Kong by encouraging them to fight in organized competitions.[24]

After a year into his Wing Chun training, most of Yip Man's other students refused to train with Leeafter they learned of his mixed ancestry, as the Chinese were generally against teaching theirmartial arts techniques to non-Asians.[25][26] Lee's sparring partner, Hawkins Cheung states,"Probably fewer than six people in the whole Wing Chun clan were personally taught, or even partlytaught, by Yip Man".[27] However, Lee showed a keen interest in Wing Chun, and continued to train privately with Yip Man and WongShun Leung in 1955.[28] Wan Kam Leung, a student of Wong's, witnessed a sparring bout between Wong and Lee, and noted the speedand precision with which Lee was able to deliver his kicks. Lee continued to train with Wong Shun Leung after later returning to HongKong from America.

Leaving Hong Kong

After attending Tak Sun School (德信學校) (several blocks from his home at 218 Nathan Road,Kowloon), Lee entered the primary school division of La Salle College at the age of 12. In around1956, due to poor academic performance (or possibly poor conduct as well), he was transferred toSt. Francis Xavier's College (high school) where he would be mentored by Brother Edward, ateacher and coach of the school boxing team.

In the spring of 1959, Lee got into yet another street fight andthe police were called.[29] Until his late teens, Lee's streetfights became more frequent and included beating the son of afeared triad family. Eventually, Lee's father decided his sonshould leave Hong Kong to pursue a safer and healthieravenue in the United States. His parents confirmed the

police's fear that this time Lee's opponent had an organised crime background, and there was thepossibility that a contract was out for his life.

The police detective came and he says "Excuse me Mr. Lee, your son is really fightingbad in school. If he gets into just one more fight I might have to put him in jail".

— Robert Lee[19]

In April 1959, Lee's parents decided to send him to the United States to stay with his older sister, Agnes Lee (李秋鳳), who was alreadyliving with family friends in San Francisco.

New life in America

At the age of 18, Lee returned to the United States with $100 in his pocket. After living in San Francisco forseveral months, he moved to Seattle in 1959, to continue his high school education, where he also workedfor Ruby Chow as a live-in waiter at her restaurant.

Chow's husband was a co-worker and friend of Lee's father. Lee's elder brother Peter Lee (李忠琛) wouldalso join him in Seattle for a short stay before moving on to Minnesota to attend college. In December1960, Lee completed his high school education and received his diploma from Edison Technical School(now Seattle Central Community College, located on Capitol Hill in Seattle).

In March 1961, Lee enrolled at the University of Washington, majoring in drama according to a 1999 articlein the university's alumni magazine,[30] not in philosophy as stated by Lee himself and many others. Leealso studied philosophy, psychology, and various other subjects.[31][32] It was at the University ofWashington that he met his future wife Linda Emery, a fellow student studying to become a teacher, whomhe married in August 1964.

Lee had two children with Linda Emery, Brandon Lee (1965–93) and Shannon Lee (born 1969).

Martial arts careerJun Fan Gung Fu

Lee began teaching martial arts in the United States in 1959. He called what he taught Jun Fan Gung Fu (literally Bruce Lee's Kung Fu).It was basically his approach to Wing Chun.[33] Lee taught friends he met in Seattle, starting with Judo practitioner Jesse Glover, whocontinued to teach some of Lee's early techniques. Taky Kimura became Lee's first Assistant Instructor and continued to teach his art

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and philosophy after Lee's death.[34] Lee opened his first martial arts school, named the Lee Jun Fan Gung Fu Institute, in Seattle.

Lee dropped out of college in the spring of 1964 and moved to Oakland to live with James Yimm Lee (嚴鏡海). James Lee was twentyyears senior to Bruce Lee and a well known Chinese martial artist in the area. Together, they founded the second Jun Fan martial artstudio in Oakland. James Lee was also responsible for introducing Bruce Lee to Ed Parker, American martial artist, and organizer ofthe Long Beach International Karate Championships at which Bruce Lee was later "discovered" by Hollywood.

Long Beach International Karate Championships

At the invitation of Ed Parker, Lee appeared in the 1964 Long Beach International Karate Championships[35] and performed repetitionsof two-finger push-ups (using the thumb and the index finger of one hand) with feet at approximately a shoulder-width apart. In the sameLong Beach event he also performed the "One inch punch."[36] Lee stood upright, his right foot forward with knees bent slightly, in front ofa standing, stationary partner. Lee's right arm was partly extended and his right fist approximately one inch (2.5 cm) away from thepartner's chest. Without retracting his right arm, Lee then forcibly delivered the punch to his partner while largely maintaining his posture,sending the partner backwards and falling into a chair said to be placed behind the partner to prevent injury, though his partner'smomentum soon caused him to fall to the floor. His volunteer was Bob Baker of Stockton, California. "I told Bruce not to do this type ofdemonstration again", Baker recalled. "When he punched me that last time, I had to stay home from work because the pain in my chestwas unbearable".[37]

It was at the 1964 championships where Lee first met Taekwondo master Jhoon Goo Rhee. The two developed a friendship – arelationship from which they benefited as martial artists. Rhee taught Lee the side kick in detail, and Lee taught Rhee the "non-telegraphic" punch.[38]

Lee appeared at the 1967 Long Beach International Karate Championships and performed various demonstrations, including thefamous "unstoppable punch" against USKA world Karate champion Vic Moore.[35] Lee told Moore that he was going to throw a straightpunch to the face, and all he had to do was to try to block it. Lee took several steps back and asked if Moore was ready. When Moorenodded in affirmation, Lee glided towards him until he was within striking range. He then threw a straight punch directly at Moore's face,and stopped before impact. In eight attempts, Moore failed to block any of the punches.[39][40]

