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`B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG I HC KINH T TP.HCM

CAO HC KHA K19

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LUN VN:MT S GII PHP HON THIN HOT NG CHUI CUNG NG TI CNG TY C PHN THC PHM DINH DNG NUTIFOOD GVHD: TS. NG QUANG HUN

HV: L TH DIU CHI

LP: QTKD_1K19

Thng 7 nm 2012Li cam oan

Ti xin cam oan ti Mt s gii php hon thin hot ng chui cung ng ti cng ty c phn thc phm dinh dng Nutifood l cng trnh nghin cu ca ring bn thn ti. Cc s liu iu tra, kt qu nghin cu nu trong lun vn l trung thc v cha tng c cng b trong bt k ti liu no khc.

Tc gi DANH MC CC CH VIT TT

HQT: Hi ng qun trDANH SCH BNG BIUBng 2.1: Tnh hnh lao ng ca cng ty qua 2012

40Bng 2.2. Kt qu hot ng kinh doanh 3 nm 2009-2011

41Bng 2.3: Sc cha lu kho v cung ng hng ha

Bng 2.4: Mt s nh cung cp chnh ca Nutifood

45Bng 2.5: Chi ph nguyn vt liu v mt s chi ph khc

45Bng 2.6. T l giao hng ng hn ca nh cung cp

47Bng 2.7: T l thanh ton cho nh cung cp nguyn vt liu

52Bng 2.8: Bng cng xut v thi gian sn xut sn phm

59Bng 2.9: Bng thng k s n t hng 2 nm 2010 v 2011

61Bng 2.10: Bng s liu thu hi n khch hng

64Bng 2.11: Bng thi gian vn vn chuyn hng ha

66Bng 2.12: Bng s liu iu phi giao hng

66Bng 2.13: Bng t l giao hng theo ng yu cu khch hng

82Bng 2.14:Bng t l giao hng ng hn

12Bng 2.15:Bng thng k nguyn nhn giao hng tr

37Bng 2.16:Bng chu k thi gian hon thnh n hng

37Bng 2.17:Bng khiu ni v gi tr n b khiu ni

Bng 2.18:Bng lit k li sn phm

37Bng 2.19:Bng ch s quay hng tn kho

37Bng 2.20:Bng t sut li nhun trn doanh thu

37Bng 2.21:Bng doanh thu t vic tung ra sn phm mi

37DANH MC HNH V, S V BIU S 1.1: Nm yu t ch yu ca chui cung ng

40S 2.1: S t chc qun l ca cng ty

41S 2.2: S h thng phn phi Nutifood

S 2.3: S chui cung ng tng qut ti Nutifood .45S 2.4: S c cu t chc nh my sn xut

45S 2.5: Quy trnh x l n hng

47S 3.1: xut quy trnh x l khiu ni

52S 1.1: Quy trnh nghin cu

59Hnh 1.1: Nhng s kin lch s v qun tr chui cung ng

Biu 2.1:Biu Pareto phn tichslooix giao hng tr

37

M U

1. L do chn ti

Ton cu ho v thng mi quc t ang t ra cho cc doanh nghip nhng thch thc v kim sot v tch hp dng chy hng ho, thng tin v ti chnh mt cch hiu qu. iu ny ng ngha vi vic bt k doanh ngip no xy dng mt chui cung ng nhanh nhy, thch nghi cao v sng to s gip h d dng vt qua i th trong cuc chin cnh tranh. Vit Nam ang l mt quc gia c tc hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii rt nhanh v mnh m, v gi y l mt thnh phn khng th thiu trong nhiu cng thc sn phm a quc gia. Hot ng cung ng nguyn vt liu v sn phm ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong qu trnh thc hin cc yu cu v mc tiu ca doanh nghip, c bit l m bo cn bng qu trnh sn xut v tiu th sn phm. Qun tr cung ng nguyn vt liu l mt trong cc iu kin tin cho vic nng cao cht lng sn phm, gim chi ph tn kho, tit kim vt t, m bo cho hot ng sn xut c hiu qu. Qun tr cung ng sn phm nng cao tnh ch ng trong vic p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng, gim thiu cc chi ph qun l, bo qun, m bo cht lng sn phm, gim thiu tn kho v hao ht. Qun tr tt chui cung ng s gip doanh nghip sng khe hn trong mi trng cnh tranh khc lit, gia tng li nhun v phc v tt hn cho ngi tiu dng, l iu quan trng nht ca doanh nghip.

Cng ty c phn thc phm dinh dng Nutifood l doanh nghip chuyn sn xut v kinh doanh cc loi thc phm dinh dng bao gm: Nhm bt dinh dng cho tr n dm, nhm sa bt dinh dng, nhm sn phm cao nng lng, nhm sn phm dinh dng h tr iu tr, nhm cc sn phm sa ung tit trng. Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca chui cung ng trong vic to ra li th cnh tranh, nng cao hiu qu hot ca cng ty ti quyt nh chn ti MT S GII PHP HON THIN HOT NG CHUI CUNG NG TI CNG TY C PHN PHC PHM DINH DNG NUTIFOOD lm ti nghin cu cho lun vn thc s ca mnh. Hy vng rng vi h thng l lun v chui cung ng v nhng gii php a ra di y l mt ti liu tham kho c gi tr cho cng ty CP TPDD Nutifood ni ring v cc doanh nghip ang hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ni ring c nhng kin thc b ch v chui cung ng p dng thnh cng vo chnh doanh nghip ca mnh.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

* Mc tiu tng qut: Da vo thc t, vn dng h thng l lun qun tr chui cung ng a ra cc gii php nhm nng cao hiu qu chui cung ng ti Cng ty c phn thc phm dinh dng Nutifood.* Mc tiu c th:

+ Nghin cu h thng l lun v qun tr chui cung ng + Phn tch cc yu t nh hng n hot ng chui cung ng v thc trng hot ng chui cung ng ca cng ty Nutifood.+ T h thng l lun, thc t rt ra gii php hon thin chui cung ng.3. Phng php nghin cu v quy trnh nghin cu3.1 Quy trnh nghin cu

3.2 Phng php nghin cu

ti s dng nhiu phng php, trong ch trng s dng cc phng php:

- Phng php tng hp: Tng hp l thuyt chui cung ng t cc ti liu gio trnh, sch bo, internet,

- Phng php m t: M t hot ng kinh doanh, chui cung ng ti cng ty.

- Phng php thng k phn tch: Phn tch tnh hnh hin ti ca cng ty rt ra im mnh, im yu ca chui cung ng

- Phng php iu tra kho st: Kho st thc t hot ng chui cung ng hin ti

+ Ni dung iu tra kho st: Kho st hot ng phn phi, iu tra h thng thng tin, d liu

+ i tng kho st: Nh phn phi+ Cng c s l: Excel

- Phng php t duy: S dng phng php t duy bin chng v t duy logic phn tch thc trng. Trn c s xc nh nhng vn trong hot ng qun tr chui cung ng ti cng ty cn hon thin.

- Phng php suy lun: S dng phng php suy lun quy np v din gii xc nh nhng gii php nng cao hiu qu chui cung ng da trn c s l lun v thc trng3.3. i tng nghin cu

ti nghin cu cc vn l lun v thc tin lin quan n cng tc qun tr chui cung ng ti cng ty Nutifood.

3.4 Phm vi nghin cu

+ V ni dung

- Nghin cu v h thng l lun chui cung ng- Nghin cu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v thc trng cng tc qun tr chui cung ng ti cng ty Nutifood.- xut gii php nng cao hiu qu chui cung ng ti cng ty Nutifood. + V khng gian

ti nghin cu cc vn lin quan n cng tc qun tr chui cung ng ti cng ty Nutifood.

+ Phm vi v thi gian

Lun vn nghin cu cc s liu ca cng ty t nm 2009 n 2011.

4. Cu trc lun vn

Ngoi phn m u, kt lun, danh mc ti liu tham kho, ni dung ti gm 3 chng:

Chng 1: C s l lun v qun tr chui cung ng.

Chng 2: Thc trng qun tr chui cung ng ti cng ty Nutifood Chng 3: Gii php nng cao hiu qu hot ng chui cung ng ti cng ty Nutifood..

CHNG 1:S L LUN V QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG

1.1. Khi nim qun tr chui cung ng 1.1.1. Khi nim chui cung ng v qun tr chui cung ng1.1.1.1. Khi nim chui cung ngTrong qu trnh tn ti v pht trin ca mi t chc th hot ng mua hng, cung ng hng ha l hot ng khng th thiu. X hi ngy cng pht trin th vai tr ca cung ng cng thm quan trng. Gi y cung ng c coi l v kh chin lc gip tng sc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trn thng trng.Mc d chui cung ng kh mi m Vit Nam nhng trn th gii, cc nh nghin cu a ra kh nhiu khi nim v chng:Theo Lambert, Stock v Ellram quan nim rng: Chui cung ng l s lin kt gia cc cng ty chu trch nhim mang sn phm hoc dch v ra th trng." Theo Ganeshan, Ram v Terry ta c: Chui cung ng l mng li cc nh xng v nhng la chn phn phi nhm thc hin chc nng thu mua nguyn vt liu, chuyn nhng vt liu ny thnh bn thnh phm, thnh phm v phn phi nhng thnh phm ny ti tay khch hng

Nh vy, chui cung ng bao gm tt c nhng vn lin quan trc tip hay gin tip nhm tho mn nhu cu ca khch hng. Chui cung ng khng ch bao gm nh sn xut, nh cung cp m cn lin quan n nh vn chuyn, nh kho, nh bn l v khch hng.... N l mt mng li cc phng ban v s la chn phn phi nhm thc hin chc nng thu mua nguyn vt liu; bin i nguyn vt liu thnh bn thnh phm v thnh phm; phn phi sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng.

1.1.1.2. Khi nim qun tr chui cung ng

Da vo cc khi nim v chui cung ng, ta c th nh ngha qun tr chui cung ng l nhng thao tc tc ng n hot ng chui cung ng t kt qu mong mun, trn th gii c mt s nh ngha nh sau:

Qun tr chui cung ng l vic qun l cc mi quan h bn trn v bn di, vi nh cung cp v khch hng nhm cung cp gi tr khch hng cao nht vi chi ph thp nht tnh cho tng th chui cung ng.Qun tr chui cung ng l vic phi hp hot ng sn xut, lu kho, a im v vn ti gia cc thnh vin ca chui cung ng nhm mang n cho th trng m bn ang phc v s kt hp tin ch v hiu qu nht.

Trong Strategic Logistics Management, James R. Stock v Douglas M. Lamber nh ngha Qun tr chui cung ng l s hp nht cc quy trnh hot ng kinh doanh ch yu t ngi tiu dng cui cng cho n nhng nh cung ng u tin cung cp cc sn phm, dch v, thng tin, qua gia tng gi tr cho khch hng v cc c ng.

Th gii c rt nhiu hc gi nghin cu v a ra cc khi nim v qun tr chui cung ng, tuy ngn t v cch din t khc nhau nhng tu trung li, c th hiu mt cch n gin chui cung ng l mt chui lin kt nhm ti u ha tt c cc hot ng t khu u tin l nhn n hng n khu cui cng l phn phi sn phm ti tay ngi tiu dng, k c khu hu mi. Cn qun tr chui cung ng l hot ng kim sot v ti u ha hot ng cc mi lin kt ny to ra sn phm v dch v c cht lng cao vi chi ph thp v giao hng nhanh nht c th.

1.1.1.3. Xu hng pht trin ca chui cung ng

* Lch s ra i chui cung ng

Mua hng t lu c coi l mt trong nhng nhim v c bn ph bin cho mi t chc, cng ty, nhng vo cc thp nin 78, 80 ca th k 20 nhiu nh lnh o cp cao ca cc tp on ln coi nh chc nng ny m ch tp trung vo cc chc nng tip th, nghin cu pht trin, ti chnh v sn xut. Chnh quan nim sai lm ny lm chm bc tin ca nghnh cung ng.Vo nhng nm 1960 v 1970 qun tr mua hng v cung ng thng s dng h thng th kho ( Th Kardex) qun l hng tn kho. B phn mua hng ch quan tm n

+ Gi mua

+ Trnh dy chuyn sn xut ngng tr

+ Qun l hng tn kho

Vo cui nm 1970 th trng tr nn mang tnh quc t hn, c trn quan im tip th ln cung ng, my tnh bt u h tr vic qun l hng tn kho, chi ph cho nguyn vt liu tr thnh tr thnh mt ti quan trng, vic qun l hng tn kho c ch trng hn.

Hnh 1.1: Nhng s kin lch s v qun tr chui cung ng

Trong thp nin 1960 v 1970, h thng hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu (MRP) v h thng hoch nh ngun lc sn xut (MRPII) c pht trin v tm quan trng ca qun tr nguyn vt liu hiu qu cng c nhn mnh khi nh sn xut nhn thc tc ng ca mc tn kho cao n chi ph sn xut v chi ph lu gi tn kho. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, c bit l my tnh lm gia tng tnh tinh vi ca cc phn mm kim sot tn kho dn n lm gim ng k chi ph tn kho trong khi vn ci thin truyn thng ni b v nhu cu ca cc chi tit cn mua cng nh ngun cung.

Thp nin 1980 c xem nh l thi k bn l ca qun tr chui cung ng. Thut ng qun tr chui cung ng ln u tin s dng mt cch rng ri trn nhiu t bo c th l tp ch vo nm 1982. Cnh tranh trn th trng ton cu tr nn khc lit vo u thp nin 1980 (v tip tc n ngy nay) gy p lc n cc nh sn xut phi ct gim chi ph nng cao cht lng sn phm cng vi vic gia tng mc phc v khch hng. Cc hng sn xut vn dng JIT v chin lc qun tr cht lng ton din (TQM) nhm ci tin cht lng, nng cao hiu qu sn xut v thi gian giao hng. Trong mi trng sn xut JIT vi vic s dng t tn kho lm m cho lch trnh sn xut, cc doanh nghip bt u nhn thy li ch tim tng v tm quan trng ca mi quan h chin lc v hp tc ca nh cung cp - ngi mua - khch hng.

Khi nim v s cng tc hoc lin minh cng ni bt khi cc doanh nghip thc hin JIT v TQM. Khi cnh tranh th trng M gia tng nhiu hn vo thp nin 1990 km vi vic gia tng chi ph hu cn v tn kho cng nh khuynh hng ton cu ha nn kinh t lm cho thch thc ca vic ci thin cht lng, hiu qu sn xut, dch v khch hng v thit k v pht trin sn phm mi cng gia tng. gii quyt vi nhng thch thc ny, cc nh sn xut bt u mua sn phm t cc nh cung cp cht lng cao, c danh ting v c chng thc. Hn na cc doanh nghip sn xut ku gi cc nh cung cp tham gia vo vic thit k v pht trin sn phm mi cng nh ng gp kin co vic ci thin dch v, cht lng v gim chi ph chung. Mt khc, cc cng ty nhn thy rng nu h cam kt mua hng t nhng nh cung cp tt nht cho hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh th i li h s hng li gia tng doanh s thng qua s ci tin cht lng, phn phi v thit k sn phm cng nh ct gim chi ph nh vo vic quan tm nhiu n tin trnh, nguyn vt liu v cc linh kin c s dng trong hot ng sn xut. Nhiu lin minh gia nh cung cp v ngi mua chng t s thnh cng ca mnh.

