earthquake contingency plan for directorate of fire services and civil defense (fscd)

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

15June2008

DirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)

CONTINGENCYPLANFOREARTHQUAKEHAZARDforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence

DirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)

GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh

ContingencyPlanforEarthquakeHazard

UnderComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMP)

MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementEarthquakeandTsunamiPreparedness

CDMP/EC/4a/PC1

Incollaborationwith

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD) ii

ListofAbbreviationsADB AsianDevelopmentBankAFD ArmedForcesDivisionAMI AnjumaneMofidulIslamBangladeshAnsar&VDP BangladeshAnsarandVillageDefencePartyBA BimanAirlinesBDR BangladeshRifles BCAA BangladeshCivilAviationAuthorityBCG BangladeshCoastGuardBDRCS BangladeshRedCrescentSocietyBFRI BangladeshForestResearchInstituteBGSL BakhrabadGasSystemsLimitedBGMEA BangladeshGarmentManufacturersandExportersAssociationBIP BangladeshInstituteofPlannersBIWTA BangladeshInlandWaterTransportAuthorityBKMEA BangladeshKnitwearManufacturerandExportersAssociationBLRI BangladeshLivestockResearchInstituteBMA BangladeshMedicalAssociationBMD BangladeshMeteorologicalDepartmentBP BangladeshPoliceBPDB BangladeshPowerDevelopmentBoardBR BangladeshRailwayBRTA BangladeshRoadandTransportAuthorityBRTC BangladeshRoadandTransportCorporationBSS BangladeshSangbadSangsthaBTMEA BangladeshTextileMillsAssociationBTCL BangladeshTelecommunicationCompanyBTRC BangladeshTelecommunicationRegulatoryCommissionBTV BangladeshTelevisionBUET BangladeshUniversityofEngineering&TechnologyBWDB BangladeshWaterDevelopmentBoardCAAB CivilAviationAuthorityBangladeshCBOs CommunityBasedOrganizationsCC CityCorporationsCCP BangladeshCentreforCommunicationPrograms CDA ChittagongDevelopmentAuthorityCDC CommunicablediseaseControlCME CentreforMedicalEducationCMMU Construction,MaintenanceandManagementUnitCPA ChittagongPortAuthorityCPP CyclonePreparednessProgrammeCWASA ChittagongWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthorityDCC DhakaCityCorporationDESA DhakaElectricitySupplyAuthorityDESCO DhakaElectricSupplyCompanyLtd.DFP DepartmentofFilmsandPublicationsDGFisheries DirectorateofFisheriesDGoF DirectorateGeneralofFoodDGLivestock DirectorateofLivestockDGHS DirectorateGeneralofHealthServicesDMB DisasterManagementBureau

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD) iii

DMC DepartmentofMassCommunicationDOA DepartmentofArchitectureDPHE BangladeshDepartmentofPublicHealthEngineeringDRR DirectorateofReliefandRehabilitationDWASA DhakaWaterSupplyandSewerageAuthorityEMS EarthquakeMagnitudeScaleFAO FoodandAgriculturalOrganizationFBCCI FederationofBangladeshChambersofCommerceFSCD BangladeshFireService&CivilDefenceIAB InstituteofArchitectsBangladeshIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentSocietiesIOM InternationalOrganizationforMigrationIRC InternationalRescueCommitteeJICA JapanInternationalCooperationAgencyGSB GeologicalSurveyofBangladeshHBRI Housing&BuildingResearchInstituteIAB InstituteofArchitectsBangladeshIEB InstituteofEngineersBangladeshIFRC InternationalFederationofRedCrossandRedCrescentINGOs InternationalNonGovernmentOrganizationsJGTDSL JalalabadGasTransmission&DistributionCo.LimitedLGA LocalGovernmentAgenciesLGD LocalGovernmentDivisionLGED LocalGovernmentEngineeringDepartmentLGRD LocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopmentLGRDC LocalGovernmentRuralDevelopmentandCooperativesMinCom MinistryofCommerceMoC MinistryofCommunicationsMoCAT MinistryofCivilAviationandTourismMoF MinistryofFinanceMoFDM MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagementMoFL MinistryofFisheriesandLivestockMoHA MinistryofHomeAffairsMoHFW MinistryofHealthandFamilyWelfareMoHPW MinistryofHousingandPublicWorksMoI MinistryofInformationMoL MinistryofLandNGOs NonGovernmentOrganizationsNHA NationalHousingAuthorityNIPSOM NationalInstituteofPreventiveandSocialMedicineOHCHR OfficeoftheHighCommissionerforHumanRightsPDB PowerDevelopmentBoardPetroBangla ItisasuccessorofBangladeshMineralOilandGasCorporationPGCL PowerGridCompanyofBangladeshLtdPIB PressInstituteofBangladeshPID PressInformationDepartmentPSTN PublicswitchedtelephoneNetworkPWD PublicWorksDepartmentR&H RoadsandHighwaysRAB RapidActionBattalionREB RuralElectrificationBoardRAJUK RajdhaniUnnyanKortipakhaREHAB RealEstate&HousingAssociationofBangladeshRHD RoadsandHighwaysDepartment

ListofAbbreviations

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD) iv

TGTDCL TitasGasTransmissionandDistributionCo.LtdSoB SurveyofBangladeshUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgrammeUNHABITAT UnitedNationsagencyforhumansettlementsUNHCR UNHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNICEF UnitedNationsChildren'sFundUNRC ResidentCoordinatorofUnitedNationsUNOCHA UnitedNationsOfficefortheCoordinationofHumanitarianAffairsVDP VillageDefencePartyWFP WorldFoodProgrammeWHO(DERG) WorldHealthOrganization(DisasterEmergencyResponseGroup)

ExecutiveSummary

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

This Plan identifies the intended actions to be taken by the Directorate of FireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)inresponsetoadamagingearthquake.

The overall goal of the project on Contingency planning with regard toearthquakehazardwillbetodevelopacomprehensivegeohazardriskreductionContingencyplanningstrategythatislinkedtoaneasyimplementationframeworktobeabletoaddressthecurrentneedsandissues,whichwouldbeimplacableatallthe National, City and Agency level and cover all the levels of disaster riskmanagementfrompreparednesstoresponse.

TheprojectonContingencyplanningwithregardtoearthquakehazardiscomprisedoftwomainactivities:

Activity I: Determine status of Contingency planning and design of interimContingencyPlan

ActivityII:Turninterimcontingencyplansintofinalversions(usingmapsforselected urban areas that highlight earthquakevulnerableschool/hospital/emergencyresponseandcontrolbuildingsetc.)

Planning requires the active participation of the stakeholders involved inimplementationoftheactivitiesincludingintheplanningstage.Timebecomesmorevaluable once an emergency occurs, so planning before the emergency whenworkloadsmaybemoreflexibleisveryimportant.EarthquakehappenswithoutanyearlywarningandalthoughstakeholdercommunityinBangladesh isquitecapableofrespondingtoeventssuchasfloods,cyclonesetc.thereisaneedforconductingContingencyplanninginadvance.OnereasonforconductingContingencyplanningis because it will facilitate a rapid emergency response by allowing planners, inadvanceofanemergencyto:

Considerthelikelyconsequencesofanemergencybeforeitoccurs Identifythekeyresources,bothhumanandphysical,whichmaybeavailable

torespondtotheemergency

Identifythecriticalareasforimmediateaction Buildandtraintheemergencyresponseteaminadvance Definethegeneralpoliciesandapproachtotheemergencyinadvance

All of these measures allow constructive intervention immediately after theemergency.Teambuildingisparticularlyuseful,astheabilitytoactasateammaybe critical to the success of the initial emergency response. Another benefit toContingency planning is that, before an emergency, there is comparatively more

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD) vi

time to consider all the aspects of problems that are likely to arise. Once theemergencyhasoccurred,itmaybeverydifficulttobringalloftheplayerstogether.Agreement on policies in the Contingency planning stage may help clarifyapplicabilityandresolvecontradictionsthatmayoccur.Rapiddecisionmakingonoperationalissuesafteranemergencyisimportantbecausedelaysmaycostlives.

TheContingencyplanningalsoservesasatoolformaintainingcontrolovereventsorlimitingtheriskoflossofcontrol.Becauseofthescaleoftheproblemsthattheypose, earthquakes sometimes provoke erratic or unpredictable responses. Wellintentioned but illequipped agenciesmay rush to help, leading some agencies tooverreact to the emergency. The risk of inappropriate responses is much lowerwhen clear plans are in place. The Contingency planning process also allowsidentificationofprojectedneedsthatmayariseasaresultofanemergencyandtheresources thatwillbe immediatelyavailable tomeet thoseneeds.Onebenefitofarealisticcontingencyplanisthatitmayencouragedonorsandotherstoprovidetheneededresourcesforenhancementofresourcebaseoftheagenciesinvolvedinplanimplementation.

