hume tanulmány az emberi Értelemről

8/11/2019 Hume Tanulmny Az Emberi rtelemrl

1/66

DAVID HUME

TANULMNY

AZ EMBERI RTELEMRL


2/66

A FILOZFIA KLNBZ VLFAJAIRL ............................................................................................ ........3AZ ESZMK EREDETRL ................................................................................................................................. .7AZ ESZMETRSTSRL ........................................................................................................................... .......10AZ ELME TEVKENYSE IRNTI KTELYEK ELS RSZ ................................................................ .....10MSODIK RSZ ................................................................................................................................... ........ ........13

A KTELYEK SZKE!TIK"S MEOLDSA ................................................................................................1#

A VALSZN$SRL .......................................................................................................................................%%A SZKSSZER$ KA!&SOLAT ESZMJRL ............................................................................................%3A SZKSSZER$SRL ...............................................................................................................................30AZ LLATI RTELEMRL .................................................................................................................................3'A &SODKRL .....................................................................................................................................................(0AZ AKADMIK"S VAY SZKE!TIK"S FILOZFIRL .............................................................. ........ .....)#"TSZ ........................................................................................................................................................ ........ .#%


3/66

ELS FEJEZET

A FILOZFIA KLNBZ VLFAJAIRL

A* +,-/2/4*5268 9:;+, +,=?*+ @4=6 4/4;8 +*?, :* + 2/4*52@4- : /+;94*5>> *H+--+/ 2+-/+8 +;H?;G/ CH95 : -/?*++ =+; :* ?-+*5/68 6,; =+;,:;:: -?*+/+G-+8 ? 2+/-+/+ 94*:/=:-:. A=+: ?/+>/ : /+;2+/G5>> +/+?;+-+ ? ?/6-: ,:;:6- - +//+?+ +//+=+-+ -+//=+;9/6;H6>: *+=>+6//H::- +;4/4;6; 2+///:669:/ :* +,?< 6,::/4;::- =-+8 :C4/ :*6 : /+;G9+>> +/H,64--:/ ? : /+;G-/+++>> ?/6--:/ ,6?;+ 2+/*H6- ? ;:*;:6- ?,*+/=+-+8 C: /< =54 *H9G->+ /66/6- : >+G/++?; ? :* ;:* *+?; *+,++?8 ;< 9?/-8 +/?,?-=:*8 :=?, 26,:4*:-.

A 2/4*52@4- =6- 2:6: :* +=>+, += :> ;44/-45 /?> ?,+/=?+- ://?,4*66,:8 +== +,-/++- *4/66,: ,+-*-. E/=?/-+?G-6,;+, +,=?*+ G*++ 9*;6/::- 9+- :/68 C4;< 2+/2+?- :*4-: :* :/:+/9+-+8:=+/*4: : =9+/ ? >/ +=>+,+- +/=+,??,+ ,+-*++-8 ;< ?,*-8 ?/+G- =+ 26,::/=6?,-+// -6,5/6>: ,?*+G/+-8 C: -+,G/ 9:/:=+/< ,++ ;:*6;4 2+/2++*-8 :=+/< :* @5-4,4-@/66,: *4/;6/C:.

V:C::/:8 C4;< :* +=>+,+- />?;+ : -:4:/? +/94:/ *+=>+ =; +/+ 24;: ,?*+H+8 ? 4-: :* 24;6- C:;4*:8 C4;< :*+/>> +=:- -+//+=++>>8 C:+= C:*4:>> 8 = :* @5>>. S*4,4:>>: *+245- :=+: ?/++/8 24,=6/: *H9G-+ ? 94*:/=:-:8 =9+/ :*4--:/ :* +/9+--+/ 24;/:/-4*-8:=+/+, +/+-9?,+ :,-://6-8 C+/> =:;::,6,: +9+/ =-+8 -*+/+>> 9* :

-?/++?; + 2/4*52: 6/:/ 96*4/ =:-??C+*. E**+/ *+=>+ :* +/94 2/4*52: 4/+,?,+/=+ :-:,: *+>> ? 94*5>> *H>+ 6>,6*4/8 -9+ +/ 9?/+/+G/ 9:/:=/


4/66

+= 2* 496>> ;44/::8 C:+= =+; :- : 5*: ?*C+* ? : /?/+- 9+/+ *G/++ ?,*+/=+C+*2+//+>>+*9+ : C+/


5/66

-G//+;+ +/+?;+ CH9+ 6>,6*4/ :-:,6-. A* ::5=@ =+2?/+ , ? @4,H5 4/;4 6,+/?-8 + @4=6,6*4/66>: C:*4.

M+, >6, :* @5>> =9?*+?+- /+;*+>> *H+ 9+* ;?+8 :/:-: : /+C+ /+;-+++>> ?/+;94*5>> -G/9+/ ,@C6**: 2+/8 =?; 2;+, + *+,-+*+?,+8 :* *=4-94:/:,:8 : 44- ,+*+,?,+8 =+ +;


6/66

=94/68 -?*?;++- ? -?+?;++- :/:4 +/+=*??9+/ >+>*4> -G/>?;?+/+- += -+9?>? 9:/56;4:- ? >*4>+2+/24;C:5-. E 9*;6/564- +,? -96/-?+ :* @5>> ->+ +/?, -+,+- =6, C+/>

24;:/=: :C::- +-G- + @4=6H*C:5 94/6,5/. S 9:4 2/4*52@C4* =?/5=@-6:- :,C:@-+8 C4;< =+;=:;4/> >*4


7/66

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

A* +/=+ *+ >> -?*+??/ @;?;+ ?*/+/C+G-. E;?*+ =6 ?,*?+- C:6-:* :* +=>+,8 :- GC,4C:= 24;4 +/8 = :*8 :- :- ;44/ +,,+ :* @/:,:. Q: :* C://4=8 C4;+/ ?,*+/=+-+ ? >+H*C:5: ?*- 9*: -+8 + : 2+/9//:4 *H+- :*4-C4* -?+8 :=+/+ :* +,++-?*++- /*+-8 C:/96?; 2+/=+,??C+* *G-?;+==2?/+ -G//+;+ *6/66,: 9:;< =+:2*-@ ?*6,6,:.

E*?, :*6 :* +/=+ 9:/:=+* 24-: *+, -?44,,: 9:;< 2:6,: 4*C:@-. A -+9?>? +,+-+ ? +/+9++-+ 6/:/6>: ;44/:4-:- 9:;> + +9+ >*4+ C:*6/@-. B+> -?*+G-+ ?,+=8 :=+/> :* +=>+, ;44/:6/8 C* +=:- 2+, +,+- ? C::/4=:-8 + =?; : +,=?*+ ? 9:/56; C:6,: /*6,: -+,G/ *,> ? /+;C?-*:>> 4/;4-: -;44/.

