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I. PROBLEMS OF PRONUNCIATIONa. Mother Tongueb. Habit of Mother Tonguec.

Different pronunciation between first language and target language (TL)

II. REASONS OF PRONUNCIATION PROBLEMSa. Different elements between first language and TL. Example :

[a] is [a] in Indonesia

[a] is [ae] in English

b. Different sound systems between first language and TL. Example :-

Thigh as same /tai/ Indonesia- Thigh is /jai/ English

c. Similar phonetic features but different for distribution between both oflanguages

Example :

- Bat = bad- Pick = pig- Cap = cab

Voiceless Voiced

d. Similar phonetic features but have different allphones. Example :- Pill/phil/ = upper/ppa(r)/- Take/thaek/ = but/bt

Aspirated un-aspirated

e. Similar sound of the phonetic features but different slightly in pronouncing.Example :

- Twelfths- Listening

- Speaking- World

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III. PHONETICS TRANSCRIPTIONSA. Short Vowels

1. //2. //3. //4. //5. //6. /e/7. //

B. Long Vowels1. /i:/2. /u:/3. /:/4. /:/5. /:/

C. Diphthongs (Double VowelSounds)

1. /I/2. //3. /aI/4. /I/5. /a/6. /e/7. //8. /eI/

D. Voiceless Consonants1. /p/2. /t/3. /k/4. /t/5. /f/6. //7. /s/8. //

E. Voiced Consonants1. /b/2. /d/3. /d/4. /g/5. /v/6. / /7. /z/8.

F. Other Consonants1. /m/2. /n/3. //4. /h/5. /e/6. /r/7. /w/8. /j/

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IV. Organs Of Speech1. Organs of speech are components which the sounds produced related to the

characteristics of symbols.

2.

The function of organs of speech is to produce the sounds which can becomprehended.

3. There are three main organs of speech :a. Mouth cavityb. Nose cavityc. Throat ( vocal cords )

PLACES OF ARTICULATION

1. Bilabial : two lips (up-bottom) : /b/, /p/, /m/, /w/.2. Labiodental : bottom lip and upper teeth : /f/, /v/.3. Dental : tip tongue and alveolar ridge : //, //.4. Alveolar : tip tongue and hard palate : /t/, /d/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /l/ /n/.5. Post-alveolar : tip tongue and rim of tongue and alveolar ridge : /r/6. Palatal : mid of tongue and alveolar ridge/hard palate : /j/, //, //.7. Velar : back of tongue and soft palate : /k/, /g/, //.8. Glottal : vocal cords : /h/.

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V. ENGLISH SEGMENTAL AND SUPRA-SEGMENTALPHONEMES

1. Segmental PhonemesExample :

- She = [ i:] = /-i/- datang = [da-tang] = /d-a-t-a-n-g/

2. Supra-segmental Phonemesa. Pitch

Example : bisa bisa

tahu tahu

Verb Noun

b. IntonationExample : Do you know about that ?

c. StressStress word : - contrast : Noun = contrast

Verb = contrast

Stress sentence : Do you know about that?

d. JunctureExample :

- Night rate / nait-rt / open juncture- Nitrate / naitrt / close juncture

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VI. ENGLISH STRESS (WORD AND SENTENCE)1. Word Stress

Three degrees of stress in eorda. Primary or strong stress ( ' ) :Novbrb. Secondary or mediu stress ( ) : urantec. Weak stress : possb

2. Sentence stressa. That is your cr :prary stress on car t s eant as a usuay way for

someone to pronun.

b. That is yur car : it is meant to emphasize the processor (your)c. at s your car : t s eant to epase te affratve eeent (s)d. at s your car : t s eant to epase certan obect (tat-car)