Although the objective of Contingency planning is usually the production of acontingency plan, many useful outputs of Contingency planning come from theprocessthroughwhichtheplanisdeveloped.Therefore,therearemanyadvantagesinaplanpreparedbycomingtogetherofallmajorpotentialactors,agreeingonthebroadpoliciesandworkinggroupsfillingthedetailoftheplantoaplandevelopedby an experienced emergency planner developing a contingency plan. It does notmean that the plan is not important. The plan is a measure of the quality of theprocess. A good planning process will produce a good plan. Even though theearthquakethatoccursmaybeverydifferentfromtheoneplannedfor,theplanwillstill be useful. A good contingency plan ensures better preparedness for anyemergencythatmayoccur,evenonethat isverydifferentfrom thescenariointheplan.

EarthquakeThreatinBangladeshandIdentificationofRiskScenariorelatedtoFireServiceandCivilDefence

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD) 1


1.1 Introduction

Over the past decades, urbanization in Bangladesh has been rapidly taking placewithout proper guidance. As a result many of the urban centers have developedhaphazardly.Theseurbancentersarefastgrowingandhaveasignificantinfluencein the economic developments of the country. It is therefore essential to have arealistic understanding on the nature, severity and consequences of likelydamage/loss thatapossibleeventofearthquakecouldcause.A strongearthquakeaffecting a major urban center like Dhaka, Chittagong, or Sylhet may result indamage and destructions of massive proportions and may have disastrousconsequencesfortheentirenation.

A low tomoderate level of earthquakemay cause Sevier damages to the life andproperty that may go beyond the existing capacity of the Fire Service and CivilDefencewithinmajor cities, divisions as well as national level. Considering likelyearthquake threat in Bangladesh, the Comprehensive Disaster managementProgramme (CDMP) under theMinistry of Food and DisasterManagement of theGovernment of Bangladesh (GoB), took initiative to develop likely scenarios ofearthquakeforDhaka,ChittagongandSylhet.Thisreportpresentsthelikelybuildingcollapse, debris generation, fire hazards and casualties during different level ofearthquakesinthesethreecitiesandcurrentpreparations/capacitybyFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)tocopewiththesituation.

1.2 NatureofThreats

GeographicallyBangladeshislocatedclosetotheboundaryoftwoactiveplates:theIndian plate in thewest and the Eurasian plate in the east and north. In the pasttherewhereseveralearthquakesinthecountrythathadcausedseveredamagestolifeandproperties.Someof themajorearthquakesaroundtheregion includes the1548 earthquake, the 1664 earthquake, the 1762 earthquake, the 1869 Cachenearthquake (Ms7.5), the1885Bengal earthquake (Ms7.0), the1897GreatAssamearthquake (Ms8.1), and the1918Srimangal earthquake (Ms7.6) (Earthquake inwebsite Banglapedia;Oldham,1883;Ambraseys, 2004;BilhamandHough, 2006etc).FollowingisalistofmajorearthquakesinandaroundBangladesh.

Table1.1ListofMajorEarthquakesinBangladesh

Year DescriptionoftheEarthquake

1548 Thefirstrecordedearthquakewasaterribleone.SylhetandChittagongwereviolentlyshaken,theearthopenedinmanyplacesandthrewupwaterandmudofasulphuroussmell.

1642 MoreseveredamageoccurredinSylhetdistrict.Buildingswerecrackedbuttherewasnolossoflife.

1663 SevereearthquakeinASSAM,whichcontinuedforhalfanhourandSylhetdistrictwasnotfreefromitsshock.



1762 ThegreatearthquakeofApril2,whichraisedthecoastofFoulislandby2.74mandthenorthwestcoastofCheduaislandby6.71mabovesealevelandalsocausedapermanentsubmergenceof155.40sqkmnearChittagong.TheearthquakeprovedveryviolentinDhakaandalongtheeasternbankoftheMEGHNAasfarasChittagong.InDhaka500personslosttheirlives,theRIVERsandJHEELswereagitatedandrosehighabovetheirusuallevelsandwhentheyrecededtheirbankswerestrewnwithdeadfish.Alargeriverdriedup,atractoflandsankand200peoplewithalltheirCATTLEwerelost.TwovolcanoesweresaidtohaveopenedintheSitakundahills.

1775 SevereearthquakeinDhakaaroundApril10,butnolossoflife.

1812 SevereearthquakeinmanyplacesofBangladesharoundMay11.TheearthquakeprovedviolentinSylhet

1865 Terribleshockwasfelt,duringthesecondearthquakeoccurredinthewinterof1865,althoughnoseriousdamageoccurred.

1869 KnownasCacharEarthquake.SeverelyfeltinSylhetbutnolossoflife.Thesteepleofthechurchwasshattered,thewallsofthecourthouseandthecircuitbungalowcrackedandintheeasternpartofthedistrictthebanksofmanyriverscavedin.

1885 KnownastheBengalEarthquake.Occurredon14Julywith7.0magnitudeandtheepicenterwasatManikganj.ThiseventwasgenerallyassociatedwiththedeepseatedJamunaFault.

1889 Occurredon10Januarywith7.5magnitudeandtheepicenteratJaintiaHills.ItaffectedSylhettownandsurroundingareas.

1897 KnownastheGreatIndiaEarthquakewithamagnitudeof8.7andepicenteratShillongPlateau.Thegreatearthquakeoccurredon12Juneat5.15pm,causedseriousdamagetomasonrybuildingsinSylhettownwherethedeathtollroseto545.Thiswasduetothecollapseofthemasonrybuildings.ThetremorwasfeltthroughoutBengal,fromthesouthLushaiHillsontheeasttoShahbadonthewest.InMymensingh,manypublicbuildingsofthedistricttown,includingtheJusticeHouse,werewreckedandveryfewofthetwostoriedbrickbuilthousesbelongingtoZAMINDARssurvived.HeavydamagewasdonetothebridgesontheDhakaMymensinghrailwayandtrafficwassuspendedforaboutafortnight.Therivercommunicationofthedistrictwasseriouslyaffected(BRAHMAPUTRA).Lossoflifewasnotgreat,butlossofpropertywasestimatedatfivemillionRupees.Rajshahisufferedsevereshocks,especiallyontheeasternside,and15personsdied.InDhakadamagetopropertywasheavy.InTipperamasonrybuildingsandoldtemplessufferedalotandthetotaldamagewasestimatedatRs9,000.

1918 KnownastheSrimangalEarthquake.Occurredon18Julywithamagnitudeof7.6andepicenteratSrimangal,MaulviBazar.IntensedamageoccurredinSrimangal,butinDhakaonlyminoreffectswereobserved.

1930 KnownastheDhubriEarthquake.Occurredon3Julywithamagnitudeof7.1andtheepicenteratDhubri,Assam.TheearthquakecausedmajordamageintheeasternpartsofRangpurdistrict.

1934 KnownastheBiharNepalEarthquake.Occurredon15Januarywithamagnitudeof8.3andtheepicenteratDarbhangaofBihar,India.TheearthquakecausedgreatdamageinBihar,NepalandUttarPradeshbutdidnotaffectanypartofBangladesh.

Anotherearthquakeoccurredon3Julywithamagnitudeof7.1andtheepicenteratDhubriofAssam,India.TheearthquakecausedconsiderabledamagesingreaterRangpurdistrictofBangladesh.

1950 KnownastheAssamEarthquake.Occurredon15Augustwithamagnitudeof8.4withtheepicenterinAssam,India.ThetremorwasfeltthroughoutBangladeshbutnodamagewasreported.

1997 Occurredon22NovemberinChittagongwithamagnitudeof6.0.ItcausedminordamagearoundChittagongtown.



1999 Occurredon22JulyatMaheshkhaliIslandwiththeepicenterinthesameplace,amagnitudeof5.2.SeverelyfeltaroundMaheshkhaliislandandtheadjoiningSEA.Housescrackedandinsomecasescollapsed.

2003 Occurredon27JulyatKolabuniaunionofBarkalupazila,Rangamatidistrictwithmagnitude5.1.Thetimewasat05:17:26.8hours.

Source:Banglapedia,2007

However, it seems thatBangladeshdidnot experienceany large earthquake since20th century for about 100 years. The 1918 earthquake is thought not to be acharacteristic one, since themagnitude is small for the plate boundary fault. Thismaymean thatBangladeshhasahighriskof largeearthquakeoccurrence innearfuture. Several major active faults, e.g. the plate boundary fault (the northernextensionofsubductionfault)andtheDaukiFault,areinferredinBangladesh.Thesefaults must generate large earthquakes over M 8. However, the nature, detailedlocation, and the faulting history on these faults are notwell known yet (Morino,2009).