S >6, +G- +;4/:6;4 ?/9+*+-8 =?; G*+++>> 9*;6/:++? :* 24;@- /68 C4;< : 9:/56;>: ;+ *- C:6,4- -*? 9::- *4,H9:8 C4;< :* +/=?+-+* :* +;?* +,+= -?+?;+ += +;8 = :* ?,*?-*+,9+- ? ::*:/::- 6/:/ *4/;6/:4:


9/66

";6, *+//+=?,+ :- ,-68 9:;< +;4**4=,5/ 9:;< -+;: 94/8 =+2:: *H -?/+++ =+;=+,8 -9?9+8 =4@-8 : -?-+- +;< >*4


10/66

QARMADIK FEJEZETAZ ESZMETRSTSRL

N*46/ ? /+;*+,+/++>> -?*+/;?+- -*+++8 5 =:;@->: :* 6/:->: 8 C:+/;44/-4@- 2+/+G-8 :* ::*:/@-8 C4;< : -?*+/+ += -:/:4*- :- ;< *+9*:8 :-G/>*8 +;>: :*4:/ 2+/2++*C+?-9:/:=/: 8 :=+/ +*=?- -2++*??,+ *4/;6/5 *:9:- >>?-+9?>? =+;+;


11/66

:* :* 6//H68 C4;< 2+/ 24; -+/. E*?, C6>: ;*4*4:8 :--4, :* +/=+ += @6 4C: 9/6;4: 2+/24;.

E*?, :*6 :* +=>+, @6*4= *6=6,: =?/5 2+/:: =+;9*;6/8 = ::- :>*4: 9*;6/56,: :- 9?;*++/+C+. S C: : C:;>+ ;:8 C4;< : >:,6:

9?-+ 9:;< F,::4,*6;>: 9:8 :* //+ 9:/:=/> *6?-::- ?H;?,+++- =+,++. Q: 9:/:- +;< @*: *;++ +;< 5,6 9:;< 9:/:=/>/ :,,: 24; -9+-+*+8 C4;< 9:/:=-4, =6, 6,:- 4 +=>+,+-.

M+8 ?>/ +=>+,+- +/+/??,+ -9+-+*+G-. M?, M+, +*+- :* +=>+, =94/6:- ?:/-:6:- 4/4@-8 :* ::*:/@-8 C4;< 9:/:=+/ ? =+/+;?>/8 C4;< :* +/+=?*C+ . E;: -+// /+G- ::-8C4;< :--4,>: +/+?;;+/ -?+/++- /+G- 94/: +/,+ =+;=4:8 = 96/C::- -. Q: +;4+ : =64- ;4/ S+==2?/+ : ,4, 4-4-46@- += :*

4--:/ 9:/5 -:4/:6 =?; 2+/2++*?+ @6 @;6,=/+,+?+ 9:/5*H/+; +*+- :*4- : 9?; 4-4- ? ,9?


13/66

:=+/+ 9:/:C: 2+/2++*C+G-8 :; +,-/2/4*52: 9:;> 2+/6,:. ;< C6 =+2/4*52: 9?; +,+=?+, 9:-6; ? ;>+ >4/@- >+/+8:-6,C4;/ @/ -8 C4;< : +,=?*+ : +/+?;+-,+ 94:-4*5: >*4


14/66

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

E*?, :*6 : =/ C:4/56;6 : 9C* +==2?/+ ::*:/:>5/ *6,=:*5 ?,99+/ += /+C+>*46/ ?,9 9:;< -9+-+*+?


16/66

?/-G/8 =?; += >*4+ *:>6/: C9:-4*6- :,,:8 C4;< :=/>+/ ::*:/:4->5/ =+;=+,G- : ++- +//+;? 9:;< +,=?*+?. T-4 946:-8 -9+-+*?-?+ =+ C:6@- ? =+;,+G-.K??;+/+G/ =+;>46C::/: +/?; 94/: :* 6//H:@-8 C4;< :*?,8 =+, = =:;@-9*;6/56:- 4,6 += :/6/@- >*4>/ +/C:=:,-44 4/4; 94/: :* : C:6,4*4 -9+-+*+? /+948 C4;< : ,4>/?=: :*+=>+, ++ -?+?;+ =+;C:/::.

Q: =+,++- =+ 24,,66 =+;9*;6/@-8 :* :/6/@-8 C4;< : -?,? =+;4/66,: +;/?=6- +-+?>+ 4/6>> 2::-58 : ++=@-8 =?; =:;@- :*4-:/: 6//:4- :@/:- : ::*:/:>5/8 =+;2;/ +,+ C:64-:8 /< =54 + +/+?;+- :646;: =+;=+,-. Q: +;


17/66

=:;6:-. V: :*4>: : 2/4*526:- +;< 2:6:8 :=+// : =6- +/+/??,+ -9+-+*+G-.

E;+,G- 496>> ::*:/:4- ?/-G/ : ?*4:8 :- :,,5/8 :=,/+=/?-+*++ 9:;< ?,*?-*+,9+ -*9+/+G/ 6?-4*:6-.

T+;+ >9+>> ::*:/:4-,: + *+,8 =9+/ =6, ,?;5: ?/ +9/6;>:8 =+;2;


18/66

/+C+G-8 C4;< 6; +/@4@-8 += -+// *;4/5@- :=:8 C4;< -4,/64*4 *+//+=-?+?;+->/ >>,+ += +/-. S :=-4, :* 6//H@-8 C4;< -? 4/4;8 ?/6@/ : C ? : /6;8 9:;< :/< ? : =+; 6//:5 -:4/:: /66 :- : *4-6 -?*+ =-+ :,,:8 C4;< :* +;/ : =6-+/+/??,+ -9+-+*+G-8 +**+/ -??;+/+G/ 4/< ?+/ 6//H4@- 2+/8 :=+/< C: :/6 += ;:*8 +/+;:/6>> 9/6;4: ?,C+. S :=+//+8 ;< /6*-8 :- +* : 2/+9? :C: =:;/ 4// += 9:;


19/66

+/?;++?;;+/ /- =: +/8 :-- *+,+- :* +/94 @4=6*4+9://4=8 + 2++*+ C6,:/+9 ,?*? +=+-- *6:=8 : -?>> 9*;6/56:= + ?/-G/ =+;?,C+-.

MSODIK RSZN +== -4,/6/::>> :* +=>+, -?*+/+?/8 += *6,: -4,/6/:@/ -+9+,C+8 9+;>C4* -:4/5-8 :* +/>>C+* += :=+/< :* :-:,:5/ 2G;;+/+ :=+/,+*>+G-8 ++- :* ?,*?+- :>>5/ : =+;C:6,4*4 C+// -+// 2:-::8 :=+/+ :* ++ +;: -+,G/. V:/:C6+ 9:;< :*?,*?-*+,9+-,+ C:8 : *4-6 C::/=66/ 24;9: G? :,,: -?*+ -?*+/+G-+8 C4;< 2+/?**+ :*: =6- 4/;48 :=+/< ,+*+, 9+/+ +;+ + 9:;: ? :* +/=?->+ -96/4 ?,*+/=+->+ ,+/-.

