sow and gilt management techniques 经产母猪和后备母猪管理技术

United Feeds Research

Sow and Gilt Management Techniques 经产母猪和后备母猪

管理技术


Sow and Gilt Management 母猪管理

• Gilt pool management后备母猪群管理• Breeding targets配种目标• Farrowing house mangement产房管理• Lactation consumption泌乳期采食量• Return to estrus返情• Preweaning mortality factors断奶前死亡因素


How do I improve sow performance? 怎样提高母猪性能

• Reduce mycotoxins 减少霉菌毒素• Multiple feedings/day of fresh, nutrient dense feed 每

天多次饲喂新鲜的，高营养浓度的饲料（泌乳期）• Provide supplemental feed to nursing litters 乳猪补料• Do not overfeed during gestation 怀孕期不要饲喂过多• Bring sows up to full feed in lactation gradually

(Reach full intake by d-8 of lactation) 泌乳期逐渐到达充足饲喂（泌乳第 8 天达到充足饲喂）

• Fiber source during gestation 怀孕期纤维饲料


Why do you need good gilt management???为什么需要良好的后备母

猪管理？？？

Goal of Efficient Gilt Management Systems: 有效的后备母猪管理系统的目标

To meet gilt replacement needs from a smaller pool of gilts with improved lifetime performance 用较少的、高性能的后备母猪满足母

猪更换的需要

Measurement 测量指标 Mean平均 Upper 10%

最好 10％Lower 10%

最查 10％

Average female inventory 平均母猪存栏

1046 2740.7 239.6

Replacement Rate 更换率 58.8 33.4 71.4

Average parity 平均胎次 2.79 3.8 2.0

2002 Breeding Herd Summary for Canada2002 年加拿大配种母猪群总结

http://www.pigchamp.com/2002Datashare.htm


• Highest % of farrowings in the herd 母猪群高分娩率

• Breeding targets配种目标• Replace involuntary fallouts更换偶然的落后的猪

• Replace voluntary culling更换主动的淘汰的猪

• Important to maintain parity structure 对于维持胎次结构很重要

(Williams, Patterson, and Foxcroft. Banff Pork Seminar, 2005)

Why are Gilts SO IMPORTANT?为什么后备母猪如此重要？


Requirements for meeting breeding targets 满足配种目标的

要求• Proper gilt pool size and effective

gilt pool management to meet gilt breeding targets 合适的后备母猪群大小和有效的后备母猪群管理来满足后备母猪的配种目标

• Predictable numbers of weaned sows 可以预测的断奶母猪数


The challenges 挑战• Health 健康

– Effects on gilt flow 母猪群流动的影响• No direct control over gilts at puberty age在成熟期没有对后备母猪直接的控制– Off-site isolation and acclimatization场外的隔离和驯化

• Lack of space for puberty management没有空间进行成熟期管理

• Pressure for breeding targets (short term)配种目标的压力（短期）

• Priorities and Discipline优先和纪律– Not enough labor allocated to gilt management没有足够的工人进行后备母猪管理

– No objectives and targets没有目的和目标• Real understanding of the importance of gilts in a sow herd对于后备母猪在母猪群中的重要性的真正理解



The effects… 影响…• Inefficient gilt pool management后备母猪群管理不充分

– No control over gilt pool对后备母猪群没有控制– High inventory of non-cycling gilts不发情后备母猪存栏量高

• Unpredictable breeding targets不可预测的配种目标– Marginal sows are kept for breeding targets保留的母猪数量刚刚够配种目标。

– Start of the “death spiral”“死亡螺旋”的开始• Inefficiencies increase needs for more gilts没有增加足够的后备母猪– Less selection选择少– Breed of marginal边缘配种

• Poor P1 and sow performance头胎和经产母猪性能差



Parturition Mass 分娩重 165 1.7 kg 193 1.9 kg

Average Litter Growth (kg/d) 平均窝增重速度（公斤 / 天） 2.05 2.21

Percentage of largest 16 ovarian follicles 3.5mm at weaning 断奶时最大的 16 个卵泡大于 3.5 毫米的百分比

26.1% 52.6%

Parturition Mass 分娩重 181.1 kg 238.2 kg

Sows in estrus within 9 days after weaning断奶后 9天内母猪发情比率 58% 86%

Ovulation Rate排卵数 14.0 15.6

(Clowes et al., 2003)

(Mejia-Guadarrama et al., 2003)

Effect of body weight at parturition on subsequent reproductive and litter performance分娩时体重对随后的

繁殖和窝仔生长性能的影响


Effective “selection” techniques有效的“选择”技术

• “Selected” gilts respond early to boar contact 选择对公猪接触反映较早的后备母猪

• “Selection” should include a recorded estrus选择需要包括有记录的发情

• “Selection should occur below market weight选择需要在达到上市体重之前进行

• “Non-select” gilts should be culled 选不上的后备母猪要淘汰


At what age does puberty “naturally” occur in gilts? 在多大日龄后备母猪自

然达到性成熟

What factors are important in determining age at puberty? 哪些因素对决定性成熟日龄比较重要

Age of boar introduction 引入公猪接触的日龄 Direct stimulation with boars 公猪的直接刺激 Good heat detection management 好的发情检测技术

•120 to 200+ days 日龄


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 55 58 61 64 67

接触公猪后时间（天）

后备

母猪

累计

发情

率

Cumulative percentage of gilts reaching puberty after boar contact at 160 d () and 135 d () 在 160 日龄和 135 日龄接触公猪后，后备母猪性成熟的累计百分率

(From Patterson, 2001).