PotentialDamageindifferentScenariosofEarthquake

Three different scenarios have been developed to identify the possible damage tobuildings and other infrastructures and also to find out the number of casualties.The three scenarios are taken as least, moderate and high intensities cases asassumed based on different magnitude of earthquakes. The following are thedifferentscenariosandlostestimationinthecitiesofDhaka,ChittagongandSylhet.

ScenarioEarthquakes

Dhakacity

1. MadpurFault(7.5Mw)2. PlateBoundaryFault2(8Mw)3. Earthquakeunderthecity(6.0Mw)

Chittagongcity

1. PlateBoundaryFault1(8.5Mw)2. PlateBoundaryFault2(8.0Mw)3. Earthquakeunderthecity(6.0Mw)

Sylhetcity

1. DaukiFault(8.0Mw)2. PlateBoundaryFault3(8.3Mw)3. Earthquakeunderthecity(6.0Mw)



BuildingsDamage

DhakaCityCorporationArea

During an earthquake of 7.5 Mw originated fromMadhupur fault, about 166,570buildingswillbemoderatelydamaged.Thisisabout51.00%ofthetotalnumberofbuildings in Dhaka city. Among these buildings, it is estimated that about 75,218buildingscouldnotberepaired.Ifthemagnitudeoftheearthquakeis8.0Mw,about93,605buildingswillbeatleastmoderatelydamagedwhichisabout29.00%ofthetotalnumberofbuildings.Duringanearthquakeoriginated fromunder thecityat6.0Mwwillmoderatelydamageabout136,434buildingsandabout53,989buildingswillbedamagedbeyondrepair.

ChittagongCityCorporationArea

Itisestimatedthatabout168,783buildingswillbedamagedat8.5MwEarthquakes.Thisisabout93.00%ofthetotalnumberofbuildingsintheChittagongcity.Duringthis time about 135,647 buildings will be damaged beyond repair. About 38,953buildings will be at least moderately damaged at Mw 8.0 earthquake. TheearthquakeatMw6.0willdamageabout110,782buildingswhichareabout61.00%ofthetotalnumberofbuildings.Atthesametimeanestimated37,617buildingswillbedamagedbeyondrepair.

SylhetCityCorporationArea

It isestimatedthatabout30,392buildingswillbedamagedat8.0MwEarthquake.This is about 58.00% of the total number of buildings in the Sylhet city. Amongthese,about16003buildingswillbedamagedbeyondrepair.About7230buildingswillbeat leastmoderatelydamagedatMw8.3earthquake.TheearthquakeatMw6.0willdamageabout21960buildingswhichareabout42.00%ofthetotalnumberofbuildings.Atthesametimeanestimated4537buildingswillbedamagedbeyondrepair.

CollateralHazards

There might be several secondary hazards due to earthquake which may affectstructuresaswellasdamagetohumanliferesponsibleforhugeeconomiclossesinthe country. These collateral hazards include fire, debris generations etc. ThefollowingarethepossiblefirehazardsanddebrisgenerationthatmayappearduetoearthquakeinDhaka,ChittagongandSylhetcities.

FireFollowingEarthquake

Firesoftenoccurafteranearthquake.Becauseofthenumberoffiresatthesametime,lackofwaterandsufficientmanpowerandalsoduetoinaccessibleroads,thefireinthecitycouldbeoutofcontrol.Forfirehazardscenariodevelopment,MonteCarlosimulationmodelwasused.Thenumberofignitionsandamountofburntareaswasestimatedusingthismethod.




Duringanearthquakeof7.5MworiginatedfromMadhpurFault, therewillbe920ignitionsthatwillburnabout4.12sq.mi9.04%ofthecityarea.Itisestimatedthatthe fires will displace about 701,134 people and burn about 1,577 (millions ofdollars)ofbuildingvalue.Similarlyanearthquakeoriginated fromPlateboundaryfault2willberesponsiblefor918ignitionsthatwillburnabout4.08sq.mi8.95%ofthecityarea.Itisalsoestimatedthatthefireswilldisplaceabout726,606peopleand burn about 1,665 (millions of dollars) of building value. The earthquake iforiginatedfromunderthecityof6.0Mwwillberesponsible for920ignitionsthatwill burn about 4.22 sq. mi 9.26 % of the city and the fires will displace about730,857peopleandburnabout1,563(millionsofdollars)ofbuildingvalue.


InChittagongduringanearthquakeof8.5MworiginatedfromPlateboundaryfault1, therewill be699 ignitions thatwill burn about6.54 sq.mi11.49%of the cityarea. Itisalsoestimatedthatthatthefireswilldisplaceabout315,408peopleandburn about 441 (millions of dollars) of building value. On the other hand anearthquakeoriginatedfromPlateBoundaryfault2at8.0Mwwillberesponsiblefor648ignitionsthatwillburnabout5.87sq.mi10.31%ofthecity.Itisalsoestimatedthat the fireswill displace about 312,052 people andburn about 433 (millions ofdollars) of building value. The earthquake if originated fromunder the city of 6.0Mwwillberesponsiblefor699ignitionsthatwillburnabout6.24sq.mi10.96%ofthecity.Themodelalsoestimatesthatthefireswilldisplaceabout314,421peopleandburnabout437(millionsofdollars)ofbuildingvalue.


InSylhet,duringanearthquakeof8.0MworiginatedfromDaukifault,therewillbe770 ignitions thatwill burn about 1.79 sq.mi 19.85%of the city area. It is alsoestimatedthatthatthefireswilldisplaceabout79,608peopleandburnabout171(millionsofdollars)ofbuildingvalue.OntheotherhandanearthquakeoriginatedfromPlateBoundaryfault3at8.3Mwwillberesponsiblefor769ignitionsthatwillburn about 2.22 sq.mi 24.62% of the city. It is also estimated that the fireswilldisplace about98,905people andburnabout221 (millionsofdollars)ofbuildingvalue.Theearthquakeiforiginatedfromunderthecityof6.0Mwwillberesponsiblefor770ignitionsthatwillburnabout2.17sq.mi20.06%ofthecity.Themodelalsoestimates that the fires will displace about 96,967 people and burn about 204(millionsofdollars)ofbuildingvalue.

DebrisGeneration

Theamountsofdebristhatwillbegeneratedbytheearthquakearecategorizedintotwogeneraltypes:



a)Brick/Wood

b)ReinforcedConcrete/Steel.

This classification ismade because of the different types ofmaterial handlingequipmentrequiredtohandleandremovethedebris.


Duringanearthquakeof7.5Mworiginated fromMadhpurFault, a totalof30,599milliontonsofdebriswillbegenerated.Outofthisamount,Brick/Woodcomprises22.00%andReinforcedConcrete/Steelwith78%.Ifthedebristonnageisconvertedto an estimated number of truckloads to remove, 1,223,960,000 truckloads arerequired(@25tons/truck).SimilarlyanearthquakeoriginatedfromPlateboundaryfault2willgenerateatotalof19,147.00milliontonsofdebrisofwhichBrick/Woodcomprises19.00%ofthetotal,withtheremainderbeingReinforcedConcrete/Steel.If the debris tonnage is converted to an estimated number of truckloads, it willrequire765,880,000truckloads(@25tons/truck).Theearthquakeoriginatedfromunderthecityof6.0Mw,willberesponsible forgenerationofatotalof21,059.00million tons of debris. Out of this amount, Brick/Wood comprises 23.00% of thetotal,withtheremainderbeingReinforcedConcrete/Steel. If thedebristonnageisconverted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 842,360,000truckloads(@25tons/truck)toremoveit.


Duringanearthquakeof8.5Mworiginated fromPlateboundary fault1, a totalof13,350.00 million tons of debris will be generated. Out of this, Brick/Woodcomprises32%,withtheremainderbeingReinforcedConcrete/Steel. Ifthedebristonnage is converted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require534,000,000 truckloads (@25 tons/truck) to remove it. On the other hand anearthquakeoriginatedfromPlateBoundaryfault2at8.0Mwwillberesponsiblefor2,079.00 million tons of debris of which Brick/Wood comprises 29%, with theremainderbeingReinforcedConcrete/Steel.Ifthedebristonnageisconvertedtoanestimated number of truckloads, it will require 83,160,000 truckloads (@25tons/truck)toremoveit.Theearthquakeiforiginatedfromunderthecityof6.0Mw,willgenerateanestimated5,423.00milliontonsofdebris.Outofthetotalamount,Brick/Wood comprises 31% of the total, with the remainder being ReinforcedConcrete/Steel. If the debris tonnage is converted to an estimated number oftruckloads, itwillrequire217,160,000truckloads(@25tons/truck)toremovethedebrisgeneratedbythisearthquake.




