1.7 - Comparativos en ingls: Reglas de adjetivos y oraciones

En ingles usamos los adjetivos comparativos cuando comparamos dos personas o cosas. Es muy importante conocer las reglas que se siguen para formar los adjetivos comparativos y por ello esta leccin comienza por mostrar la gramtica de este tema.Si recordamos los adjetivos que vimos en el curso de ingls bsico podemos tomar algunos de ellos para que nos ayuden a explicar lo siguiente.Reglas para formar comparativos en ingls1.- Adjetivos cortosPara la mayora de los adjetivos con una silaba (adjetivos cortos), aadimos la terminacin "-er" para formar su comparativo:Ejemplos:small / smaller (pequeo / mas pequeo)cool / cooler (fresco / ms fresco)cheap / cheaper (barato / ms barato)fast / faster (rpido / ms rpido)clean / cleaner (limpio / ms limpio)

Aunque la regla es simplemente agregar "-er" al final, en algunos casos de adjetivos cortos se tienen las siguientes excepciones:a) Para adjetivos cortos que terminan en "-e", solo agregar "-r":Ejemplos:wide / wider (ancho / ms ancho)nice / nicer (agradable / ms agradable)safe / safer (seguro / ms seguro)

b) Para adjetivos cortos que terminan en una vocal y una consonante, hacer doble consonante y agregar "-er":Ejemplos:fat / fatter (gordo / ms gordo)thin / thinner (delgado / ms delgado)big / bigger (grande / ms grande)

c) Para adjetivos cortos que terminan en "-y", cambiar la "y" por "i" y agregar terminacin "-er":Ejemplos:dry / drier (seco / ms seco)heavy / heavier (pesado / ms pesado)happy / happier (feliz / ms feliz)

2.- Adjetivos largosPara muchos adjetivos con 2 o ms silabas, usamos "more" ms el adjetivo original:more + adjectiveEjemplos: expensive / more expensive (caro / ms caro)beautiful / more beautiful (bonito / ms bonito)generous / more generous (generoso / ms generoso)

3.- Adjetivos con comparativo especialAlgunos adjetivos tienen una forma comparativa especial:Ejemplos:good / better (bueno / mejor)bad / worse (malo / peor)

Habiendo conocido las reglas esenciales para formar comparativos ahora podemos adentrar a la estructura bsica para realizar oraciones.

Realizando comparaciones en oraciones afirmativas:Para oraciones afirmativas usamos la palabra "than" despus del comparativo para efectuar la comparacin:Ejemplos singular:1.- Victor is taller than Adrian. (Vctor es ms alto que Adrin)

2.- Marcela is uglier than Karla. (Marcela es ms fea que Karla)

3.- He is more extroverted than John. (l es ms extrovertido que Juan)

4.- Megan is more attractive than Britney. (Megan es ms atractiva que Britney)

Ejemplos plural:1- Those shoes are better than yours. (Esos zapatos son mejores que los tuyos)

2.- Elephants are bigger than tigers. (Los elefantes son ms grandes que los tigres)

3.- The books are more interesting than movies. (Los libros son ms interesantes que las pelculas)

4.- Apples are more expensive than oranges. (Las manzanas son ms caras que las naranja)Como se puede ver en estos ejemplos, en los primeros cuatro comparamos en singular y en el segundo set de ejemplos se vieron plurales, quise ponerlos de esta forma para diferenciar el uso del auxiliar del verbo "to be" en ambos casos: cuando hablamos de singular "is" y en plural "are".Nota: Cuando no mencionamos las 2 cosas no se usa "than":Ejemplos:That book is cheaper (Ese libro es ms barato)My bed is more comfortable (Mi cama es ms cmoda)Those wheels are worse (Esas llantas son peores)These computers are faster (Estas computadoras son ms rpidas)

