elt methodology (1) 《英语教学法》(上) lecturer: ark fang english department, sisu...
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ELT Methodology (1)《英语教学法》(上)
Lecturer:
Ark Fang
English Department, SISU
主讲 :
方友荣四川外语学院英语系
Introduction to Methods Grammar-Translation Method
Direct Method
Audio-Lingual Method
Cognitive Approach
Functional Approach
Eclectic Approach
I. Grammar-TranslationHistory
Basic Tenets
Classroom Teaching
Advantages
Disadvantages
Suggestions
A. HistoryA. Over 300 years.B. Rooted in formal teaching of
Latin and GreekC. Still widely used, especially in
reading courses.D. Mainly developing reading
comprehensionE. Translation Method, Reading
Method, Classical Method.
B. Basic Tenets1. For reading scientific, literary
works; Developing student’s mind.
2. First learn grammar vocabulary through reading & writing.
3. Grammar taught deductively by long and elaborate explanations.
4. The mastery of grammar and vocabulary check by translation.
Basic Tenets5. Develop skills in translating from
& into the target language.
6. Learn language rules rather than
language use.
7. Constant comparison of the NL
and the FL is made during the
entire teaching process.
C. Classroom TeachingUsual Activities:
Explain & analyze texts, complicated grammar rules and paradigms.
Unvaried Procedure:Read aloud the whole text, then sentence by sentence; analyze
grammatical structure; translate into native language, dwell upon
grammar; many written exercises.
D. Advantages1. Not too demanding of the teacher.
2. Students can learn much about rules and their exceptions.
3. Students are usually very good at translation, though often more grammatically than idiomatically.
4. It’s easy to test students.
5. It’s easy to control the class.
E. Disadvantages1. Poor pronunciation & intonation.
2. Weak in oral skill.
3. Can’t apply rules even in writing, much less in speaking.
4. Learn the literal language, with stilted, esoteric vocabulary.
5. Dull classes, and the students often overloaded.
F. SuggestionBackward
Limited for Listening & Speaking.
Controlled for reading & writing.
Limited for grammar, vocabulary.
Limited use for junior grades
Controlled use for senior grades.
II. Direct MethodTheoretical Base
Basic Tenets
Classroom Teaching
Advantages
Disadvantages
Modern Tendencies
A. Theoretical BasesStudents learn to understand a
language by listening to a great deal of it and that they learn to speak it by speaking it—associating speech
with appropriate action.
It is the way a child acquire the NL.
This is the way a child learn a SL language in foreign environment.
B. Basic Tenets1. Mainly for ability to
communicate and to think in FL; 2. By direct association of foreign
words & phrases with objects & actions without NL use.
3. Speech precedes reading.4. Step-by-step with QA dialogue.5. Grammar learned inductively,
and largely by practice.
C. Classroom Teaching1. Introductory period.
2. Start with words for objects in classroom, with simple phrases, statements and questions.
3. Then everyday expressions.
4. Exposed to complete, meaningful sentences in the FL,
5. Paraphrase.
6. Grammar learned with practice.
7. Figure out the rule by themselves.
8. Mistake not corrected.
9. Read new words & constructions
orally presented by teacher.
10. Never encouraged to translate.
11. Writing is usually taught from
the very beginning.
12. Reading limited primarily to the
written on the black board.
Textbook not used in class, but
only helps students review lessons
at home.
D. Advantages1. Students’ participation.
2. Interests for teachers & students.
3. Good pronunciation & intonation.
4. Communicative use of language.
5. Success in non-classroom settings.
6. Exciting and interesting.
7. Speaking FL in the early stages
E. Disadvantages1. Lack systematic learning of
structures and vocabulary.
2. Too soon express in FL in relatively unstructured situation.
3. Glib but inaccurate fluency with foreign words in NL structure.
4. Good for the smart, not for the slow.
5. high demand on the teacher.
F. Modern Tendencies1. Add a strictly functional
explanation of grammar in the NL.2. Add more practice of grammatical
structures.3. When difficult to explain meanings
of words and phrases, give a short NL explanation.
4. The method of translation of words and phrases as a check.
III. Audio-Lingual MethodTheoretical Bases
Basic Tenets
Classroom Teaching
Advantages
Disadvantages
Modern Tendencies
A. Theoretical BasesA. Behaviorist psychology:
Mimicry-memorization of a set of phrases should be the basis for language acquisition activities.
B. Descriptive linguistics: Practice of structures should be the fundamental components of language instruction.
C. Refined combination of the two.
B. Basic Tenets1. Develop the same abilities that
NL speakers have.
2. The FL system be established separate of the NL.
3. Situations where students trained & conditioned for non-thoughtful, correct, and automatic responses to any stimuli, oral or written.
4. Pattern drills carried on briskly and without explanation.
5. Knowledge of grammatical rule hinders language learning.
6. The sequence of L, S, R and W be followed at least in elementary and intermediate stages.
7. Always L & S, R & W only at later stages with less attention.
C. Classroom Teaching1. Pre-reading period.
2. Memorize dialogues, practice pattern drills until automatic response to stimuli, talk with learned words & structures about topic in controlled context.