V vy, qun tr chui cung ng pht trin song song theo hai hng: (1) qun tr cung ng v thu mua nhn mnh n khch hng cng nghip hoc khch hng t chc v (2) vn ti v hu cn nhn mnh t nh bn s v nh bn l. i vi ngnh bn s v bn l, trng tm ca qun tr chui cung ng l nhng vn v v tr v hu cu hn l vn sn xut. Qun tr chui cung ng trong nhng ngnh ny thng lin quan n vic p ng nhanh chng hoc hu cn tch hp. Thnh tu ca h thng chuyn i d liu in t ni b (EDI), h thng m vch, Internet v cng ngh qut sng bng tng trong hai thp k qua c h tr cho s pht trin ca khi nim chui cung ng tch hp. Cc doanh nghip trong ngnh bn l s dng qun tr chui cung ng nhm ng u vi tnh phc tp v khng chc chn cha tng c ca th trng v gim thiu tn kho xuyn sut chui cung ng. Vic pht trin nhanh chng phn mm qun tr chui cung ng khch hng/ my ch m in hnh bao gm vic tch hp qun tr chui cung ng v cc cu thnh ca thng mi in t h tr c lc cho s pht trin v ng dng qun tr chui cung ng. Chia s thng tin vi cc i tc chui cung ng thng qua EDI v Internet cho php doanh nghip tch hp chc nng tn kho, hu cn, mua nguyn vt liu, vn chuyn v cc chc nng khc nhm to ra phng thc qun tr tin phong v hiu qu hn. Trong tng lai, chng ta s hy vng rng qun tr chui cung ng nhn mnh n vic m rng chui cung ng, gia tng trch nhim ca chui v nhn mnh hn na vo chui cung ng xanh cng nh ct gim ng k chi ph ca chui.

* Xu hng pht trin

Pht trin mnh ng dng qun tr chui cung ng vo qun l x hi cng nh tt c cc ngnh kinh t, sn xut v tiu th cc loi sn phm: t, du kh, in t, th cng m ngh v sn xut nng nghip,

Gia tng tp trung vo cc gi tr ct li: cc cng ty ngy cng tin tng rng ci thin nng lc cnh tranh ca h th cn phi tp trung ton b nng lc vo nhng mng m h lm tt nht v ch thc hin nhng hot ng gip h gia tng gi tr ct li ca mnh. Mt s cng ty ang dn nhn ra rng hot ng cung ng khng phi l th mnh trong kinh doanh ca mnh v h gia tng chuyn sang nh cung cp dch v cung ng chuyn nghip t c hiu qu v kh nng ti a, iu m h s khng lm c nu t thc hin.

Xu th ton cu ho: trong qu trnh tm kim nhng gi tr ln hn, cc cng ty lun tm kim th trng mi v ngun nguyn liu mi r hn trn ton th gii, h phi nh n nhiu cng ty cung ng. p ng c nhu cu khch hng mt cch ti u, cc cng ty cung ng tm mi cch m rng hot ng ca mnh trn ton cu, sp nhp hoc hp tc nhm cung cp dch v khch hng mt cch ton din.

Chuyn hng t phng php y (Push) sang phng php Ko (Pull): tc chuyn t hng sn xut, tn kho v y ra th trng p ng nhu cu sang sn xut theo cc n t hng p ng ngay nhu cu thc t, khi s gim ti thiu tn kho v rt ngn chu trnh sn xut.

ng dng thnh tu mi v cng ngh thng tin vo qun l, m rng thng mi in t: S tham gia ca cng ngh thng thc y vic qun l c hiu qu cc hot ng cung ng. Hu ht cc cng ty cung ng ln u s dng cc phn mm nh h thng qun l kho v h thng qun l vn ti,. ng dng Internet v EDI (chuyn giao d liu in t) cho php cc cng ty cung cp cc dch v gi tr ln hn cho khch hng, dch v cung cp cng c tm kim xc lp gi tr cho khch hng trong vic ln k hoch hot ng ca h tt hn v gim vn lu ng do nh hng bi tn kho v cc hot ng vn chuyn.

Cc xu hng mi ni ln: Khch hng ngy cng i hi hng ho v dch v tt hn, ng thi cng m ra nhng yu cu v s chnh xc, ng hn, tin li, thch ng nhanh, cht lng v gi thnh ngy cng thp. Hn na th trng ti chnh ang tm kim nhiu li nhun ln hn v bo m hn trong nhng khon u t ca h. Nhng yu t c bn ny tc ng n s thay i ca ngnh cung ng:

- S ph thuc vo gi tr ct li v vic tp trung vo khch hng i hi cc cng ty phi lm vic vi nhiu i tc hn hon tt n hng, dn n vic ra i h thng i tc kinh doanh.

- S mong i ngy cng cao ca th trng ti chnh v vng quay vn ngn hn v li nhun nhiu hn ko theo nhu cu v s tch hp chui cung ng v chui ti chnh.

- Thng mi in t c pht minh v s dng qu rng ri trong thi gian gn y do s tin li, tit kim ca n dn n s ra i ca cung ng bn th 5 (5PL).

- Chi ph gia tng ng k ca vic khng p ng mong i v hiu qu hot ng (d bo th trng sai hay giao hng chm tr) dn n vic p dng k thut qun l ri ro cho vic lp k hoch chui cung ng, gim st thi gian nhm kim sot v can thip kp thi cc pht sinh bt thng.

- p lc ci thin li nhun ko theo vic p dng cc chin lc qun l doanh thu v chng trnh nh gi ng cng nh pht trin nhiu dch v mi: logistics ngc (reverse logistics), qun l chui dch v v thit k cho logistics.1.1.2. Cc thnh vin ca chui cung ng

Bt k chui cung ng no trn y cng i hi phi c s kt hp gia cc doanh nghip thc hin nhiu chc nng khc nhau trong chui cung ng. Cc doanh nghip ny chnh l nh sn xut, nh phn phi hay ngi bn s l hoc ng vai tr l khch hng, ngi tiu dng.Cu trc chui cung ng* Chui cung ng n gin

* Chui cung ng m rng

Nh cung cp dch v bao gm:

+ Logistics (Hu cn)

+ Ti chnh

+ Nghin cu th trng

+ Thit k sn phm

+ Cng ngh thng tin

1.1.3. Vai tr v chc nng ca chui cung ng

1.1.3.1. Vai tr

SCM c ngha v cng to ln trong hot ng ca doanh nghip t vic mua nguyn vt liu no? t ai? sn xut nh th no? sn xut u? phn phi nh th no? ti u ha tng qu trnh s gip doanh nghip gim chi ph v nng cao kh nng cnh tranh cho doanh nghip. l mt yu cu sng cn i vi doanh nghip hot ng sn xut kinh doanh.

Mt s vai tr ch yu ca chui cung ng:

- Cung ng l mt hot ng quan trng khng th thiu trong mi t chc: Mi doanh nghip khng th tn ti, pht trin nu khng c cung cp cc yu t u vo: Nguyn vt liu, my mc thit b, dch vCung ng l nhm p ng cc nhu cu ca doanh nghip.- Lin kt tt c cc thnh vin tp trung vo hot ng tng gi tr.

- Qun l hiu qu hn ton mng li ca mnh bng vic bao qut c tt c cc nh cung cp, cc nh my sn xut, cc kho lu tr v h thng cc knh phn phi.

- Sp xp hp l v tp trung vo cc chin lc phn phi c th loi b cc sai st trong cng tc hu cn cng nh s thiu lin kt c th dn ti vic chm tr.

- Tng hiu qu cng tc lin kt trong ton chui cung ng bng vic chia s cc thng tin cn thit nh cc bn bo co xu hng nhu cu th trng, cc d bo, mc tn kho, v cc k hoch vn chuyn vi cc nh cung cp cng nh cc i tc khc.

- Tng mc kim sot cng tc hu cn sa cha kp thi cc vn pht sinh trong chui cung ng trc khi qu mun.1.1.3.2. Chc nng ca chui cung ng

Cc gii php SCM cung cp mt b ng dng ton din bao gm cc phn h v cc tnh nng h tr t u n cui cc quy trnh cung ng, bao gm:

Qun l kho ti u mc tn kho (thnh phm, bn thnh phm, nguyn vt liu, cc linh kin, b phn thay th cho cc h thng my mc) ng thi ti thiu ha cc chi ph tn kho lin quan.

Qun l n hng bao gm t ng nhp cc n hng, lp k hoch cung ng, iu chnh gi, sn phm y nhanh quy trnh t hng - giao hng.

Qun l mua hng hp l ha quy trnh tm kim nh cung cp, tin hnh mua hng v thanh ton.

Qun l hu cn tng mc hiu qu ca cng tc qun l kho hng, phi hp cc knh vn chuyn, t tng chnh xc (v thi gian) ca cng tc giao hng.

Lp k hoch chui cung ng ci thin cc hot ng lin quan bng cch d bo chnh xc nhu cu th trng, hn ch vic sn xut d tha.

Qun l thu hi y nhanh qu trnh kim tra nh gi v x l cc sn phm li; ng thi t ng ha quy trnh khiu ni, i bi hon t cc nh cung ng v cc cng ty bo him.

Qun l hoa hng gip doanh nghip qun l tt hn qu trnh m phn vi cc nh cung cp, t l gim gi, cc chnh sch hoa hng cng nh cc ngha v.

Mt s gii php SCM trn th trng hin nay cn c tch hp thm kh nng qun l hp ng, qun l vng i sn phm v qun l ti sn.

1.2. T chc qun l chui cung ng1.2.1. Phn tch mi trng chui cung ngCc yu t mi trng nh hng n hot ng chui cung ng ca mt doanh nghip nh sau: Vn: Hot ng sn xut kinh doanh khng th khng c vn, n l iu kin quan trng thnh lp nh my, mua sm trang thit b, thu mn ngi lao ng, mua nguyn vt liu sn xut, thit lp knh phn phi v qun l bn hng ni chung, vn l yu t khng th thiu cng ty hot ng. Trong chui cung ng, vn ng mt vi tr then cht, nu cng ty c ngun vn mnh, h c th thu c ngi iu hnh gii, i ng lao ng c tay ngh cao, mua c trang thit b hin i v c th m phn cc hp ng cung ng nguyn vt liu tt. Bn cnh , vn gip cng ty gia tng kh nng tiu th sn phm vi mt h thng bn hng c u t mnh m. Mi trng cng ngh: Cng ngh lun ng mt vai tr then cht trong sn xut v trong i sng x hi, thc t cho thy quc gia no lm ch cng ngh th nc nhanh chng tr nn hng mnh. Nhng nc ny sn xut ra cc my mc trang thit b v bn cho nhng nc khc sn xut. Trong ngnh sn xut ch bin, nu doanh nghip s hu mt h thng cng ngh hin i, nng sut lao ng s c ci thin ng k, thm vo l cht lng sn phm n nh v c th p ng mt khi lng ln sn phm ra th trng. Tuy nhin, cng ngh hin i lun i km vi chi ph u t cao, thi gian hon vn di, p lc v gi trn sn phm u ra tng. Chnh v vy, u t cng ngh hin i sn xut l mt vic lm khng th trnh khi, nhng doanh nghip cn xem xt n nng lc ti chnh ca bn thn, kh nng tiu th ca th trng cng vi mc cnh tranh trn th trng c quyt nh chn v u t loi cng ngh cho ph hp nht vi doanh nghip.

Mi trng kinh t v m: cc yu t ny bao gm thu, t gi hi oi, khng thuc ni b mt doanh nghip. Thng mi ton cu gia tng, cc yu t kinh t v m c s nh hng mnh m ln s thnh cng hay tht bi ca SC.

Mi trng chnh tr, vn ha:

- Chnh tr: s n nh ca chnh tr ca mt quc gia ng vai tr quan trng trong vic la chn v tr nh my. N m bo cho cc nh u t an tm v cc cng trnh xy dng ca h khng b tn ph bi chin tranh, xung t, cc chnh sch khng b thay i thng xuynnh u t s c mt chin lc di hi cho k hoch ca h.- Vn ha: s tng ng v vn ha hoc thu hiu vn ha gia cc thnh vin trong chui s gip hp tc trong chui c thun tin v d dng hn gp phn nng cao hiu qu ca chui. Khi c nh cung ng sn phm ca mnh ra cc th trng khc nhau, nh sn xut cn nghin cu cn thn cc yu t vn ha, phong tc tp qun ca th trng th kh nng thng li s kh quan hn.

C s h tng: S sn sng ca c s h tng tt (ng s, sn bay, cng bin, ng truyn internet,..) l iu kin tin quyt quan trng cho vic t nh my. V d: Cc cng ty ln thng chn a im t nh my ti cc th ln nh H Ni hoc H Ch Minh, ni c c s h tng tt v h thng giao thng thun li khi phn phi sn phm i nhng ni khc. Mt s cng ty khai thc, ch bin cc sn phm t ngun nguyn liu th s chn a im t nh my gn ngun nguyn liu, tuy nhin vn phi m bo c s h tng c th p ng.Cnh tranh: Cc cng ty phi cn nhc chin lc, quy m, vi tr ca i th canh tranh khi thit k SC. Cc quyt nh cn bn cc cng ty thc hin c t nh my ca mnh gn i th cnh tranh hay khng. Hnh thc cnh tranh v cc yu t nh s sn sng ca nguyn liu, lao ng nh hng n vic t nh my.

Thi gian phn ng vi khch hng v s hin din a phng: Cc cng ty hng n khch hng th coi trng thi gian phn ng ngn, th cc ca hng phi t ni gn vi h. Ngc li, i vi mt s sn phm cng knh, khng cn thi gian p ng nhanh c th t nh my hoc ca hng nhng a im xa hn nhng vn phc v tt khch hng.

Chi ph Logistics v chi ph nh my: cc chi ph ny xy ra trong s thay i SC nh s lng nh my, v tr, phn chia cng sut. Cc cng ty phi cn nhc tn kho, vn chuyn, chi ph nh my khi nh v SC.

- Tn kho v chi ph nh my gia tng khi m s nh my trong SC tng. Chi ph vn chuyn gim khi m s nh my tng ln.

- Mng li SC b nh hng bi s bin ng xy ra ti mi nh my. Khi c s st gim nghim trng v sn lng l kt qu ca sn xut. Tt hn l t nh my gn ngun cung hn l gn khch hng.

Cht lng ngun nhn lc: Vic xy dng chin lc, thc thi chin lc chui cung ng do con ngi thc hin, s sn c ngun nhn lc c cht lng l mt yu t mang li thnh cng cho chui cung ng.

Cng ngh thng tin: cng ngh thng tin l mt cng c gp phn lm cho thng tin trong chui c truyn i n cc mt xch ca chui nhanh chng, kp thi, y , chnh xc v cng l c s cho chui p ng nhanh nhu cu khch hng.