E* :* ?,*? 9:;< 2+/?*? =548 >+9://4=8 /+C++/+ 44: =+;=:;>?-+9?>? - @@- @;:-G+ 2+/8 +/=?->+ ?,9?6>5/ +* :* ?,*?- >+


20/66

;44/::=: G? +,,+ : *+=?/+ +/24;:@-8 ? +/=+,G-8 C4;< : C ?,*?+ += +;8= : -?*+/+ *G/+=?> ? :,5:>> +/-?*+/?8 C4;< :* +/-?*+/?+- +* :=5: 9:/:=/+ 2+/=+,G/ 9:;< :* ?,*?-*+,9+- 6/:/ ?*/+/ =6-4/4;;:/ 9:/5 *4-64 -:4/:6>5/ +,+8 :--4, + 2+/?+/+*?+- :/:68 :* C*+=8 += /+* +C?*=68 C:4/5 ?,+/= +9?-+> :/:+/9+-; *4+,,+ +//+=*. I :*4>:

2+/9+- +;< -?,?8 +/ 2G;; ,4>/?=6- =+;4/6:. V:4 =+*+->+ : 9*4: :*,?-+8 C4;< :=-4, :* +;+ 2+/=+,G/8 :*+//+ +=:- +; ?+,+>> -?*++ :/-4 ,5/:8 = :=/+ 96/- ;:*6 C:6,4*46. Q: ?C6< =?,2/,+ 9:;> C:6:/ /+* ,6=8 = C: -?*6* =?,2/,+ 94/?- /+8 5//+C+ C:/5/ ;44/4- 9:/:=,+8 := : >:,6:= 9:;< : :/64= -,+ 9:8 +*=?G-:--4, :*4:/ 2+/?>,+ >++=. D+ :* @5>> ++>+ :* +/=?->+ 2+/=+,G/ =-? 4/4;


21/66

+*=+8 +*?, >6,=/4, +=>+,+- +,+-/ C4/=::- :*?, @/:4H::- />/ : *+=4>5/ ?*9+=?; +/+9+8 >6, -?/++ C:64-:- 4/8 := /?+*??+- 9:/56;46;6,5/:-4-.

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

=+//+=+-8 += ?,*+=+ 6 +,+/++>>+ : +> ? : 26:/4= +*=??8 = :=-4, +;< 4C6, >4,,:/-H6/:-8 =?; C: :* +*=+ 9?/+/+G/ : >4, /66 =+,G/ 2+/ >++= D+ = ?* 2+/ +* :* +,-?*++8 C: += : 4/4; +/+/?+8 9:/:= :* : -,G/=?: :* +/>>9+/ -:4/@- *+ E/=?- =+ ?


22/66

/+9+*+?+/ 2G;;+/+. AC4;< : +,=?*+ =+;:H4 =-+ 9?;:;:- C:*6/:6,: :?/-G/8 C4;+/?- 4/4: :* :**8 :=+/< ;44/::-: : -G/ 4/;4- *6=6,: -+// 24/: 9+*?,/8=?; C: += =+,G- :*4-: :* ++,;6-: ? +,-+8 :=+/6/*4> 94/:8 C: +*+, 4/:/ +//?- =+; +;+ ,+/ -4 4-4-:-:6/: :* +?/+-9+-+*8 :*?, : >> += C:;


23/66

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

M?; C:6,4*4: 6//HC:@-8 C4;< C: + @4=6 /+9 +*=?-+ -+// *+C:4/H::. A* +,-/2/4*52:+*=? :- : /+;;44:>> 9*;6/: *:>:HC:: =+; : C4=6/: : -9+-+*+?+- =; 4--:/ ,9+>>+-8 : -9+-+*+?C+* 9+*+ -*9+H?+/+- *6=: 4--:/ -+>>8 =: =+ ?+/+ 6/:/6>: 4--:/ >> :;>5/ 6//:-8 = :*

+,-/2/4*52: ?+/+8 C::- +* @5>>:- += 4,-4//:- 9:/:=/:.A* +=>+, +/=+ ,9? :-:6/ +C?*?;+ : ?+/+- 2+/6//H66C4**G-?;+ -9+-+*+?+- C4*6;:8 ? : ;44/:4- *?/+ -,+ 4-4**:. A+,=?*+@4=6: : C:/:6 2 -+,?--+ 9:/5*H/+; : -+// ::*:/:4- : +/+?;+-C6 9*;6/::/ + @@- @--:. A*+,-/2/4*52: +,? +* +; += -+,G/ 4/:8 :=>/ :,,: -9+-+*+C+G-8 C4;< C: +>>/ : *+=4>5/ :* +;+- 2+/??+- 6>: 6//5 +C?*?;+-+ :- :;>;4:/ ? -?+?;+--+/ /+C+ /+-G*+.


24/66

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


25/66

+*=??C+*8 >*4: @@-8 C4;< +-G-8 ? =+ =6 ?,+/=+ /?5/ +,+ +*=+8 =9+/ :6 ?,+/= +9?-+/ *6,=:*-.

Q: 9*;6/@- =+; +* :* 6//H6 =++-+/ :>>5/ : *+=4>5/8 =/+24/+ 2+/ += =+,C+8 C4;< : /+C+ /+;,++/=++>>? /+;?,C++/++>> I/+ -G/>*- :5/8 := :-:,@-. S :* H;< /?,+ 4/4; +;< :>>8@;


26/66

+,=?*+ ++=? +,=?*+ ++=?>8 = : >++;?;/ /+;+. R+;;+/ -6>> 9:;8 = >?;+ ?-+*? @6. E -G/>*?; 4-4/66>: : ::*:/:4

-H9G/ = +;,+ C9:-4*C:@- Q4/ :* :* 6//H5/:; @:4 +, N+ : *+//+= 9:;< :*:*:6>:8 9:;< =-+>+8 9:/:=/


27/66

E*?, :*6 += +;< 2/4*52@ ;< ?,*8 ?,+/= 4-4->5/ =+-4, @;


28/66

*6=@-,:8 + C6 += ?/< -+9?? =+,G-+ :* : =54 9:;< +,?8 :=+//> +/=+ =:;6,: 9:;< : ++-,+ C: K?,+= C4: *+,+*C+G- +,,/ @4=6 I/: += 2++*C+G- 2+/. A L+;2>> L?> L?< ++,;66@;> :/ *6,=:*-8 = :*8 C4;+ :- =?/,+G- ,6. %7

MSODIK RSZD+ C4;< ++- : =6, :=;< /6;4: C4*,: : -+,+G- :* +, 9:;< : *G-?;*+, -:4/: +*=?? =:*4->: : 24,,64->:8:=+// *+,G- +;> 9*;6/::/ += @@- =6 2+/+,H+8 = C4;< :* +;


29/66

?>,+*C+ >+G-8 ? : 4- C:4/5 ++ -*8 :=+/+ +/*, /6: ?/6@/ : -? >/6,;4/>+,+??8 += 6//HC::8 C4;< : -? ,?? -:4/:>: 9: +;> :*=4C::8 C4;< +;> /+*?/C+-:4/:,5/. D+ =/: 9: +;: *+-:4/5:- +;


30/66

::*:/@-8 +* :* +/ ++ +/++ C:4/5 :* *+ >> ++C+*8 :=+/< +/+/+; +/24,@/C: :-G/>?; :- :: :* :*44 ::*:/:4- C4* 4,: @6 =6, ;+. N+= @4=8 9:44/9:5= *6=6,: -> =+;9/6;H6>: C+/6 ? >4>6 +?=.M+ +/94 4-4-46>: 9: +;< >*4+ =+ ?-+*5/66/ ? >>+*??;?/ C:64:>>. E+- : ?*4:-+/?,??,+ -+// ,+-+G-8 : *59,6;4-: :,@- 2+ 4/: //++-.