Fight with Wong Jack Man

In Oakland, California in 1964 at Chinatown, Lee had a controversial private match with Wong Jack Man, a direct student of Ma KinFung known for his mastery of Xingyiquan, Northern Shaolin, and T'ai chi ch'uan. According to Lee, the Chinese community issued anultimatum to him to stop teaching non-Chinese. When he refused to comply, he was challenged to a combat match with Wong. Thearrangement was that if Lee lost, he would have to shut down his school; while if he won, then Lee would be free to teach Caucasians oranyone else.[41] Wong denied this, stating that he requested to fight Lee after Lee issued an open challenge during one of Lee'sdemonstrations at a Chinatown theatre, and that Wong himself did not discriminate against Caucasians or other non-Chinese.[42] Leecommented, "That paper had all the names of the sifu from Chinatown, but they don't scare me".[43]

Individuals known to have witnessed the match included Cadwell, James Lee (Bruce Lee's associate, no relation), and William Chen, ateacher of T'ai chi ch'uan. Wong and witness William Chen stated that the fight lasted an unusually long 20–25 minutes.[42] According toBruce Lee, Linda Lee Cadwell, and James Yimm Lee, the fight lasted 3 minutes with a decisive victory for Lee. "The fight ensued, it wasa no-holds-barred fight, it took three minutes. Bruce got this guy down to the ground and said 'do you give up?' and the man said he gaveup" – Linda Lee Cadwell.[41]

Wong Jack Man published his own account of the battle in the Chinese Pacific Weekly, a Chinese-language newspaper in SanFrancisco, which contained another challenge to Lee for a public rematch.[42] Lee had no reciprocation to Wong's article, nor were thereany further public announcements by either, but Lee had continued to teach Caucasians.

Jeet Kune Do

Main article: Jeet Kune Do

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The Jeet Kune Do emblem is aregistered trademark held by theBruce Lee Estate. The Chinesecharacters around the Taijitusymbol read: "Using no way asway" and "Having no limitation aslimitation" The arrows representthe endless interaction betweenyang and yin.[44]

Bruce Lee in The Kid.

Main article: Jeet Kune Do

Jeet Kune Do originated in 1967. After filming one season of The Green Hornet, Lee found himselfout of work and opened The Jun Fan Institute of Gung Fu. The controversial match with Wong JackMan influenced Lee's philosophy about martial arts. Lee concluded that the fight had lasted too longand that he had failed to live up to his potential using his Wing Chun techniques. He took the viewthat traditional martial arts techniques were too rigid and formalistic to be practical in scenarios ofchaotic street fighting. Lee decided to develop a system with an emphasis on "practicality,flexibility, speed, and efficiency". He started to use different methods of training such as weighttraining for strength, running for endurance, stretching for flexibility, and many others which heconstantly adapted, including fencing and basic boxing techniques.

Lee emphasised what he called "the style of no style". This consisted of getting rid of the formalisedapproach which Lee claimed was indicative of traditional styles. Lee felt the system he now calledJun Fan Gung Fu was even too restrictive, and eventually evolved into a philosophy and martial arthe would come to call Jeet Kune Do or the Way of the Intercepting Fist. It is a term he would laterregret, because Jeet Kune Do implied specific parameters that styles connote; whereas the idea ofhis martial art was to exist outside of parameters and limitations.[45]

Fitness and nutrition

At 173 cm (5 ft 8 in) and 64 kg (141 lb),[46] Lee was renowned for his physical fitness and vigor,achieved by using a dedicated fitness regimen to become as strong as possible. After his match with Wong Jack Man in 1965, Leechanged his approach toward martial arts training. Lee felt that many martial artists of his time did not spend enough time on physicalconditioning. Lee included all elements of total fitness—muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, andflexibility. He used traditional bodybuilding techniques to build some muscle mass, not overdone that could decrease speed or flexibility.At the same time in balance, Lee was careful to admonish that mental and spiritual preparation are fundamental to the success ofphysical training in martial arts skills. In Tao of Jeet Kune Do he wrote,

Training is one of the most neglected phases of athletics. Too much time is given to the development of skill and too little tothe development of the individual for participation. ... JKD, ultimately is not a matter of petty techniques but of highlydeveloped spirituality and physique.[47]

According to Linda Lee Cadwell, soon after he moved to the United States, Lee started to take nutrition seriously and developed aninterest in health foods, high-protein drinks and vitamin and mineral supplements. He later concluded that in order to achieve a high-performance body, one could not fuel it with a diet of junk food, and with "the wrong fuel" one's body would perform sluggishly orsloppily.[48] Lee also avoided baked goods and refined flour, describing them as providing calories which did nothing for his body.[49]

Acting careerMain article: Bruce Lee filmography

Lee's father Lee Hoi-chuen was a famous Cantonese opera star. Because of this, Lee wasintroduced into films at a very young age and appeared in several films as a child. Lee had hisfirst role as a baby who was carried onto the stage in the film Golden Gate Girl. By the time hewas 18, he had appeared in twenty films.[13]

While in the United States from 1959 to 1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career infavour of pursuing martial arts. However, a martial arts exhibition on Long Beach in 1964eventually led to the invitation by William Dozier for an audition for a part in the pilot for"Number One Son". The show never aired, but Lee was invited for the role of Kato alongsideVan Williams in the TV series The Green Hornet. The show lasted just one season, from 1966to 1967. Lee also played Kato in three crossover episodes of Batman. This was followed byguest appearances in three television series: Ironside (1967), Here Come the Brides (1969),and Blondie (1969).

