CUNG CẤP GIÁO VIÊN NƯỚC NGOÀI – PAST PERFECT + EXERCISES

FORM - PAST PERFECT

[had + past participle]

Examples:

You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

Complete List of Past Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several

times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not

booked in advance. A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?

B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for

over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it

for more than forty years.

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

MOREOVER

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens

first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:

She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.

Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Active

Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Passive

EXERCISES 1Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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I can't believe I (get)   that apartment. I (submit)   my application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show)   up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who (arrive)   before me. Most of them (fill, already)   out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did.

I (try)   to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want)   me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have)   some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end)   up listing my father as a reference.

It was total luck that he (decide)   to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father (go)   to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he (look)   at my credit report. I really lucked out!

EXERCISES 2Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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1. When I (arrive)   home last night, I discovered that Jane (prepare)   a beautiful candlelight dinner. 

2. Since I began acting, I (perform)   in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even)   publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. 

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already)   without me. My boss (be)   furious with me and I (be)   fired.

4. When I (turn)   the radio on yesterday, I (hear)   a song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not)   the song in years, and it (bring)   back some great memories. 

5. Last week, I (run)   into an ex-girlfriend of mine. We (see, not)   each other in years, and both of us (change)   a great deal. I (enjoy)   talking to her so much that I (ask)   her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner. 

6. When Jack (enter)   the room, I (recognize, not)   him because he (lose)   so much weight and (grow)   a beard. He looked totally different! 

7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually)  by the time Europeans first (arrive)   in the New World. 

8. I (visit)   so many beautiful places since I (come)   to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never)   of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands.

EXERCISES 3Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at 8:00. I (try)   to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have)   five cups of coffee and I (wait)   over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange)   to meet Kathy in front of the theater.

When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already)   up the tickets and she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait)   for more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost)   up and (go)   into the theater without us. 

Kathy told me you (be)   late several times in the past and that she would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss)   several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time!

EXERCISES 4Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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1. It is already 9:30 PM and I (wait)   here for over an hour. If John does not get here in the next five minutes, I am going to leave. 

2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait)   for over an hour. I almost left without him. 

3. Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work)   for that import company for more than ten years and he (work)   in almost every department. Nobody knew the company like he did. 

4. I (see)   many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small. 

5. Sarah (climb)   the Matterhorn, (sail)   around the world, and (go)   on safari in Kenya. She is such an adventurous person. 

6. Sarah (climb)   the Matterhorn, (sail)   around the world and (go)   on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twenty-five. She (experience)   more by that age than most people do in their entire lives. 

7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she (cry)  .

EXERCISES 5Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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1.a. Look, I (have)   two tickets for the circus.b. Look, I (hold)   two tickets for the circus.

2.a. We (be)   there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.

b. We (wait)   there for more than half an hour by the time the show began.

3.a. Sam (sit)   in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at me.b. Sam (be)   in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket of water at me.

4.a. One clown was juggling while he (balance)   a glass of wine on his head.b. One clown was juggling while he (have)   a glass of wine on his head.

5.a. I (love)   the circus ever since I was a child.b. I (go)   to the circus ever since I was a child.

6.a. Right now, I (see)   two elephants doing tricks in the ring.b. Right now, I (look)   at two elephants doing tricks in the ring.

EXERCISES 6Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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Lars: Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for? 

Tony: We (wait)   for the new Stars Wars movie. In fact, we (wait)   here for more than five hours. 

Lars: Five hours? When did you arrive? 

Tony: We (get)   here at 6:00 o'clock this morning. More than forty people (stand, already)   here waiting for tickets when we arrived. 

Lars: I can't believe that! Are you serious? 

Tony: Yeah, people (take)   Star Wars movies seriously. In fact, this particular showing has been sold out for over a week. We (wait, just)   in line to get a good seat in the theater. 

Lars: When did you buy your tickets? 

Tony: I (buy)   them last week by phone. I (know)   tickets would be hard to get because I (see)   a news interview with a group of people standing in line to get tickets. They (wait)   in line for almost a month to buy tickets for the first showing. 

Lars: I don't believe that! 

Tony: It's true. They (camp)   out in front of Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles for about a month because they (want)   to be the first people to see the movie.

EXERCISES 6Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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1. You look really great! (you, work)   out at the fitness center recently? 

2. A: What (you, do)   when the accident occurred? B: I (try)   to change a light bulb that had burnt out. 

3. I (have)   the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one. 

4. If it (snow)   this weekend, we (go)   skiing near Lake Tahoe. 

5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries? B: They (call)   librarians. 

6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study)   for nine months and I (be)   in England for exactly one year. 

7. Sam (arrive)   in San Diego a week ago. 

8. Samantha (live)   in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she (live)   there when the Berlin wall came down. 

9. If Vera (keep)   drinking, she (lose, eventually)   her job. 

10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the

Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually)  by the time Europeans first (arrive)   in the New World. 

11. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)  . 

12. It (rain)   all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want to go to the beach. 

13. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss)   the bus this morning. You (be)   late to work too many times. You are fired! 

14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake)   up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine)  . 

15. I have not traveled much yet; however, I (visit)   the Grand Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States. 

16. I (see)   many pictures of the pyramids before I went to Egypt. Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small. 

17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become)   much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)   two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be)   very rough and often dangerous. Things (change)   a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. 

18. Joseph's English (improve, really)  , isn't it? He (watch)   American television programs and (study)   his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent. 

19. When I (arrive)   home last night, I discovered that Jane

(prepare)   a beautiful candlelight dinner. 

20. If you (need)   to contact me sometime next week, I (stay)   at the Sheraton in San Francisco.

EXERCISES 6Complete questions 1-10 below with the appropriate tenses, answer questions 11-15, then click the "Check" button to check your answers.

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1. When Carol (call)   last night, I (watch)   my favorite show on television. 

2. I (work)   for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire!

3. Sharon (love)   to travel. She (go)   abroad almost every summer. Next year, she plans to go to Peru.

4. Thomas is an author. He (write)   mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write)   since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write)   seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book of poetry. 

5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get)   to the train station, Susan (wait)   for us for more than two hours. 

6. Sam (try)   to change a light bulb when he (slip)   and (fall)  . 

7. Everyday I (wake)   up at 6 o'clock, (eat)   breakfast at 7 o'clock and (leave)   for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get)   up at 6:30, (skip)   breakfast and

(leave)   for work late because I (forget)   to set my alarm. 

8. Right now, Jim (read)   the newspaper and Kathy (make)   dinner. Last night at this time, they (do)  the same thing. She (cook)   and he (read)   the newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also)   the same thing. She (prepare)   dinner and he (read)  . They are very predictable people! 

9. By this time next summer, you (complete)   your studies and (find)   a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish, not)   anything. I (study, still)   and you (work)   in some new high paying job. 

10. The students (be, usually)   taught by Mrs. Monty. However, this week they (teach)   taught by Mr. Tanzer. 

* * * * * * * * * * * * 

11. Jane talks on the phone. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour. Mary is talking on the phone. 

Who is not necessarily on the phone now?   

12. I'm going to make dinner for Frank.I'm making dinner for Judy.I'll make dinner for Mary.I make dinner for Ted.I will be making dinner for Tony.

Who are you offering to make dinner for?   

13.Jane left when Tim arrived. Bob left when Tim had arrived. When Tim arrived, Mary was leaving. John had left when Tim arrived. After Tim arrived, Frank left. 

Who did not run into Tim?   

14.Jane is talking in class. Bob always talks in class. Mary is always talking in class. 

Whose action bothers you?   

15.Jane never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown. 

Who is still alive? 

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