NYOL&ADIK FEJEZETA SZABADSGRL S

A SZKSGSZERSGRL

ELS RSZJ4;;:/ +/96,C:6-8 C4;< 4/+8 :=+/@*;:/4==:/ 2++;++- ? 9::-8 : 9:-4*5 2+/+- /+;:/6>> : 24;:/=:- +/+??>+=+;+;: -? ?9+*,+ =/69:/ : *:9:-,5/ 9?;,+ : 9: ;:* ?9:/56;4 6,;,/ 9*;6/@- : 4/;48 -6>>:* +//+-+* -9+-+*+? 24;@- /+94. M6, :>>5/ : -,G/=?/8 C4;< +;< 9: ,?;5: 24/: 9:/:=/+ ?9++-8 C4;< +=4:8 C: :* ?,+/=+ 4/9:5 : + C://: += :-:, >>? + -?,? 2+/9+??,/8

C*+ += 4-@/68 += *5,:-4*6 += ,+=?/C+ /+. D+ :* :* 4-4-468 :=+/5/ 2+/-+/ =: 2;>8 +*?, : 96:- /+;:/6>> ,?*>++/??9+/ -++;+8 :=+//+ :* 4/9:5 +==2?/+ >4+>*4+,+- = : *G-?;*+,?;8 = : *:>:6;+/=?/++ +-+?>+ C: + 24;:/=:-: ?*+, +/+?+/ ,@C6**@- 2+/ 8 =; :*44 ?*++-+9://4:-8 :* +;?* +; 9: :- *:9:- -,G/ 24,;4. V*;6/56:-: : *G-?;*+,?;+/=?/+?9+/ -+*G-.

/:/64: +/24;:4 ?*+8 C4;< :* :


31/66

? *:>:4 +*=? :-:,@- :/-4 =:;@-:-8 =+; -+// 9*;6/@-8 C4: +,+ +* :* +*=+8:=++ : ++- =-??,+ :/-:/=:**@-.

N: ::*:/:-C4* +==>+ += C:4/H::8:--4, : *G-?;*+,?;+-8 9:; +*=?+ + =+,G/C++2+/ >+G-. I/5/+,++-. B+96;:,66;8 :;: +;+,+- =+-4, ? =+G ::,+/-8 C4;< :* +=>+, : /+;-G/>*>> -,G/=?+8 +*6/:/ 2+/2+:* +=>+, +,=?*+ 6//:5 ? +;


32/66

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

46/ &:- :*?,8 =+, : ::-8 ++- ? 2/+- : 9?*4+ ; 96/4*:46;>: :-::- :,6 +/-?*+/C++- :/6/:8 C4;< :,??+- +//+?+ 94/: += :* 4->: ,+/ 9?/+/+?;>/8 C:+= +//+?+ 4-4- ,++ C:66>5/*6,=:*-. E* :* +C+?;+ 496>> =+;2;*4 9*;6/564- 4,6 2+/=+,-8 C4;< :* +//+?+ C:64- =; +//+?+ 4-4-,5/


33/66

:-4:-8 -/ +//+?+?;G->/ +,++-. Q: +;< 2:/5,: 9:;< *+>5,: =+;6//8 ::,:*+=>+, +* :- :**:/ @: =:;: += 6, 5/. = : *:-+=>+,@:8 C4;< : ,@;5 9:;< :* ;: :*44 +,++ =; :*44 C:6:/ 9: : -+,+-+-,+8 + +* : *4-4C:6 :/6 +;< 4,*+= =:8 :=+/< :* 5,: jrst =+;:-:6/> +;+ :/:-4*@-8 C: :;+8 C4;< >> 4/:/,5/ =+;9/6;H@- +* :* ?,9+/?8 24;/:/-4**@- ,9+ +**+/ :-?,?+/.

A* +=>+,+- =+ -*?;>+ -/+ :> : C:56; 9?+/=?,+ *6=H8 ,+=?/9+8 C4; +,G/++ /+/ 2+/ :* +=>+,+9?-+4>6 96/- :* +;+, : =:;: ?/+?/:>::6/ -6>> *6=H =64- /+;-G/2?/?>> :-:,: +/+-9?+,+8 :=+/5/ *C:;>: /+*+-.M+*+-?/ : -9+-+*+?+-?/8 ?;< = : -G/ 4/;4-,: 94:-4*5 4-2+?+-?/8 =?,?G/ :=/>+/ ::*:/:4 +-8 ? */6,: =+; 9: ;+,+- ?;


34/66

6C:: :* +=>+, ?/++8 C4;< ?>+, 6//:4>: +;>+->+ -2++G-8:* +=>+,+- =+-4, :*44 ?*++-+ 9://4:-

D+ +>>+ : +-+>+ : 2/4*52@4- += 94/:- 4C: =6 9?/+=?+8 +;+ /5;9: =:,:. N 4/6,=-? 9:/5*H9? +C+? :* +/>> +++8 C*+ :* :* +=>+, +,=?*+ =+=+, :/:+/9?9+/ *;+ +//+?>+ 6//. A- :,:+ ? 4-4-466>: C:>4*6 ?/-G/ =; +/=+,8 ++- +//+?,+ *5>:94:-4:- +/=+,8 =+-4, -6>> :* +//+-+* ?*+,+ C:/::-. E+-8 ;44/4=8 :-9+-+* =:;+ 9:/:=+: 9+??9+/ :- :* : =+;2;*4


35/66

*+2G;;?>+ 9::- +;+, @:/:6;,: 94:-4*5 -9+-+*+? @;>9*;6/:6:- +,+=?+,+- =?; :>>: : */6, =+;;+ ?/+-8 C4;< : +,=?*++,-+ =?/>+ 6/6C:6-8 :* 4- ? 4-4*: -* 9:/:=2?/+ *G-?;*+, -:4/:4?*/+/C++-. Q: 9*4 :6 ?,+/= +9?-+/ *6,=:*5 C:64- -* 9:/:=/?; 9:.

