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Asst. Prof. Dr. Ender Asyal-2002 1

DOKUZ EYLUL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MARITIME BUSSINESS AND MANAGEMENT

WATCHKEEPING VBRIDGE RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Asst. Prof. Dr. Cpt. Ender ASYALI

2002

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A cruise ship grounds due to lack of communication

between the bridge watch and pilot.

A warship coll ides with an anchored vessel due to the

inexper ience of watch off icers, whi le

the commanding off icer talks nearby with visi tors.

A tanker str ikes a reef when the master is busy and the

junior third mate fails to communicate the ships position.

Different ships.

Different operations. A common failure to use bridge

resource management techniques.

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Weakness in bridge organization andmanagement has been cited as a majorcause for marine casualties worldwide.Frequently accidents in operations arecaused by resource management errors.Bridge Resource Management reduces the

risk of marine casualties by helping a shipsbridge crew anticipate and correctlyrespond to their ships changing situation.

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Principles of Good Management practices

are:

Shared view of goals;Delegation of responsibilities;

Effective organization; and

Sense of team ownership in achieving goals.

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What is Bridge Resource Management?

Bridge Resource Management (BRM) is a program

designed to ensure effective use of

personnel and equipment during vessel operations.

Bridge Resource Management (BRM), or as it is also called

Bridge Team Management (BTM), is the effective

management and utilization of all resources, human and

technical, available to the Bridge Team to ensure the safe

completion of the vesselsvoyage.

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BRM focuses onbridge officers skills such as teamwork, teambuilding,

communication, leadership, decision-making and resourcemanagement and incorporates this into the larger picture oforganizational and regulatory management.

BRM addresses the management of operational tasks, as wellas stress, attitudes and risk. BRM recognizes there aremany elements of job effectiveness and safety, such asindividual, organizational, and regulatory factors, and theymust be anticipated and planned for. BRM begins beforethe voyage with the passage plan and continues throughthe end of the voyage with thepassage debrief.

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What Are My Available Resources To Manage?

A mariner has many resources available to him/her for safe passage planning and

execution. Some examples include: Electronic equipment (i.e. radar, depth sounder, GPS/DGPS, ARPA, gyro

compass)

Charts and publications, including electronic publications

Environmental factors (i.e. tide, wind, currents)

Electronic Charting and Display Information Systems (ECDIS)

Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) Passage plan

Internal and external communication equipment

NAVTEX

Automatic Identification System (AIS)

Persons with local knowledge (i.e. Pilot)

Bridge Personnel (i.e. Master, Officer On Watch (OOW), helmsman, lookout)

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Similar to Aviations Cockpit Management,

BRM is designed to reduce errors and omissions in

bridge operations through a simple system of checks

and delegation of duties.

BRM emphasizes a coordinated effort

among bridge personnel to ensure smooth, efficient, and

safe operation of the vessel

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The 1995 amendments to the International

Convention on Standards of Training, Certification

and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) includes a

requirement for training in bridge team proceduresand a recommendation for training in BRM

techniques.

BRM is recognized as a

way to prevent incidents

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n To assist the ship master in managing the vessels bridge team foreach voyage so personnel are rested, trained and prepared to handle any

situation.

To help the ship master recognize workload demands and other risk

factors that may affect decisions in setting watch conditions.To ensure bridge team members are trained and aware of their

responsibilities.

nTo help bridge team members interact with and support the master

and/or the pilot.

What are the objectives of

Bridge Resource Management?

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CONT

*Share a common view of the intended passage and the agreed proceduresto transit the passage with all members of the Bridge Team.

*Develop and use a detailed passage plan to anticipate and manageworkload demands and risks.

Set appropriate manning levels and make contingency plans based onanticipated workload and risks.

Make roles and responsibilities clear to Bridge Team members.

Involve all team members in problem solving.

Acquire all relevant information early and anticipate dangeroussituations.

Team members clearly understand the chain of command including theway

decisions and instructions are made, responded to, and challenged.

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How do I implement Bridge Resource

Management on my vessel?

The Master can implement BRM by considering and addressing the following:

Passage Planning covering ocean, coastal and pilotage waters. Particular

attention is paid to high traffic areas, shallow waters, or pilotage waters where the

plan incorporates appropriate margins of safety and contingency plans for

unexpected incidents.

Passage Plan Briefing - all bridge team members are briefed on the passage plan

and understand the intended route and procedures to transit the route.

Bridge Manning Master uses passage plan to anticipate areas of high workload

and risk and sets manning levels appropriately.

