Creating Communication Climates 1

簡短的 Review

第一章︰傳播學的領域與傳播學研究的方法第二章︰討論感知 perception– 人理解或認識周遭人、事、物等等的開端– 人因此能接收訊息、發出進而散布訊息

第三章︰討論傳播（溝通）的氛圍– 人對情境的感知不同，反應不同

• 被關心的感覺、被支持、被尊重、被稱讚、被歌頌• 被忽視的感覺、被查看、被懷疑、被輕視、被敷衍

– 接著，對話方式、傳播方式、形態就不同

Creating Communication Climates 2

Focus Questions

1. How does communication shape interpersonal climates?

2. Can conflicts be good for relationships?3. How can we assert ourselves and also respect

others?4. When is it appropriate to show grace toward

others?

Creating Communication Climates 3

如果您是影中人，您的感受是…

被歌頌後感到受歡迎、 ?

感到被糾正 (by a role model)?

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Communication Climates

生活中的各種溝通情境– Event: 面談、口試、約談、相親、買賣、調解、、、– Location: 考場、洗手間、辦公室、會議室、法庭、、、– Timing: 考試前、衝突後第一時間、談判中、多年後、、、– Relationship: 父母、另一半、上司、大眾、師生、、、– Purpose: 說服、安慰、建議、質問、責備、致歉、團結、、– Channel: 見面、電話、 BBS 、視訊、信件、 MSN 、、、

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Communication Climates

Emotional tone of a relationship between people who are interactingBasic for all settings and forms of interactionExamples: supportive, positive, constructive, etc.互動情境中，參與者所感受的情緒或情感的基調或氛圍。– 教練是來支持、鼓勵我的… (supportive)– 她的眼神…大概不太贊成我… (negative)

Creating Communication Climates 6

Creating Climate

Three communication situations: (p. 72)– Performance review Simon– Steve’s concerns about job offer– Talking to parents who are concerned about drugs

The communication climate is overcast.– Physical surroundings (physical climate)– Emotional tone (communication climate)

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Confirmation

Confirmation is a foundation of healthy communication climate. ------- “feeling valued”The essence of confirmation is valuing.Healthy Confirmation:– Valuing, Appreciation, Respect

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Three Levels of Confirmation

Recognition: awareness of people’s existence– “Hello” , “Good to see you”

Acknowledgement: Knowing people’s feeling, statement– Showing attentiveness -- nodding head, eye contact

Endorsement: Accepting people’s feelings and thoughts– Not necessarily agree with, but accept those feelings

(see Figure 3.2 on page 77)

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Defensive vs. Supportive Climates

Evaluation vs. Description– Defensiveness

Certainty vs. Provisionalism– Absolute, dogmatic, ethnocentrism vs. alternatives

Strategy vs. Spontaneity– Manipulative vs. open, honest

Control vs. Problem Orientation– Dominant, imposing vs. focused on solution-finding

Neutrality vs. Empathy– Indifference vs. understanding, respectful

Superiority vs. Equality

The Terminal 02:27

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Conflict and CommunicationConflict– Means ‘difference’, not necessarily unhealthy– A sign that people are involved with each other– Often with people what matter to us

Overt vs. Covert– Straightforward vs. Indirect expression

Well Managed vs. Poorly Managed– How we perceive: Lose-Lose; Win-Lose; Win-Win (next slide)– How we respond: Active vs. Passive; Constructive vs.

DestructiveCan Be Positive (for individuals and relationships)

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Components of Conflict Process

Conflicts of interest– Incompatible goals, interests, opinions

Conflict orientation (how we perceive)– Individuals’ attitude toward conflict (next slide)

Conflict responses– Overt behavioral responses

Conflict outcomes– Resolution; Impact on relationships

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Views of Conflict

Cultural Views: Some more accept conflicts, others tend to avoid.Circumstantial Views: Some worth engagingLose-Lose View: – Perception: Losses for everyone

Win-Lose View: – One wins at the expense of others and the relationship

Win-Win View: – Everyone gains; A resolution all parties accept.

Creating Communication Climates 13

Responses to Conflict

Active vs. PassiveConstructive vs. Destructive

Active

Passive

ConstructiveDestructive

Exit

Neglect Loyalty

Voice

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Guidelines for Creating Climates

Accept and confirm othersAffirm and assert yourself (Figure 3.4, p. 89)Respect diversity among peopleTime conflict effectively– When everyone is fully present and mindful– Be flexible when deal with differences in readiness– Bracketing (marking off peripheral issues)

Show grace when appropriate

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Case Study: Cloudy Climate

pp. 94-95 影片對白全本情節︰– Andy 與 Martha 結婚已 5 年。 Andy 得到一

個夢想中的工作機會，必須搬到 1500 哩外的西雅圖就職，但 Martha 熱愛目前的工作與居住地，不想遷移…

請先閱讀 p. 95 前兩個問題

02:46

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Questions

Any examples of “mind reading”?Defensive interpersonal communication?