At the time, two of Lee's martial arts students were Hollywood script writer Stirling Silliphant and actor James Coburn. In 1969 the threeworked on a script for a film called The Silent Flute, and went together on a location hunt to India. The project was not realised at thetime; but the 1978 film Circle of Iron, starring David Carradine, was based on the same plot. In 2010, producer Paul Maslansky wasreported to plan and receive fundings for a film based on the original script for The Silent Flute.[50] In 1969, Lee made a briefappearance in the Silliphant-penned film Marlowe where he played a henchman hired to intimidate private detective Philip Marlowe,(played by James Garner), by smashing up his office with leaping kicks and flashing punches, only to later accidentally jump off a tallbuilding while trying to kick Marlowe off. The same year he also choreographed fight scenes for The Wrecking Crew starring DeanMartin, Sharon Tate, and featuring Chuck Norris in his first role. In 1970, he was responsible for fight choreography for A Walk in theSpring Rain starring Ingrid Bergman and Anthony Quinn, again written by Silliphant. In 1971, Lee appeared in four episodes of thetelevision series Longstreet, written by Silliphant. Lee played the martial arts instructor of the title character Mike Longstreet (played byJames Franciscus), and important aspects of his martial arts philosophy were written into the script.

According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971

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Publicity photo of Williams andLee for The Green Hornet.

Bruce Lee's star at the Avenue ofStars, Hong Kong.

According to statements made by Lee, and also by Linda Lee Cadwell after Lee's death, in 1971Lee pitched a television series of his own tentatively titled The Warrior, discussions which werealso confirmed by Warner Bros. In a December 9, 1971 television interview on The Pierre BertonShow, Lee stated that both Paramount and Warner Brothers wanted him "to be in a modernizedtype of a thing, and that they think the Western idea is out, whereas I want to do the Western".[51]

According to Cadwell, however, Lee's concept was retooled and renamed Kung Fu, but WarnerBros. gave Lee no credit.[52] Warner Brothers states that they had for some time been developingan identical concept,[53] created by two writers and producers, Ed Spielman and HowardFriedlander. According to these sources, the reason Lee was not cast was in part because of hisethnicity, but more so because he had a thick accent.[54] The role of the Shaolin monk in the WildWest, was eventually awarded to then-non-martial-artist David Carradine. In The Pierre BertonShow interview, Lee stated he understood Warner Brothers' attitudes towards casting in the series:"They think that business wise it is a risk. I don't blame them. If the situation were reversed, and anAmerican star were to come to Hong Kong, and I was the man with the money, I would have my ownconcerns as to whether the acceptance would be there".[55]

Producer Fred Weintraub had advised Lee to return to Hong Kong and make a feature film whichhe could showcase to executives in Hollywood.[56] Not happy with his supporting roles in the United States, Lee returned to Hong Kong.Unaware that The Green Hornet had been played to success in Hong Kong and was unofficially referred to as "The Kato Show", he wassurprised to be recognised on the street as the star of the show. After negotiating with both Shaw Brothers Studio and Golden Harvest,Lee signed a film contract to star in two films produced by Golden Harvest. Lee played his first leading role in The Big Boss (1971)which proved to be an enormous box office success across Asia and catapulted him to stardom. He soon followed up with Fist of Fury(1972) which broke the box office records set previously by The Big Boss. Having finished his initial two-year contract, Lee negotiated anew deal with Golden Harvest. Lee later formed his own company, Concord Production Inc. (協和電影公司), with Chow. For his thirdfilm, Way of the Dragon (1972), he was given complete control of the film's production as the writer, director, star, and choreographer ofthe fight scenes.

In 1964, at a demonstration in Long Beach, California, Lee had met Karate champion Chuck Norris. In Way of the Dragon Leeintroduced Norris to movie-goers as his opponent in the final death fight at the Colosseum in Rome, today considered one of Lee's mostlegendary fight scenes and one of the most memorable fight scenes in martial arts film history.[57] The role was originally offered toAmerican Karate champion Joe Lewis.[58]

In late 1972, Lee began work on his fourth Golden Harvest Film, Game of Death. He beganfilming some scenes including his fight sequence with 7 ft 2 in (218 cm) American Basketballstar Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, a former student. Production was stopped when Warner Brothersoffered Lee the opportunity to star in Enter the Dragon, the first film to be produced jointly byGolden Harvest and Warner Bros. Filming commenced in Hong Kong in February 1973. Onemonth into the filming, another production company, Starseas Motion Pictures, promoted BruceLee as a leading actor in Fist of Unicorn, although he had merely agreed to choreograph thefight sequences in the film as a favour to his long-time friend Unicorn Chan. Lee planned to suethe production company, but retained his friendship with Chan.[59] However, only a few monthsafter the completion of Enter the Dragon, and six days before its July 26, 1973 release,[60] Leedied. Enter the Dragon would go on to become one of the year's highest grossing films andcement Lee as a martial arts legend. It was made for US$850,000 in 1973 (equivalent to$4 million adjusted for inflation as of 2007).[61] To date, Enter the Dragon has grossed over$200 million worldwide.[62] The film sparked a brief fad in martial arts, epitomised in songs such as "Kung Fu Fighting" and TV showslike Kung Fu.