D+ C: +;+/6@-8 C4;< =+2?/+ 4-6; -:4/: +,? :- : 4/;4- *+2G;;?? ?+/=?-+- :* +;/ : =6-,: 9:/5 -9+-+*+?? =+,C+G- 2+/8 C: :* ::*:/@-8 C4;< +-? -,G/=?+ =+-4, 2+/?+/+*C+G-8 :--4, =:, 4--:/->+ +/ 24;@- =+,8 C4;< + *G-?;*+,?; =+ 4-:- -* 946:. S 5//+C+ +* :*4-4-468 :=+/< :* :-:,: ?+-+- *G-?;*+,?;+ @/:48 *6=4 2/4*52@ ,+*+,?+-+//+=48 =?;8 C: =+;;44/@-8 >+ 24;@- /68 C4;< + ,+*+,+- :- *:9:->:8 += ;:*2+/24;6>: ?,+- +/ /+.

A 2+ ?,+/+=>+ 9+ *G-?;*+,?;+ 4C: +;> :* 6//HC::8 C4;< :* +/=+ :* :: :* 4- ? 4-4*: -*

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

A* +==-? += ;44/C:@-8 C4;< : +/+-+++- :* H?-4--:/8 C:/:=4--:/ ?-,G/=?


36/66

+/=+, 4/4;8 C4;< +**+/ : 2+/?+/+ *:>:6;;:/ =+- ,++/-+*-8 :- += /6,: 9+, ,:>. E*+C6 += /+C+ 9: 6,;+ +==/>+:6/8 = := =+- @/:4H8 := =+-+- C:>4*6 ?/-G/ +/ -+// =+,+. A* :-:,:,:94:-4*5: = += 96/4*:@- : C:; 6,:/=:/::>> +== +=/+C+.

M9+/ =+ ,9?< : @:/=:*64 ? >G+?+ :/:*-8 +*?, +/2+/?+/+ :* :* +/98 C4;6/


37/66


38/66

+22?/+ -?/+/+?;+- += /+C++-. +/,+ /6:8 +/,++/+8 :-:,: =:*4-: :* +=>+,+/+-+++-+8 :=+/+- +-8 9:;< +; :* I+?;8 += :* +=>+,2+/+/ ?,G-. D+ =9+/ =-? ?+/ -?+/+?; ? *+?;,?8 +>>/ -9+-+*-8 C4;< :* :*+/=?/+8 :=+// /+9+*+?- -+ += /+C+ ;:*8 C* :**:/ *+=>+ :*44 +//+9+?+-+C4*C:@- 2+/. E;< -?+/+8 + *G-?;*+, -9+-+*+? :* :/:6@/ *4/;6/5 +/=?/+ -?+/+?;? >*4? +*-8 C: : -*G-/+9 -:4/: *G-?;*+, ? +/-+,G/C++/+.

E* :* +//+9+? -? ,?*>/ 6//8 :=+/>5/8 C4;+, +/+-+++-+ 9:/:=+/< *G-?;*+, /64/:4 :* I+?;; 9+*+C+G- 9*:8 :--4,:*4- += /+C++- >+- =9+/ :* : L? ? /+;?,+,+=?/5>>. M64*4, :>>5/ 6//8 C4;< C: + +/+-+++->+-8 :--4, :;:@- -+// : -?/++?;+- :* :* :,>@=68 :=+/+- ? +,-/ ,4*:- : 9?; 4-:.

A* +/ +//+9+?,+ :C:5 96/:* =:;65/ ?,++- ? =+;;:4-:- @: + / +,+ :;> :9:-:- 6 + 6//:. E>>/ :* +/=?/+>/ +;>+- -* :* 5-4, *4-@4-8 =+ =+;,5>6/:6 -*+++ 9;:* > *+=/?/+>+8 :=+/< : +,=?*+ +;?* ,+? 624;:8 =+,?? ,= ? @4;6 6,;*46;>: ?/8 +/=?/-+ +=>+,-?*+/+?+- +;< //::,: ;? 6//C: +//+8 C:/> ? +,=?*+++>> =54 *+=/?/-6,;+, +/=+ ;>: // =?,?-:,6:/ :- : -,G/G- /+94/;4-: 9+*- 2;+8 ? :- 4/+ 4/< +-?/< C:?-4+ +, C:6 2+++- -. A* +=>+, +/=? : +,=?*+ ;< 24,=6/: =+;8 C4;*4++8 = >> 4/+, -+?/5/+?/ 244:>> 94/:. K96/-?+ :*4- : +//+=9464- 9H96- - C+/?-??C+* ? >*46;6C4* C4**66,@/:-8 -96/-?+ :*4- : +//+=9464-96/6- - ,4*://6@-:8 :=+// /4;-@: :,,:/+C+ -9+-+*+8 C4;< :* +,-/ ?,*? -*9+9+ 9:;< -*9+/+G/ +*+-+- :* +//+?+?,+-+-+- =?,/+;+/??>/ 2:-:.

M =4@- C68 C: +;5/ =/G/ +;H- +/ V:4/*4/ 2:-:5 ?,*+/=+--+/ Q: 9:/:-/ +;< ++=+ *+;+ +/,:>4/:-8 9:4 + =:;:*4+/=?/-+?+- --++ 24;6-+ : 9+*+?; =: ?,*+ >4*6;6 M?, -+// C6 : >+/


39/66

*+=>+ +,-/ 2+/C6>4,466 +*+--+/ :* +/=?/-+?+--+/ *+2?,C++/++- :,:@- V:; ? +,?< -* 9:/56;4 -G/>?; ?;< *++;6,=/?;?+/ :* +=>+, +/=+ +,=?*++ ?,*+/=+ :/:*-8 +*+-+ :* ?,*+/=+-++==2?/+ 2/4*52: +/=?/+ 9:;< >/+/-+? += *:>6/ C4=6/4


40/66

-@: : 26:/4=5/ 9:/5 2?/+/=+8 C: 2+648 C4;>6/ :;> >*4>>*4>+8 +*?, >6,=/6,=+/+ 4>> + /+*8 = ++=>+,>+8 :*C+/+ 4-@- : ::*:/:4 964/8 C*+:* : =:;: >*4


42/66

+/+;+HC++/+8 ::*:/:/:; =+;6//:H4 @/:46;:8 :--4, :* +=>+, :6;?+/+- ,6 :/+;+-?/> >*:/4==:/ += 9+/+?-. ,G/ 9:;< -*=+,+ C:*@; ? :/: +=>+, *:9::-+= :@- C+/.

S =9+/ : :9://4=64->5/ ? :* +=>+, :6;?+/+->/ +,+ >*4+/::*:/:4 :/:*-8 +*?, : ::*:/:4-:- =+;2+/+/+ 96/4*-8 : *+, +-C+>*4


43/66

=+;2;


44/66

-,G/=?+,+- C+9+ 94*:/=6 : ,+-H9G/ ? 46,68 +*?, :/:4 ;,+*+G- =+ +22?/+ =++=469:/ *+=>+. D+ +* :+,=?*++ ;44/-46=5@- =?; : /+;=+:>> ? /+;CC+>> ++=?+ .