Realizando comparaciones con less:Hasta el momento se han visto ejemplos de oraciones en las que se hacan comparaciones con "ms", pero tambin es posible hacer comparativos de "menos" anteponiendo la palabra "less" previo a adjetivos largos. En este caso no cambia el adjetivo.less + adjectiveEjemplos:1.- This country is less dangerous than yours.(Este pas es menos peligroso que el tuyo)

2.- Paty is less extroverted than Mary.(Patricia es menos extrovertida que Mara)

3.- The books are less interesting than movies(Los libros son menos interesantes que las pelculas)

4.- Oranges are less expensive than apples.(Las naranjas son menos caras que las manzanas)

Realizando comparaciones en oraciones negativas:En oraciones negativas usamos la forma de negacin en verbo "to be" y la estructura "as adjective as", dependiendo si hablamos en singular o plural.Ejemplos singular: 1.- I'm not as fat as John.(No soy tan gordo como Juan)

2.- Lucy is not as shy as Kate.(Luci no es tan timida como Kate)

3.- Avatar is not as good as Titanic.(Avatar no es tan buena como Titanic)

4.- A cake is not as tasty as ice cream.(Un pastel no es tan sabroso como la nieve)

Ejemplos plural:1.- Scary movies are not as fun as comedies.(Las pelculas de espanto no son tan divertidas como las comedias)

2.- Dogs are not as clean as cats.(Los perros no son tan limpios como los gatos)

3.- Tablets are not as useful as smartphones.(Las tablets no son tan tiles como los telfonos inteligentes)

4.- Cars are not as heavy as airplanes.(Los carros no son tan pesados como los aviones)

Ntese que en este tipo de oraciones no se siguen las reglas del comparativo, es decir, no se cambia el adjetivo a ninguna otra forma sino que se coloca tal como se vio en la lista de adjetivos del curso de ingls bsico.

Para concluir este tema, vase como una oracin puede ser compuesta de ambas formas (afirmativa y negativa) y su sentido no cambia. Por ejemplo, cada par de las siguientes oraciones tienen el mismo significado: Victor is taller than Adrian Adrian is not as tall as Victor

The books are more interesting than movies Movies are not as interesting as books

Titanic is better than Avatar Avatar is not as good as Titanic

Comedies are funnier than scary movies Scary movies are not as fun as comedies

Como complemento en la siguiente pgina se muestra la lista de 50 comparativos ms comunes en ingls, tomados del curso de ingls bsico que este mismo curso puso a disposicin anteriormente.

50 adjetivos comparativos comunes del ingls

Ingls Medio Leccin 1.7 - Comparativos en ingls: Reglas de adjetivos y oraciones - Yes en Ingls 2

Hecho por Alberto Carranza. Ms recursos de ingls en www.IngenieroGeek.com

1. 2. angry / angrierenojado / ms enojado

3. attractive / more attractiveatractivo / ms atractivo

4. bad / worsemalo / peor

5. beautiful / more beautifulhermoso ms hermoso

6. big / biggergrande / ms grande

7. cheap / cheaperbarato / ms barato

8. clean / cleanerlimpio / ms limpio

9. cold / colderfrio / ms frio

10. cool / coolerfresco / ms fresco

11. dangerous /more dangerouspeligroso / ms peligroso

12. dark / darkeroscuro / ms oscuro

13. deep / deeperprofundo / ms profundo

14. difficult / more difficultdifcil / ms difcil

15. dirty / dirtiersucio / ms sucio

15.easy / easierfcil / ms fcil

16.empty / emptiervaco / ms vaco

17.excited / more excitedemocionado / ms emocionado

18.expensive / more expensivecaro / ms caro

19.extroverted / more extrovertedextrovertido / ms extrovertido

20.far / fartherlejos / ms lejos

21.fast / fasterrpido / ms rpido

22.fat / fattergordo / ms gordo

23.funny / funnierdivertido / ms divertido

24.good / betterbueno / mejor

25.happy / happierfeliz / ms feliz

26.hard / harderduro / ms duro

27.heavy / heavierpesado / ms pesado

28.high / higheralto / ms alto (altura)