Robert Clouse, the director of Enter the Dragon and Golden Harvest revived Lee's unfinished film Game of Death. Lee had shot over100 minutes of footage, including out-takes, for Game of Death before shooting was stopped to allow him to work on Enter the Dragon.In addition to Abdul-Jabbar, George Lazenby, Hapkido master Ji Han-Jae and another of Lee's students, Dan Inosanto, were also toappear in the film, which was to culminate in Lee's character, Hai Tien (clad in the now-famous yellow track suit) taking on a series ofdifferent challengers on each floor as they make their way through a five-level pagoda. In a controversial move, Robert Clouse finishedthe film using a look-alike and archive footage of Lee from his other films with a new storyline and cast, which was released in 1978.However, the cobbled-together film contained only fifteen minutes of actual footage of Lee (he had printed many unsuccessful takes)[63]

while the rest had a Lee look-alike, Kim Tai Chung, and Yuen Biao as stunt double. The unused footage Lee had filmed was recovered22 years later and included in the documentary Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey.[64]

Apart from Game of Death, other future film projects were planned to feature Lee at the time. In

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Bruce Lee's star on the HollywoodWalk of Fame

Bruce Lee is buried next to hisson Brandon in LakeviewCemetery, Seattle.

Apart from Game of Death, other future film projects were planned to feature Lee at the time. In1972, after the success of The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, a third film was planned by RaymondChow at Golden Harvest to be directed by Lo Wei, titled Yellow-Faced Tiger. However, at the time,Lee decided to direct and produce his own script for Way of the Dragon instead. Although Lee hadformed a production company with Raymond Chow, a period film was also planned fromSeptember–November 1973 with the competing Shaw Brothers Studio, to be directed by eitherChor Yuen or Cheng Kang, and written by Yi Kang and Chang Cheh, titled The Seven Sons of theJade Dragon.[65] Lee had also worked on several scripts himself. A tape containing a recording ofLee narrating the basic storyline to a film tentatively titled Southern Fist/Northern Leg exists,showing some similarities with the canned script for The Silent Flute (Circle of Iron).[66] Anotherscript had the title Green Bamboo Warrior, set in San Francisco, planned to co-star Bolo Yeungand to be produced by Andrew Vajna who later went on to produce First Blood.[59] Photo shootcostume tests were also organized for some of these planned film projects.

ArtistryPhilosophy

Lee is best known as a martial artist, but he also studied drama and philosophy while a student at the University of Washington. He waswell-read and had an extensive library. His own books on martial arts and fighting philosophy are known for their philosophicalassertions, both inside and outside of martial arts circles. His eclectic philosophy often mirrored his fighting beliefs, though he was quickto claim that his martial arts were solely a metaphor for such teachings. He believed that any knowledge ultimately led to self-knowledge,and said that his chosen method of self-expression was martial arts.[67] His influences include Taoism, Jiddu Krishnamurti, andBuddhism.[68] On the other hand, Lee's philosophy was very much in opposition to the conservative worldview advocated byConfucianism.[69] John Little states that Lee was an atheist. When asked in 1972 about his religious affiliation, he replied, "nonewhatsoever".[70] In 1972, he was asked if he believed in God, and responded, "To be perfectly frank, I really do not".[67]

Poetry

Aside from martial arts and philosophy which focus on the physical aspect and self-consciousness for truths and principles,[71] Lee alsowrote poetry that reflected his emotion and a stage in his life collectively.[72] Many forms of art remain concordant with the artist creatingthem. Lee's principal of self-expression was applied to his poetry as well. His daughter Shannon Lee said "He did write poetry, he wasreally the consummate artist".[73] His poetic works originally handwritten on paper, later on edited and published. John Little being themajor author (editor), for Bruce Lee's works. Linda Lee Cadwell (Bruce Lee's wife) shared her husbands notes, poems and experienceswith followers. She mentioned "Lee's poems are, by American standards, rather dark-reflecting the deeper, less exposed recesses ofthe human psyche".[74] Most of Bruce Lee's poems are categorized as anti-poetry or fall into a paradox. The mood in his poems showthe side of the man that can be compared with other poets such as Robert Frost, one of many well-known poets expressing himself withdark poetic works. The paradox taken from the Yin and Yang symbol in martial arts, also integrated in his poetry. His martial arts, andphilosophy contribute a great part to his poetry. The free verse form of Lee's poetry reflect his famous quote "Be formless ... shapeless,like water."[75]

DeathOn May 10, 1973, Lee collapsed during an ADR session for Enter the Dragon at Golden Harvest inHong Kong. Suffering from seizures and headaches, he was immediately rushed to Hong KongBaptist Hospital where doctors diagnosed cerebral edema. They were able to reduce the swellingthrough the administration of mannitol. The headache and cerebral edema that occurred in his firstcollapse were later repeated on the day of his death.[76]

On July 20, 1973, Lee was in Hong Kong, to have dinner with James Bond star George Lazenby,with whom he intended to make a film. According to Lee's wife Linda, Lee met producer RaymondChow at 2 p.m. at home to discuss the making of the film Game of Death. They worked until 4 p.m.and then drove together to the home of Lee's colleague Betty Ting Pei, a Taiwanese actress. Thethree went over the script at Ting's home, and then Chow left to attend a dinner meeting.[77][78]

Later Lee complained of a headache, and Ting gave him an analgesic (painkiller), Equagesic,which contained both aspirin and the tranquilizer meprobamate. Around 7:30 p.m., he went to liedown for a nap. When Lee did not turn up for dinner, producer Raymond Chow came to the apartment, but was unable to wake Lee up. Adoctor was summoned, who spent ten minutes attempting to revive Lee before sending him by ambulance to Queen Elizabeth Hospital.By the time the ambulance reached the hospital he was dead. He was 32 years old.