;< ?/6@/ +=;+ :-: CH,8 :=+/< -G/+ 2:/@C+/+ ;>:*6,++>>+ +,++8 = : C6*:6; CH,+- 4/+, :,,:8 C4;< :/+;:;> *4:: : 9://64 46-,5/ *5/5CH,+-+

Q:,=:*4, =+ +,=?*+2+/+ ? 46 ,?+ ,6 :;:,>6, ?+- -,?>+ 6,:- *6,5/ *6,:. V:;< C:9/*6/ ?+- +;:,>6,

+-/ ,-/?-8 :--/ : C:;


45/66

+=>+,+- 9*4 ,+*+, =+;+/?;++- + -?+/+?;+- -;+ CH9+-+ 4>4,4*C:4 =:;6:-8 = >> 4/>?;? += /+C++ 2?/,+9+*+ := @; +?/+ 9:;: 6//H5/:; +/ 24,@/ 4:?+/ ? =+;9+/-+- 46->: -*9+/+G/::- : :H6:- :/66=:*66 *4/;6/:8 :=+/ : :/6666 *4/;6/:. S : ,96/ : :/66669:/ +;*4>: : =+;9/6;H6>:-+// *+=/?/G-8 =C: :* : =4C:=+6 46 =+;+=/H+?-8 @;H,5:-4-2+??/8 :- :>>5/ @/ -8 C4;< +;< >G;+ 96: +=+/ -? : *:9:CC+?;? ; +/-9+??+- 46>: ::- *HC+/


46/66

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

*+=: *6=6,: += 9:/:= -+,C+* =?/5 :,,:-9+-+*++8 C4;< +;< +22?/+ :6; =:;6 C4,: : 9:/5/:6; >?/6,=2?/+8 +=>+,:6;?+//+/ :/66=:*4 4: 9:/56>: -6>> ;*4++;+- =+;;H,6- +/ *:9:CC+ ? +-?/> 6?-6.

M >> + 46-,5/ +/+? ++- -**?8 ? =+G +,+*+?-8 =?; =:;@- : +*@6-+= @6- 4C: 9/6;4: =+;624/ ? /+/+/+* -+8 C4/4 + 4/;6, C:56; 6/:/ 6=4;:4

@5 +G/+ C:6,4*4: *+=>+ 6// :*4--:/ : ?*++--+/8 :=+/


47/66

A >/ +=>+, :- :;6,=+/+*?/*H9?/+/-? =+/+;+ C:*668 :/66 9:;< 8 =:;6 H8 9:;< >6,=/: 9: :* //+ 9+/+ *G/++ C:/:=:9:/ ? 94*:/=:9:/. S 9:+ :6/ :;> -H?,?8= C4;< 9:/:- -G/+?+ +=>+,+-8 ,52?6:-8 :* ?; -9+?+- *+,+?>+ +*+/+;+ K +96//:/: +*+,:8 9:4 24;+ +;< //::; :;;6/ :;< /6;,: ;6=?* =+; =4C58;44/-46 ?/-G/ C:>*4/: =:*8 := : >:>46:- CH*+/+;8 : 46 *++H.

Q6< ? C6< +22?/+ ,?++ /+/+*+- /+ :* - 24/: S =?;=+>+ H++- +;5,6;8 C4;< :*6 ,6 + C++,H++-8 9?;-? +/2+/+?- Q: +C6/6,C4/ *6,


48/66

2/4*52@:- + + 4/;48 >*4+ 9?;>+=+ 4,9:68 ,4=/6 ? >4=/6 @;: C4*6- 2+/+//++=8 =/> C*+- :* *+:/6/-4*6@->5/ +,+ /+;,+-H9G/>>

++=?+8 +== C4;< : +,=?*+ ,9? 9*;6/56?/-G/ 9:/5/::- =H+ C*+ :* +=>+,+-+ +22?/+ +9+?;+ ,?++--+/ =+ ->+=6, :+ + 46 4/>5/ : ::*:/:>5/ =+,C+G- =+;8 :=+/+ :* :/-46:,5/ *+,+*G-.

E* +; >5/ =/>+/ =+;2;>. M9+/ +; :* ;:*=46 =+;*+;?+ : :>*4>8 = >6,=/ :6;4- C+/?*G-?;-?+ +,+ --+8 :* :* 6/:/64 ?,9?+G-8 C4;< +:6;4-:8 >6,=/


49/66

9/6; ? :* +=>+, +,=?*+ 4/>++?G-,/ :-+= +*+,+*+ +=>+, ?/+-4,,5/ : 9/6;:- *9H* 6/:/ ,?+/@*@/66,5/ +;:@/66,5/8 : /+C+ /+;=+;/+>> 46- ,?9?.S*+,+?= /6 :* :* +=>+,8 :- -4=4/< =+;244/6 @6 *H9?,+ + -?**+/ -+/++?8 C4;< C:+;< / ?46/:4:>> 4/4;:- :,:68 = =:*4-: : 46-:8 :=+/+ 24;:C:6- +/ + -:=+ 5/: ;:* 4:8 ? :- = /*4+ +//+=+*?- : 46-8 C:+= 5*: +* +=>+, + ?/-G/ =::6; += CC+ >++.I;:*6;6,5/ : @*: ?* =:;6>: += ; -96/6;4-4 -H9G/8 =++-+/ +/+

*:>:6;,: 9: *G-?;+8 +/4,>: : ?*++- ? ?,9+- *:>: C:,6:- -*C+ -9,6;*668*+,+??,+ ? : *:>:6;:- ? G,+/+=+- -4,6>: ? 4,*6;6>: *G/++8 =?;/+;*?/?;++>> +/9+ += 9+,+ 4C: >?-/: +==/


50/66

T+8 ;< /6*- 2+/+/+= +,,+ 8 : 4/-6 +/++ -C:;5/8 2+/ += ?+/+*+8C4;< +;< >/ 2+/>>?; 4;;:/ ;/ 2:-::-. D+ = =4:6/ :,,: :* 6//H64=,:8 C4;-? 4+ 94:= -??;>+/+;2>> 9:;< +;*4/ +,+8 =9+/ 4 :* ?,+/+=+- ? *6?-:-4//.