Cc chnh sch v lut php: cc chnh sch v lut php ca mt quc gia s nh hng n quyt nh thit k chui cung ng, hay nh hng n s hot ng ca chui hiu qu hay khng. V d: th tc hi quan phc tp l mt cn tr lm cho chui cung ng ko di thi gian p ng nhu cu.

1.2.2. Mc tiu ca chui cung ng

Mc tiu ca qun tr chui cung ng l hu hiu v hiu qu trn ton h thng; tng chi ph ca ton h thng t khu vn chuyn, phn phi n tn kho nguyn vt liu, tn kho trong sn xut v thnh phm, cn phi c ti thiu ha. Ni cch khc, mc tiu ca mi chui cung ng l ti a ha gi tr to ra cho ton h thng. Gi tr to ra ca chui cung ng l s khc bit gia gi tr ca sn phm cui cng i vi khch hng v n lc m chui cung ng dng vo vic p ng nhu cu ca khch hng. i vi a s cc chui cung ng thng mi, gi tr lin quan mt thit n li ch ca chui cung ng, s khc bit gia doanh thu m khch hng phi tr cho cng ty i vi vic s dng sn phm v tng chi ph ca c chui cung ng.

V d, khch hng khi mua my tnh t cng ty Dell phi tr 2.000 USD, i din cho doanh thu m chui cung ng nhn c. Dell v cc giai on khc ca chui cung ng pht sinh chi ph thu thp thng tin, sn xut b phn v sn phm, lu tr chng, vn ti, dch chuyn ti chnhS khc bit gia 2.000 USD m khch hng tr v tng chi ph pht sinh trong chui cung ng trong vic sn xut v phn phi my vi tnh n khch hng i din cho li nhun ca chui cung ng. Li nhun ca chui cung ng l tng li nhun c chia s xuyn sut chui. Li nhun ca chui cung ng cng cao chng t s thnh cng ca chui cung ng cng ln. Thnh cng ca chui cung ng nn c o lng di gc li nhun ca chui ch khng phi o lng li nhun mi giai on ring l. V vy, trng tm khng ch n gin l vic gim thiu n mc thp nht chi ph vn chuyn hoc ct gim tn kho m hn th na chnh l vn dng cch tip cn h thng vo qun tr chui cung ng.

Mt khi chng ta thng nht v cch thc nh gi s thnh cng ca chui cung ng di gc li nhun ca ton chui, bc k tip l tm hiu xem ngun gc ca doanh thu v chi ph. i vi bt k chui cung ng no, ch c mt ngun doanh thu: khch hng. Ti h thng siu th bn l, khch hng mua c ph An Thi n thun ch l mt ngun ca dng ngn qu dng ca chui cung ng. Tt c cc dng ngn qu khc ch l nhng thay i ngn qu n gin xy ra trong chui nhng giai on khc nhau v vi nhng ch s hu khc nhau.

Khi siu th tr tin cho nh cung cp ca n, n ly mt phn t ngun ca khch hng v chuyn cho nh cung cp. Tt c dng thng tin, sn phm v ti chnh to ra chi ph ca chui cung ng. V vy qun l mt cch hiu qu cc dng ny l yu t then cht lm nn s thnh cng ca chui. Qun tr chui cung ng lin quan n vic qun l cc dng dch chuyn gia v trong sut cc giai on ca chui nhm ti a ha li nhun ca ton chui.

1.2.3. Cc cp ca chui cung ng

Cui cng, bi v qun tri chui cung ng tp trung vo vic tch hp mt cch hiu qu nh cung cp, ngi sn xut, nh kho v cc ca hng, n bao gm nhng hot ng ca cng ty nhiu cp , t cp chin lc n chin thut v tc nghip.

- Cp chin lc x l vi cc quyt nh c tc ng di hn n t chc. Nhng quyt nh ny bao gm s lng, v tr v cng sut ca nh kho, cc nh my sn xut, hoc dng dch chuyn nguyn vt liu trong mng li.Trong giai on ny, a ra k hoch v gi c v th trng i vi mt sn phm, mt cng ty quyt nh cu trc chui cung ng nh th no cho mt vi nm ti. N quyt nh cu trc ca chui cung ng s l ci g, ngun lc s phn b nh th no v mi giai on s thc hin nhng tin trnh no. Chui cung ng chin lc c thc hin bi cng ty bao gm vic chn gia cng ngoi hay cng ty t thc hin chc nng chui cung ng, v tr v cng sut sn xut v h tng nh kho, sn phm c sn xut hay d tr nhng v tr khc nhau, phng thc vn chuyn c thc hin vi cc chng ng khc nhau v cc h thng thng tin c hu dng. Mt cng ty phi m bo rng cu trc chui cung ng h tr cho mc tiu chin lc v tng s thng d chui cung ng trong giai on ny. Quyt nh thit k chui cung ng c thc hin cho di hn v rt kh thay i trong ngn hn.

Khi cng ty thc hin cc quyt nh ny, h phi xem xt n yu t bt nh trong nhng iu kin th trng m h tham gia vo trong nhiu nm ti. - Cp chin thut in hnh bao gm nhng quyt nh c cp nht bt c ni no thi im ca qu hoc nm. iu ny bao gm cc quyt nh thu mua v sn xut, cc chnh sch tn kho v cc chin lc vn ti k c tn sut ving thm khch hng.Nhng quyt nh c thc hin trong sut giai on ny, khung thi gian c cn nhc l mt qu cho n mt nm. V th, cu trc chui cung ng c xc nh trong giai on chin lc l c nh. Cu trc ny thit lp cc gii hn m trong k hoch phi thc hin. Mc tiu ca k hoch l ti a ha thng d ca chui cung ng v c th c to ra trn phm vi k hoch v vch ra cc gii hn c thit lp trong giai on thit k hay giai on chin lc. Cng ty bt u giai on k hoch vi vic d bo cho mt vi nm sp n ca nhu cu nhng th trng khc nhau. K hoch bao gm thc hin cc quyt nh lin quan n th trng s c cung cp th trng no, nhng hp ng ph, chnh sch tn kho c i theo, thi gian, quy m th trng v gi khuyn mi. K hoch thit lp cc tham s m chui cung ng thc hin cc chc nng trn tng giai on c th.

Trong giai on k hoch, cc cng ty phi xem xt s bt nh trong nhu cu, t gi hi oi, cnh tranh trong sut thi gian ny. Vi mt giai on thit k khung thi gian ngn hn v d bo tt hn, cng ty trong giai on k hoch c gng kt hp cht ch bt k s linh hot vo chui cung ng v khai thc n ti u ha vic thc hin. Kt qu ca giai on k hoch, cng ty xc nh mt b cc chnh sch hot ng m chi phi hot ng ngn hn.- Cp tc nghip lin quan n cc quyt nh hng ngy chng hn nh ln thi gian biu, l trnh ca xe vn ti cp tc nghip, cu trc chui cung ng c xem l c nh, chnh sch k hoch c xc nh. Mc tiu ca hot ng chui cung ng l x l cc n hng mt cch tt nht. Trong sut giai on ny, cng ty s dng tn kho hay sn xut cho cc n hng ring l, xc nh ngy m n hng sn xut, to danh sch hng ti nh kho, phn chia n hng thnh cc phng thc vn chuyn c th, xy dng lch giao hng bng xe ti v t cc n hng b sung. Mc tiu ca giai on hot ng l phi gim i s bt nh v ti u hot ng.1.2.4. Qun l cc mi quan h trong chui cung ng1.2.4.1. Qun l mi quan h khch hng (CRM)Quy trnh tng th CRM bao gm cc quy trnh xui din ra gia doanh nghip v khch hng. Mc tiu ca quy trnh tng th CRM l to nhu cu khch hng v chuyn giao, theo di n hng thun tin. S yu km ca quy trnh ny s dn n nhu cu b mt v phc v khch hng ngho nn bi v cc n hng khng c x l v thc thi hiu qu. Cc quy trnh chnh yu ca CRM bao gm:

* Marketing: Quy trnh marketing bao gm cc quyt nh lin quan n khch hng no hng n, lm nh th no hng n khch hng, sn phm no c cho bn, nh gi sn phm nh th no, qun l cc chin dch hng n khch hng nh th no. CRM cung cp cc phn tch ci thin cc quyt nh v gi, li ch sn phm, li ch khch hng v cc th khc.

* Bn hng: Quy trnh bn hng th tp trung bn hng thc t cho khch hng. M cc quy trnh ny tp trung vo k hoch bn cho ai v bn ci g. Quy trnh bn hng bao gm cung cp cho lc lng bn hng thng tin cn bn hng, v thc thi bn hng thc t. Quy trnh bn hng cng yu cu cc chc nng nh kh nng bo gi ng ngy, truy cp thng tin lin quan n n hng.

* Qun l n hng: Quy trnh qun l n hng khi h theo di xuyn qua doanh nghip l rt quan trng cho khch hng theo di n hng ca h v doanh nghip hoch nh v thc hin p ng n hng. Quy trnh ny gn cht vi nhu cu t khch hng vi ngun cung t doanh nghip. Trong nhng nm gn y, h thng qun l n hng ni ln vi vic thm chc nng ph c kh nng thy r n hng thng qua h thng qun l n hng.

* Trung tm dch v khch hng: thng l im tip xc chnh gia khch hng v cng ty. Trung tm dch v khch hng gip khch hng t hng, ngh sn phm, gii quyt cc vn pht sinh, cung cp thng tin v tnh trng n hng.

Nh vy, cc quy trnh CRM c cp trn l ct yu cho SC, n bao hm hng lot cc tng tc gia doanh nghip v khch hng. Khch hng phi l im bt u khi c gng tng thng d cho SC bi v tt c nhu cu, doanh thu hu nh pht sinh t khch hng. Nh th, quy trnh tng th ca CRM thng l im bt u khi ci tin hot ng SC. iu quan trng l quy trnh CRM phi tch hp vo hot ng ni b. Cc cng ty thng hot ng cng khch hng c lp vi hot ng ni b ca h. iu cn thit cho tch hp gia CRM v hot ng ni b nhn mnh n tm quan trng ca CRM n chui cung ng hiu qu.1.2.4.2. Qun l chui cung ng ni b (ISCM)

ISCM tp trung vo hot ng ni b doanh nghip: ISCM bao gm tt c cc quy trnh lin quan n k hoch v p ng nhu cu khch hng. N bao gm cc quy trnh sau:

* Hoch nh chin lc: Quy trnh ny tp trung vo thit k mng li SC.

* Hoch nh nhu cu: Hoch nh nhu cu bao gm d bo nhu cu, phn tch tc ng i vi nhu cu bng cc cng c qun l nhu cu nh gi, khuyn mi.

* Hoch nh cung ng: Quy trnh hoch nh cung ng ly u vo d bo nhu cu a ra hoch nh nhu cu v ngun lc sn c bng cch hoch nh chin lc, ri a ra cc k hoch ti u p ng nhu cu.

* p ng n hng: Mt khi c pht sinh nhu cu, th nhu cu phi c p ng. Quy trnh p ng nhu cu lin kt n mi n hng vi ngun cung v phng tin vn chuyn c th.

* Dch v th trng: Sau khi sn phm c giao n tay khch hng, n phi c dch v chm sc, quy trnh dch v tp trung trn vic xy dng mc tn kho ph tng/nguyn liu cng nh ln lch dch v gi v t hng. Mt s cc vn ln lch c qun l theo cch tng t tng hp nhu cu.

Quy trnh tng th ISCM nhm p ng nhu cu c to ra bi quy trnh tng th CRM. Cn c s tch hp mnh m gia ISCM v CRM. Khi d bo nhu cu, tng tc vi CRM l cn thit cng nh ng dng CRM l tip cn khch hng v c hu ht cc d liu v hnh vi khch hng. Tng t, quy trnh ISCM nn c s tch hp mnh m vi quy trnh tng th CRM. Hoch nh ngun cung, p ng n hng, dch v th trng th ph thuc vo nh cung cp v quy trnh SCM. C t hu ch nh my c c cng sut p ng nhu cu nu nh cung cp khng c kh nng p ng linh kin/nguyn liu cho sn xut. Qun l n hng, CRM phi tch hp cht ch vi p ng nhu cu, v l u vo cho hoch nh nhu cu hiu qu. Tm li, Qun l SC m rng yu cu chng ta tch hp dc tt c cc quy trnh tng th.

Nh cung cp phn mm ISCM thnh cng gip ci tin vic ra quyt nh trong quy trnh ISCM. Mt s tch hp tt gia ISCM v SRM vn cha mnh ti cp t chc. C hi tng lai l pht sinh ci tin trong quy trnh ISCM v hn na l ci tin tch hp vi CRM v SRM

1.2.4.3. Qun l mi quan h nh cung cp (SRM)

SRM bao gm cc quy trnh tp trung vo s tng tc gia doanh nghip v nh cung cp l chiu ngc trong SC. C s iu chnh rt t nhin gia quy trnh SRM v quy trnh ISCM, Cc gii hn khi tch hp vi nh cung cp l ct yu khi to ra k hoch ni b. Cc quy trnh SRM chnh v s tc ng ca cng ngh thng tin l cc quy trnh cng tc thit k, tm ngun hng, thng lng, mua hng, quy trnh cng tc cung ng. Vic ci tin quan trng trong hot ng SC c th t c nu quy trnh SRM c tch hp vi cc quy trnh CRM v ISCM mt cch thch hp. Khi thit k sn phm, kt hp u vo t nh cung cp l cch bnh thng ci tin thit k. iu ny yu cu u vo t cc quy trnh trnh CRM, tm ngun hng, thng lng, mua hng, tht cht cng tc vo ISCM, khi u vo ca nh cung cp cn nhu cu a ra v thc thi cc d n ti u. Tuy nhin, nhng lnh vc ny cn tng tc vi quy trnh CRM nh qun l n hng. Tch hp ba quy trnh tng th l ct yu ci tin hot ng SC.

Nh vy: chui cung ng hot ng hiu qu th ba quy trnh ln ny phi kt hp cht ch vi nhau.