During an earthquake of 8.0 Mw originated from Dauki fault, a total of 18,93.00million tons of debris will be generated. In this amount, Brick/Wood comprises27%,withtheremainderbeingReinforcedConcrete/Steel. Ifthedebristonnageisconverted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 75,720,000truckloads (@25 tons/truck) to remove it. On the other hand an earthquakeoriginated from Plate Boundary fault2 at 8.3 Mw will be responsible for thegenerationof 256.00million tons of debris ofwhichBrick/Wood comprises 25%,and the remainder being Reinforced Concrete/Steel. If the debris tonnage isconverted to an estimated number of truckloads, it will require 10,240,000truckloads(@25tons/truck)toremoveit.Theearthquakeiforiginatedfromunderthecityof6.0Mw,willgenerateanestimated949.00milliontonsofdebris.Outofthetotalamount,Brick/Woodcomprises25%ofthetotal,withtheremainderbeingReinforced Concrete/Steel. If the debris tonnage is converted to an estimatednumber of truckloads, it will require 37,960,000 truckloads (@25 tons/truck) toremovethedebrisgeneratedbytheearthquake.

GeneralAspectsofAgencyLevelPlan



2.1 LegalProvisions,AuthorityandNationallevelDMFunctionsoftheAgency

UndertheMinistryofHomeAffairs,theFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)hasanimportant role to play in search and rescue, relief operations and Informationmanagement. This Directorate under the control of Ministry of Home Affairs isgenerally deployed in the affected areas and their services are placed under thecontrolofDeputyCommissionersorThanaNirbahiOfficers.

Ordinarily this Directorate assists the local administration in the preparation ofAction Plans, preparedness arrangements and local standing orders with regard tonatural disasters. TheMinistry is responsible for regularly reviewing the followingdisasterrelatedissuesofFSCDunderitscontrol: ActionPlanfordisasters Necessaryequipment,transportsandothermaterialstocombatdisaster. Telecommunicationfacilitiesinpossibledisasteraffectedareas. TraininginDisasterManagement. Disasterpreparednessdrills Preparationofthenecessarylegislation

In reference to National level Disaster Management functions, the Agency levelresponsibility of FSCDwith regards to Earthquake Contingency Management is toensuresearchandrescueoperationsandmanagementoffireoutbreaksasaresultofEarthquakesandmajoraftershocks.

2.2 TheMajorrolesassignedtotheagencyinrelationtoNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan

Themajorroleassigned toFSCD is tooperationalizeSearchandRescue,FirstAid,Fire Safety etc. activities by ensuring interagency coordination at National level,capacity building and developing National guidelines in the light of best practice.WithregardtoNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan,someofthepivotalrolesforFSCDareidentifiedasunder: Capabilityassessmentofsearch&rescueoperations Ensurefiresafety(throughprepositioningoffirehydrants,firestations,land

use planning, Capacity building for creating special units for Urban searchandrescuefromcollapsedbuildings,infrastructure,MedicalFirstResponse

Developingdatabaseofsourcesofwater,storageofmaterialetc Fistaid&FirstMedicalResponsetoprovideemergencymedicaltreatment Mobilize special units for search and rescue from collapsed buildings and

otherinfrastructures Compliancetoguidelinesforlogisticsupplymanagementanddeploymentof

resources



Triage,stabilizationofvictimsbeforetreatment Operationsurveillance

2.3 The support roles assigned to agency under National EarthquakeContingencyManagementPlan

AstrongNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlanisconsideredtobeaonethatisbuiltonafoundationforFSCDthatpromotes: Conductscenariobasedneedassessmentsurvey foremergencyservices for

earthquakeproneurbanareasandreporttoauthorities Capacitybuildingofcommunityfirstrespondergroupsinsearchandrescue

operations ProcurementofnecessarytoolsandequipmentforurbanS&Roperations Prepareresourceinventory(equipment,tools,manpoweretc) DevelopaDatabaseforresourcepoolofequipments&tools(trucks) Facilitate mobilization of earthquake Incident Command System where

necessaryunderthecommandofAFD Facilitateemergencysupplydistributionandensuresafetyofvictims Mobilizecommunitybasedsocialvolunteernetworksasfirstresponders) Makearrangements toaccessresource inventory items forS&Roperations

preparation Facilitateevacuationtosuitableopenareasandsetupcamps. Facilitatesafeevacuationofvictimsandtheprocessofsettingupevacuation

centers AssistUtilityagenciestorestoreandrehabilitatesupplyofpower,gas,etcto

criticalagencies(hospitals,AFD,Police,evacuationcampssoon) Conduct rapid damage assessment survey of power supply

systems(generation,distribution,supply)andrestorationofsupplytocriticalfacilities(suchashospitals,police,AFD,FireServiceetc)

Obtain periodic situation reports and review the progress on activation ofContingencyPlans

ICSsystemdevelopmentatvariouslevels Command, Control, Coordination arrangement among first responder

organizations Readinessreporting

2.4 Agency levelObjectives in fulfilling theassigned rolesunderNationalEarthquakeContingencyPlan

The agency level responsibility of FSCD with regards to Earthquake RiskManagementistoensuremanagementof fireoutbreaksasaresultofEarthquakesandmajoraftershocks. Minimizethecasualties Minimizethepropertylosses Reducetheinterruptionstoservices,utilities,lifelinesfacilities



2.5 Agency level structure forCommand, controland coordinationwithintheorganizationandwithoutsideagencies

TheOrganogramoftheFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD),itsDivisionalOffices,DDOfficesandLocalLevelstationsaregiveninthefollowing.

Figure2.1OrganogramofFireServiceandCivilDefenceCommand,Control andCoordinationmechanism for FSCDwith regard toDisasterManagementareasfollows:OverallSupervision:DirectorGeneral,DirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)FocalPoint:Director,OperationsManagement support: Director (Operations), Director (Administration), Director(Development,TrainingandProcurement)TheFSCDimplementsitsDisasterManagementorienteddecisionsindifferentlevelsthataregivenbelow:DivisionalLevel:DeputyDirectorStationlevel:StationinchargeOfficer2.6 PlanImplementationStrategiesbytheAgency

Thefollowingstrategiesaretobeadoptedinplanimplementation: Setting up a strong organizational framework to identify and assess

earthquake hazards, analyze vulnerability, assess risk and loss estimationwithregardstoreliefandrehabilitation;

Plan&developmentof institutionalcapabilitiestotranslateearthquakeriskreductionintoPreparednessandResponsePlans;

Establish a consistent, participatory approach to the management ofearthquakeemergencyresponses;

DG

Director (Operations)

Director (Administration)

Director (Development &

Training)

DGs Secretary

DD Dhaka DD Chittagong DD Sylhet DD Khulna DD Rajshahi

Fire Station Fire Station Fire Station Fire Station



Propose a mechanism to integrate Disaster Management concept into theOperationalPlansofFSCDatalllevels;

Undertake training and education programs on all phases of DisasterManagementforalllevelstobuildthecapacityofprofessionals;

Develop a mechanism to improve the relationships with NongovernmentOrganizations to address mitigation, preparedness, response and recoveryphaseeffectively;

Transferknowledgeandstateoftheartoftechnologiesnecessarytosupportinstitutionaloperationsandimplementoperationplans;

2.7 PlanLimitations

The Earthquake Contingency Plan will not, and cannot, address allcircumstances(e.g.longtermrecoveryplans)

ThePlanassumesthatthelineagencieswillhaveMandatoryprovisionsandNationalcapacitytodealwithassignedtasks.Mandatoryprovisionsfor lineAgencies, Ministries, and Local Governments. District authorities can begranted through a gazette notification but Lines of authority need to befinalizedandcommunicatedtoalllevels.

The Earthquake Contingency Plan requires similar planning at all levels ofgovernmentandbyanumberofkeyministriesandlinedepartments.Whilerespectiveagenciesneedtohavededicatedchampionstoundertakeplanningand implementation; Ministry of Food & Disaster Management will have adifficulttaskincoordinatingandprovidingtechnicalassistance.

FSCD may need additional resources in terms of qualified manpower,technicalaswellasfinancialresourcestoundertakeassignedtasksundertheEarthquakeContingencyPlan.

The Earthquake ContingencyManagement processwill take some times tobecomefullyfunctionalasanintegratedsystem.

ThePlanassumesthattheEmergencyOperationsCenteristobeestablishedon priority basis to have service functions for a 24/7 schedule with dutyofficersinplacewithclearlyidentifiednotificationprotocols.

ThePlancannotensurethatemergencyassistancetocommunitieswillarrivein time following a rapid onset disaster unless the government will haveemergency declarations in time. It will depend on efficient reliable andaccurate emergencymanagement system,which depends on application ofadvancedstateofthearttechnology.