29. hot / hottercaliente / ms caliente

30. light / lighterligero / ms ligero

31. long / longerlargo / ms largo

32. low / lowerbajo / ms bajo

33. near / nearercerca / ms cerca

34. nervous / more nervousnervioso / ms nervioso

35. new / newernuevo / ms nuevo

36. old / olderviejo / ms viejo

37. precise / more precisepreciso / ms preciso

38. rich / richerrico / ms rico

39. safe / saferseguro / ms seguro

40. short / shortercorto / ms corto

41. slow / slowerlento / ms lento

42. small / smallerpequeo / ms pequeo

43. strong / strongerfuerte / ms fuerte

44. sweet / sweeterdulce / ms dulce

45. tall / talleralto / ms alto (estatura)

46. thin / thinnerdelgado / ms delgado

47. ugly / uglierfeo / ms feo

48. Useful / more usefultil / ms til

49. warm / warmerclido / ms clido

50. weak / weakerdbil / ms dbil Ingls Medio Leccin 1.7 - Comparativos en ingls: Reglas de adjetivos y oraciones Yes en Ingls II

Hecho por Alberto Carranza. Ms recursos de ingls en www.IngenieroGeek.com

1.7 - Comparative English: Rules of adjectives and prayers

In English we use comparative adjectives when comparing two people or things. It is very important to know the rules that follow to form comparative adjectives and therefore this lesson begins by showing the grammar of this issue.Remembering the adjectives that we saw in basic English course we can take some of them to help us to explain the following.Rules for comparative form in English1. Short AdjectivesFor most one-syllable adjectives (short adjectives), add suffix "-er" to form their comparative:Examples:small / smaller (small / smaller)cool / cooler (fresh / cooler)cheap / cheaper (cheap / cheaper)fast / faster (fast / faster)clean / cleaner (clean / cleaner)

Although the rule is simply adding "-er" to the end, in some cases of short adjectives have the following exceptions:a) For short adjectives ending in "-e", just add "-r"Examples:wide / wider (width / wider)nice / nicer (nice / nicer)safe / safer (safe / safer)

b) For short adjectives ending in a vowel and a consonant, double consonant and add "-er":Examples:fat / fatter (fat / fatter)thin / thinner (thin / thinner)big / bigger (bigger / larger)

c) For short adjectives ending in "-y", change the "y" to "i" and add finishing "-er":Examples:dry / drier (dry / drier)heavy / heavier (heavy / heavier)happy / happier (happy / happier)

2. long AdjectivesFor many adjectives with 2 or more syllables, use "more" plus the original adjective:more + adjectiveExamples:expensive / more expensive (expensive / more expensive)beautiful / more beautiful (beautiful / nicer)generous / more generous (fortified / more generous)

3. Comparative Adjectives specialSome adjectives have a special comparative form:Examples:good / better (good / better)bad / worse (bad / worse)

Having known the essential rules for forming comparative Now we can delve into the basic structure for prayers.

Making comparisons: affirmative:For affirmative sentences use the word "than" after comparison for comparison:Singular examples:1. Victor workshop is than Adrian.(Victor is higher than Adrian)

2. Marcela is uglier than Karla.(Marcela is uglier than Karla)

3. He is more extroverted than John.(He's more outgoing than Juan)

4. Megan is more attractive than Britney.(Megan is more attractive than Britney)

Plural examples:1- Those shoes are better than yours.(Those shoes are better than yours)

2. Elephants are bigger than tigers.(The elephants are larger than tigers)

3. The books are more interesting than movies.(The books are more interesting than the movies)

4. Apples are more expensive than oranges.(Apples are more expensive than orange)As you can see from these examples, in the first four compared singular and the second set of examples were plural, I wanted to put them in this way to differentiate the use of the auxiliary verb "to be" in both cases: when we talk about singular "is" and the plural "are".Note: When no mention 2 things "than" is not used:Examples:That book is cheaper (That book is cheaper)My bed is more comfortable (My bed is more comfortable)Those wheels are worse (These tires are worse)These computers are faster (These computers are faster)

