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7/31/2019 DR_n _k_kHULLAR

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ECONOMICS OF BIOGAS

PLANTS AND THEIR ROLE

IN SAVING THEENVIRONMENT


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Biogas, its composition and uses

Energy equivalence and Commonly used organic matter

for biogas generation

Overall scheme for anaerobic digestion of organic matter

Nutrient Contents of Digested Slurry from biogas plant

and FYM

Types of biogas plants

Role of Biogas plants in saving of environment

Status of biogas development in India

Economics of family size biogas plants


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What is Biogas

A gas obtained due to anaerobic decomposition oforganic matter (cattle dung)

It is a mixture ofmethane, carbon dioxide, hydrogensulphide, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen and

hydrogen. Biogas has been known as swamp gas, sewer gas,

fuel gas, marsh gas etc.

In India, it is more commonly known as gobar gas.

The digester in which the decomposition takes placeis known as BIOGAS PLANT


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Composition of Biogas

Methane 50-70%

Carbon dioxide 30-45%

Hydrogen 0-1%

Nitrogen 0-1%

Water 0.1% Hydrogen sulphide 0-1%

Oxygen 0-1%


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Common Uses of biogas

Cooking

Lighting

Power generation

Engine running


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Energy Equivalence of biogas

Use of 1m3

of biogas as fuel can save othersources of energy as:

0.52 litre of diesel

0.62 litre of kerosene oil

3.40 kg of wood

12.30 kg of cow dung cakes

0.43 kg of LPG 1.46 kg of coal

4.70 KW of electricity


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Commonly used organic matterused for generation of biogas

Cattle dung

Kitchen and dining hall waste

Vegetable market waste Poultry dropping

Crop residue

Pig and horse excreta

Aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth

Agro industrial waste

Sewage Sludge


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Comparative Biogas Production of

Different Feed StocksS No Type of feed stock Gas Yield per

Kg ( m3 )

Normal Feed availability per

animal per day (Kg)

1 Cattle dung 0.036 10 to 15

2 Human excreta 0.07 0.5

3 Horse dung 0.045 10

4 Sheep dropping 0.042 1

5 Camel droppings 0.056 6

6 Piggery waste 0.08 2.25

7 Poultry droppings 0.062 0.18


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Overall scheme for anaerobic digestion

of organic matter

1st Phase- hydrolysis of complex organic materials,i.e.,carbohydrates,fats,proteins, nitrogen compounds,salts

etc. into soluble organic compounds, i.e., sugars,fatty

acids,amino acids etc.

2nd Phase- soluble organic compounds are reduced tosimpler compounds, i.e., organic acids (acetic acid,

propionic acid etc.) , simpler alcohols and acetone.

3rd Phase- Organic acids ,mainly acetic acid and certainother oxidised compounds are converted to methane andcarbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.


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(

and digested slurry


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Nutrient Contents of Digested Slurry

from biogas plant and FYM

S.No. Nutrient FYM Biogas slurry

Range % Average % Range % Average %

1. Nitrogen

(N2)

0.5 to 1.0 0.8 1.4 to 1.8 1.6

2. Phosphorus

(P2O

5)

0.5 to 0.8 0.7 1.1 to 2.0 1.55

3. Potash (K20) 0.5 to 0.8 0.7 0.8 to 1.2 1.0Source:Biogas Technology: A training manual for extension, FAO


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TYPES OF BIOGAS PLANTS

FLOATING DRUM TYPE

FIXED DOME TYPE

JANTA BIOGAS PLANT

DEENBANDHU BIOGAS PLANTS


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KVIC MODEL BIOGAS PLANT

(Floating drum type)


14/42JANTA BIOGAS PLANT (Fixed dome type)


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Deenbandhu biogas plant

M difi d D b dh d J


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Modified Deenbandhu and Janta

biogas plants

The inlet in the traditional biogas plant isdesigned and modified by providing 12 inch diapipe inclined at about 75 degrees with horizontal.

The outlet is accordingly modified as perrequirement

The water requirement : 30 % of cattle dung ascompared to 100 % of cattle dung in traditionalbiogas plants

Digested Slurry is more thick hence easy tomanage


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Modified Janta biogas plant

Inlet 30 cm diameter PVC pipe

Angle of inclination of pipe with horizontal=75o


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DEMONSTRATION OF MODIFIED JANTA BIOGAS PLANT AT THERESIDENCE OF SH. TARSEM SINGH, RURKI KHURD


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DEMONSTRATION OF MODIFIED JANTA BIOGAS PLANT ATTHE RESIDENCE OF MANJEET KAUR, BHARBHURGARH


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DEMONSTRATION OF MODIFIED DEENBANDHU BIOGASPLANT AT THE RESIDENCE OF LABH SINGH, BEEPUR

R l f Bi l i i f


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Role of Biogas plants in saving of

environment Direct and immediate impact :

Save other fuels and hence less stress on other fuels

Using biogas as a kitchen fuel can prevent deforestation andhence soil erosion

Change of environment in the house as biogas is a clean fuel.Other fuels being commonly used creates pollution bygenerating smoke.