Capableandcommitted staffwithappropriate financial resources, facilities,equipment and supplies is required to implement an effective, longtermprogrambasedontheplan.

2.8 IntendedUsersofthePlanwithintheagency

The direct users of the Agency level Earthquake Contingency Plan will be themanagement personnel of Directorate of Fire Service and Civil Defence (FSCD) inordertoprovidehumanitarianassistanceduringearthquakeemergencies.



In addition to FSCD, the others including line Ministries, Departments, CityAuthorities, NGOs/ INGOs, electronic and paper Media, Community BasedOrganizations (CBOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Academia, DevelopmentPartners will be the passive users of the plan as they will be providing supportservices forplan implementationwith regard toemergency reliefdistributionandotherwelfareactivities.Theultimatebeneficiarieswouldbethecommunitiesatrisktobringnormalcywithinafastestpossibletime.

FunctionalResponseRolesandResponsibilitiesAssignedfortheAgency

ContingencyPlanWithRegardToEarthquakeHazardforDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)


3.1 Emergency Response Tasks under Respective Functional GroupsPreparednessandMitigationPhase(normaltimeactivities)

ToensurethisContingencyplanningasaforwardplanningprocess,itisobvioustoagreeuponspecificscenariosandobjectives.AneffectivePotentialResponseSystemhas to be put in place in order to prevent, or better respond to, an emergency orcritical situation. In this regard, FSCDneeds to accomplish the following activitieswellbeforetheearthquakeevent. ContingencyplanningbyDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD): DevelopContingencyPlansforearthquakerisk Conductnecessarytrainingandcapacitybuildingforplanupdate Carry out periodic reporting to authorities on readiness of the (FSCD) for

respondingtoearthquakeeventsOperationsResponseActivities: ReportingtoEOConthereadinessoftheFSCD Attend ICS training and nominate representatives to participate ICS

establishedatvariouslevelsEmergencyServices: CapacitybuildinginspecialSearchandrescueoperation Formationofcommunitybasedsocialvolunteernetworksasfirstresponders PrepareResourceinventory(equipment,tools,manpoweretc.) Developinventoryofotherinstitutions(local&International)capableof

assistinginsearch&rescueoperations DevelopaDatabaseforresourcepoolofequipments&tools Prepare guidelines for Logistic supply management and Deployment of

resources PrepareguidelinesforOperationsurveillance

UrbanCrisisPlanning: Develop procedure for Vulnerability assessment of buildings of fire service

and make arrangements for conducting assessment and strengthening ofvulnerablebuildings

ConducttrainingonmedicolegalprocedureforIdentificationandtaggingofbodies

Conduct training on guidelines for meeting of INSARAG and InternationalUSARGuidelinerequirements

Identification & pre positioning of essential emergency support units(boreholesforemergencywatersupply,firehydrants,cuttingtoolsetc.)



Recovery: Develop guidelines for integrating fire hazard management techniques in

recovery projects especially concerning temporary shelter, Governmentbuildings,humansettlement&utilities

3.2 Emergency Response Tasks under Respective Functional Groups Responsephase(activitiesduringandsoonafterthedisasterevents)

ContingencyplanningbyDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD): Compliancewithplanarrangementsandreportingonthe(FSCD)involvement

inContingencyPlanimplementationOperationsResponseActivities: Periodic reporting to EOC on FSCD involvement in Earthquake event

managementandfornecessaryassistance ParticipateinfunctioningofICSsystemsatalllevelsasrequired

EmergencyServices: MobilizeteamsinSearchandrescueoperation Mobilizecommunitybasedsocialvolunteernetworksasfirstresponders) MakearrangementstoAccessResourceinventoryitemsforS&Roperations

preparation Networking with organizations and mobilize support for search & rescue

operations Mobilizeresourcepoolofequipments&tools,truckscranes,dowsersetc CompliancetoguidelinesforLogisticsupplymanagementandDeploymentof

resources Operationsurveillance

UrbanCrisisPlanning: Assistprojectteamsinvolvedinrapiddamageandsuitabilityassessmentfor

usageofbuildingsoffireservice FollowmedicolegalprocedureforIdentificationandtaggingofbodies FollowguidelinesformeetingofINSARAGandInternationalUSARGuideline

requirements Mobilize positioned essential emergency support units (boreholes for

emergencywatersupply

3.3 Emergency Response Tasks under Respective Functional Groups Recoveryphase(activitiesfollowingadisasterevent)

ContingencyplanningbyDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD): Compliance with plan arrangements and reporting on the (FSCD)

involvementinContingencyPlanimplementationOperationsResponseActivities: Periodic reporting to EOC on FSCD involvement in Earthquake event

managementandfornecessaryassistance



ParticipateinfunctioningofICSsystemsatalllevelsasrequiredEmergencyServices: MobilizeteamsinSearchandrescueoperation Mobilizecommunitybasedsocialvolunteernetworksasfirstresponders MakearrangementstoAccessResourceinventoryitemsforS&Roperations

preparation Networking with organizations and mobilize support for search & rescue

operations Mobilizeresourcepoolofequipments&tools,truckscranes,dowsersetc CompliancetoguidelinesforLogisticsupplymanagementandDeploymentof

resources Operationsurveillance

UrbanCrisisPlanning: Assistprojectteamsinvolvedinrapiddamageandsuitabilityassessmentfor

usageofbuildingsoffireservice. FollowmedicolegalprocedureforIdentificationandtaggingofbodies FollowguidelinesformeetingofINSARAGandInternationalUSARGuideline

requirements Mobilize positioned essential emergency support units (boreholes for

emergencywatersupplyRecovery: Assist in compliancewith firehazardmanagement techniques in all typeof

recoveryprojects

OperatingProcedureGuidelines



4.1 Planningassumptions

The agency level responsibility of FSCD with regards to Earthquake RiskManagement is to ensure management of fire outbreaks as a result ofEarthquakes andmajor aftershocks. There is no substitute formaintainingstandardprovisions andnorms for fire safety to be adhered to by buildingcodesandregularmaintenanceduringnormal timesbyconcernedagencieswhich expects the services of FSCD. This determines the level of responsecapacityoftheFSCDshouldpossessduringanydisastersituation.

OperatingproceduresformobilizingcommunityparticipationduringvariousstagesofEarthquakedisasterresponseisstatedintheNationalContingencyPlan for Earthquakes. The FSCD is required to study these and adoptappropriatemeasurestoensurethatcommunityparticipatessubstantiallyinfirstresponderactivities.

Foreffectivepreparedness,theFSCDmusthaveanEarthquakeContingencyPlan or disaster response procedures clearly defined, in order to avoidconfusionandimproveefficiencyincostandtime.

Orientation and training for Earthquake Contingency Plan and proceduresaccompaniedbysimulatedexercises,willkeepthedepartmentpreparedforsucheventualities.Specialskillsrequiredduringemergencyoperationsneedtobeimpartedtotheofficialsandthestaff.Selectpersonnelcanbedeputedfor training as "NODALOFFICER FSCD",Officer incharge FSCD Districtand "OfficerInCharge FSCDCity level" at the District and City levelrespectively.

Totheextentpossible,preventivemeasuresasrecommendedintheNationalEarthquake Contingency Plan should be undertaken to improve thedepartmentalcapacitytorespondtoanearthquakedisaster.

4.2Normaltimeactivities

AssesspreparednessleveloftheFSCDandreportthesameaspertheformatgiventoNationalEOCeverysixmonths.

Undertake Routine Capacity building of FSCD cadre in special Search andrescueoperations,MedicalFirstResponderfunctionsandstationthemwithinEarthquakehighriskareas.

Making arrangements to have simulations and drills, refresher courses toretainthecapacityforspecialFirefighting&USERoperations.

Establishmentofcommunitybasedsocialvolunteernetworksateachhighlyvulnerable city to activate as first responders during earthquakes in



partnership with Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, other responsiveNGOsandCBOs.

Prepare Resource inventory (equipment, tools, manpower etc) belongs toFSCD and make arrangements to augment the resource base throughadditionalprocurements

Obtaintheinventorymaintainedbyotherinstitutions(local&International)capableofassistinginsearch&rescueoperationsanddeveloppartnerships

PrepareguidelinesforOperationsurveillanceofFSCDstaff Conduct training on guidelines for meeting of INSARAG and International

USARGuidelinerequirementsandconvertthematerialintoBanglalanguage

Developprocedure forVulnerabilityassessmentofbuildingsof FireServiceand make arrangements for conducting assessment and strengthening ofvulnerablebuildings

Identification & pre positioning of essential emergency support units(boreholesforemergencywatersupply,firehydrants,cuttingtoolsetc.)