Making comparisons with "less":So far there have been examples of sentences in which comparisons with "more" were made, but it is also possible to make comparative "less" putting the word "less" before long adjectives. In this case does not change the adjective.less + adjectiveExamples:1. This country is less dangerous than yours.(This country is safer than yours)

2. Paty is less extroverted than Mary.(Patricia is less extroverted Mary)

3. The books are less interesting than movies(The books are less interesting than the movies)

4. Oranges are less expensive than apples.(Oranges are less expensive than apples)

Making comparisons in negative sentences:In negative sentences we use the form of negation verb "to be" and structure "as adjective as" depending if we talk in singular or plural.Singular examples:1. I'm not as fat as John.(I'm not as fat as Juan)

2. Lucy is not as shy as Kate.(Luci is not as shy as Kate)

3. Avatar is not as good as Titanic.(Avatar is not as good as Titanic)

4. A cake is not as tasty as ice cream.(A cake is not as tasty as snow)

Plural examples:1. Scary movies are not as fun as comedies.(Horror films are not as funny as the comedies)

2. Dogs are not as clean as cats.(Dogs are not as clean as cats)

3. Tablets are not as useful as smartphones.(The tablets are not as useful as smartphones)

4. Cars are not as heavy as airplanes.(The cars are not as heavy as airplanes)

Note that in this type of comparative sentences rules, ie are not followed, not the adjective is changed to any other form but such places as seen in the list of adjectives course in basic English.

To conclude this topic, see as a prayer can be composed of both forms (affirmative and negative) and its meaning does not change. For example, each pair of these sentences have the same meaning:- Victor workshop is than Adrian- Adrian is not as tall as Victor

- The books are more interesting than movies- Movies are not as interesting as books

- Titanic is better than Avatar- Avatar is not as good as Titanic

- Comedies are funnier than scary movies- Scary movies are not as fun as comedies

Complementing on the next page the list of 50 most common comparison in English, taken from basic English course that this same course made available previously shown.

50 common comparative adjectives English

1. angry / angrierAngry / angriest

2. attractive / more attractivesexy / attractive

3. bad / worsebad / worse

4. beautiful / more beautifulbeautiful - more beautiful

5. big / biggerbig / bigger

6. cheap / cheapercheap / cheaper

7. clean / cleanerclean / cleaner

8. cold / coldercold / cooler

9. cool / coolercool / cooler

10. dangerous / more dangerousdangerous / most dangerous

11. dark / darkerdark / darker

12. Deep / deeperdeep / deep

13. Difficult / Difficult morehard / harder

14. dirty / dirtierDirty / dirtier

15. easy / Easiereasy / easier

16. empty / emptiervacuum / empty

17. excited / more excitedExcited / more excited

18. expensive / more expensiveexpensive / more expensive

19. extroverted / more extrovertedoutgoing / more extroverted

20. far / fartherfar / further

21. fast / fasterfast / faster

22. fat / fatterfat / fatter

23. funny / funnierfun / more fun

24. good / bettergood / best

25. happy / happierhappy / happier

26. hard / harderhard / harder

27. heavy / heavierheavy / heavier

28. high / higherhigh / high (height)

29. hot / hotterhot / hotter

30. light / lighterLight / lighter

31. long / longerlong / longer

32. low / lowerlow / lowest

33. near / nearernear / closer

34. nervous / more nervousnervous / more nervous

35. new / newerNew / Newest

36. old / olderold / older

37 sets / more setsshould / more precise

38. rich / richerrich / richer

39. safe / safersafe / safer

40. Short / Shortershort / shorter

41. slow / Slowerslow / slower

42. small / smallersmall / smaller

43. strong / strongerstrong / stronger

44. sweet / sweetersweet / sweet

45. tall / workshophigh / higher (height)

46. thin / thinnerthin / thinner

47. ugly / uglierUgly / ugliest

48. Useful / more usefuluseful / more useful

49. warm / warmerwarm / warmer

50. weak / weakerweak / weaker