1.2.5. Cc yu t cn tc ng trong chui cung ng

Mi chui cung ng gm mt tp hp cc yu cu ca th trng cng nh nhng cch thc gp phi trong cng tc iu hnh, tuy nhin trong mi trng hp vn pht sinh li hon ton ging nhau. Cc doanh nghip tham gia trong chui cung ng bt k u phi a ra quyt nh vi t cch c nhn v tp th lin quan n hot ng ca mnh trong nm lnh vc:1.2.5.1. Sn xut

Sn xut cp n cng sut ch to ra v d tr sn phm ca chui cung ng. Phng tin sn xut bao gm cc nh my v kho cha. Vn c bn m cc nh qun l phi i mt khi a ra quyt nh sn xut l lm cch no cn bng ti a gia kh nng phn ng linh hot v hiu qu sn xut. Nu cc nh my v kho xy dng d tha cng sut, chng s rt linh hot p ng mau chng nhu cu sn phm a dng. Cc nh my l ni m tt c hay hu nh tt c cng sut ang c s dng khng p ng d dng nhng thay i v nhu cu. Mt khc, cng sut tn tin v cng sut d tha l cng sut v ch khng c s dng v khng pht sinh li nhun. V th cng tn ti nhiu cng sut tha, sn xut cng km hiu qu.* Cc chin lc sn xut:

Hu ht cc chin lc sn xut chung l sn xut theo k hoch, sn xut theo n hng l chnh.- Chin lc sn xut theo k hoch (MTP- Make to plan) hay chin lc d tr mang c im cng nghip khai thc quy m kinh t c c t t chc sn xut di hn. Tn kho thnh phm ln c sn xut trn d on nhu cu tng lai ca khch hng. Yu cu hp l h tr MTP l sc cha ca kho tr thnh phm v lc ra danh sch sn phm p ng nhu cu khch hng. L hng sn xut tn kho thng l s lng nh, tuy nhin nh kho vn c yu cu d tr tm thi v danh mc sn phm chn lc.- Chin lc sn xut theo n hng (BTO-Build to order): BTO l trng hp sn phm c to ra v cung ng theo yu cu c th ca n hng. y l trng hp mt sn phm to ra da trn mt n hng c th nhm p ng mt loi yu cu ring bit do khch hng ra. Cng sut hp l c th c yu cu sn xut d tr tm thi v hu ht cc sn phm sn xut di chin lc ny u xut trc tip cho khch hng.Cc nh my c th c xy dng nhm thch ng vi mt trong hai phng php sn xut sau:

- Tm im sn phm Mt nh my theo phng php tm im sn xut thc hin mt lot cc ng sn xut khc nhau to ra dng sn phm nh sn t vic ch to cc b phn sn phm khc cho n vic lp rp thnh sn phm hon chnh.

- Tm im chc nng - Phng php chc nng tp trung vo vic thc hin ch mt vi hot ng sn xut nh ch ch to mt s b phn hay ch lm cng on lp rp. Cc chc nng ny c th c p dng sn xut nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau.

Phng php sn phm c xu hng chuyn pht trin mt loi sn phm vi s thnh tho mt chc nng c bit no . Phng php chc nng chuyn v cc chc nng c th thay v chuyn v mt sn phm sn c. Cc cng ty cn quyt nh chn phng php no hay kt hp hai phng php nh th no cng sut v chuyn mn cn thit p ng tt nht nhu cu ca khch hng.

* Cng nh nh my c ba phng php chnh c s dng cho kho hng:

- Lu kho theo n v (SKU-Stock Keeping Unit)- Vi cch tip cn truyn thng ny, tt c sn phm cng loi c lu gi chung. y l mt cch lu tr sn phm hiu qu v d hiu.

- Lu kho theo cng nng (Gom hng nhanh ti kho)- Theo phng php ny, tt c sn phm khc nhau c lin quan n nhu cu ca loi khch hng no hay lin quan n nhu cu mt cng vic c th no c lu tr chung vi nhau. iu ny cho php ly v ng gi hiu qu nhng thng i hi nhiu khng gian lu tr hn so vi phng php lu kho theo n v truyn thng.

- Lu kho cho (Crossdocking) - y l phng php do Wal-Mart i tin phong nhm nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca chui cung ng. Theo phng php ny, ngi ta khng thc s lu tr sn phm trong kho, thay vo cc kho hng c dng lm ni chuyn tip hng ha nhn c t cc nh cung cp v c d xung theo khi ln nhiu chng loi sn phm. Nhng l hng ln ny sau c chia thnh nhng l hng nh hn. Nhng l hng nh cc sn phm khc nhau c sp xp li theo nhu cu hng ngy v mau chng c cht ln xe ti ch hng phn phi sn phm n im giao hng cui cng.1.2.5.2. Hng ha lu kho

Hng lu kho c mt trong sut chui cung ng v bao gm mi th t nguyn liu n bn thnh phm n thnh phm c cc nh sn xut, nh phn phi v nh bn l trong chui cung ng nm gi. Mt ln na, cc gim c phi quyt nh h mun t t mnh vo u khi cn nhc gia tnh sn sng p ng vi tnh hiu qu. Tn tr mt lng ln hng cho php cng ty hoc ton b chui cung ng p ng nhanh nhng thay i v nhu cu khch hng. Tuy nhin, vic sn xut v lu tr hng tn kho tn km v t c tnh hiu qu cao, chi ph cho hng tn kho phi cng thp cng tt.

C 3 quyt nh c bn phi thc hin v sn v tn tr hng tn kho:

- Hng tn kho chu k - y l lng hng tn cn c tha mn nhu cu sn phm trong k gia cc ln thu mua sn phm. Cc cng ty thng sn xut v thu mua cc l hng ln c li t mua s. Tuy nhin cc l hng ln cng c th lm tng chi ph trung chuyn. Chi ph trung chuyn gm chi ph lu tr, x l v bo him hng tn kho. Cc nh qun tr phi cn nhc gia gim ch ph t hng v gi r hn do mua lng ln sn phm vi ch ph trung chuyn ca chu k hng tn tng do mua hng theo cc l hng ln.

- Hng tn kho an ton - Hng tn kho c xem nh l b phn gim xc chng li bt n. Nu c th d on nhu cu chnh xc th ch cn c hng tn kho theo kiu hng tn chu k. Nhng v d on lun c mc bt n nht nh nn chng ta lun phi tn kho thm d phng trng hp nhu cu t ngt tng hn d on. S cn nhc y l lng gi gia chi ph trung chuyn ca hng tn kho thm vi chi ph ca doanh thu b mt do khng hng tn kho.

- Hng tn thi v - y l hng tn c d tr nhm tin liu gia tng nhu cu ti nhng thi im nht nh trong nm. V d, d on nhu cu chng ng s tng trong ma ng. Nu cng ty sn xut sn phm chng ng c mc sn xut c nh kh thay i s c sn xut n nh quanh nm v tn tr hng trong nhng chu k c nhu cu thp b cho nhng k c nhu cu cao hn mc sn xut ca cng ty. Phng n thay th cho vic tn tr hng theo ma l u t vo cc thit b sn xut linh hot m c th nhanh chng thay i tc sn xut cc sn phm khc nhau p ng nhu cu gia tng. Trong trng hp ny, s cn nhc l gia chi ph trung chuyn ca hng tn kho theo ma vi chi ph ca vic u t c thm nng lc sn xut linh hot.

1.2.5.3. V trV tr y l khu vc a l c la chn t nh my hoc kho ca chui cung ng

V tr l vic chn a im v mt a l ca cc phng tin trong chui cung ng. N cng bao gm cc quyt nh lin quan n lnh vc hot ng cn c thc hin bi tng phng tin. y, s cn nhc gia tnh p ng nhanh v tnh hiu qu l quyt nh c cn tp trung cc hot ng mt vi v tr nhm gim c chi ph nh quy m v hiu qu, hay gin hot ng ra nhiu v tr gn khch hng v nh cung cp hot ng p ng nhanh hn.

Khi a ra quyt nh v v tr, cc nh qun tr cn xem xt mt lot cc nhn t lin quan vi mt v tr no , bao gm chi ph phng tin, chi ph nhn cng, k nng sn c ca lc lng lao ng, cc iu kin c s h tng, thu v thu quan, s gn gi gia cc nh cung cp v khch hng. Cc quyt nh v v tr c xu hng l nhng quyt nh mang tnh chin lc v chng gn cht mt lng tin ln vi cc k hoch di hn.

Cc quyt nh v v tr c tc ng mnh m n chi ph v cc c tnh ca chui cung cp. Sau khi xc nh xong kch c, s lng v v tr thit b, cng cn quyt nh cc con ng m sn phm c th n vi khch hng cui cng. Cc quyt nh v v tr cng phn nh chin lc c bn ca cng ty trong vic xy dng v phn phi sn phm ra th trng.

1.2.5.4. Vn chuyn

Vn chuyn l vic di chuyn mi th t nguyn liu cho n thnh phm gia cc iu kin khc nhau trong chui cung ng. Trong vn chuyn l s cn nhc tnh p ng nhanh vi tnh hiu qu c th hin qua vic chn la cch thc vn chuyn. Cc cch thc vn chuyn nhanh nh my bay th rt nhanh chng nhng cng rt tn km. Cc cch thc vn chuyn chuyn chm hn nh tu v xe la th chi ph va phi nhng khng p ng nhanh. V chi ph vn chuyn c th chim mt phn ba chi ph kinh doanh ca chui cung ng, nn cc quyt nh y rt quan trng.Vi cc cch thc vn chuyn khc nhau v v tr phng tin trong chui cung ng, cc nh qun tr cn lp ra l trnh v mng li di chuyn sn phm. L trnh l li i m qua sn phm vn ng v mng li bao gm vic thu thp cc li i v cc phng tin c kt ni bi cc li i . Nguyn tc chung l gi tr sn phm cng cao (v d nh cc thnh phn in t hay dc phm) mng li vn chuyn cng nhn mnh tnh p ng nhanh v gi tr sn phm cng thp (v d nh mt hng ln nh go v g) mng li cng nhn mnh tnh hiu qu.

1.2.5.5. Thng tin

Thng tin l nn tng a ra quyt nh lin quan n bn yu t dn dt chui cung ng. N l s kt ni gia tt c cc hot ng v hot ng sn xut trong chui cung ng. Khi s kt ni ny l mt s kt ni vng chc (ngha l d liu chnh xc, kp lc, v y ), tng cng ty trong chui cung ng s c cc quyt nh chnh xc cho hot ng ring ca h. y cng l xu hng ti a ha tnh li nhun ton b chui cung ng. Nh cch ny th trng c phiu hay cc th trng t do khc hot ng v cc chui cung ng c nhng ng lc nh cc th trng.

Trong bt k chui cung ng no thng tin cng c s dng v hai mc ch:

- Phi hp cc hot ng hng ngy vi chc nng ca bn yu t dn dt chui cung ng: sn xut, hng tn, v tr v vn chuyn. Trong chui cung ng cc cng ty s dng cc d liu sn c v cung v cu sn phm hng tun quyt nh k hoch sn xut, mc tn kho, l trnh vn chuyn v v tr lu tr.

- Tin on v lp k hoch tin liu v tha mn nhu cu tng lai. Thng tin sn c c dng tin bo chin thut nhm hng dn qu trnh lp k hoch sn xut thng v qu. Thng tin cng c dng tin bo chin lc nh hng cc quyt nh v xy dng cc nh my mi, thm nhp th trng mi hay rt lui khi th trng c.

Trong tng cng ty s cn nhc gia tnh p ng nhanh v tnh hiu qu c lin h n vic lng gi cc li ch m thng tin tt c th cung cp so vi chi ph c c thng tin. Thng tin chnh xc, di do c th gip a ra cc quyt nh kinh doanh hiu qu v tin on tt hn nhng chi ph xy dng v lp t cc h thng phn phi thng tin cng c th rt cao.

Xt v tng th chui cung ng, s cn nhc gia tnh p ng nhanh vii tnh hiu qu m cc cng ty thc hin l mt trong cc quyt nh v lng thng tin c th chia s vi cc cng ty khc v lng thng tin phi gi b mt. Thng tin v cung sn phm, cu khch hng, tin bo th trng v k hoch sn xut m cc cng ty chia s vi nhau cng nhiu, th cc cng ty cng p ng nhanh. Tuy nhin, cng khai nh th no l hp l l mi bn tm ca tng cng ty v e ngi thng tin tit l s b i th cnh tranh s dng i ph. iu ny c th gy tn tht cho kh nng sinh li ca cng ty.

S 1.1: Nm ng c chnh ca mt chui cung ng1.2.6. o lng hiu sut hot ng chui cung ng

Chui cung ng lun bin i v khng ngng iu chnh theo nhng thay i trong cung cu sn phm. Nu mun chui cung ng t c hiu qu mong mun, cng ty phi theo di v kim sot cc hot ng ca chui cung ng. C 4 ch tiu hiu sut hot ng cn phi xem xt nh gi:1.2.6.1. nh gi dch v khch hng

Dch v khch hng nh gi kh nng ca chui cung ng, p ng nhng mong i ni cc khch hng ca n. Ty theo loi th trng ang phc v, khch hng trong th trng s c nhng mong i khc nhau v dch v khch hng. Cc khch hng trong mt s th trng va mong i, v s chi tr cho cc mc ngun sn phm cao v cch phn phi nhanh s lng hng mua nh. Cc khch hng trong nhng th trng khc s chp nhn thi gian ch i lu hn i vi sn phm, v h s mua vi s lng ln. Cho d th trng ang phc v bt c ci g th chui cung ng vn phi p ng nhng mong i v dch v khch hng ca nhng ngi trong th trng .

C hai h thng, cc doanh nghip thng s dng cc tiu ch nh:

- T l hon tt n hng v t l p ng tng khon mc trong n hng.

- T l phn phi ng thi gian.

- S ln giao hng chm v nh hng ca vic giao hng chm.

- Tnh thng xuyn v s ln giao hng chm.

1.2.6.2. nh gi hiu sut ni b

Hiu sut ni b phn nh kh nng ca mt cng ty hoc mt chui cung ng trong vic s dng ti sn ca h sao cho cng sinh li cng tt. Ti sn bao gm bt c gi tr xc thc no nh nh my, thit b, hng tn kho, tin mt Mt s cch nh gi ph bin v hiu sut ni b l gi tr hng tn kho, quay vng hng tn kho, li nhun, vng quay ca vn

- Gi tr hng tn kho: Gi tr hng tn kho nn c nh gi ti mt thi im hoc trung bnh theo thi gian, ti sn ch yu c lin quan trong mt chui cung ng l hng tn kho cha ng trong sut di ca chui. Cc doanh nghip c gng lm cho hng tn kho ph hp vi mc tiu th v khng hng tn kho vt qu xa gii hn.

- Quay vng hng tn kho: l phng php nh gi kh nng sinh li ca hng tn kho bng cch theo di chng c bn ra hoc quay vng trong mt thi gian nht nh.

Quay vng hng tn kho = gi vn hng bn hng nm/ gi tr hng tn kho bnh qun hng nm.

Ni chung, t l quay vng cng cao cng c li nhng cc doanh nghip cn ch n lng tn kho an ton.

- Li nhun trn doanh s: ch tiu ny s nh gi bin ph, nh ph v li gp xut pht t doanh s c qun l tt nh th no.

Li nhun/ doanh s = li gp/ doanh thu.

Xt v mc hiu qu th kt qu ny cng cao cng tt, tuy nhin khng phi lc no n cng c m bo mt cch cao nht v phi tnh n yu t bo v u ra sn phm, bo v th trng, th phn hoc mt s mc tiu kinh doanh khc.

- Chu k tun hon tin thnh tin mt: y l thi gian t khi mt cng ty tr tin cho cc nh cung ng v nguyn vt liu u vo n khi nhn c tin do bn cc sn phm hoc dch v ca h. C th c tnh thi gian ca chu k bng cch ly tng nhng ngy cung ng hng tn kho v ngy cha hon tt mua bn tr i k thanh ton mua hng bnh qun. K tun hon ny cng ngn cng tt. tng hiu qu cho k tun hon ny, cc doanh nghip thng ch trng hn n vn qun l khon phi tr v khon phi thu mc tt nht.