Develop guidelines for integrating fire hazard management techniques inrecovery projects especially concerning temporary shelter, Governmentbuildings,humansettlement&utilities

4.3 Activities on receipt of notice of Activation if National EarthquakeContingencyPlan

Within theaffectedCity/District/Electoralward, all FSCDpersonnelwill bemadeavailabletotheResponseCommander.Ifmorepersonnelarerequired,thenoutofstationofficersorthoseonleavemayberecalled.

All personnel required for Earthquake Response should work under theoverallsupervisionandguidanceofResponseCommander

EstablishradiocommunicationswithNationalEmergencyOperationsCentre,districtcontrolroomsandFSCDdepartmentalofficeswithinthedivision.

AllDistrict/CitylevelofficialsofthedepartmentwouldbeaskedtoreporttothepreagreedFirestation

AppointonepersonnelasNODALOFFICERFSCDattheNationallevel AppointonepersonneleachasOfficerInChargeFSCDattheCity/District

level

Review precautionary measures, procedures of operations through dailyreview with relevant senior staff, to improve the Response services byofficials of FSCD andmake arrangements for necessary back up support ifneeded



Assist the authorities tomake arrangements for stand by Resources (Manpower,Material,Equipment)

Makearrangementsforspecialcareandservicestocriticalfacilitiessuchaso AFDo Hospitalso WaterSupply/electricity/gasauthoritieso Policestationso Telecommunicationsbuildingso DMBandDRR

Filldepartmentvehiclesandparktheminprotectedarea Checkemergencytoolkits,assemblinganyadditionalequipmentneeded Review the total extent of the damage to FSCD buildings, equipment,

installations

Reviewthetotalextentofthedamageandfireoutbreakswithinmajorcitiesbyareconnaissanceflight,ifpossible.

On the recommendationsof theResponseCommander OfficerInChargePowerSupply/GasSupply/"oftherelevantinstitutionsintheaffectedareas,

InstructCity/Districtstaffoftherelevantinstitutionstodisconnectthemainsupplyfortheaffectedarea

Dispatch emergency response teams of FSCD to affected areas butunattended.

ReadinessChecklist


ReadinessChecklist

5.1 ReadinessChecklistandReportingFormats

ThePreparednessChecklistandReportingTemplateforFSCDwithregardtoEarthquakehazardisgivenbelow:

(TobefilledbytheDepartmentheadandsubmittedtotheEOCattheendofMayandNovemberineveryyear)

Preparednessmeasurestaken Details/Remarks

TheFSCDstaffisfamiliarwithoftheFSCD Orientation and training for Earthquake Contingency Plan andproceduresundertaken.

Each relevant officer understands earthquake disaster responseprocedureshehastofollowduringearthquakeevent.

Special skills required during Earthquake emergency operationsimpartedtotheofficialsandthestaff.

FSCDposses

NoofMasterInstructorsforCSSR

NoofmasterInstructorsforMFR

No of specially trained FSCD cadre of First Responders for CSSR andMFR

Reviewedandupdated:

Precautionarymeasuresandprocedures. Thevulnerabilityassessmentofbuildings Theprecautionstobetakentoprotectequipmentsandmaterial

havebeenundertaken.

Postearthquakedisasterprocedurestobefollowed.NoofBuildingswerestrengthenedtohavehighstandardofsafety

AnofficerhasbeendesignatedasNodalOfficerforEarthquakeDisasterResponse

Name,designationandcontactdetailsoftheofficerisasfollows;

Additional Sources of supply of Materials, Manpower, Equipmentrequired to support FSCD in Earthquake response operations havebeenidentified.

ReportedBy:Designation: FSCD Signature: Date:

AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,ResourceMobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments


AgencyLevelActionsforTraining&CapacityBuildingofStaff,AwarenessCreation,Reporting,PrepositioningofEmergencyFacilities,Resource

MobilizationforPurchaseofEquipments

6.1 AssessmentofExistingCapacity(Manpower,EquipmentandMaterial)

There are nearly 6,500 peopleworking in the FSCD, Bangladesh. There is oneDGhaving the equality of Brig. General. Also have 3 posts for directors, 9 DeputyDirectors,morethan20AsstDirectorsand80DADs.6.2 GapAnalysis(Manpower,EquipmentandMaterial)

Followingsarethekeyelementsidentifiedtoenhancetheemergencypreparednessforasustainableresponse.

Table:GapAnalysisMatrixforFSCD

Typeofgap DescriptionGeneralgaps;

DifficultiesforcompliancetostandingorderssinceEarthquakeaspect is not covered adequately in the SOPs. Some of theStandard Operation Procedures which will be drafted foragency level plan operations have to be incorporated in toGeneralSOPofBangladesh.

Managementgaps

The Fire Service personnel will be called upon to provideservicesinfirefightingandinsomeoccasionsinS&Rincaseofemergencies.Butthereisnoclearcoordinationandcommandstructure inplace. Itwillbecomeadifficult task fordischargeof services without a proper management structure forobtainingsuchservicesduringearthquakes.

GapsinMandatoryprovisions

Absence of Mandates for DM related functions; some of themandatesprovidedunderSOPs forFSCDarenot adequateorearthquakescenario isnotaddressedproperly. InsomecasesFSCD participate in First Responder missions because oforganization missions, concern for safety, communityresponsibilities etc. But it is necessary to evaluate the statusandmakeprovisionstoregularizesuchshortcomings.

GapsinPlanning Resource concerns for planning and capacity building shouldbeaddressed.

A comprehensive long term plan need to be developed forincreasing the capacity in terms of USER and other specialservicesexpectedtobedeliveredbyFSCDduringalargescaleearthquakebasedonsuchscenarios.

Gapsinmanpowerandcapacitybuilding

Financial resources for addressing the Shortage of skilledmanpowerforspecializedservicesduringearthquakes

There is a need for advance courses for fire service staffconsidering theearthquake risk as firehazard is evident as acollateral hazard in case of earthquakes. They need to haveperiodic rehearsals, simulations etc so that Fire servicepersonal can be efficient and good responders in case ofearthquake events. Additional funding and training facilitiesneed to be provided for Training centers outside Dhaka fortrainingofSpecializedUrbanS&Rparties.ThePEERprogramhastrainedInstructorsforsuchtrainingandtheirservicescan



beutilizedfortrainingofSpecializedUrbanS&RteamsGapsinequipment FinancialresourcesforaddressingtheShortage/absenceof

EquipmentforexecutionofUrbanS&Roperations.GapsinMonitoringandEvaluation

TheCFSstaffsareundertheadministrativeregulationsofthegovernmentandareontransferableservice.ThereshouldbeanM&Emechanismtotracethetrainedstaffinordertoobtaintheirserviceswhenearthquakehappens.

TheyalsoshouldbeplacedinlargercitiessothattheywillbeabletoattendtoUrbanS&Rneedsquickly

Thetrainedstaffneedsrefreshercoursesandsimulationstoretaintheskillsacquiredbythem.

GapsinProvisionoftechnicalservices

It is the general practice of city authorities to requestadditional approval of the Fire service before grantingapproval for construction of highrise buildings above 60ft(more than 6 floors) .This is necessary to facilitate firefighting requirements in case of fire and owners of suchbuildings need to have fire escapes integrated in the designand also they have to have own arrangements for firefighting(trained staff, equipment, fire exits, escapes, firehydrants , water sources etc).This has to be considered as apolicytobeincludedinnewordinancesandByelawsofmaincitiesifnotincludednow.

There are many obstructions including poor access for firefighting observed within main cities. Since this is a mattercontrolled by city authorities and development corporations,Fireservicehasnoorlittlecontroloversuchissues.SoinordertohaveconduciveenvironmentforfirefightingandsaferbuildupitisnecessarytohaveaproactiveapproachandFireservicecan have joint inspections in such areas to recommendimprovementsforreducingtheriskduetofire.

TheFireservicehastoplayamajorroleinlanduseplanningin urban areas. The land use planning regulations shouldconsider provision of fire escapes, corridors etc in order tocontrol or illuminate spread of mass fire events in case ofearthquakes within urban built up areas. There are specialrequirements for industry buildings, factorises, garments etcwhere there is a possibility of fire outbreaks and masscasualtiesdue tosameduringearthquakeevents.Thissortofregulations have to be integrated in land use controlregulations and guidelines and also they have to considerprovidingfireescapesandcorridors(widerroads,parks,openareastoservethispurpose)incityplanning.