There was no visible external injury; however, according to autopsy reports, Lee's brain had swollen considerably, from 1,400 to 1,575grams (a 13% increase). The autopsy found Equagesic in his system. On October 15, 2005, Chow stated in an interview that Lee diedfrom an allergic reaction to the tranquilizer meprobamate, the main ingredient in Equagesic, which Chow described as an ingredientcommonly used in painkillers. When the doctors announced Lee's death officially, it was ruled a "death by misadventure".[79][80]

Lee's wife Linda returned to her hometown of Seattle, and had him buried at lot 276 of Lakeview Cemetery.[81] Pallbearers at his funeral

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on July 31, 1973 included Taky Kimura, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, Chuck Norris, George Lazenby, Dan Inosanto, Peter Chin, andLee's brother Robert.

Controversy surrounding Lee's death

Around the time of Lee's death, numerous rumors appeared in the media.[82] Lee's iconic status and untimely demise fed many wildrumors and theories. These included murder involving the Triads and a supposed curse on him and his family.[83]

Donald Teare, a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland Yard who had overseen over 1,000 autopsies, was assigned to the Leecase. His conclusion was "death by misadventure" caused by an acute cerebral edema due to a reaction to compounds present in thecombination medication Equagesic.[84]

Dr. Donald Langford, a Baptist missionary and Lee’s doctor in Hong Kong, has said, "Nobody dies from one tablet of Equagesic. Noanalgesic killed Bruce."[82] He added: "[P]eople weren't about to step up and say Bruce Lee had died from eating cannabis [which wasfound in his stomach, and which he had consumed regularly for some time due to the stress of his fame] or some related product. At thebeginning of the inquest proceedings, Dr. Wu and a couple of other doctors and I were pulled to the side and asked to play down the roleof cannabis in Bruce’s death."[82]

The preliminary opinion of Dr. Peter Wu, the neurosurgeon who treated Lee during his first seizure in May 1973, was that the cause ofdeath should have been attributed to either a reaction to cannabis or Equagesic. He has stated that "We removed quite a lot of hashishfrom his stomach [in May]. In Nepal there have been all kinds of neurological problems associated with hashish, especially cerebraledema."[82] However, Wu officially backed off from his position, officially stating that:

Professor Teare was a forensic scientist recommended by Scotland Yard; he was brought in as an expert on cannabis andwe can't contradict his testimony. The dosage of cannabis is neither precise nor predictable, but I've never known of anyonedying simply from taking it.[85]

At the 1975 San Diego Comic-Con convention, Bruce Lee's friend Chuck Norris attributed his death to a reaction between the muscle-relaxant medication he had been taking since 1968 for a ruptured disk in his back, and an "antibiotic" he was given for his headache onthe night of his death.[86]

The book The Death of Bruce Lee: A Clinical Investigation presents the belief that Bruce Lee was already "sensitized" to the use ofEquagesic by the time of his first "acute hypersensitivity reaction" on May 10, 1973. Lee refrained from using the drug again until thatfateful evening of July 20, 1973, when he took Equagesic and later died of cerebral edema.[87]

LegacyCertified instructors

Bruce Lee personally certified only three instructors: Taky Kimura, James Yimm Lee, and Dan Inosanto. Inosanto holds the 3rd rank(Instructor) directly from Bruce Lee in Jeet Kune Do, Jun Fan Gung Fu, and Bruce Lee's Tao of Chinese Gung Fu. Taky Kimura holds a5th rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu. James Yimm Lee held a 3rd rank in Jun Fan Gung Fu. Ted Wong holds 2nd rank in Jeet Kune Do certifieddirectly by Bruce Lee and was later promoted to Instructor under Dan Inosanto, who felt that Bruce would have wanted to promote him.Other Jeet Kune Do instructors since Lee's death have been certified directly by Dan Inosanto, some with remaining Bruce Lee signedcertificates.

James Yimm Lee, a close friend of Lee, certified a few students including Gary Dill who studied Jeet Kune Do under James andreceived permission via a personal letter from him in 1972 to pass on his learning of Jun Fan Gung Fu to others. Taky Kimura, to date,has certified only one person in Jun Fan Gung Fu: his son Andy Kimura. Dan Inosanto continued to teach and certify select students inJeet Kune Do for over 30 years, making it possible for thousands of martial arts practitioners to trace their training lineage back to BruceLee. Prior to his death, Lee told his then only two living instructors Kimura and Inosanto (James Yimm Lee had died in 1972) todismantle his schools.

Both Taky Kimura and Dan Inosanto were allowed to teach small classes thereafter, under the guideline "keep the numbers low, but thequality high". Bruce also instructed several World Karate Champions including Chuck Norris, Joe Lewis, and Mike Stone. Between thethree of them, during their training with Bruce, they won every karate championship in the United States.[88]

In Japan, Junichi Okada is a certified Japanese instructor in Jeet Kune Do.[89]

Hong Kong legacy

There are a number of stories (perhaps apocryphal) surrounding Lee that are still repeated in Hong

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Bruce Lee statue in Hong Kong

There are a number of stories (perhaps apocryphal) surrounding Lee that are still repeated in HongKong culture. One is that his early 1970s interview on the TVB show Enjoy Yourself Tonightcleared the busy streets of Hong Kong as everyone was watching the interview at home.