1.2.6.3. nh gi tnh linh hot ca nhu cu

Tnh linh hot ca nhu cu phn nh kh nng p ng ca doanh nghip v s lng v sn phm cc mc nhu cu khc nhau .

Trong khi th trng rt bp bnh, th hiu ngi tiu dng thng xuyn thay i th vic p ng rt quan trng, i hi doanh nghip phi c mt chui cung ng mnh mang n nhng sn phm nhanh nht cho ngi tiu dng.

- Thi gian chu k hot ng: l thi gian cn c thc hin mt hot ng trong chui cung ng nh p ng n t hng, thit k sn phm, lp rp sn phm hoc bt c hot ng no khc h tr cho chui cung ng.

- Tnh linh hot bn trong: l kh nng p ng li nhanh chng ca doanh nghip hoc chui cung ng trc s lng n t hng b sung i vi cc sn phm ca h.

- Tnh linh hot bn ngoi l kh nng nhanh chng cung cp cho th trng nhng sn phm b sung bn ngoi, nhng gi sn phm bnh thng vn c cung cp.

1.2.6.4. nh gi s pht trin ca sn phm

l nh gi kh nng ca doanh nghip hoc chui cung ng trong vic thit k, xy dng v phn phi nhng sn phm mi phc v th trng ca h. c th s dng cc tiu ch nh gi nh:

- S lng sn phm c bn ra trong nm ngoi.

- Doanh s t vic bn sn phm trong nm ngoi.

- Thi gian pht trin v phn phi mt sn phm mi.1.3. M hnh chui cung ng hiu qu (M hnh SCOR)

M hnh tham chiu hot ng chui cung ng kt hp cc yu t trong qua trnh thit k quy trnh kinh doanh, cc thc o, xy dng thng hiu v t hp cc ng dng thnh mt c cu duy nht. Trong m hnh SCOR (Supply-Chain Operations Reference), qun tr chui cung ng c nh ngha l cc quy trnh tch hp: Hoch nh, thu mua, sn xut, phn phi v thu hi.1.3.1. Hoch nhQuy trnh ny bao gm cc cng on cn thit lin quan n vic ln k hoch v t chc hot ng cho ba quy trnh kia. Hoch nh bao gm: D bo lng cu, nh gi sn phm v qun l lu kho1.3.1.1. D bo lng cu v lp k hochNhng quyt nh lin quan n vic qun l chui cung ng c da trn cc d bo xc nh nhu cu ca khch hng, v sn phm cc kha cnh sau: Chng loi, s lng, thi im cn hng. Cng on d bo nhu cu tr thnh nn tng cho k hoch sn xut ni b v hp tc ca cc doanh nghip nhm p ng nhu cu th trng.

Tt c cc d bo vi bn bin s chnh phi hp vi nhau quyt nh din bin ca iu kin th trng. Nhng bin s l:

Ngun cung

Lng cu

c im sn phm

Mi trng cnh tranh

- Ngun cung:S lng sn phm c sn

- Lng cu:Ton b nhu cu th trng sn phm

- c im sn phm:Nhng c im sn phm tc ng n nhu cu

- Mi trng cnh tranhHnh ng ca cc nh cung cp sn phm trn th trng

* Phng php d bo:nh tnhDa trn trc gic hay nhng kin ch quan ca c nhn

H quCho rng nhu cu c lin quan mt thit n nhng nhn t no

Chui thi gianDa trn m hnh nhu cu c t trc

M phngKt hp phng php h qu v chui thi gian

* Lp k hoch tng hpC ba phng php nghin cu c bn c s dng khi lp bn hoch nh tng hp:

- S dng cng sut sn xut p ng nhu cu: Trong phng php ny th cng sut sn xut c iu chnh ph hp vi nhu cu. Mc tiu y l s dng 100% cng sut ton thi gian. iu ny s t c bng vic tng thm hoc gim bt cng sut nh my thng qua vic thu thm hay sa thi cng nhn khi cn thit. iu kin p dng: Phng php ny t hiu qu nht khi chi ph chuyn ch hng tn cao v chi ph thay i nng sut nh xng v nhn cng thp.

u im: Phng php ny m bo mc lu kho thp

Nhc im: Vic thc kh tn km trong trng hp vic b sung hay ct gim cng sut nh xng mun nhiu chi ph. Phng php ny lm sa st tinh thn dn n tm l hoang mang trong lc lng lao ng nu mi ngi lin tc c thu mn ri li b sa thi ty theo bin ng ca nhu cu.- Tn dng mc bin ng ca tng cng sut p ng nhu cu: Phng php ny c s dng khi c nhiu cng sut nhn ri. Nu cc nh my hin nay khng hot ng 24/24 v lin tc 7 ngy mt tun th ta c th p ng c nhu cu thay i bng cch tng cng hoc gim bt vic khai thc cng sut sn xut. Ta c th duy tr s lng lao ng mc n nh kt hp vi k hoch tng ca theo thi gian biu lm vic linh ng, p ng t l sn xut. Kt qu l mc lu kho cng vi tn sut khai thc cng sut trung bnh u c gim xung thp.Phng php ny ph hp vi trng hp chi ph vn chuyn hng tn kho cao v chi ph cho phn cng sut tha tng i thp.

- S dng hng tn v nhng n hng tn ng p ng nhu cu: Vic s dng Phuong php ny mang li s n nh cho cng sut nh xng cng nh lc lng lao ng, ng thi duy tr mc sn lng khng i. Sn xut khng c iu chnh theo nhu cu thay vo cc doanh nghip s tch tr hng lu kho trong sut thi k nhu cu thp nhm dnh cho tng lai hoc duy tr mc tn kho thp v gi li cc n hng tn ng ca mt thi im cung cp y cho giai on k tip.iu kin p dng: S dng phng php ny khi cng sut tha tn qu nhiu chi ph, vic thay i cng sut cng nh chi ph vn chuyn hng tn tng i thpu im ca phng php ny l khai thc cng sut trit hn v gim bt chi ph thay i cng sut

Nhc im: To ra lng hng tn ln cng nhiu n hng tn ng trong thi gian di khi nhu cu bin ng1.3.1.2. nh gi sn phm

Cc cng ty cng ton b chui cung ng c th tc ng n nhu cu bng cch s dng cng c gi c. Da vo mc gi c s dng, mc tiu s l hng n hoc ti a ha doanh thu hoc li nhun gp. Nhn vin bn hng hay tip th in hnh a ra nhng quyt nh lin quan n gi c nhm kch cu tiu th trong sut ma cao im. Mc ch y l nhm ti a ha doanh thu. Thng thng, nh sn xut v nh qun l ti chnh c xu hng a ra cc quyt nh v mc gi nhm kch thch nhu cu trong sut giai on m. Mc tiu ca h l ti a ha li nhun b p chi ph trong cc thi k nhu cu tiu th chm.1.3.1.3. Qun l hng tn khoVic qun l hng tn kho tp hp nhng k thut c s dng nhm mc ch qun l mc lu kho hng ha trong cc phm vi khc nhau ca chui cung ng. Mc tiu l gim chi ph lu kho n mc ti a trong khi vn duy tr mc dch v m khch hng yu cu. Khi nhu cu sn phm ngy cng kh d on th i hi mc lu kho an ton cng cao b p cho nhng bin ng bt ng ca nhu cu. Qu trnh qun l hng tn kho trong chui cung ng bao gm 3 hnh thc nh sau:- S lng t hng sinh li: Da vo c cu chi ph ca mt cng ty ta s xc nh c s lng t hng mang li hiu qu chi ph tin hnh t mua k tipEOQ=2UQ/h.C

Vi:

+ U: T l hng s dng hng nm

+O: Chi ph t hng

+C: Chi ph theo n v

+ h: Chi ph lu tr hng hng ha mt nm tnh theo phn trm n gi

- Lu kho hng ha theo chu k: Lu kho hng ha theo chu k l phng thc d tr lng hng cn thit p ng nhu cu sn phm trong sut mt giai on nhn n t hng sn phm Lu kho hng ha theo chu k thc cht l s tng dn lng hng tn kho trong chui cung ng do vic sn xut v lu tr hng tn kho trong chui cung ng do vic sn xut v lu tr hng tn c tin hnh vi qui m ln hn nhu cu ang c v sn phm.

- Lu kho hng ha theo ma: Lu kho hng ha theo ma xut hin khi mt cng ty hay chui cung ng c tng cng sut sn xut c nh quyt nh sn xut v d tr sn phm dnh cho nhu cu trong tng lai. Nu lng cu trong tng lai vt kh nng sn xut th cu tr li chnh l sn xut chng trong nhng thi im nhu cu thp ri d tr trong kho nhm phc v cho nhu cu tng lai.Mong mun t c hiu qu kinh t tt nht theo qui m da vo cng sut v c cu chi ph ca tng cng ty trong chui cung ng l nguyn nhn ca vic tch tr hng ha theo ma.

- Lu kho ch trng an ton: Lu kho hng ha ch trng an ton c tc dng b p cho tnh trng bt n trong chui cung ng. Theo l thng, tnh hnh bt n cng cao th i hi mc hng d tr an ton cng cao1.3.2. Hot ng thu mua1.3.2.1. Tm kim ngun hng

Nhim v truyn thng ca mt nh qun l mua hng l tm kim nhng nh cung cp tim nng so snh gi c ri sau mua sn phm t nh cung cp c chi ph thp nht m h tm c. Chc nng thu mua c th c phn thnh 5 cng on sau:- Mua hng: Mua hng l nhng hot ng thng thng lin quan n vic pht sinh nhng n hng t mua nhng sn phm cn c. Ngi mua a ra quyt nh mua hng, gi n t mua, lin h vi ngi bn v ri tin hnh t hng.- Qun l vic tiu th: thu mua t hiu qu, bn phi hiu r v danh mc sn phm no ang c mua km theo s lng mua xt trn phm vi ton b cng ty cng nh tng n v vn hnh. Bn phi tng tn cc chi tit nh loi sn phm no c mua, s lng bao nhiu, t ai v vi mc gi no.Cn phi xc nh mc tiu th d kin ca cc sn phm khc nhau khp cc a imhot ng ca cng ty v sau so snh vi lng tiu th thc t da trn nhng quy tc thng thng. Khi lng tiu th qu chnh lch so vi d kin nn tp trung vo iu tra nguyn nhn ng thi a ra cc chin lc ng n

Tuyn chn nh cung cp: Quy trnh ny a ra ci nhn cn cnh v tm quan trng tng i ca nng lc nh cung cp. Gi tr ca nhng nng lc ny phi c xem xt cng vi gi c sn phm c bn. Gi tr ca cht lng sn phm, mc dch v, giao hng ng gi v h tr k thut ch c th c tnh ton da vo nhng g m k hoch kinh doanh v m hnh iu hnh ca cng ty yu cu phi c.Da vo nhng yu cu trn th cng ty bt u tm kim cc nh cung cp hin ang s hu nhng sn phm v dch v cn thit. Thng thng cng ty s khoanh vng v thu hp s lng cc nh cung cp m mnh mun hp tc lm n. Bng cch ny c th thc y sc mua vi mt s nh cung cp ng thi c c mc gi tt hn khi mua nhiu sn phm hn.- Thng lng hp ng: Khi thc hin mt v giao dch c bit, hp ng phi c thng lng vi tng ngi bn nm trong danh sch ngi bn u tin. Nhng iu khon hp ng bao gm: Mt hng, gi c, cht lng,..Cc v m phn n gin nht thuc v loi hp ng mua sm sn phm gin tip m vic chn la nh cung cp da trn c s gi c thp nht. Nhng cuc thng lng phc tp nht lin quan n cc hp ng mua sm nguyn vt liu trc tip, i hi phi p ng chnh xc nhng yu cu cht lng v mc dch v cao cng nhng h tr k thut cn thit. Nhim v ca m phn l to ra s cn bng ti u gia n gi ca mt sn phm v vi tt c nhng dch v gia tng gi tr khc theo yu cu. 1.3.2.2. Tn dng v thu n:

Tn dng v thu n l quy trnh cung ng m cng ty dng thu hi cc khon tin. Nghip v tn dng kim tra cc khch hng tim nng m bo rng cng ty ch giao dch vi nhng i tng thc s c kh nng thanh ton

Qun l tn dng hiu qu l phi tm mi cch tha mn nhu cu v sn phm ca khch hng v ti thiu ha tng s tin n ca khch hng.

Nhng chui cung ng m cng ty tham gia vo thng c la chn cn c vo nhng quyt nh tn dng. Phn ln s tn nhim v hp tc c th xy ra gia cc cng ty lm n vi nhau da trn mc xp hng tn dng tch cc v vic thanh ton cc ha n ng hn. Chc nng tn dng v thu n c th c phn lm ba cng on chnh: Thit lp chnh sch tn dng

Thc hin hot ng bn chu v thu n

Qun l ri ro tn dng

1.3.3. Sn xutQuy trnh sn xut bao gm cc cng on cn thit nhm phc v cho cng tc pht trin v ch to sn phm cng nh dch v m chui cung ng cung cp. Cc cng qun trong quy trnh sn xut bao gm: * Lp lch sn xut: Lch trnh sn xut phn b ngun lc sn c (trang thit b, nhn cng, nh xng) tin hnh cng vic. Mc ch l s dng nng lc sn c mt cch hiu qu v mang li nhiu li nhun nht. Cng on lp lch trnh sn xut l mt qu trnh tm kim s cn bng gia nhiu mc tiu thay th:- Tn sut hot ng cao: iu ny c ngha l thi gian vn hnh sn xut di v sn xut tp trung ha cng cc trung tm phn phi. tng ca m hnh ny l to ra v tn dng li ch c c t hiu qu kinh t theo quy m - Mc lu kho thp: Nhm m ch thi gian tin hnh sn xut ngn v tin giao nguyn vt liu m bo kp thi gian. tng ca m hnh ny l nhm ti thiu ha lng ti sn v tin mt u t vo lu kho

- Cht lng dch v khch hng cao: Thng i hi t l lu kho cao hoc thi gian vn hnh sn xut ngn. Mc tiu l cung cp cho khch hng dch v giao hng nhanh chng v khng bt k sn phm no trong kho b ri vo tnh trng chy hng.

Cc bc lp k hoch vn hnh nh my:

Bc u tin l quyt nh c l hng t hiu qu kinh t nht cho nhng t sn xut ra tng sn phm, cch tnh ton tng t nh tnh EOQ

Bc th hai l thit lp chui cc t sn xut cho tng sn phm. Quy tc c bn l nu lng lu kho ca mt sn phm nht nh tng i thp so vi nhu cu k vng th ta nn u tin lp k hoch sn phm ny trc so vi cc sn phm c c mc lu kho so vi nhu cu k vng. Mt phng php tnh cho khi nim ny l Thi gian ht hngR=P/Q

Vi R: Thi gian ht hng

P: S lng hng tn kho

D: Nhu cu sn phm (Tnh theo ngy hoc tun)

- Qun tr nh my sn xut: Phng php qun tr nh my sn xut quen thuc l s dng a im sn c v tp trung vo vic khai thc trit cng sut ca n. Hot ng ny lin quan n vic ra ba quyt nh sau:

Vai tr ca mi nh my sn xut Phn b ngun lc nh th no cho cc nh my

Phn b nh cung cp v th trng cho tng nh my1.3.4. Hot ng phn phi v thu hi sn phm1.3.4.1. Qun tr n t hng Qun tr n t hng: Qun tr n t hng l qu trnh chuyn ti thng tin n hng t khch hng n chui cung ng, t nh bn l n nh phn phi phc v cho nh cung cp v nh sn xut. Quy trnh ny ny cng bao gm vic truyn i cc thng tin v ngy giao hng theo n t hng, cc sn phm thay th v thng qua chui cung ng tr li n hng ca khch hng. Quy trnh ny phn ln da trn vic s dng in thoi v chng t giy nh n t hng, chng t bn hng, chng t thay i n hng.