The use of biogas prevents chances of eye diseases and

respiratory diseases. Hence healthy life of rural woman.

Clean kitchen and utensils and hence saving in the time ofwomen

Clean House and hence less expenditure for maintenance ofhouse


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Role of Biogas plants in saving ofenvironment (contd)

Reduction in green house gases:

How?


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Green house gases The gases which trap heat in the earth's atmosphere and

cause rise in temperature are known as green house gases.

Greenhouse gases are the major cause of global warming.

Different green house gases Naturally present green house gases in the atmosphere

carbon dioxide,

methane

nitrous oxide

water vapor and ozone

Green house gases due to human activities hydroflurocarbons (HFCs)

perfluorocarbons and

sulphur hexafluride.


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Some activities responsible for green

house gases Agriculture and industrialization

Fossil fuel burning like that of coal in power plant leads to

high emissions of carbon dioxide gas.

Methane generated during Anaerobic decomposition oforganic material

Emission of nitrous oxides due to nitric acid production, useof cars with catalytic converters, the use of fertilizers inagriculture and the burning of organic matter

.

K t P t l f C t l f h


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Kyoto Protocol for Control of green house

Gas emission

An international agreement signed (December

1997) by about 180 countries with the aim to

reduce green house gases emissions in order to

save the environment

Countries have been assigned maximum carbon

emission levels and can participate in carbon

credit trading.


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Carbon Credit

system and carbon trade The carbon credit and carbon trade system was ratified in

conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol. Its goal is to stop theincrease of green house gas emissions.

For example,

if an environmentalist group plants enough trees to reduce emissions byone ton, the group will be awarded a credit.

If a steel producer has an emissions quota of 10 tons, but is expecting toproduce 11 tons, it could purchase this carbon credit from theenvironmental group.

The carbon credit system looks to reduce emissions by having countrieshonor their emission quotas and offer incentives for being below them


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Potential of methane wrt carbon

dioxide as green house gas Green house gas methane is more than 20 times as

powerful as carbon dioxide at entrapping heat in the

atmosphere.

Reaction during burning of methane (biogas).

Hence one molecule of methane is converted into onemolecule of carbon dioxide and as such the effect of

methane will be reduced to 1/20th of its effect as compared

to when it is released as such in the atmosphere.

HeatOHCOOCH 2224

22

Th ti l t ti f b dit


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Theoretical computation of carbon credit

for 3 m3biogas plant

1 m3 CO2 = 0.483 kg of carbon at about 30o C

1 m3 of CH4 = (20-1)0.483 =9.18 kg of carbon

For a 3 m3 biogas plant

Estimated biogas generated per day= 3 m3

Assuming 60 % methane in biogas

As such 3 m3 of biogas = 0.6*3 m3 of CH4 = 1.8 m3 of methane

1.8 m3 of methane =1.8*9.18=16.52 kg of carbon/day

In one year = 365*16.52 =6030 kg of carbon=6 tonne of carbon

1 tonne of carbon credit = 17 Euro

Equivalent credit earned in one year by 3 m3 biogas plant= 102Euro

1 Euro= Rs 59

102 Euro = 6018 Rs

Thus a 3 m3 biogas plant can theoretically earn carbon creditequivalent to Rs 6018 in one year.


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Status of biogas development in

India

Total potential of biogas plants based on cattle dung

in India: 1,23,39,300

Biogas plants installed as on 31-12 2009 :41,85,442

% of total potential exploited : 33.9

For Punjab

% of total potential exploited for Punjab : 24.7 % of total potential exploited for Punjab : 17.8

Change for India in last 2.5 years : 2.8 %

Change for Punjab in last 2.5 years : 5%

State/ Union Estimated Cumulative Percentage of


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S No

State/ UnionTerritories

EstimatedPotential(Nos. ofBiogasPlants)