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:*4-C4* : :;@=4-C4*8 :=+/: -+// C4*@- +;+8 C4;< +/ +=@@- -?*+/8 + @: 9:/:= :;>+ ? -?/+++>>+ +,+=+ : 4/;4- +/+/+;*H:66/8 :C4/ +;+,::/ ? *,*:9:,,:/ -G*-G-. E/2+/+G-8 C4;< +* : /+;=:;::>>,+ ?,+/+= ? 5@/: @*6 -?*+/+>+/8 9:;< /+;:/6>> += ?*4-4- 6/:/ =+;:/:4*44/4;8 C4;< +== 4- :,,:8 C4;< =6 :66;4-: @/:4H@- +-8 + :- 4/


52/66

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

9:4 =+ 2+/+9?++--+/ ? ?,9+/?++--+/ @4-+ +?/ >>+ =4: I;:*8 +,,+ :*2+/+/+-8 C4;< :. 4/;4-:- +* : ,++ ?,+/+=>/ ? *6?->5/ 2:-:. D+ >6,=>/ 2:-:8 =:;: :,+8 :=+/4/4;6;@- 9:;< >4/4;:/:6;@-8 -9+-+*?-?+ ?/+=5@- ?=:;::,6@- 2G;;8 =; +;< ? @;G+? -+//++ +/96,4=8 :--4, +>>+ @;>+->+ ;: 9: -9+-+*+?+-+/+94 >+//+8 : +,=?*+ ::*:/ 24/@=4->5/-@/9: =?; C4**6+C++- 9:/:=. P;< /6*-8 +/2+/++-8 C4;< + 6,;+ :- :*4-4*:4->5/ /+C+ :* 4-4-,: -9+-+*+ C4;< :* 4-4->#1 :* 4-4*:4-,: /+94 =+


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D+ C4;>6 ? //+>>? +;/ 9+*+- /+ :* +22?/+2/4*52@4- :* ++-,/ :/-44 +*=?-+ &:- +/>*:-446;@->5/ =+; : -?*+/+G->/.M+, C: : =4: +/+?;+->/ 9+*+?- /+8 4+= =@:C:: 9:/:= 694/:>>,:8 :- 44:+*+-C+* ;:*4?-. Q4;< :* I+?;+- ++/+; 9::- 4/@=: 8 :=+/+


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4;4: C:/:C:@- 9?;; :* 4-4*:5/ :* 4-; 9+*+ 48 =: =+; 9*:?,9+8 :* 4->5/-@/9: :>> -9+-+*+?+-+ 94C:@- /+ :* 4-4*:,: ?*9+8 =+;9*;6/C:@- :*4-: :96/4*64-:8 :=+/ ::*:/:::- :/:6 :* >*4 8 :=+/< *? 5/ :/6+,+*-+9+8 :*

4->5/ -@/9: :* 4-4*:>: 9?;>+=+ 96/4*64-,: -9+-+*+G-. E* :*4>: += @;5/ ::/5;: 6 9:/:=/@=6,: 9:;< @/:46;6,: -9+-+*+C+?-. M9+/ :9/6;+;/+?;,/ ? 56;,5/ :-4-8 H;< >/+?;,+ ? 56;,: -9+-+*+G-.M9+/ + -?/*4*4 :,>@=4-,: 9:;< @;@=4-:- =:;::>>

24-6,: -9+-+*+G-8 9:;< /5/8 :* 4-4*:>: :-4/ 56; >*4G+?+- 6,:/::>> +/4*66:- +; :* ;:*6;46; ? =?/62;+9?+/?>/ -+//++ +,++. A +,=?*+ =9?+- =+ 2+/?+/+*+ ;@=: ;*4>+- += +-C+ ##.

A* + ?,+ +/-9++ ?9+?+-8 9:/:= : 9?/+-+? *:>:6;;:/ 9:/5 9*:?/?+-+/4,>: :>>5/ 2:-::-8 C4;< C://;:5/:;4: : L+;2>> L?< C+/+ -?*+/G- =:;@-:8 :,,:-9+-+*+G-8 C4;< =+-4, @;


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V?; 4,4 :/6 +;:6; :96,: /+94 6/:/64 -9+-+*+?++/8 5//+C+=6 ,+=*6->5/ -@/9:8 = :=+/+ G,+/=+ -+//++ :H::8 ?/: ,68 C4;< >6,=+/< -4,=6/ =-? -9+-+*+C+G- :* @5>> >6,=/6,= C4**6.


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TIZENKETTEDIK FEJEZETAZ AKADMIKUS VAGY SZKEPTIKUS FILOZFIRL

ELS RSZN =?; +;< 4/ 9?/+=?/ @/@- -8 59:48 + >*4 /?+--+/ C:/:@- +/,+8 ;?+- /6*- : -G/>*694/6;4->: /+9 6,;. M+*+- : *-+-@ ?,9+- 9:/56>: :- :* >*4H*C:@- =:;@-:8 C4;< :::-: ?,+/=G--+/8

9:/:= : -*+; +//+;?+-8 : 6,;< 694/6;6:- ? :* ?,*?-*+,9G- =?;?+-2;+9?+/?9+/ C+/H+G- -+//8 =+, :- /


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;:*6; ? : ?9+? =+;>H*C:5 =?,??9?. D+ 9::- :* ?,?-*+,9+--+/ *+=>+ =68=+;:/:4*4:>> ?,9+- 8 :=+/H*@- =+;8 C4;< ;44/-46 ?/-G/8 ;: ?+/+-++G->+ =+;,*-.

S @;+- :- :* @5>>:- -?*++. A,,5/ :*:*:/,5/8 :=+/@--:5?*/+/++-8 =@/:5 =6: 9:;< -?*++ 4/? : :/C::/: ? +//+6//C::/: 9+/G- *G/++ *-=+//+8 C*+ +* +;?*+ =6 *+=/?/+C+* 9+*++ =-+8 :=+/> 24-6 =+;C:/::.

M+, =2?/+ ?,99+/ /+C++ >+>*4*8 +C: +* /+C+?;+ C4**6@- =?; C:4/5 -G/ 6,;5/8 9:;< +;< /6C::/: ? =+,+/+ *+//+= @;:/=:*66>5/8 9:;5/ K*@4 4/4;8 C4;< *6=4 /: += -G/ 6,;++;?;*G/+=? :6/8 =-?+ +C++- : ++- 4/< C:6:* +/=?,+8 C4;< +;< /G- :*8 9+/G- +;*:6>:

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59/66

>5/ 9?;+/+G/ -+>>+-8 H;< 496>> +;?*+ : 9?;+/+?;;8 +* 4/ ? /+;+,=?*+++>> :/:+/9+ ,+H+? =+;. #U = =?;,+-H9G/>>? +* + 4/;48 C4;< + /6*5/:; -?+/+ ?*++ : /+;9/6;4:>> ? /+;+,=?*+++>>-9+-+*+?/64/: 6=:*: :/6 :* 9*4 /+C++/+8 C4;< : ,+=*6-: +/24;:@-8 + :-9+-+*+?+-+ +=. A -,,+ ? C6,4=*;,+ 94:-4*5 -9+-+*+?+- : /+C+ /+;=+;;>+- ? /+;-+/?;H>>+-8 =?;8 C: +*+-+ +;> >6,=/?8 9?;+/+G/ -


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

C:*4 /+C+8 /+;:/6>> ,?*>+ : G,,C5*=@>5/8 9:;5/ *6,=:*C:8?+; 4/>?;+ +,=?*+/ 24;9: C:/:=4 :,,:8 C4;< =+;44448 9:;+,+-;44/-4668 ;64/: ?,*+/=+-+8 +/+-+++-+ +; =+;*:-H:. ;< :*6 G,+/=+/++-8 =H;

:- + *6=@-,: 4/< -+//+=+/+ 6//:45/ += @:- *:>:@/8 :* -?*+/-8 *+9+?/> *? /+;=+;;44/:>>8 /+;59:4:>> +/C:6,4*6:>: =/ *+,?:/;: >+G/?G-+ ? +/H?/++-++//+2+/+--+/ *+=>+.