6.3 Processforaddressingthegaps

In March 2003, Bangladesh was included as one of the partner countries in theUSAID/OFDAfunded Program for Enhancement of Emergency Response(PEER).PEERimplementsactivitiesinBangladeshunderthecoordinatingauthorityoftheMinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement,withwhichtheprogramhasaMemorandum of Understanding. The designated training institution forMedicalFirst Responder (MFR) and Collapsed Structure Search and Rescue (CSSR)



trainingistheBangladeshFireService&CivilDefence(FSCD).UptodatePEERprogramwasabletoproduce59graduatesand34InstructorWorkshopgraduatesfor MFR, 48 graduates and 34 Instructor Workshop graduates for CSSR, 53graduatesofthecourseonTrainingforInstructors(TFI).

InordertoincreasethemanpowerandUrbanSearch&Rescue(USER)capacityofBangladesh, It is suggested to create a special Unit/Division under a separateDirector(Special Emergencies) with following Roles in order to broaden theresourcebasecreatedunderthePEERprojectinFSCD;

Training of Special Urban Search& Rescue (USER) teams to create a largepoolofProfessionalFirstResponderswithinFSCD.ThePEERinstructorscanbe used in training but it is necessary to create more field level trainingcentres with equipment and training facilities outside Dhaka to create alargerpooloftrainedstaffwithinFSCDFireStationsofothercities.Itwillbenecessary to translate PEER training material to Bangla language. INSARGmethodology also needs to be translated in to Bangla language for easyreferencebytrainedUSERGroups.

ProcurementofSpecialequipmenttobeusedbyUSERteams. Develop series of advance training programs for trained USER teams to

refreshtheirskillsandknowledge. Identify the special skills and knowledge acquired by the trained staff and

make it a mandatory provision for some of the Grade promotions of firefightersattachedtoFSCD.

ProvideIncidentCommandSystem(ICS)trainingtoselectedFSCDSeniorstaffGrades

In Addition there is a need to provide additional knowledge and skillsthrough some of the recommended courses below to PEERtrainedinstructorsandendusers.Typesofshortcoursesinclude:

o DisasterRiskManagement&Contingencyplanningo AdvancedCSSRo AdvanceUrbanSARo TechnicalSearchOperationso HeavyLifting/Riggingo RoadAccidentRescueo SwiftWaterRescueo DamageAssessment&NeedAnalysis(DANA)

Building Vulnerability Assessment. It is a requirement for thoseagencies involved in first Responder activities to have a saferenvironment. Inorder tocreate that it isadvisable tocarryoutbuildingvulnerability assessment for all the buildings and critical infrastructurebelongstoFireServiceandCivildefence.Ifsuchbuildingsarefoundtobehighlyvulnerable it isnecessarytoplanforaretrofittingprogramforatleastcriticalbuildingsandinfrastructure.

DatabaseforEquipment,Manpower,Waterhydrantsetc.Itwillnotbepossible to have all necessary equipment for USER activities in all theurban areas of Bangladesh within FSCD. Therefore it is necessary todevelopadatabasesothatFSCDwillbeabletoborrowequipmentfrom



theGovernmentinstitutions,privatecontractorssoonduringearthquakedisasterevent.

Firecutoffsystemsforutilities.Firecutoffsystemsforutilitiessuchasgas and electricity. Generally Fire outbreaks are common in developingcountries in case of earthquakes due to gas leaks, power short cuts etc.Sincethereisnowarningtimeincaseofearthquakesthereisanecessityfor fixing autocut off arrangements for power lines, gas lines etc. Thisshould be a requirement under building bye laws and utilities projects.Routine inspections are needed for verification of the effectiveness ofsuchsystems.

Specialassistancetoutilitiesduringemergencies.Duringemergencieslikeearthquakesthereisanecessityforsharingofresources,manpowerequipmentetcandithastobedonethroughprearrangedagreementsforsharingofresources.FSCDhasto identifysuchresourcefulagenciesandhave agreements with private parties and government agencies forsharingofresourcesduringemergencies.

6.4 ActionPlanforEnhancementofCapacity

PresentcapacitiesofDirectorateofFireServiceandCivilDefence(FSCD)inDisasterManagement are largely centered on emergency response and postdisasterrecovery; there is a need for a comprehensive geohazard risk reductionContingencyplanningstrategythatislinkedtoaneasyimplementationframeworktobeabletoaddresstheseissues.

Ensuring clear delineation of contingency plan preparation and implementationwithinlocalgovernmentandinstitutionalstructuresisvital.Thisishightimetotakeimmediate step towards longerterm investment and effective implementation.Ensuringthatappropriatespatialplanningatalllevelsofimplementationisneededto ensure disaster preparedness is considered early on in the decision planningprocess. This should review existing response mechanism and address thesimplificationofprocedures, futureplanningandimmediateresponseactionswithregardtoearthquakehazard.Aclearerviewoncurrentpublic andprivate sectordisasterContingencyplanningstrategies needs to be compiled. Focus needs to be placed on aswide a businesscohortaspossible, including(thoughnotexclusive to) foodandwatersupply,andotherhumanitarianassistance.Inaddition,considerationshouldbegiventogender,childrenanddisabilityissuespostgeohazarddisasterepisode.

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GlossaryofTerms


GlossaryofTermsBuildingCodes Ordinances and regulations controlling the design, construction,

materials, alteration and occupancy of any structure to insurehuman safety andwelfare. Building codes include both technicalandfunctionalstandards.

Capacity Acombinationofallthestrengthsandresourcesavailablewithinacommunity, society or organization that can reduce the level ofrisk,ortheeffectsofadisaster.

Capacity may include physical, institutional, social or economicmeans as well as skilled personal or collective attributes such asleadership and management. Capacity may also be described ascapability.

CapacityBuilding Efforts aimed to develop human skills or societal infrastructureswithinacommunityororganizationneededtoreducethelevelofrisk.

In extended understanding, capacity building also includesdevelopmentofinstitutional,financial,politicalandotherresources,suchastechnologyatdifferentlevelsandsectorsofthesociety.

Cluster Aclusterisessentiallyasectoralgroupandthereshouldbenodifferentiation between the two in terms of their objectives andactivities; the aim of filling gaps and ensuring adequatepreparedness and response should be the same. (IASC GuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)

ClusterApproach TheCluster Approach aims to strengthen humanitarian responsecapacity and effectiveness in five keyways: i) ensuring sufficientglobalcapacityisbuiltupandmaintainedinkeygapsectors/areasof response; ii) identifying predictable leadership in the gapsectors/areas of response; iii) facilitating partnerships andimprovedinteragencycomplementaritybymaximizingresources;iv)strengtheningaccountability;and5) improvingstrategic fieldlevel coordination and prioritization in specific sectors/areas ofresponsebyplacingresponsibilityforleadershipandcoordinationof these issues with the competent operational agency. (IASCGuidanceNoteonUsingtheClusterApproachNov2006)

ClusterLeads Aclusterleadisanagency/organizationthatformallycommitstotake on a leadership role within the international humanitariancommunity in a particular sector/area of activity, to ensureadequate response and high standards of predictability,accountability & partnership. (IASC Guidance Note on Using theClusterApproachNov2006)

Disaster Aseriousdisruptionofthefunctioningofacommunityorasocietycausingwidespreadhuman,material, economicorenvironmentallosses which exceed the ability of the affected community orsocietytocopeusingitsownresources.

A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from thecombinationofhazards,conditionsofvulnerabilityand insufficient

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capacityormeasurestoreducethepotentialnegativeconsequencesofrisk.

DisasterRiskManagement

The systematic process of using administrative decisions,organization, operational skills and capacities to implementpolicies, strategies and coping capacities of the society andcommunitiesto lessenthe impactsofnaturalhazardsandrelatedenvironmental and technological disasters. This comprises allforms of activities, including structural and nonstructuralmeasures to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation andpreparedness)adverseeffectsofhazards.

DisasterRiskReduction(disasterreduction)

The conceptual framework of elements considered with thepossibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risksthroughoutasociety,toavoid(prevention)orto limit(mitigationand preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within thebroadcontextofsustainabledevelopment.

Thedisasterriskreduction framework iscomposedofthe followingfieldsofaction,asdescribedinISDR'spublication2002"LivingwithRisk:aglobalreviewofdisasterreductioninitiatives",page23:

Risk awareness and assessment including hazard analysisandvulnerability/capacityanalysis;

Knowledge development including education, training,researchandinformation;

Publiccommitmentand institutional frameworks, includingorganisational,policy,legislationandcommunityaction;

Application of measures including environmentalmanagement, landuse and urban planning, protection ofcritical facilities, application of science and technology,partnershipandnetworking,andfinancialinstruments;

Earlywarning systems including forecasting,disseminationofwarnings,preparednessmeasuresandreactioncapacities.

Earthquake An earthquake is a series of vibrations on the earths surfacecausedbythegenerationofelastic(seismic)wavesduetosuddenrupture within the earth during release of accumulated strainenergy.