Qu trnh qun l n hng truyn thng c thi gian vn hnh lu bi s trao i d liu qua li trong chui cung ng din ra ht sc chm chp. Qun l n hng hin i ch trng vo nhng k thut gip cho qu trnh trao i s liu lin quan n n hng c nhanh chng v chnh xc hn.

Do phc tp ca chui cung ng v nhng yu cu lun thay i ca th trng nn qun l n hng l mt qu trnh bin i nhanh chng. Mt s nguyn tc trong qun l n hng nh sau:

- Nhp d liu n hng ch mt ln duy nht

- T ng ha cng tc qun l n hng

- Hin th thng tin v tnh trng n hng r rng cho khch hng v cc i l dch v

- Lin kt h thng qun l n hng vi cc h thng khc c lin quan duy tr tnh ton vn ca d liu

1.3.4.2. Lp lch trnh giao hng v thu hi hng ha

* Quy trnh lp lch biu giao hng din ra trong s rang buc ca nhng quyt nh v phng thc vn ti. i vi hu ht cc phng thc vn ti th c hai hnh thc giao hng l giao hng trc tip v giao hng theo l trnh nh sn.

- Giao hng trc tip: Giao hng trc tip l phng thc giao hng c thc hin t a im xut pht n a im nhn hng. Theo phng php ny th ta ch cn la chn con ng ngn nht gia 2 v tr lm tuyn ng. Cng tc ln k hoch giao hng theo hnh thc ny lin quan n nhng quyt nh v s lng hng s giao v tn sut giao hng tng thi imu im: Vic vn hnh v iu phi n gin. Giao hng trc tip mang li hiu qu khi a im nhn hng to ra nhng s lng n hng sinh li c cng kch c vi s lng n hng cn thit khai thc tt nht phng tin vn ti ang dng.Nhc: Nu lng t hng khng bng ti trng th dng phng php ny s km hiu qu, chi ph cao.- Giao hng theo l trnh nh sn: Giao hng theo l trnh nh sn l vic giao hng c tin hnh nhm mang sn phm t mt a im xut pht duy nht n nhiu a im nhn hng khc nhau hoc t nhiu a im xut pht khc nhau n mt a im nhn hng duy nht. Vic ln k hoch giao hng theo l trnh nh sn l mt nhim v phc tp rt nhiu so vi cng tc hoch nh giao hng trc tip. Doanh nghip phi a ra cc quyt nh v nhng lng hng cn giao ca sn phm khc nhau, tn sut giao hng v iu quan trng nht l v lch trnh v tun t thu gom v giao hng.u im ca phng php ny chnh l mang li hiu qu hn v chi ph nhn hng thp hn do a im nhn hng t v chi ph nhn hng thp hn do a im nhn hng t hn v khi lng hng giao ln hn

* Quy trnh tr hng: Quy trnh ny c xem nh l hu cn ngc. Tt c cc chui cung ng u phi x l trng hp tr hng.-thng l mt quy trnh kh khn v khng hiu qu. Nhng tnh hung ph bin nht l: Giao hng khng ng, sn phm b h hng trong qu trnh chuyn ti hay b khim khuyt ti nh my, giao hng nhiu hn nhu cu ca khch hng. Tt c nhng tnh hung ny pht sinh t s km hiu qu ca chui cung ng dn n vic phi tr li sn phm.Doanh nghip cn phi theo di nhng nhm hng b tr li, tn sut v t l hng b tr ang tng ln hay gim xung. Nu t l hng b tr li gia tng th vic cn lm l phi tm ra v iu chnh ngun gc ny sinh cc vn .

TM TT CHNG 1Qun l chui cung ng l vic phi hp hot ng sn xut, lu kho, a im v vn ti gia cc thnh vin ca chui cung ng nhm t c s kt hp ti u gia mc phn ng nhanh nhy v tnh hiu qu trong th trng m bn ang tham gia. Mc tiu qun l chui cung ng l nhm tng doanh s bn hng v dch v cho ngi tiu dng cui cng, ng thi gim c phn no chi ph lu kho v iu hnh.Nng lc chui cung ng l mt li th cnh tranh ring bit ca cc cng ty vt tri trong lnh vc . Dell, mt trong nhng cng ty ln nht Bc M l bng chng hin nhin cho quyn nng ca vic qun tr chui cung ng mt cch hiu qu. Trong sut hai mi nm qua, tp on Wal-Mart chm ri i ln tng bc mt v thnh cng ca h lin qua trc tip n kh nng i mi nhm mc ch khng ngng ci tin chui cung ng.Chng 2

THC TRNG QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG TICNG TY CP THC PHM DINH DNG NUTIFOOD1.1.1 Tng quan v tnh hnh hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty1.1.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trinCng ty c phn thc phm dinh dng Nutifood c thnh lp ti Vit Nam ngy 29/03/2000 theo Giy Chng Nhn ng K Kinh Doanh s 4103000028 do S K Hoch v u T TP. HCM cp.

Cng ty c tr s chnh ti 281-283 Hong Diu, Q.4. Hot ng chnh ca cng ty:

- Sn xut thc phm dinh dng (c bit dinh dng dnh cho tr em, ph n mang thai v cho con b, ngi bnh, ngi cao tui). Sn xut v ch bin nc gii kht, mua bn thc phm v nc gii kht.

Xut pht t thnh cng ca cc nghin cu v ng dng lm sng ca Trung tm Dinh dng Tp. HCM, cc sn phm dinh dng ca Cng ty tht s to n tng trn th trng vi cc sn phm c cht lng, thnh phn cng thc tng ng sn phm ngoi nhp nhng cm quan, gi c v bao b rt ph hp thc t ngi tiu dng VN

Sn phm ban u ca Nutifood vi 3 nhm: nhm bt dinh dng n dm, nhm sa bt dinh dng v nhm thc phm dinh dng cao nng lng

D cha tht s chuyn nghip, nhng hnh nh v hot ng ca thng hiu Nutifood c ngi tiu dng VN bnh chn vo Top 5 Hng VN cht lng cao v t gii nht v lc lng bn hng ti Hi ch Hng VNCLC 2001.

T nm 2003, h thng phn phi vi nhn s chuyn nghip ca NutiFood m rng khp 64 tnh thnh vi thnh cng ca chin lc C b nut c ln to doanh thu tng hn 250% hng nm. Doanh thu t cc nhn hng sa bt NutiFood t ho dn u th trng VN (t s liu iu tra ca cc Cng ty nghin cu th trng uy tn)

Song song cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, xut pht t trit l kinh doanh ca mnh, cc hot ng marketing, t thin cng ng ca Cng ty lun c cc tng lp ngi tiu dng ng h nhit tnh

Nm 2002, cuc i b t thin u tin ti VN V ph n ngho v bnh tt t chc thnh cng ti TP. HCM vi hn 4.000 ngi tham d t k lc VN

Nm 2003, tip tc truyn thng cc hot ng t thin cng ng, cuc i b t thin nm 2003 huy ng thnh cng hn 20.000 qun chng tham gia. Cng ty NutiFood tham gia sng lp v iu hnh Qu H tr dinh dng bnh nhn ngho Tp. HCM, qua cung cp dinh dng min ph n hn 10.000 bnh nhn ngho thng tm ti cc bnh vin trn ton quc.

Thm mt s kin n tng, m giao tha nm 2004, kt hp cng TW Hi Thanh nin VN, hn 7.000 bnh tt Tt c t chc thi gi v tng qu tn tay ngi lao ng ngho trn ng ph, cc mi m tnh thng ca ngi khuyt tt

Cc hot ng t thin cng ng ca NutiFood lun c ng o cc tng lp qun chng, gii vn ngh s tham gia v ng h nhit tnh

Dy chuyn thit b sn xut hin i c nhp khu vo loi ti tn ca th gii c hon thnh xy dng v lp t ti nh my sn xut ca NutiFood t cc tiu chun ISO 9001:2000, HACCP, GMP, gp phn a NutiFood tip tc c cc Cng ty nghin cu th trng nh gi nm trong top 5 cc nh sn xut sa ln nht VN vi cc cam kt cao nht v cht lng sn phm. 1.1.2 C cu t chc v lc lng lao ng*S c cu t chc

S 2.1: S t chc qun l ca cng tyS c cu t chc ca Nutifood th hin kiu qun l theo kiu c cu hn hp trc tuyn v chc nng. c im ca c cu ny l c s kt hp qun l trc tuyn gia cp trn v cp di v quan h chc nng gia cc phng ban, b phn trong cng ty Nutifood bao gm:

Tr s chnh ti 281-283 Hong Diu, Qun 4, TP. H Ch Minh.- Nh my sn xut ti L E3-E4 ti khu cng nghip M Phc, Bn Ct, Bnh Dng bao gm 2 phn xng sn xut sa bt v sa nc.

C cu b my qun l ca cng ty bao gm:

- i hi c ng: L c quan c thm quyn cao nht, c nhim v thng qua cc bo co ca HQT v tnh hnh hot ng kinh doanh, quyt nh cc phng n, nhim v SXKD v u t, tin hnh tho lun thng qua, b sung, sa i iu l, thng qua cc chin lc pht trin, bu, bi nhim HQT, Ban kim sot v quyt nh b my t chc ca cng ty v cc nhim v khc theo quy nh ca iu l.- Hi ng qun tr: L t chc qun l cao nht ca cng ty do HC bu ra, HQT nhn danh cng ty quyt nh mi vn lin quan n mc ch v quyn li cng ty, hoch nh mc tiu chin lc pht trin cho ton cng ty.- Ban kim sot: C nhim v xy dng, t chc & qun l h thng phn phi sn phm, hng ha, hoch nh k hoch bn hng, thc hin mc tiu chin lc tiu th sn phm cho tng giai on ca cng ty.- B phn nghip v gm phng bn hng, phng Marketing, phng Quan h cng chng, phng Ti chnh k ton, phng Quan h y t, phng Hnh chnh nhn s, phng QA, phng Sn xut, phng Nghin cu pht trin, phng K thut, phng K hoch cung ng cng phi hp thc hin cc cng vic c th nhm thc hin mc tiu chung ton cng ty, a cng ty ngy cng pht trin bn vng.* C cu lao ng theo trnh v tnh cht cng vicPhn loiS lao ngT trng

Theo trnh

Trn i hc50.90%

i hc14025.32%

Cao ng529.40%

Trung cp6712.12%

Lao ng ph thng28952.26%

Tng 553100%

Theo tnh cht cng vic

Lao ng trc tip46784.45%

Lao ng gin tip8615.55%

Tng553100%

(Tng hp s liu t b phn Nhn s)Bng 2.1: Tnh hnh lao ng ca Cng ty nm 2012V l c th doanh nghip sn xut nn i ng lao ng ph thng chim 52% nu phn theo trnh , phn theo tnh cht cng vic th lao ng gin tip chim t 84,5% trong tng nhn s Nutifood.Nhm khuyn khch ngi lao ng v cc b phn hot ng hiu qu hn, nng cao nng sut lao ng, hng thng Cng ty xt thng cho cc b phn c tnh nng ng trong kinh doanh, kt qu hon thnh vt mc k hoch ra, v xt thng cho cc c nhn xut sc. Cng ty c th thng bng tin vi mc thng tng ng vi 8% -20% thng lng hoc thng chc cho cc c nhn. Tin thng cui nm cn c vo kt qu hot ng kinh doanh ca nm .Cng ty thng xuyn tin hnh cc hot ng o to, bi dng, nng cao tay ngh cho ngi lao ng. Chi ph o to trung bnh vo khong 200 300 triu ng/nm. Hnh thc o to nhn vin ch yu hin nay l t chc cc lp o to ti trung tm Hun luyn & o to ca Cng ty hoc/v mi ging vin v ging dy hoc c cn b cng nhn vin tham gia cc kha hc do cc trung tm o to t chc.1.1.3 Kt qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh

a. Sn phm cng ty

Sn phm dinh dng chuyn bit theo dng i

Sn phm dinh dng theo bnh l

Sn phm cho sc khe c gia nh

Sn phm sa nc

b. Tnh hnh hot ng kinh doanh cng ty Tiu th sn phm l mt trong nhng hot ng nh hng trc tip v c tnh quyt nh n kt qu hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty trong thi gian qua v y cng l mi quan tm t bit ca cng ty. Tnh hnh tiu th sn phm ca cng ty trong thi gian qua th hin qua sau:

Bng 2.2: Kt qu hot ng kinh doanh 3 nm 2009, 2010 v 2011VT: VNSTTKhon mc20092010201110/0911/10

1Tng doanh thu506,274,146,985888,323,004,1211,204,455,589,45575%36%

Cc khon gim tr23,017,863,03435,163,113,15324,846,414,17953%-29%

2Doanh thu thun483,256,283,951853,159,890,9681,179,609,175,27677%38%

3Gi vn hng bn266,820,563,849515,339,629,883680,402,753,55293%32%

4Li gp216,435,720,102337,820,261,085499,206,421,72456%48%

Doanh thu t hot ng ti chnh4,990,190,8617,452,585,7955,853,349,60949%-21%

Chi ph ti chnh -10,156,509,0146,128,627,26438,602,008,630-160%530%

Chi ph bn hng151,273,985,351264,595,069,949370,978,877,86675%40%

Chi ph qun l doanh nghip19,439,579,60129,051,095,06455,398,302,50249%91%

5Li thun t hot ng kinh doanh60,868,855,02545,498,054,60340,080,582,335-25%-12%

Thu nhp khc736,617,6616,859,931,2523,780,360,172831%-45%

Chi ph khc508,354,579432,360,027889,701,700-15%106%

6Li t hot ng khc734,079,7376,427,571,2252,890,658,472776%-55%

7Li nhun k ton trc thu61,097,118,10751,925,625,82842,971,240,807-16%-17%

(Theo Bng bo co ti chnh)Theo bng s liu tng hp trn cho thy tng doanh thu 3 nm ca Nutifood tng mnh, c bit l nm 2010, tng 75% so vi nm 2009, nm 2011 doanh s ch tng 36% so vi nm 2010. Mc d doanh s bn hng tng mnh nhng li nhu trc thu li gim kh mnh, nm 2010 gim 16% so vi nm 2009, nm 2011 gim 17% so vi nm 2010. Nguyn nhn:

- Doanh s bn hng tng nhng ng thi chi ph bn hng v cc chi ph khc tng kh mnh. Nm 2010 chi ph bn hng tng 75%, nm 2011 chi ph bn hng tng 40% so vi 2010 tng nhiu hn so vi doanh thu bn hng.