Cumulativeachievements*as on31/12/2009

Percentage ofBiogas Plants

installedagainst total

potential

1 Sikkim 7300 6926 94.9

2Maharashtra 897000

773410 86.2

3 Kerala 150000 124202 82.8

4 Mizoram 5000 3770 75.4

5 Gujarat 554000 404973 73.1

6 Karnataka 680000 411241 60.5

7 Nagaland 6700 3743 55.9

8 Goa 8000 3878 48.5

9 West Bengal 695000 305760 44.0

10

AndhraPradesh

1065000

452499 42.5

11 Orissa 605000 235393 38.9

Arunachal 7500


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12

ArunachalPradesh

7500

2818 37.6

13

HimachalPradesh

125000

45488 36.4

14 Tamilnadu 615000 215033 35.0

15Meghalaya 24000

6058 25.2

16 Punjab 411000 101705 24.7

17 Assam 307000 74187 24.2

18

UttarPradesh

1938000

419516 21.6

19

MadhyaPradesh

1491000

287549 19.3

20 Haryana 300000 53345 17.8

21 Bihar 733000 125688 17.1

22Pondicherry 4300

573 13.3

23Uttarakhand 83000

9590 11.6

Tripura 28000


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24

pu a 8000

2771 9.9

25

Dadra &

NagarHaveli

2000

169 8.5

26 Chattisgarh 400000 30576 7.6

27 Rajasthan 915000 67172 7.3

28Chandigarh 1400

97 6.9

29

A&NIslands

2200

137 6.2

30 Manipur 38000 2128 5.6

31Delhi 12900

679 5.332 Jharkhand 100000 4408 4.4

33

Jammu &Kashmir

128000

2352 1.8

Total 1,23,39,300 41,85,442 33.9


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Economics of Family size

Deenbandhu Biogas Plants

Estimated cost and Payback period for Deenbandhu biogas plants


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S.No. Item Capacity of Biogas Plants (m3)

3 4 5 6

1. Estimated cost (Rs.) 14000 15500 16500 18000

2. Equivalent Biogas

produced per month in

terms of LPG(Cylinders)

2.57 3.42 4.28 5.14

3. Monthly saving from

Biogas in terms of

LPG (Assumed cost of

LPG cylinder=Rs.330/-)

771 1026 1284 1542

4. Approximate pay back

period of Biogas Plant

(years)

1.50 1.25 1.10 1.00

Estimated cost and Payback period for Deenbandhu biogas plants

on the basis of saving of LPG


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Economics of Family size Biogas

Plants The initial cost of the plant can be recovered in a very short time

due to savings in the use of alternate fuels.

The user will be getting the biogas from the plants for morethan 25 years.

User is saved from the increase in cost of alternate fuels duringthe life of plant

All the farmers rearing animals should adopt this technology as

it requires one time investment and its benefits are derived forrest of the life of plant.

Government of India provides an incentive of Rs. 8000/- or 50%of cost which ever is less for the installation of biogas plants.

E i f F il i Bi


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Economics of Family size Biogas

Plants (contd)

An additional incentive of Rs 1000/- is provided for connectingthe toilet to the biogas digester

Attachment of toilet to the biogas plant will decrease the cost oftoilet significantly as no separate septic tank will be required for

the toilet.

Value of the good manure and carbon credit earned has notbeen considered in computing the payback period.

Keeping all the incentive into consideration the initial cost willbe recovered in a very short time.

There is no major maintenance cost for the plant and theoperation of the plant is very simple.

Requirement of dung and number of


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Requirement of dung and number of

animals for different size of biogas plantsCapacity of

biogas plant(m3 )

Approximate

No. ofanimals

required

Quantity of

fresh dungrequired

(kg)

Cooking for

number ofpersons

1 2-3 25 2-3

2 4-5 50 4-5

3 6-7 75 7-8

4 8-10 100 10-11

6 13-15 150 14-16


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Alternate model of promoting

Biogas programme Some farmers may feel difficulty in arranging the

initial capital for installation of biogas plant

For such farmers a programme may be framed inwhich the bank provides interest free loan to thefarmers.

The loss in to the bank is compensated from theincentives to be provided to the farmers.

The direct incentive to the farmers may be reducedin such cases


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Installment for 20000/- loan at

different rates of interest

Rate ofInterest

Monthly Installment for20000 loan(Rs)

Total Interest paid (Rs)

Period of Return (Months) Period of Return (Months)

36 48 60 36 48 60

8 643 497 411 2491 3363 4260

7 633.5 488 402 2170 2925 3700

0 571.5 425.5 339

0 0 0


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Hence The use of biogas plants reduces the green house effect due

to anaerobic decomposition of organic matter to a large

extent and helps to save our environment.

Attaching the toilet to the biogas plant will improve the

sanitary condition in villages and help in reducing the costof the toilet.

The biogas plants are easily affordable and economically

viable and must be installed at a rapid rate to achieve 100

% potential of biogas plants . The investment is one timeand the benefits are derived for rest of the life of plant.


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