On January 6, 2009, it was announced that Bruce's Hong Kong home (41 Cumberland Road,Kowloon, Hong Kong) will be preserved and transformed into a tourist site by philanthropist YuPang-lin.[90][91]

Awards and honoursMain article: List of awards and honors received by Bruce Lee

Bruce Lee was named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[7]

In April 2013, he was posthumously awarded the prestigious Founders Award at The Asian Awards.[92]

A Bruce Lee statue was unveiled in Los Angeles' Chinatown on June 15, 2013. It stands at 7-foot (210 cm) tall and was made inGuangzhou, China.[93]

In April 2014, it was announced that Lee would be a featured character in the video game EA Sports UFC, and will be playable inmultiple weight classes.[94]

Bruce Lee was voted as the Greatest Movie Fighter Ever in 2014 by the Houston Boxing Hall Of Fame. The HBHOF is a combat sportsvoting body composed exclusively of current and former fighters and Martial Artists.

Martial arts lineageLee was trained in Wu Tai Chi Chuan (also known as Ng-ga) and Jing Mo Tam Tui for the twelve sets. Lee was trained in the martial artsChoy Li Fut, Western Boxing, Épée fencing, Judo, Praying Mantis kung fu, Hsing-I, and Jujitsu.

When Bruce arrived in the US he (already) had training in Wu Style Tai Chi, sometimes in Hong Kong called Ng-ga. And hehad of course training in western boxing. He had training in fencing from his brother, that's Epee, that goes from toe to head.He had training obviously in Wing Chun. And the other area was the training he had received in Buk Pie, or Tam Toi, he wastwelve sets in Tam Toi. And I believe he had traded with a Choy Li Fut man.

— Danny Inosanto[95]

Lineage in Wing ChunNg MuiYim Wing ChunLeung Bok-chauLeung Lan-kwaiWong Wah-boLeung Yee-taiLeung JanChan Wah-shunYip Man (葉問)Bruce Lee

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Bruce Lee (李小龍李小龍)

Founder of Jeet Kune Do

Certified by Bruce Leeas instructors of Jeet Kune Do

Taky KimuraJames Yimm LeeDan Inosanto

Notable students ofJun Fan/Gung Fu/Jeet Kune Do

Brandon LeeJesse GloverDan InosantoYorinaga NakamuraTaky KimuraRichard BustilloJerry PoteetTed WongJames Yimm LeeRusty StevensChuck Norris[96]

Kareem Abdul-JabbarJames CoburnJoe LewisRoman PolanskiLee MarvinStirling SilliphantMike Stone

FilmographyMain article: Bruce Lee filmography

Film

Year Title Role Notes1969 Marlowe Winslow Wong1971 The Big Boss Cheng Chao-an Also known as Fists of Fury1972 Fist of Fury Chen Zhen Also known as The Chinese Connection1972 Way of the Dragon Tang Lung Also known as Return of the Dragon1973 Enter the Dragon Lee Posthumous release1979 The Real Bruce Lee Bruce Lee before his death A post death film about him2010 Bruce Lee, My Brother Young to adult age Bruce Lee A semi biographical film about him2015 Ip Man 3 Himself Bruce Lee will be recreated using CGI

Television

Year Title Role Notes1966–1967 The Green Hornet Kato 26 episodes1966–1967 Batman Kato 3 episodes1967 Ironside Leon Soo Episode: "Tagged for Murder"1969 Blondie Karate Instructor Episode: "Pick on Someone Your Own Size"1969 Here Come the Brides Lin Episode: "Marriage Chinese Style"1970–1972 Enjoy Yourself Tonight Himself 2 episodes1971 Longstreet Li Tsung 4 episodes1971 The Pierre Berton Show Himself

BibliographyChinese Gung-Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self Defense (Bruce Lee's first book) – 1963Tao of Jeet Kune Do (Published posthumously) – 1973Bruce Lee's Fighting Method (Published posthumously) – 1978

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See alsoBruce Lee LibraryBruceploitationDragon: The Bruce Lee Story the semi-biographic motion picture played by Jason Scott LeeMostar Bruce Lee statue

Notes1. Chu, Karen (June 26, 2011). "Proposed Bruce Lee Museum Shelved in Hong Kong". The Hollywood Reporter.2. "Awards, Honors, Achievements, and Activities". Los Angeles: Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2010.3. "Jun Fan Jeet Kune Do". Bruce Lee Foundation.4. "Bruce Lee Lives Documentary".5. "From Icon to Lifestyle, the Marketing of Bruce Lee". The New York Times. December 11, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2011.6. "Bruce Lee's 70th birth anniversary celebrated". The Hindu (India). November 30, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.7. Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). "Bruce Lee: With nothing but his hands, feet and a lot of attitude, he turned the little guy into a tough guy". The

Time 100. New York. Retrieved June 7, 2010.8. Lee 1989, p. 419. "Bruce Lee inspired Dev for martial arts". The Times of India. July 1, 2010. Retrieved June 3, 2011.