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A =?,?-:,5 *-+*=@ +;< =6- 2:6: :=+/< :* +=>+,?; *6=6,: C:*4:/ 6,C:8 :=+/< : G,,C5 -?+/: : :* +=>+, ?,+/+= +-?/< 2+/24;5-?+?;?+- /+;-6>> =+;2+/+/6,;+, -?*+/+ +,=?*+/ 24;9: : =:;:>: ,8 =+ 694/>: ?,+-H9G/>+ ,=? /+/8 *:>4/6/:@/ 96;: : ?, ? :* /+;694/:>> +,+,+8 C4;< =?/=+*+>> -+,G/ :*4-5/ : 4/;4-5/8 :=+/:HC: =+; /+8+== =6.

A-- 94*5:- : 2/4*526C4*8 496>>,: 24/: 9+C+-?+?;+- -?/+/+ 94/68 -4,/64*46;6 ? 4:/: C:5+,+?8 4+= 24;:- -H?,?>+ +8

C4;< : =+: ?/+ C:6,: //??-. A=H; += @@- =+;: =?, C*G-8 C4;< : 2+/+=+/ - /++- ? : * ?;+8 :;=-?+ :/-4C:6- =:;@-:- -+/?;H H?/++ : 9/6; -+/+-+*??,/8 : +,=?*+ ,-/ 9:/58? ,--? :,5 ,+?,/

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A* : ?+/8 :=+/< *+, :* 624;5 ?; 24;:/= =+;C:6,4*64- =+//+ +==+,C+G- 2+/. E**+/ *+=>+ ::- : ?+/+- : C+/>

2:6 =+;C:6,4*6. S @;*4+, 9*;6/56 :- ?


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A /?5/ 9:;< :* 4-4*:@->5/ /+9+*++ ?,9+/?+/>*46,= >6,= /?,+C4*C:. E;< /+C@//5 -:9 :-6, : :4 -4/C::8 9:;< 9:/:- :*:-:,:69:/ ,64/+, =+,++- 5 ,?*? :/-4:8 :=+/< =+ +=>+, +/+-9? ? =:;::,6 24,,6:.

A ::*:/:4 :/:@/5 4-4-46@- 9:;< +;>+-,+ 94:-4*-8 @;> :/:: : C =+; :* +- :* H*/? ? :* ?,+/+= +,G/++. A

*??;+8 :-6, +,-/8 :-6, +,=?*+8 -6>> 6?,+**G-8 = ?*/+/G-. Q: =+; H?/++ =4@-,5/:8 : =?,?? ;> ?+8 +/ :;/: /64;:6: +?8 =+, :* :;4/4- -9+-+*+++ ,4*@/ ++?-+9?. F/4*52: :@/=6+ +/-?*G/8 =+;H,66 ?;< ?99+/ -?>>8C@*4 ?9+ -4,6>: 2++*+ >+. A* +=>+, ?,+/+==+/ ? : *+9+?/


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4/4/4; -4,8 :=-4, :* +=>+, :* ;44/C:8 := :-:,8 ? :* =4C:8 := ;44/. A>+24//4C?\@+ B,:\@+ ;> :,:4[44-: 2+ -.

Q@=+ +;?* ?/+?+-8 2/4*52: ,+*+,?+- +;+/+ : 2::/-4, ,+-+*? :* +=>+,+,=?*+,/ 6// : >++ 24;/:/ ?+/+-+ =:;> H,6:>:=9?+- +;: =+;+/+ T:@/=6< :* +=>+, ?,+/+=,/ AE\@,< 4+,; Q@=: "+,:; ? : C6,4= ?99+/ -?>> -:4 T:@/=6< :* +,-/+/9+,/ A E\@,< 4+,; C+ !,/+ 42 M4,:/. A* +/>> :* ,+-+*? I. -> :* ,+-+*? III. -> 96/4*::. E; 2/4*52: =9+ -*G/ :C:/6/: @6 =+;+/+ !6,>+*?+- : +,=?*++ 9://6,5/ :,:: : /+;:;> -+,.

A* H,5 =-? -+* ? 9?; 6@=: -* Q@=+ 96/4*:4 ?/+@: 2@4 >+. 17((>+=+;6/@,;C +;:8 @6: B?>+ ?T4,5>: -H?, : 6>4,4-4 = *6,+ 9?;/+; E>@,;C>+ +/+++ /+8 ==6, ;4:/: : +-,4/5;4 M ?/+?>+8 = +; C:/6/: @6=; ;< +-++= ,68 = :- /+;4>>: =+;-*+/H : -?/+++ >/ ? +,?+,+*=?


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65/66

A -/+ ?99+/ -?>> =+;+/+ T:@/=6< =6, 59:/ 4=H4:>> C:;+=. T>>? =6,+= +- *5 :* +=>+, ?8 : *+=?/+ Q@=++/=+,8 C4;< ?,*?-*+,9+->+ 9+/G- *G/++ *>/ >H*@-8 C4;< =+-4, 2+/?+/+*G-+;< 4/,: C:;/>+ : /?+*?>+ ? ,+>+ 9++ CG- : /4;-@?,+/=+8 : ,65 :/:*-. E;?* 2/4*5266:- :/:-:+;5,6: :* +=>+, +,=?*+8 :=+/ ,?*+.

Q@=+ -?+/+ :* ,+-+*? I. -+ +, ?,+/+= +//+=46:8 -?/++?;+ 4/:44,6-8 C4;< -?* 94/ =+2?/+ C+ ? 4-4-46 +/9+. Q4/ 9:; C:;@/:>: @:6-8 :=+/+ >>? += 94/ -?+?;++-@,:. Q@=+ ?/+,:*6>5/ @@-8 C4;< : /2+*H+ =@-: +,+=?: :*+;*+,4:6 *?/?,+ -+,G/8 : +/+ ;+ Q@=+ 2/4*52: =?/:>:- ? +/?,@=:- +9+* +* :* 6//:448 =+//:6?--:/ *5,:-4*4=8 >:,6:==:/ 6,:/;4-8 :=-4, C6,4=?;< 5,: C+?@6 9*:?,?- +*+-C+* :* +/94 +-@/65-C4*8 4/< C+;+-8 +,/+++- ? +9+?;++-+- +/+=8 C4;< -+9+= 9+/G- 496>> 24;/:/-4*.

Q:4/5 2+/24;6 + Q@=+I. IV. %. >++;?;+- >?/H*C:56;: +//+ 2+/C4*4*-+-@ -?+/+ -*=+,. 44/:,+*+,? ;

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