- Chi ph hot ng ti chnh nm 2011 c s gia tng t bin, tng 530% so vi nm 2010, trong chi ph li vay chim 50% (y l giai on Nutifood u t dy chuyn sn xut sa nc mi). Cc chi ph khc tng ng mnh: T nm 2010 n 2011 tng 106% (B pht thu, chi ph thanh l my mc,)- Chi ph qun l doanh nghip tng mnh t nm 2010 n 2011, c th nm 2010 tng 49% so vi nm 2009, v nm 2011 tng ln 91% tng gn gp i so vi doanh thu.

Trong 3 nm 2009, 2010 v 2011 doanh thu ca Nutifood tng ng k nhng do cha kim sot c chi ph qun l h thng nn li nhun

* H thng phn phi ca Nutifood

S 2.2: S h thng phn phi Nutifood*H thng phn phi ca Nutifood ch yu trong nc bao gm knh phn phi truyn thng tri rng khp 64 tnh thnh, knh siu th, knh gio dc v knh y t.- i vi knh truyn thng th Nutifood c hn 160 nh phn phi nm ri rc khp min t t nc. y l knh c doanh s bn hng chim t trng cao trong tng doanh thu bn hng ton quc vi hn 70.000 im bn l trn ton quc. - i vi knh siu th: Sn phm ca Nutifood c mt hu ht trong h thng cc siu th ln Vit Nam nh Coop Mart, Big C, Maxi mart, Metro, Lotte, Vinatex.y l knh bn hng quan trng hin nay m trong thi gian ti Nutifood ang u t khai thc.- Hai knh bn hng gio dc: Nutifood hin ang thc hin vic bn hng trc tip n hn 1500 trng mm non v tiu hc ti 26 tnh trn ton quc.- Knh bn hng cc bnh vin, trung tm y t: y l knh tiu th c bit m ti nhng ni ny Nutifood c mt i ng tham vn dinh dng l cc y, bc s, dc s t vn cho cc bnh nhn, ngi gi, ngi bnh, tr em v dinh dng.

1.1.4 V th ca Nutifood v phn tch SWOT ca Nutifood* Kh nng cnh tranh

- Nutifood vi trit l kinh doanh mang m tnh nhn vn hng v cng ng v ang pht trin mnh vi s ng h khng ngng ca ngi tiu dng. Vi tm nhn v mc tiu , Nutifood v ang nghin cu pht trin nhng sn phm ph hp vi xu hng dinh dng ca tng lai (ti Vit Nam v trn th gii) nh sn phm dinh dng gi dng ngi, sn phm cho nhng tui ring bit, sn phm dnh cho ngi tiu dng c nhu cu dinh dng c bit, Nutifood l mt trong s rt t Cng ty c danh mc sn phm rng ri p ng c nhu cu a dng v phong ph ca ngi tiu dng. - Hng thng, da vo s liu nghin cu th trng ca ACNielson, mt cng ty hng u trn th gii v nghin cu th trng ang hot ng ti Vit Nam. Nutifood bit mnh ang ng u trn th trng sa y tim nng v cng khng km phn cnh tranh v t Nutifood ra nhng mc tiu phn u thng qua nhng hot ng nhm qung b thng hiu, thc hin cc chng trnh marketing gi vng v pht trin th phn, gia tng doanh s, to li th cnh tranh vi cc i th cng ngnh.- Theo kt qu nghin cu th trng ca Cng ty ACNielsen 2011, Nutifood l 1 trong 5 cng ty dn u trn th trng sa dinh dng ti Vit Nam (Vinamilk, Dutch Lady, Abbott, Mead Jonson & Nutifood). Trong , Nutifood ng th 2 th phn sa bt nguyn kem ch sau Dutch Lady; th 2 v sa c tr ch sau Abbott; th 5 v sa dnh cho ngi ln sau Abbott, Fonterra, Mead Johnson, & Vinamilk; th 6 v sa dnh cho tr em ang pht trin (growing up) sau Dutch Lady, Abbott, Mead Johnson, Nestle & Vinamilk. y cng l mt n lc rt ln i vi mt cng ty ra i cch y by nm (nm 2000).

Xt trong tng quan vi cc doanh nghip khc trong ngnh, thi phn sa nc (chim 3.6% th phn, gia tng ng k so vi thng 2 nm 2009.

Ngun: AC Nielsen* Phn tch SWOT ca Nutifood IM MNH

- Thit b sn xut tin tin theo cng ngh c, Thy S vi cng sut cao.- Quy trnh sn xut khp kn, thit k nh my theo tiu chun GMP vi quy trnh kim sot v sinh an ton thc phm c chng nhn HACCP do Quacert cp cho sn phm giu dinh dng v an ton thc phm.- S dng phn mm qun l doanh nghip ERP (Oracal) em li hiu qu qun l cao, kim sot c chi ph IM YU

- Nguyn vt liu ch yu nhp t nc ngoi.

- Nhn s khng n nh nht l b phn Sales

C HI

- Nhu cu th trng v sn phm sa ca ngi dn Vit Nam ngy cng cao, nm 2011 nhu cu tiu dng tng 20% so vi 2010

- Gi thnh sn phm sa ngoi nhp cn kh cao so vi thu nhp bnh qun ngi dn Vit Nam- Nghnh sa c chnh ph quan tm v pht trin

THCH THC

- Gi c nguyn liu nghnh sa thng xuyn khng n nh- Vn an ton cht lng sa l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn nh hng n th trng tiu th do gn y c mt s ngun sa nhim Melamine,..gy hoang mang cho ngi tiu dng.

- Nn kinh k c nhiu bin ng

- Ngy cng nhiu khch hng a ra cc tiu chun cht lng.- C ngy cng nhiu i th mnh nh Vinamilk, Dutch Lady, H Ni milk,..

1.2.1 Thc trng qun tr chui cung ng

1.2.1 Mc tiu chui cung ng nm 2012- Tnh ton chnh xc s lng hng ha cn thit trc khi t hng, gim 20% s lng hng tn kho

- Tnh ton kt hp gi hng chung mt ln gim chi ph, mc tiu gim 10% chi ph vn chuyn/doanh thu so vi nm 2011. Tng cng kim soat chi ph tt c cc b phn v hon thin h thng kim sot ca cng ty.- p ng tha mn khch hng, tham kho kin khch hng 3 thng/ln- u t nng cp nh my, p dng cc tiu chun cht lng nhm nng cao nng lc sn xut, p ng kp thi nhu cu th trng.

- Hon thin v khai thc hiu qu h thng qun tr doanh nghip ERP

1.2.2 Quy trnh hot ng chui cung ng

Mc d, b phn lnh o ca Cng ty cng c ci nhn v vic hon thin hot ng ca cng ty, bc u c ci nhn c bn v chui cung ng nhng vn ca cng ty hin nay khng c m hnh mu v nh lnh o ch thc hin theo kiu hon thin cc b phn ring l m cha c s gn kt cho mc tiu chung ca c h thng. Cha c cc ch tiu o lng, nh gi xem xt mc hiu qu ca chui.

S 2.3: Chui cung ng tng qut ti Nutifood tin nh gi thc trng cng tc qun tr chui cung ng ti Nutifood, tc gi s phn tch hot ng ca chui trn cc hot ng c bn:1.2.2 D bo nhu cu

Hin ti Nutifood d bo ch yu d bo nhu cu theo ngn hn theo cc s liu kinh doanh nm c v ch yu theo phng php nh tnh da kinh nghim ca cc cp lnh o bn cnh vic d bo nhu cu cng da theo chnh sch Marketing v mi trng cnh tranh theo tng thi im. Thng nhu cu c d bo cho tng chu k kinh doanh (4 tun).Vic cung cp d liu d bo v lp k hoch do b phn Sales data thc hin, y l b phn lu tr v phn tch cc s liu kinh doanh. Hot ng d bo kinh doanh cui chu k ca Nutifood thc s cha tt, y l giai on cht s kinh doanh tnh lng thng, nhn vin kinh doanh ch yu chy doanh s cha thc s quan tm n nhu cu khch hng, khng d bo c nhu cu t trc dn n vic t hng qu nhiu dn ti nh phn phi tn kho nhiu v lng hng t vt qu tn kho p ng (i vi cc khu vc xa nh my sn xut) phi i chuyn hng t kho sn xut ra kho trung gian thng mt 7 n 10 ngy vn chuyn lm khch hng khng hi lng.Cc ch tiu k hoch kinh doanh u chu k cng c a ra chm tr l cho hot ng bn hng ca nhn vin sales gp nhiu kh khnNh chng ta bit hot ng d bo l hot ng i u trong chui cung ng ni b ca cng ty. Hot ng ny ko theo hng lot cc hot ng khc nh hot ng kinh doanh, hot ng mua nguyn liu, hot ng sn xut, hot ng giao hng nn y l mt mt xch khi u rt quan trng trong chui cung ng ni b. Nu cng ty lm tt cng tc d bo th cc cng tc khc c th tt v ngc li. Nhng cng ty cha thc hin cng tc d bo mt cch bi bn nn cc hot ng khc b nh hng nghim trng.1.2.2 Lp k hoch tng hp v qun l tn kho* Lp k hoch tng hp

Xut pht t cng tc d bo cn cha c ch trng mt cch ng mc nn vic lp k hoch trong cng ty hin ti mang tnh cht ri rc, cc phng ban t lm k hoch tng phng ban ring m cha ch n k hoch lin kt ln nhau. K hoch ch c xy dng trong ngn hn, cha xy dng k hoch trung hn, di hn v tng hp. K hoch kinh doanh vo ngy cui cng chu k kinh doanh hng thng (mt chu k kinh doanh tnh theo tun). Sau , b phn kinh doanh chuyn k hoch kinh doanh chu k cho b phn sn xut lp k hoch sn xut v lp k hoch nguyn vt liu cho thng sau. Khi phng sn xut lp xong k hoch nguyn liu, chuyn cho b phn mua hng tin hnh t hng nguyn liu phc v cho sn xut.

K hoch kinh doanh c lp nh sau: B phn kinh doanh ch yu cn c trn s liu qu kh ca cc thng gn thng lp k hoch v mc tiu doanh s Ban Lnh o ra xy dng k hoch kinh doanh. Cc yu t nh hng khc nh yu t thi v, tc ng cc chng trnh khuyn mi, cc yu t cnh tranh v bin ng gi trn th trng cha c B phn kinh doanh ch n, nn vic lp k hoch kinh doanh ca B phn kinh doanh thng xuyn khng ph hp vi nhu cu thc t ca th trng, thng xy ra tnh hnh qu tha hoc qu thiu sn phm phc v khch hng. V k hoch ca cc b phn khc ph thuc vo k hoch kinh doanh nn k hoch kinh doanh khng chnh xc v ch lp trong ngn hn (lp k hoch hng thng) nn cng ty phi s dng chin lc tng ca cho hu ht cc thng cao im trong nm. iu ny ko theo hng lot cc hot ng khc cng xy ra tnh hnh bt n:

- Sn phm thng c sn xut ra qu tha hoc qu thiu so vi nhu cu th trng.

- Nguyn liu cng xy ra tnh hnh tng t l tn kho qu mc hoc thiu nguyn liu sn xut.

- Dch v khch hng thng xuyn gp phn nn do thiu hng.* Qun l hot ng lu khoHin ti Nutifood c 4 kho theo s liu sau:

STTDin giiDin tch (m2) Sc cha (Pallet) Qui i thng

IMP UHT Cng IMP UHT

1Kho ICD Sng Thn (Sagawa) 2,088 700 500 1,200 1,200 60,000

2Kho Cng Ha 182 42 500 300

3Kho Nng 500 126 1,500 900

4Kho H Ni 1,400 616 7,000 7,000

Bng 2.3: Sc cha lu kho v cung ng hng ha

- Hot ng lu kho: Nutifood thc hin hot ng lu kho ti kho chnh Bnh Dng, cc kho trung gian, v kim sot s lng hng ha ti cc nh phn phi theo chu k v theo nhu cu ca khch hng. Do hot ng lu kho phi hp vi hot ng d bo cha tht tt nn khi c nhng bin ng tht thng ca nhu cu th trng v cc giai on cao im t hng cha hiu qu, vn xy ra tnh trng thiu hng tm thi nhng giai on ny.- Kim sot s liu tn kho: kho thc hin nghip v nhp xut kho trn phn mm qun l ERP, phn mm ny qun l c s lng hng nhp vo v xut ra nhng cha kim sot c hn s dng ca hng tn kho, cng vic ny vn thc hin th cng theo phng php nhp trc xut trc. - Sp xp kho: Hin ti Nutifood sp xp hng ha theo 2 kho: Kho sa bt v kho sa nc.Qun l hng ha bng m vch v sp xp hng ha theo s thun tin v tr ngha l kho cn ch no trng th hng c xp vo m cha ch n vic sp xp khoa hc. S kho cha c lp s lm cho cng tc son hng tn nhiu thi gian do tm kim v d xy ra nhm hng, nhm date s dng.1.2.2 Hot ng thu mua: y l hot ng thng xuyn v l nhim v truyn thng ca hu ht cc doanh nghip, Nutifood thng xuyn tm kim cc nh cung cp tim nng, so snh gi v m phn mua sn phm c chi ph thp nht. V c th l hng tiu dng, lin quan trc tip ti sc khe khch hng nn Nutifood lun nh gi la chn cc nh cung cp c cht lng t tiu chun quc t. Mt s nguyn vt liu chnh ca Nutifood:STTNguyn liuNh sn xutQuc giaNh PP ti Vit Nam

1Sa bo nguyn kemFonteraNew Zealand

MurayAustralia Rosewater bay

Bura foodAustralia O Lam (Singapo)

2Sa khng bo UHTFonteraNew Zealand Nhp trc tip

Sterling Agron

3Axit bo DHAKeivitH Lan

4Cht xOraftiB

5m u nnhSolaeM

6Vitamin trn snFortitechMalaysia Nhp trc tip

7Ph gia thc phmGivaudanSingapo

8Bao b sa ncTetra PakThy inNhp trc tip

9Bao b sa btCng ty c phn in 7

Cng ty bao b Tn Tin

(Ngun: D liu t b phn mua hng)

Bng 2.4: Mt s nh cung cp chnh ca Nutifood

- Cc nh cung cp nu trn l nhng nh sn xut hng u th gii v Vit Nam trong lnh vc nguyn vt liu ngnh sa, vic mua hng c thng qua k hp ng tng qu/nm c c s n nh v ngun nguyn liu, ng thi cng ty c gia mua tt nht.