3. Reading after listening, speaking.
4. Writing comes last.
D. Advantages1. Successful in listening & speaking.
2. More scientifically & systematically arranged.
3. Thorough practice in using grammar patterns.
4. Active use of language.
5. Especially appropriate for younger and less gifted students
E. Disadvantages1. Lack flexibility and be uncertain.
2. Boring overuse of mimicry,
memorization, pattern drills.
3. Not fully understand rules.
4. Reading & writing downgraded.
5. Considerably demanding.
F. Modern Tendencies1. Greatly shorten or eliminate the
pre-reading period.2. Explain some grammar before
pattern drills.3. Less strictly follow the natural
sequence of language learning.4. Increase the realism and
meaningfulness of the drills.5. Restrict less on NL use.
IV.Cognitive MethodTheoretical bases
Basic Tenets
Classroom Teaching
Advantages
Disadvantages
A. Theoretical Bases1. One of the most recent methods.
2. It signals a rejection of stimulus-response models.
3. It signals a rejection of the idea that language is external to individual mind.
4. It signals an Encouragement of grammar teaching.
B. Basic Tenets1. Develop the same types of abilities
possessed by the native speakers.
2. Competence before performance.
3. Grammar learned functionally.
4. Meaning learning.
5. Mistakes are unavoidable, necessary and natural.
6. L and S before R and W.
C. Classroom Teaching1. Introduction of New Material:
meaningfully present all the new sounds, vocabulary and structures.
2. Exercises: Comprehend, consciously learn, select forms to fit the context. Often done at home.
3. Application Activities: Assigned R and L passages. Guided to speak or write own thoughts.
D. Advantages1. More active use of mental power.
2. Meaningful enjoyable learning.
3. Constant use of the four skills
from the very beginning.
4. More opportunities to develop
functional performance skills.
E. Disadvantages1. Well-experienced teachers desired.
2. Teachers heavily burdened in selecting and preparing meaningful presentations.
3. Slow student not successful.
4. Practical activities and procedures are not yet complete.
5. Improvements needed.
V. Functional ApproachTheoretical Bases
Basic Tenets
Communicative Teaching
Advantages
Disadvantages
A. Theoretical Base1. Notional Approach; or
Communicative Approach
2. Socially, result of the growing needs to promote European unity and coordination in education.
3. Linguistically, result of the great development of socio-linguistics and psycholinguistics.
B. Basic Tenets1. Objective
2. Factors in Course Design
3. Integrated Four Skills
4. Selective Grammar Teaching
5. Improvisation or Transfer
6. Communication
1. Objective
Teach all the communicative
skills consciously, with
structure and vocabulary as
the by-products.
2. Factorsa. Communicative Function
b. General Notion
c. Specific Notion
d. Communicative Settings
e. Social, Sexual, Psychological Roles of Participants
Factors
f. Language Style
g. Stress and Intonation
h. Grammar
i. Vocabulary
j. Paralinguistic Features
3. Integrated Four Skills1. The four basic skills taught integra
tedly, not separately.
2. Receptive skills (L and R) before productive skills (S and W).
3. Priority given to any particular skill, according to course objective and learner’s need.
4. Grammar Teaching
Selective grammar teachinga. Items of immediate application in
communicative context.
b. Fundamentally important items at very early stage.
c. Not utterance of low frequency for the mere sake of completeness.
5. ImprovisationIt is the core of a course based on
the communicative approach.
The students are required to
transfer what they have learned in
the textbook to real-life situations as
far as possible.
6. CommunicationStudents are trained to produce
acceptable and appropriate language, but not expected to be
native speakers.
Goal for teachers and students:
Defective but Effective Communication
C. Communicative Teaching1. No Fixed procedure.
2. Improvisation most important.
3. Grammar taught and learned in communicative context.
4. Integrated four skills.
5. Student-centered.
6. Selective methods.
D. Advantages1. Communicative competence.2. Integrated four skills.3. Authentic materials.4. Acceptable,, appropriate, common.5. Communication with grammar and
situation6. Active participation.7. For ESP students and adults
E. DisadvantagesWork on course and assessment,
particularly on methodology, remains to be done.
Unscientific choice of items.Obvious inherent inefficiency.
Limited syllabus.Formidable learning task.
Difficult structures at early stages.
VI. Eclectic Approach
Theoretical Base
Advantage
Disadvantage
Requirements
A. Theoretical BaseA.Recent attempt to combine habit-
formation theories and cognitive-learning theories.
B.Different approaches are combined according to the needs, abilities and
interests of the learners.C.Choices are based on teachers’
particular capacities, preferences and personalities.
B. Advantages
Flexibility:
It allows instruction to be suited to different classroom situations.
Enjoyment:
Its classroom teaching is often varied and interesting.
C. Disadvantages
Its disadvantage lies in the
possibility that it could lead to
piece-meal learning in the hands
of an inexperienced teacher.
4. RequirementsBe very familiar with basic tenets,
features, merits and drawbacks of all major methods.
Be professional aware of the current methodological trends.
Be able to choose appropriate methods and techniques in his own
teaching situation.