10. "How Bruce Lee changed the world-Series". The Hindu (India). May 29, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.11. Dennis 197412. Bruce Lee (http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=86) at Hong Kong Cinemagic. (look under the 'nationality' section)13. "Biography". Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2010.14. Description of the parent's racial makeup as described by Robert Lee at minute mark 3:35 in the cable television documentary, First Families:

Bruce Lee, which premiered on Fox Family on October 26, 1999.15. Lee 1989, p. 2016. "Kom Tong Hall at 7 Castle Road, Mid-levels, Hong Kong" (PDF). People's Republic of China. Retrieved September 12, 2010.17. "Bruce Lee: Biography". Bruce-lee.ws. Retrieved January 22, 2010.18. 振藩; Mandarin Pinyin: Zhènfán)Lee 198919. Bruce Lee: the immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks20. Lee, Grace (1980). Bruce Lee The Untold Story. United States: CFW Enterprise.21. "Kom Tong Hall and the Dr Sun Yat-sen Museum". People's Republic of China. January 10, 2005. Retrieved September 12, 2010.22. Thomas 1994, p. 1423. Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 199324. Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993, p. 1825. Thomas 1994, p. 2626. Sharif 2009, p. 5627. Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition Summer 1993 p. 1928. Campbell 2006, p. 17229. Burrows, Alyssa (2002). "Bruce Lee". HistoryLink. Retrieved May 30, 2008.30. "U. of Washington alumni records". Washington.edu. Retrieved January 22, 2010.31. Little 2001, p. 3232. Thomas 1994, p. 4233. "WING CHUN GUNG FU". Hardcore JKD. Retrieved May 30, 2008.34. "Bruce Lee Biography". Bruce Lee Foundation. Retrieved September 4, 2012.35. "2007 Long Beach International Karate Championship". Long Beach International Karate Championship. Retrieved May 30, 2008.36. "Two Finger Pushup". Maniac World. Retrieved May 30, 2008.37. Vaughn 1986, p. 2138. Nilsson, Thomas (May 1996). "With Bruce Lee: Taekwondo Pioneer Jhoon Rhee Recounts His 10-Year Friendship With the "Dragon" ". Black

Belt Magazine 34 (5): 39–43. Retrieved November 19, 2009.39. Uyehara 1993, p. 2740. "Bruce Lee Victor Moore unblockable closing Long Beach International Tournament 60s". YouTube. June 11, 2009. Retrieved February 24,

2013.41. Bruce Lee: The Immortal Dragon, January 29, 2002, A&E Television Networks42. Dorgan 198043. Black Belt: Bruce Lee Collector's Edition, Summer 1993 Rainbow Publications Inc, p. 11744. Bishop 2004, p. 2345. Thomas 1994, p. 8146. "Bruce Lee". china.org.cn. Retrieved July 2, 2014.47. "Martial Art Disciplines at Hybrid Martial Arts Academy". Hybrid Martial Art. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. Retrieved May 30,

2008.48. Little 1998, p. 16249. Little 1998, p. 16350. McNary, Dave (April 15, 2010). "Bruce Lee's 'Flute' heads to bigscreen – Entertainment News, Film News, Media". Variety. Retrieved

February 22, 2011.51. From The Pierre Berton Show (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hN8PfMdBIjw) on YouTube December 9, 1971 (comments at 7:10 of part 2)52. Lee 1975a53. Bleecker, Tom (1996). Unsettled Matters. The Life & Death of Bruce Lee. Gilderoy Publications54. "From Grasshopper to Caine" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlYdp1BVOlw) on YouTube55. From The Pierre Berton Show (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXOtmhA6Nvw) on YouTube December 9, 1971 (comments near end of part

2 & early in part 3)56. Tale of the Dragon (Channel 4), directed by Jess Search57. Lee 198958. Thomas, B. (1994) Bruce Lee Fighting Spirit. Berkeley: Frog Ltd.59. Thomas, B. (2003) Bruce Lee Fighting Words. Berkeley: Frog Ltd.60. Enter the Dragon (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070034/) at the Internet Movie Database61. "Inflation Calculator". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved May 30, 2008.62. Stein, Joel (June 14, 1999). "The Gladiator BRUCE LEE". TIME. p. 3. Retrieved August 29, 2010.63. Bruce Lee, the Legend, 1977, Paragon Films, Ltd., 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment64. Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0297814/) at the Internet Movie Database65. "Shaw Brothers Film Project". Retrieved January 6, 2011.66. Bruce Lee The Man & The Legend (Documentary, Golden Harvest, 1973)

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Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to BruceLee.

Wikiquote has quotationsrelated to: Bruce Lee

67. Little 1996, p. 12268. Bruce Lee: A Warrior's Journey at 31m45s69. Bolelli 2008, p. 16170. Little 1996, p. 12871. Lee, Bruce (1996). John Little, ed. The Warrior Within. Martial arts-Philosophy: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.72. Lee, Bruce; Linda Lee Cadwell (1999). John Little, ed. Bruce Lee Artist of Life (Book). Tuttle. pp. 93–116. ISBN 978-0-8048-3263-2.73. Lee, Shannon. "Bruce Lee's Poetry: Shannon Lee reads one of her father's handwritten poems". Poetry. Retrieved April 17, 2012.74. Lee, Bruce; Linda Lee Cadwell (1999). "Part 4 Poetry". In John Little. Bruce Lee Artist of Life (Book). Martial Arts: Tuttle. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-

8048-3263-2.75. John Little (1996). "Five: The Running Water". In John Little. The Warrior Within (Book). Martial arts-Philosophy: McGraw-Hill. p. 43. ISBN 0-

8092-3194-8.76. Thomas 199477. Campbell 2006, p. 20578. Lee 1989, pp. 156–15779. Campbell 2006, p. 20680. "Bruce Lee died of seizure?". The Hindu (India). February 26, 2006. Retrieved June 3, 2011.81. Lakeview Cemetery website. (http://www.lakeviewcemeteryassociation.com/burials.php) Search for Lee. Only use last name.82. SHIH, LEE HAN. "The Life of the Dragon" (*Special to asia!). Lee Han Shih is the founder, publisher and editor of asia! Magazine. asia!