EmergencyManagement

The organization and management of resources andresponsibilities for dealing with all aspects of emergencies, inparticularlypreparedness,responseandrehabilitation.

Emergency management involves plans, structures andarrangements established to engage the normal endeavours ofgovernment,voluntaryandprivateagenciesinacomprehensiveandcoordinatedway to respond to thewhole spectrum of emergencyneeds.Thisisalsoknownasdisastermanagement.

Emergency Consistsofallactivitiestakeninanticipationofacrisistoexpediteeffectiveemergencyresponse.Thisincludescontingencyplanning,

GlossaryofTerms


Preparedness butisnot limitedto it: italsocoversstockpiling,thecreationandmanagementofstandbycapacitiesandtrainingstaffandpartnersin emergency response. (Source: ODIHPN Contingency PlanningReviewPaper2007)

FirstResponder The term 'first responder' refers to those agencies/ individualswho in the early stages of an incident are responsible for theprotection and preservation of life, property, evidence, and theenvironment, including emergency responseproviders aswell asemergencymanagement,publichealth,clinicalcare,publicworks,and other skilled support personnel (such as equipmentoperators) that provide immediate support services duringprevention,response,andrecoveryoperations.

Source:HomelandSecurityActof2002(6U.S.C.101,Washington,U.S.A.)

Geographicinformationsystems(GIS)

Analysis that combine relational databases with spatialinterpretationandoutputsofteninformofmaps.Amoreelaboratedefinition is that of computerprogrammes for capturing, storing,checking, integrating, analysing and displaying data about theearththatisspatiallyreferenced.

Geographicalinformationsystemsareincreasinglybeingutilisedforhazard and vulnerabilitymapping and analysis, aswell as for theapplicationofdisasterriskmanagementmeasures.

Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or humanactivitythatmaycausethelossoflifeorinjury,propertydamage,socialandeconomicdisruptionorenvironmentaldegradation.

Hazards can include latent conditions that may represent futurethreats and can have different origins: natural (geological,hydrometeorologicalandbiological)orinducedbyhumanprocesses(environmental degradation and technological hazards). Hazardscanbesingle,sequentialorcombinedintheiroriginandeffects.Eachhazard is characterised by its location, intensity, frequency andprobability.

HazardAnalysis Identification,studiesandmonitoringofanyhazardtodetermineitspotential,origin,characteristicsandbehaviour.

LandusePlanning Branch of physical and socioeconomic planning that determinesthemeansandassessesthevaluesorlimitationsofvariousoptionsinwhich land is tobeutilized,with the corresponding effects ondifferent segments of thepopulationor interests of a communitytakenintoaccountinresultingdecisions.

Landuse planning involves studies and mapping, analysis ofenvironmentalandhazarddata,formulationofalternativelandusedecisionsanddesignofalongrangeplanfordifferentgeographicalandadministrativescales.

Landuseplanningcanhelptomitigatedisastersandreducerisksbydiscouraging highdensity settlements and construction of key

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installations in hazardprone areas, control of population densityand expansion, and in the siting of service routes for transport,power,water,sewageandothercriticalfacilities.

Mitigation Structural and nonstructural measures undertaken to limit theadverseimpactofnaturalhazards,environmentaldegradationandtechnologicalhazards.

NaturalHazards Natural processes or phenomena occurring in the biosphere thatmayconstituteadamagingevent.

Natural hazards can be classified by origin namely: geological,hydrometeorological or biological. Hazardous events can vary inmagnitudeorintensity,frequency,duration,areaofextent,speedofonset,spatialdispersionandtemporalspacing.

PlanningAssumptions

Thekeyelementsofascenariothatformthebasisfordevelopingacontingencyplan(forexample,projectedcaseloads)(Source:IASCContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)

Preparedness Activities and measures taken in advance to ensure effectiveresponsetotheimpactofhazards,includingtheissuanceoftimelyand effective early warnings and the temporary evacuation ofpeopleandpropertyfromthreatenedlocations.

Prevention Activities to provide outright avoidance of the adverse impact ofhazards and means to minimize related environmental,technologicalandbiologicaldisasters.

Depending on social and technical feasibility and cost/benefitconsiderations,investinginpreventivemeasuresisjustifiedinareasfrequentlyaffectedbydisasters. In the contextofpublicawarenessandeducation,relatedtodisasterriskreductionchangingattitudesandbehaviourcontributetopromotinga"cultureofprevention".

Recovery Decisions and actions taken after a disaster with a view torestoring or improving the predisaster living conditions of thestricken community,while encouraging and facilitatingnecessaryadjustmentstoreducedisasterrisk.

Recovery(rehabilitationandreconstruction)affordsanopportunitytodevelopandapplydisasterriskreductionmeasures.

Relief/Response Theprovisionofassistanceorinterventionduringorimmediatelyafteradisastertomeetthelifepreservationandbasicsubsistenceneeds of those people affected. It can be of an immediate, shortterm,orprotractedduration.

Resilience/Resilient The capacity of a system, community or society potentiallyexposed tohazards toadapt,by resistingor changing inorder toreach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning andstructure. This is determined by the degree to which the socialsystem is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity forlearning from past disasters for better future protection and toimproveriskreductionmeasures.

GlossaryofTerms


Retrofitting(orupgrading)

Reinforcement of structures to become more resistant andresilienttotheforcesofnaturalhazards.

Retrofitting involvesconsiderationofchanges inthemass,stiffness,damping, load path and ductility ofmaterials, as well as radicalchangessuchasthe introductionofenergyabsorbingdampersandbase isolation systems. Examples of retrofitting includes theconsiderationofwind loadingtostrengthenandminimizethewindforce,orinearthquakeproneareas,thestrengtheningofstructures.

Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses(deaths,injuries,property,livelihoods,economicactivitydisruptedor environment damaged) resulting from interactions betweennaturalorhumaninducedhazardsandvulnerableconditions.

Conventionally risk is expressed by the notationRisk = Hazards x Vulnerability. Some disciplines also include theconceptof exposure to referparticularly to thephysicalaspectsofvulnerability.

Beyond expressing a possibility of physical harm, it is crucial torecognize that risksare inherentor canbe createdor existwithinsocialsystems.Itisimportanttoconsiderthesocialcontextsinwhichrisks occur and that people therefore do not necessarily share thesameperceptionsofriskandtheirunderlyingcauses.(Source:ISDR)

RiskAssessment/Analysis

A methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk byanalysing potential hazards and evaluating existing conditions ofvulnerabilitythatcouldposeapotentialthreatorharmtopeople,property,livelihoodsandtheenvironmentonwhichtheydepend.

Theprocessofconductingariskassessmentisbasedonareviewofboth the technical features of hazards such as their location,intensity, frequency and probability; and also the analysis of thephysical, social, economic and environmental dimensions ofvulnerability and exposure,while taking particular account of thecopingcapabilitiespertinenttotheriskscenarios.

Scenario An account or synopsis of a possible course of events that couldoccur, which forms the basis for planning assumptions (forexample,ariverfloods,coveringanearbytownandwipingoutthelocal populations crop) (Source: IASC Contingency PlanningGuidelines2001)

Scenariobuilding Theprocessofdevelopinghypotheticalscenariosinthecontextofa contingency planning exercise. (Source: IASC ContingencyPlanningGuidelines2001)

SeismicHazard Seismichazard in the context of engineeringdesign is defined asthe predicted level of ground acceleration which would beexceededwith10%probabilityatthesiteunderconstructionduetooccurrenceofearthquakeanywhereintheregion,inthenext50years.

Sustainable Development that meets the needs of the present without

GlossaryofTerms


development compromisingtheabilityof futuregenerations tomeet theirownneeds. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of"needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, towhich overriding priority should be given; and the idea oflimitations imposed by the state of technology and socialorganizationontheenvironment'sabilitytomeetpresentandthefutureneeds.(BrundtlandCommission,1987).

Sustainable development is based on sociocultural development,political stability and decorum, economic growth and ecosystemprotection,whichallrelatetodisasterriskreduction.

Vulnerability The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, andenvironmental factors or processes, which increase thesusceptibilityofacommunitytotheimpactofhazards.

Forpositivefactors,whichincreasetheabilityofpeopletocopewithhazards,seedefinitionofcapacity.

A 1 Cover PageA 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSA 4 FSCD-EXECUTIVE SUMMARYB 1 FSCD-CHAPTER 1B 2 FSCD- CHAPTER 2B 3 FSCD- Chapter 3B 4 FSCD- CHAPTER 4B 5 FSCD- CHAPTER 5B 6 FSCD- CHAPTER 6C 1 BibliographyC 2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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earthquake contingency plan for directorate of fire services and civil defense (fscd)

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