- i vi nh cung cp nguyn vt liu th Nutifood thng cng c mi quan h hp tc lu di vi a s nh cung cp c c do uy tn p ng c nhu cu ca Nutifood. Bn cnh nhng nh cung cp quen thuc ny th cng ty cng tch cc nghin cc, tm hiu cc nh cung cp mi la chn c ngun nguyn liu phong ph, gi c cnh tranh v cht lng p ng tt hn nhu cu ca khch hng+ i vi cng c, dng c phc v cho sn xut: Trc y khi mi thnh lp th ch yu tm kim cc nh cung cp nc ngoi chi phi cao, hin ti cng ty bt u nh gi v tm kim thm cc nh cung cp trong nc nhm p ng nhanh nhu cu doanh nghip m chi ph gim.+ V phng tin vn ti th Nutifood s dng ch yu 2 nh cung cp dch v chnh: Minh Kin Pht, Vn Thin Phc giao hng cho cc nh phn phi, siu th,* Lng t hng ti u: Hin cng ty t hng da vo nhu cu n hng, bng gi nguyn liu tng nh cung cp, tnh cht nguyn vt liu m c lng t hng ti u khc nhau. Cng thc tnh ch yu ca cng ty hin tiLng t hng = (Nhu cu sn xut Tn kho) + Lng chnh lch c gi tt

* Chi ph nguyn vt liu v cc chi ph sn xut khc: V c th l doanh nghip sn xut nn chi ph cho nguyn vt liu kh ln, chim t trng ch yu l nguyn vt liu nhp khu t nc ngoi ch yu t nc c v New Zealand v mt s nguyn liu t cc nc chu VT: VNSTTPhn loi200920102011

Gi trT lGi trT lGi trT l

1Nguyn vt liu trc tip241,176,007,93155%482,330,821,41960%698,584,241,88464%

2Chi ph nhn cng46,172,862,74611%66,402,516,9538%114,423,280,99810%

3Khu hao v khu tr ti sn c nh9,422,932,4142%11,930,786,2251%36,133,667,6843%

4Chi ph dch v mua ngoi108,876,145,19125%188,372,027,00123%180,668,338,41816%

5Chi ph bng tin khc31,887,080,5197%59,949,643,2987%66,245,057,4206%

Tng437,535,028,801808,985,794,8961,096,054,586,404

(Ngun: D liu t phng k ton)Bng 2.5: Chi ph nguyn vt liu v chi ph sn xut

- Qua bng s liu cho thy tng chi ph nguyn vt liu chim t trng kh cao trong tng chi ph sn xut, nm 2009 ch chim 55% nhng n nm 2011 tng ln 63% do ngun nguyn liu sa nhp khu tng. iu ny lm cho gi thnh sn phm sa Nutifood tng nh trong 3 nm qua, y cng l tnh hnh chung trn th trng nguyn liu sa.- Chi ph nhn cng gim t 10% xung cn 8% vo nm 2010 v tng ln 10% vo nm 2011 do cng ty u t thm nhiu dy chuyn sn xut, m rng sn xut cc sn phm mi nn cn thm lao ng.- Do nm 2011 cng ty c chin lc kim sot v ct gim bt chi ph nn chi ph dch v mua ngoi v cc chi ph khc gim ng k.* Theo di vic cung ng hng ha t nh cung cpVic trao i mua bn hng ha vi nh cung cp ch yu thng qua vic k hp ng di hn nhm c s n nh v gi v ngun nguyn liu. Do chi ph nguyn liu sa chim t trng kh ln trong gi thnh sn phm, nn nhng bin ng v gi nguyn liu sa u nh hng n gi thnh. Thng thng sau khi Nutifood gi n hng i th phn hi v n hng t nh cung cp v n hng l t 1-3 ngy, v tin giao hng: i vi cc nh cung cp chu th 10 ngy i vi hng bin v 1 ngy i vi ng hng khng, i vi nh cung cp chu u, chu M th 20 ngy i vi ng bin, 4 ngy theo ng hng khng. Vic giao hng ng hng khng ch xy ra khi Nutifood cn hng gp hoc nh cung cp giao hng tr so vi thi hn yu cu.Theo s liu v nh gi ca b phn mua hng Nutifood ta c bng sau:

VT: %STTLoi hnh cung cpT l giao hng ng hnT l giao hng tr

1Nguyn vt liu93%7%

2Cng c dng c, NVL khc89%11%

(Theo s liu t phng mua hng)

Bng 2.6: T l giao hng ng hn ca cc nh cung cp

Theo bng s liu thu thp c th t l giao hng tr i vi nguyn vt liu l 7% v 511% so vi cng c dng c. Nguyn nhn giao hng tr: Thi tit xu, gp kh khn hi quan, chm thanh ton tin cho nh cung ng.* Chnh sch thanh ton cho nh cung ng

Nutifood lun thanh ton cho cc nh cung cp theo ng tha thun trong hp ng hoc trong n hng. Thng thng th Nutifood thanh ton n hng lm 2 ln, 50% sau khi c thng bo hng ln tu, v 50% phn cn li sau 30 ngy tnh t ngy thanh ton ln u tin.

VT: %

STT200920102011

Tng s nh cung cp384041

T l thanh ton ng hn98%92%95%

T l thanh ton chm2%8%5%

(Theo s liu t phng k ton)

Bng 2.7: T l thanh ton cho nh cung cp nguyn vt liu

T l thanh ton chm nm 2009 ch c 2%, n nm 2010 tng ln 8% do nn kinh t c nhiu bin ng, t l thu hi n gp nhiu kh khn dn n chm thanh ton cho nh cung cp nhng nm 2011 gim t 8% xung 5%. Mc tiu ca phng thu mua c gng to mi quan h tt vi cc nh cung cp nguyn liu nc ngoi gia hn thi gian tr n l 45 ngy.

1.2.2 Hot ng sn xut: * S t chc v hot ng ca b phn sn xut

Nh my sn xut ca Nutifood chia lm hai b phn: B phn sn xut sa nc v b phn sn xut sa bt. Bn cnh c cc b phn nghip v h tr: B phn hnh chnh nhn s nh my, B phn QC, b phn R&D, b phn k hoch v b phn k thut

S 2.4: S c cu t chc nh my sn xut

- Vi cng sut 20.000 tn sa bt v 17 triu lt sa tit trng / nm, nh my p ng c ton b nhu cu phn phi ca cc sn phm Nutifood trn ton quc.- Nutifood c h thng sn xut sa bt theo cng ngh ng gi ca c, cng sut 70 sn phm/pht. Cng ty u t 3 h thng trn v 3 h thng ng gi t ng cho sa bt dinh dng dng lon v dng gi vi nhiu chng loi nh gi nh 25g, 400g, 1 kg, lon 400g v lon 900g ph hp vi nhu cu a dng ca ngi tiu dng.

- H thng sn xut sa tit trng theo cng ngh tin tin nht ca Thy in, cng sut 17 triu lt/nm, c t ng ha hon ton t khu ch bin n ng gi vi quy trnh sn xut khp kn, thit k nh my theo tiu chun GMP, cng vi quy trnh kim sot v sinh an ton thc phm c chng nhn HACCP do Quacert cp, to nim tin cho ngi tiu dng v an ton thc phm v gi tr dinh dng cho cc sn phm. - Nm 2011 Nutifood lp t v vn hnh thnh cng dy chuyn sn xut sa nc UHT do cng ty Combibloc (c) cung cp c nh gi vo loi hin i ca khu vc ng Nam vi cng sut hn 12.000 hp / gi (trung bnh khong 4 hp / giy) vi cng ngh sn xut, an ton v sinh thc phm cao ca th gii* K hoch sn xut - Cng ty tin hnh sn xut theo nhu cu khch hng v tn kho d tr tun da trn ch tiu a ra t phng kinh doanh v k hoch bn hng thc t nhm p ng kp thi nhu cu ca khch hng. Hot ng sn xut ch tp trung vo chy theo p ng nh cu kinh doanh m cha ch n vic tp trung vo nng cao cht lng hot ng sn xut nh cha c chin lc sn xut r rng, gim lng tn kho thnh phm, gim lng ph do vic ch i, gim lng ph vt t trong sn xut, gim lng ph do lu kho nhiu, gim lng ph ph phm, gim lng ph hot ng tha (hay cn gi l sn xut tinh gn).Theo cng sut my nh my v lch sn xut ta c thi gian sn phm c mt ti nh my:VT: Ngy

Loi sn phmCng sut/ca/loi spChu k SX (Ngy)QC kim tra (Ngy)Nhp kho (Ngy)Tng (Ngy)

Sn phm lon3,5 tn/12h7119

Sn phm gi8,4 tn/12h7119

Sa nc8,072 thng/26h77115

(Ngun: Phng k hoch sn xut)

Bng 2.8: Bng cng xut v thi gian sn xut sn phm

Theo bng s liu cho thy thi gian hon thnh mt chu k sn xut i vi sa bt lon v gi l 9 ngy, sa nc l 15 ngy.Lp k hoch sn xut ca nh my sn xut cha c tnh di hn, m mi ch dng li lp k hoch ngy, thng m cha lp k hoch sn xut cho qu hay nm nn sn xut thng b ng trong vic p ng v ng nhu cu ca kinh doanh. V nhng sn phm m cng ty sn xut l cc sn phm hng tiu dng nhanh nn phn ln theo chin lc sn xut d tr

1.2.2 Mi quan h khch hng v hot ng dch v khch hng

a. Qun l mi quan h khch hng

Mi quan h gia cng ty v khch hng ch yu nm di mi quan h giao dch l chnh, khch hng ca Nutifood chia lm 4 nhm khch hng chnh: Nh phn phi, knh siu th, knh y t v knh gio dc. Trong knh nh phn phi v knh siu th Nutifood th hin mi quan h rang buc bng vic k hp ng hng nm, cn 2 knh bn hng cn li ch th hin qua t trnh cam kt cc chnh sch mua hng v u i l ch yu.

i vi cc knh bn hng bn cnh cc chit khu dnh ring Nutifood a ra cc chnh sch khuyn khch h tr bn hng khc theo tng chu k nhm y mnh vic tiu th hng ha nh h h sn phm khuyn mi i km, gim gi bn trn sn phm nhn cc ngy l c bit trong nm,..v cc hot ng qung co tip th (Qung co trn truyn hnh, tham gia cc bui gii thiu sn phm ti hi ch, hi tho khoa hc v dinh dng,), tham gia cc hot ng cng ng,..nhm nng cao gi tr thng hiu v uy tn trong mt ngi tiu dng.Hin ti Nutifood ang tp trung xy dng mi quan h vi cc nh phn phi l ch yu bi y l knh chim t trng doanh thu cao ca cng ty. qun l v nng cao mi quan h vi cc nh phn phi, Nutifood cho i ng nhn vin Sales thng xuyn gim st bn hng ti cc nh phn phi cng nh h tr cc ca hng bn l ca nh phn phi nhm cp nht nhng thng tin tiu th sn phm, phn hi t khch hng cng nh thng tin th trng. Tuy nhin cng ty ch mi dng li xy dng mi quan h mua bn vi nh phn phi, cha xy dng c mi quan h n cc nh bn l, giao nhim v kim sot nh bn l cho nh phn phi nhng nhiu nh phn phi lm phn phi cho nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau. Do , cc nh phn phi ny cha dn lc vo chm sc sn phm ca cng ty n cc nh bn l v ngi tiu dng cui.

Cc chnh sch h tr lng thng PG ng shop ti cc ca hng bn l nh phn phi cng nh thng cc chi tiu bn hng cc chu k bn hng cha c thanh on ng thi hn lm khch hng khng hi lng dn n tr hon vic t hng p ng nhu cu.Hot ng tm kim cc khch hng mi nhm m rng h thng bn hng khp cc tnh thnh vn cha c ch trng, hu nh vic m khch hng mi ch pht sinh khi c khch hng c thanh l. Vic nh gi nng lc (Ti chnh, uy tn bn hng,..) ca cc khch hng mi vn cha c quan tm, dn ti vic m mi nhanh chng nhng cng nhanh thanh l. Cng ty vn cha ch trng n vic nh gi hiu qu hot ng ca cc nh cung cp c cc bin php cng c mi quan h ph hp.b. Hot ng dch v khch hng * Theo di n t hng

Hin khch hng cng ty ch yu Vit Nam, cng ty qun l n hng theo h thng ERP (Enterprise resource planning) Oracle E-Business Suite Release nn7084

7084

, vic trao i d liu qua li trong chui cung ng din ra nhanh chng. Ta c quy trnh s l n t hng ca Nutifood nh sau:

hng

Thiu hng

Phi hp v theo di chuyn kho v sn xut

S 2.5: Quy trnh s l n hng

Nhn vin dch v khch hng s nhn n t hng thng qua my fax, email v in thoi.

Theo quy trnh trn, thng thng khi nhn c n hng t khch hng, b phn dch v khch hng s s l n hng trn h thng ERP sau phn hi li n hng x l cho khch hng, v n hng lm trn h thng ERP nn cc b phn kho, k ton v cc b phn lin quan s thy c n hng ngay tc th cung cp cc ha n chng t cn thit m khng mt nhiu thi gian. Nu lng hng ha p ng n hng th b phn iu phi s ln lch giao hng cho khch: Trong ni thnh H Ch Minh v khu vc ln cn nh my thi gian giao hng l 1 ngy. Khch hng tnh th thi gian giao hng t 3-5 ngyThng k s lng n hng t nm 2009 cho n 2011

VT: Ngn ng, S n hng

Knh bn hng20102011

HT l HGi trT l DTHT l HGi trT l DT

Knh phn phi 6,126 30% 759,458,722 85% 7,084 30% 1,016,194,487 84%

Knh siu th 2,406 12% 83,114,527 9% 3,136 13% 117,453,511 10%

Knh Y t 1,200 6% 5,471,083 1% 1,420 6% 6,405,392 1%

Knh gio dc 10,638 52% 40,279,662 5% 12,127 51% 64,402,200 5%

Tng 20,370 888,323,994 23,767 1,204,455,589

(Ngun: Dch v khch hng)

Bng 2.9: Bng thng k s liu n t hng 2 nm 2010 v 2011Trong cc knh bn hng ca Nutifood th knh GT l knh c t trng doanh s cao nht chim trn 80% tng doanh thu ton cng ty. * Hot ng khiu ni v thu hi sn phm - Hot ng khiu ni ca Nutifood cha quan tm bi bn, hin ti vn cha c quy trnh tiu chun dnh ring cho hot ng khiu ni. B phn khiu ni ch c 1 nhn vin chuyn trch phi hp cng vi cc nhn vin dch v khch hng nn thng xuyn c s chng cho trong hot ng x l, cha theo di tt tin x l khiu ni, gy chm tr phn hi thng tin cho khch hng.- Khi hng ha ti tay khch hng nhng khng t tiu chun cht lng th Nutifood s tin hnh thu hi hng ha kim tra v hon tr li sn phm cho khch hng kp thi nu xc nh li pht sinh t Nutifood.

Nutifood thng tin hnh hot ng thu hi trong cc trng hp:

- i vi cc sn phm cn date, mt hng khng a chung tng khu vc bn chm linh ng chuyn hng n cc khu vc bn chy hn nhanh chng y cc mt hng ny ra th trng.

- Tp trung thu hi nhanh cc sn phm b li do sn xut nh li ngoi quan (Bao b, cht lng,..) gy nh hng n uy tn doanh nghip v sc khe ngi tiu dng

Do c th l hng ha tiu dng nhanh, nn i vi mt s mt hng nh phn phi bn chm dn n cn date th Nutifood cng h tr thu hi hng ha v i ngang hng ha date xa cho cc