Bridge Team Training (ashore and on-the-job) - is given all bridge crewmembers and they are sure of their roles and responsibilities, both for their

routine duties and their duties in the event of an incident/emergency.

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What are the benefits of BRM when

correctly practiced on my vessel?

When BRM is practiced correctly onboard the result

should be a Bridge Team that: maintains its situational awareness;

continually monitors the progress of the vessel

making appropriate adjustments and corrections as

necessary to maintain a safe passage;

acquires relevant information early;

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appropriately delegates workload and authority;

anticipates dangerous situations;

avoids becoming pre-occupied with minor

technical problems and losing sight of the bigpicture;

undertakes appropriate contingency plans whencalled for;

recognizes the development of an error chain; and takes appropriate action to break the error-chain

sequence.

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*Masters Standing Orders are read and signed before thecommencement of the voyage. Orders are clear on the chain ofcommand, how decision and instructions are given on the bridge andresponded to, and how bridge team members bring safety concerns tothe notice of the Master.

Master/Pilot Exchange the passage plan is discussed by the Master andthe pilot and changes made as necessary. Any new information iscommunicated to the rest of the bridge team. When the pilot is onboardhe/she should be supported as a temporary bridge team member.

End of Voyage Debriefing provides the opportunity for the bridgeteam to review the passage plans strengths and weaknesses, make

suggestions for improvedsafety or communications, and improve teamproblem solving skills.

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Who is involved in a bridge team?

A bridge team consists of those crew members responsible

for the safe navigation of the ship.The team may include

licensed and unlicensed crew, both on and off watch.

Bridge team members should occasionally monitor other

team members and offer assistance in their areasof responsibility. This cross checking helps make the team

a safe, cohesive, efficient group. The number of active

bridge team members at any given time will be

determined by the prevailing watch condition and theoperational needs of the vessel.

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What is a watch condition?

A watch condition structures the bridge team based on

the environment in which the shipis operating. The

environment consists of both internal and externalfactors affecting thevessel. These factors include the

mechanical condition of the vessel, weather,

traffic,location, and sea state.

The next chart gives an example of watch condition

criteria.

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NOTE: There are many combinations of the above environmental

and other factors for setting different watch conditions. These

should be set by company policy and supplemented by the masters

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BRM groups bridge duties into three general areas:

1- Collision AvoidanceDetecting and avoiding other craft

and objects.

2-NavigationKeeping the vessel safely clear of shoal

water, close to her intended track,and on schedule.

3-AdministrationRoutine watch duties such ascommunications, log keeping, andsupervising watch

personnel.

How does Bridge Resource Management

structure bridge team duties?

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The chart below provides an example of the division of bridge team duties under different

watch conditions.

Note: OTHER DUTIES may include logbook keeping, equipment checks, and tending

the engine order telegraph and thruster control. Overlap among bridge team members

indicates duties that may be shared. Cadets, when onboard, may be used to supplement

and complement other members of the team.

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A BRM program should contain specific guidelines for

exchanging information between the bridge team and the

pilot. Information is usually communicated through

the master. While aboard, the pilot becomes part of thebridge management team. The master maintains overall

responsibility for safe navigation, but the pilot serves as

the principal advisor to the master on local conditions.

The list at the right represents the type of information

that should be exchanged.

How does the bridge team interact

with the pilot?

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qItems required by the local pilotage

authority.

qLanguage proficiency of bridge team

members.

q

A copy of a Pilot Card showing the

vessels condition and maneuvering

characteristics.

Master/Pilot Information Exchange

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qNavigation procedures and

considerations for the passage including

destination, route, planned speed andETAs, vessel traffic services, and tug

escorts or assists.

qAny important local conditions such asweather, tide, currents, sea conditions,

and other vessel traffic.

Master/Pilot Information Exchange (cont)

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At the start of each voyage, the master should hold a deck

officersconference. At this conference the BRM policy, the

standing orders, and the voyage plan should all be reviewed.A time for questions at the end of the review will ensure that

team members understand how the bridge will be managed

at sea. This conference should be noted in the ships log

book.

In addition to formal training, how

can the goals of BRM be reinforced?

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A debriefing at the end of a voyage also provides

the master an opportunity to reinforce bridge

teamwork. This debriefing should include a reviewof voyage plan strengths and weaknesses,

communications, and suggestions for improving

bridge team performance. These meetings should

encourage the open flow of ideas, stressing the

value of each team memberscontribution.

In addition to formal training, how can the goals

of BRM be reinforced? (Cont)

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A BRM program should include the following:

Establishment of watch conditions based on

internal and external operating factors.

Clearly defined bridge team assignments andduties for each watch condition, including

goals, objectives, and priorities.

