presentation - hardwarecpu - 1st grading

8/6/2019 Presentation - HardwareCPU - 1st Grading

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Computer Hardware and Info.

Introduction: A personal computeris made up of multiple

physical components ofcomputer hardware, upon which can

be installed a system software called operating system and amultitude ofsoftware applications to perform the operator's

desired functions.


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Computer and Info. Tech.

Competency: Though a PC comes in many different forms, a

typical personal computerconsists of a case or chassis in a tower

shape (desktop), containing components such as a motherboard.

This lesson will provide a unique view into the hardware

configuration and layout of a typical pc unit and the definition anduse of the different hardware parts.

Summary of learning:

- Identify and describe the important components.

- Cite an example of how hardware interfaces with its software.

- Gain understanding of how many parts work as a whole.Assessment:

- Identify different hardware components by sight.

- Give the functionality of a given hardware part.


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Computer and Info. Tech.

Supplies and Materials:

Equipment :

1 set Personal Computer

Peripheral Devices

Windows 7

Tools and Materials:

White boardMarker

PC

Screw drivers

References:

Microsoft Philippines,

Manual /Handbook

Minhas Davinder Singh,

2005. Computers.


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CPU

Parameters Measuring the power of the processor

Clock rate [MHz / GHz] How many signals can be triggered in 1 second? Clock rate No. of instruction processed in 1s

1MHz = 1,000,000/s; 1GHz = 1,000,000,000/s

Word length [bit]

How many bits of data can be processed at one time? Word length More data is processed at one time

Common word length: 64bits

E.g. SNES Specification (From Wikipedia)


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Basic Hardware Components

CPU

Main

Memory

Input Unit Output Unit

Secondary

Storage

Memory System


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CPU

Basic Structure

CPU

CU ALU

IR

PC

Instruction

Decoder

ACC

Registers Registers

Main

Memory

+1


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CPU

Control Unit (CU)

Program Counter (PC)

Hold the address of the next instruction

Automatically incremented by 1 after a fetch

Instruction Register (IR)

Hold currentinstructions fetched

Instruction Decoder

Interprets the current instructions stored in IR


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CPU

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Perform all arithmetic and logical operations

Accumulator (ACC)

A register which stores the result of one arithmetic or

logical operation temporarily


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Bus System

Bus System

Group of wires

Connect different parts within a computer system

3 Types:

Data Bus

Address Bus

Control Bus


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Bus System

Bus System Data Bus

Carry data/instruction signals

Bidirectional No. of data lines = No. of bits of one data

Address Bus Carry address signals Memory Address

e.g. Instruction address, data address

Unidirectional

If n is the number of address bus, then:

Max. Addressable Memory Size = 2n


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Bus System

Bus System

Control Bus

Carry control signals

Give the controls of other parts in the computer to CU

Unidirectional

Main

Memory

Data Bus

Address Bus

Control Bus

CPU


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Main Memory

Accessible to CPU without other I/O channels

Installed on the motherboard

Faster access

2 major types:

RAM (Random Access Memory)

ROM (Read Only Memory)

RAM ROM


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RAM vs ROM

RAM

Volatile

Data disappeared when the computer is powered off

Hold data and instructions being used / to be used

temporarily

Categories:

SRAM

DRAM

SDRAM

DDR/DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)

128 MbSDRAM

RDRAM with integrated heatsink


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RAM vs ROM

ROM

Non-volatile

Hold permanent data and instructions provided by themanufacturer (firmware)

Bootstrap program: Load and initialize the OS BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):

Manage data transfers between I/O devices and CPU

Examples

P (Programmable) ROM

E (Erasable) PROM

E (Electrically) EPROM EA (Alterable) ROM

Flash Memory

Inside a USB flash drive

EPROM


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OtherMemories

CMOS Memory

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Store data for a long time

Basic information of the computer system

E.g. Type of HDD, memory capacity, etc.


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OtherMemories

Cache Memory

High speed

Stores the most frequently used data and

instructions

CPU search cache first, then RAM

presentation - hardwarecpu - 1st grading

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