Magazine. Retrieved Jun 1, 2009.83. Bishop 2004, p. 15784. Thomas 1994, p. 20985. Thomas 1994, p. 22886. Chuck Norris Explains What Really Killed Bruce Lee At The 1975 San Diego Comic-Con Convention (https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=u4ekAQfN8x8)87. McKenzie R.N., Duncan Alexander (2012). The Death of Bruce Lee: A Clinical Investigation. Lulu.com. pp. 42–45; 100–105.

ISBN 9781300108863.88. Little 2001, p. 21189. "V6 Okada Junichi now a martial arts instructor". Tokyo Hive. September 10, 2010. Retrieved January 15, 2012.90. "Bruce Lee's home to become a museum". The Hollywood Reporter. January 6, 2009. Archived from the original on August 7, 2010. Retrieved

August 28, 2010.91. "Bruce Lee 35th anniversary". The Hindu (India). July 19, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2011.92. Winners at the Asian Awards (http://bollyspice.com/57703/asian-awards-winners-night-event)93. Bruce Lee statue unveiled in L.A.'s Chinatown (http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-bruce-lee-statue-unveiled-in-las-chinatown-

20130616,0,4835552.story), Los Angeles Times, June 16, 201394. Jason Nawara (April 6, 2014). "Bruce Lee revealed as the hidden EA UFC character, release date confirmed". mmanuts.com. Retrieved

April 6, 2014.95. Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do, 1995 Legacy Productions, New Zealand.96. Lee 1989, p. 83

ReferencesBishop, James (2004). Bruce Lee: Dynamic Becoming. Dallas: Promethean Press. ISBN 0-9734054-0-6.Bolelli, Daniele (2008). On the Warrior's Path. Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-219-X.Campbell, Sid (2003). The Dragon and the Tiger: The Birth of Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do 1 (illustrated ed.). Frog Books. ISBN 1-58394-089-8.Campbell, Sid (2006). Remembering the master (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-148-7.Clouse, Robert (1988). Bruce Lee: The Biography (illustrated ed.). Unique Publications. ISBN 0-86568-133-3.Dennis, Felix (1974). Bruce Lee, King of Kung-Fu (illustrated ed.). Wildwood House. ISBN 0-7045-0121-X.Dorgan, Michael (1980). Bruce Lee's Toughest Fight. EBM Kung Fu Academy. Retrieved December 27, 2009.Glover, Jesse R. (1976). Bruce Lee Between Win Chun and Jeet Kune Do. Unspecified vendor. ISBN 0-9602328-0-X.Lee, Bruce (1975). Tao of Jeet Kune Do (reprint ed.). Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-048-2.Lee, Bruce (2008). M. Uyehara, ed. Bruce Lee's Fighting Method: The Complete Edition (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-170-5.Lee, Linda (1975a). Bruce Lee: the man only I knew. Warner Paperback Library. ISBN 0-446-78774-4.Lee, Linda (1989). The Bruce Lee Story. United States: Ohara Publications. ISBN 0-89750-121-7.Little, John (2001). Bruce Lee: Artist of Life. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3263-3.Little, John (1996). The Warrior Within – The philosophies of Bruce Lee to better understand the world around you and achieve a rewardinglife (illustrated ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8092-3194-8.Little, John (1997). Words of the Dragon: Interviews 1958–1973 (Bruce Lee). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3133-5.Little, John (1997a). Jeet Kune Do: Bruce Lee's Commentaries on the Martial Way (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3132-7.Little, John (1997b). The tao of gung fu: a study in the way of Chinese martial art. Bruce Lee Library 2 (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing.ISBN 0-8048-3110-6.Little, John (1998). Bruce Lee: The Art of Expressing the Human Body. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8048-3129-1.Little, John (2002). Striking Thoughts: Bruce Lee's Wisdom for Daily Living (illustrated ed.). Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 0-8048-3471-7.Sharif, Sulaiman (2009). 50 Martial Arts Myths. new media entertainment ltd. ISBN 0-9677546-2-3.Thomas, Bruce (1994). Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: a Biography. Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd. ISBN 1-883319-25-0.Thomas, Bruce (2006). Immortal Combat: Portrait of a True Warrior (illustrated ed.). Blue Snake Books. ISBN 1-58394-173-8.Uyehara, Mitoshi (1993). Bruce Lee: the incomparable fighter (illustrated ed.). Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-120-9.Vaughn, Jack (1986). The Legendary Bruce Lee. Black Belt Communications. ISBN 0-89750-106-3.Yılmaz, Yüksel (2000). Dövüş Sanatlarının Temel İlkeleri, İstanbul, Turkey: Beyaz Yayınları, ISBN 975-8261-87-8.Yılmaz, Yüksel (2008). Jeet Kune Do'nun Felsefesi, İstanbul, Turkey: Yalın Yayıncılık, ISBN 978-9944-313-67-4.

External linksBruce Lee Foundation (http://www.bruceleefoundation.com/)Bruce Lee (http://www.imdb.com/name/nm45/) at the Internet Movie DatabaseBruce Lee (http://www.hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=1919&display_set=eng) at theHong Kong Movie DataBaseBruce Lee (http://www.allmovie.com/artist/p41139) at AllMovieBruce Lee (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/bruce_lee) at Rotten TomatoesArticle on Bruce Lee and bodybuilding (http://www.mikementzer.com/blee.html)

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