Responsibility, station, and communication

guidelines for bridge team response to

emergencies (to include pollution incidents) and/or

equipment failures.

What items should a Bridge Resource

Management Program include?

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Procedures for navigating with a pilot, and

guidelines for communication among bridge

team members and the pilot.

Team leadership concepts, includingdelegation of duties, responsibility, and

authority.

A company policy for the use of checklists

and standing orders.

Procedures for turning over the watch to

oncoming bridge team members.

Comprehensive voyage planning.

What items should a Bridge Resource

Management Program include? (Cont)

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Avoyage plan is a written navigational guide used

by the bridge team to determine intended routes, to

identify potential problems or hazards, and toadopt measures to ensure a safe passage.Through

voyage planning, risks are appraised, demands on

the bridge team are anticipated, and watch

conditions are considered in advance.

The list next identifies items that should be

considered when creating avoyage plan.

What is a voyage plan and what role does it

play in BRM?

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Review or consider:

q Charts and navigational publications.

q Waterway characteristics, navigational

obstructions, and water depths.

q Notices to mariners and nautical publications.

q Applicable regulations, including VesselTraffic Service (VTS) requirements.

q Predicted weather, currents, and tides.

Voyage Planning Elements

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qExpected vessel traffic.

q Internal and external communication

procedures.

q Pilotage requirements.

q Tug escort or assist services.

q Emergency procedures.

q Engineering conditions.

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One of the most important roles an owner/operator plays

is to provide training for bridge

teams. An owner/operator should also:

Develop and standardize safe bridge practices and

procedures throughout the fleet.

Set manning levels for the bridge based on watchconditions.

What role should the owner/operator

play in BRM?

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n Establish responsibilities of bridge team

members based on watch conditions.

Ensure company safety, operations, and

environmental protection policies are followed.

Provide assistance to assure compliance with

applicable international, federal, state, andlocal rules and regulations.

What role should the owner/operator play in

BRM? (Cont)

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Bridge Team

Management

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Modern Transportation Systems

Simple Hierarchical

or

Team Management

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BTM combines the elements of:

Human factors

Organizational behavior

Case study and lessons learned from themaritime industry

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BTM is a different way of looking at what mariners have

been doing all along...

Different labels....

Different emphasis...

New ways of looking at how we do

business...

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BTM definition

The effective use of all available resources

(people, equipment, procedures and

systems) to achieve a safe and efficientpassage - particularly though areas of

greatest risk.

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Four concepts to consider

Human error

Areas of greatest risk

Situational awarenessError chains

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Marine Casualty StatisticsSource: SAS flight, BRM project, E. Wahren

00% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Wrong assessment,Improper watch-

standing, Falling asleep, Lack of

Planning

Improper use of nav aids,

Lack of competence, Fail traffic rules

Other causes, Alcohol, Drugs, Human

Interaction...

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Marine Casualty StatisticsSource :UK P&I club

CAUSES OF MAJOR

ACCIDENT CLAIMS

HUMAN FACTOR

OTHER

STRUCTURAL FAILURE

13.0%

EQUIPMENT FAILURE

58.0%

9.0%

20.0%

13%

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Break down of the 58% Human

factors segment

PILOT ERROR

SHORE ERROR

ENG. OFFICER ERROR

DECK OFFICER ERROR

CREW ERROR

12.1%

20.7%

3.4%

43.1%

20.7%

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Human Error accidents areNOTdefined

as accidents which are caused by:

Missing information...

Malfunctioning equipment...Lack of equipment...

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Causes of Human Error

Accidents

Preoccupation with minor technical problems.

Inadequate leadership

Failure to prioritize

inadequate follow-up

Failure to use all available resources

Failure to communicate plans or intentions

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Voyage Areas of Greatest Risk

Five miles from the sea buoy

Five miles from traffic chock points

The shortest part of the voyage

Heaviest navigation workload

Where most accidents occur

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Situational Awareness

Having an accurate perception of your

situation.

Being able to recognize a change in the

situation.

Understanding the full impact of that

change....

Being able to accurately predict (project)

your situation in the near term future.

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Higher level of Situation Awareness

EQUALS

Lower level of RISK

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Signs indicating the loss of S.A.

Ambiguity

Distraction

Breakdown of Communication

Sense of inadequacy or confusion

Failure to have or to follow a plan

Not following established proceduresViolating rules

Complacency

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Situational Awareness

Internal Situational Awareness...

That what is occurring aboard your vessel, may

be the equipment.... may be the people you

work with...

External Situational Awareness...

That which is occurring outside of your

vessel...

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