Extensive studies confirm that direct contact with mature boars is the most effective way to induce first estrus


At what age should I start puberty stimulation (final selection)?

应该在多大日龄开始性成熟刺激（最后选择）


Puberty stimulation from 160-190 days of age is usually the most efficient in terms

of labor and space utilization160 － 190日龄之间进行性成熟刺激，劳

动力和猪舍利用率最高Think in terms of …考虑这个数据：“ the number of HNS gilts/pen space/day”

“每天每圈 HNS后备母猪的头数”


Effect of age a first service on performance of gilts to end of parity 1第一次配种时的日龄对后备母猪

到第一胎结束时的生产成绩的影响

Age at service, d配种日龄 <240 240-260 260-280 >280 SED P-value

Parity 1第一胎Born Alive产活仔数 10.2 10.6 9.8 9.7 0.4 .09

Pigs Weaned断奶仔猪数 8.9 9.1 9.2 8.7 0.2 .10

WEI, d断奶到再发情间隔 12.6 10.2 10.2 16.7 2.2 .08

% gilts culled end parity 1第一胎结束后母猪淘汰率

39.5 31.4 35.1 46.0 5.0 .02

Young et al. 2003, unpublished data


GESTATION PHASE怀孕阶段


A controlled feed intake during gestation is critical! 控制怀孕期喂料量是关键

Two methods: 两个办法 (1) Constant feeding level 固定的饲喂量

(2) Phase feeding level 阶段性饲喂量

Feeding Strategies During Gestation 怀孕期饲喂策略

Courtesy of N.L. Trottier, Ph.D.


以下暗示你的母猪的营养需要调整以下暗示你的母猪的营养需要调整Wean to estrus interval increasesWean to estrus interval increases 断奶到再发情间隔变长断奶到再发情间隔变长

2nd parity slump 2nd parity slump 第二胎产仔成绩下降第二胎产仔成绩下降variability in litter size subsequent farrowing variability in litter size subsequent farrowing

以后的几胎产仔数变化较大以后的几胎产仔数变化较大large effects from seasonal infertilitylarge effects from seasonal infertility

季节性不孕影响较大季节性不孕影响较大


Phase Feeding in Gestation 怀孕期阶段饲喂

Day 1–30 天 : 1.5 – 2 kg/d 公斤 / 天- Limit energy & protein intakes 限制能量和蛋白摄入

Day 30–75 天 : 3.2 kg/d 公斤 / 天- Feed to condition score of 3 根据膘情饲喂，达到 3 分

Day 75-112 天 : 2.5 – 3 kg/d 公斤 / 天Critical fetal growth period 胎儿生长关键时期Mammary tissue growth 乳腺组织生长

Day 112 天 – Farrow 产仔 : 2 kg/d 公斤 / 天Rapid fetal growth 胎儿快速生长


�Temperature Temperature 温度温度�Protein % Protein % 蛋白含量蛋白含量�Feeding program during gestationFeeding program during gestation 怀孕期饲喂程序怀孕期饲喂程序�immune challenge immune challenge 免疫（疾病）挑战免疫（疾病）挑战�wet vs dry wet vs dry 湿喂与干喂湿喂与干喂�feeder design feeder design 料槽设计料槽设计�Dietary fat Dietary fat 日粮脂肪日粮脂肪�Feeding frequency Feeding frequency 饲喂次数饲喂次数�Unrestricted supply of water Unrestricted supply of water 饮水不受限制饮水不受限制�Genotype Genotype 品种品种


1. Keep the temperature under 70 F if possible室温控制在 21度以下2. Make sure water intake is excellent 确保饮水很好 A. 1/2 gallon/ min 每分钟 1.9升水流量 B. Avoid to high pressure 避免水压过高 C. Make sure gilts find the water source 确保第一次生产的母猪找到水的位置3. Fresh feed新鲜的饲料4. Multiple feeding每天多次饲喂5. Add flavor enhancement 加调味剂6. Avoid moldy feed or feed with toxins 避免霉变饲料或饲料含毒素


LACTATION FEEDING CONTROL 泌乳期饲喂控制

S.K. WEBEL, Ph.D.

sow and gilt management techniques 经产母猪和后备母猪管理技术

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