yourbooks_tom_tat_ly_thuyet_hoa_10_suu_tap.pdf

Tm tt l thuyt ho hc v c 10

Chng 1 : NGUYN TI. Thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t

Kt lun : thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t gm:Ht nhn nm tm nguyn t gm cc ht proton v ntronV nguyn t gm cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn

Electronme= 9,1094.10-31 kgqe= -1,602.10 -19 C k hiu l eo qui c bng 1-Proton Ht proton l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t,mang in tch dng, k hiu pm= 1,6726.10 -27 kgq= + 1,602.10 -19 C k hiu eo, qui c 1+Ntron Ht ntron l 1 thnh phn cu to ca ht nhn nguyn t, khng mang in , k hiu n.Khi lng gn bng khi lng proton

II.Kch thc v khi lng ca nguyn t1- Kch thcNguyn t cc nguyn t c kch thc v cng nh, nguyn t khc nhau c kch thc khc nhau.n v biu din A(angstron) hay nm(nanomet)1nm= 10 -9 m ; 1nm= 10A1A= 10 -10 m = 10 -8 cm2- Khi lngKhi lng nguyn t rt nh b, biu th khi lng ca nguyn t, phn t, p, n, e dng n v khi lng nguyn t, k hiu u (vc)1u = 1/12 khi lng 1 nguyn t ng v cacbon-121u = 19,9265.10 -27 kg/12

= 1,6605.10 -27kg III-Ht nhn nguyn t

1. in tch ht nhnProton mang in tch 1+, nu ht nhn c Z proton th in tch ca ht nhn bng Z+Trong nguyn t : S n v in tch ht nhn = S p = S eV d : nguyn t Na c Z = 11+ ngt Na c 11p, 11e 2. S khiL tng s ht proton v ntron ca ht nhn A = Z + NV d 1: Ht nhn nguyn t O c 8p v 8n A = 8 + 8 = 16V d 2: Nguyn t Li c A =7 v Z = 3 Z = p = e = 3 ; N = 7 - 3 =4Nguyn t Li c 3p, 3e v 4nIV- Nguyn t ha hc Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 1


1.nh nghaNguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhnV d : Tt c cc nguyn t c cng Z l 8 u thuc nguyn t oxi, chng u c 8p, 8e2.S hiu nguyn tS n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca 1 nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t (Z)3.K hiu nguyn t S khi

AZ X

S hiu nguyn tV d : Na2311 Cho bit nguyn t ca nguyn t natri c Z=11, 11p, 11e v 12n (23-11=12) V - NG VCc ng v ca cng 1 nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi ca chng khc nhauV d : Nguyn t oxi c 3 ng v O168 , O

178 , O

188

Ch : - Cc nguyn t ca cng 1 nguyn t c th c s khi khc nhau- Cc ng v c tnh cht ha hc ging nhauVI- Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc nguyn t ha hc1- Nguyn t khiNguyn t khi ca 1 nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn tV khi lng nguyn t tp trung nhn nguyn t nn nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi (Khi khng cn chnh xc)V d : Xc nh nguyn t khi ca P bit P cZ=15, N=16 Nguyn t khi ca P=312- Nguyn t khi trung bnhTrong t nhin a s nguyn t ha hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v(c s khi khc nhau) Nguyn t khi ca nguyn t l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v .

100

bYaXA +=

X, Y: nguyn t khi ca ng v X, Ya,b : % s nguyn t ca ng v X, YV d : Clo l hn hp ca 2 ng v Cl3517 chim 75,77% v Cl

3517

chim 24,23% nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l:

5.35100

23,24100

77,75+=A

VII- Cu hnh electron nguyn t

Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 2


1.S chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t:-Cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh trong khu vc xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t khng theo nhng qu o xc nh to nn v nguyn t.- Trong nguyn t: S e = s p = Z

2.Lp electron v phn lp electrona.Lp electron:

- trng thi c bn, cc electron ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao (t gn ht nhn ra xa ht nhn) v xp thnh tng lp.- Cc electron trn cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau

-

Th t lp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7Tn lp K L M N O P Q

b.Phn lp electron:- Cc e trn cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau- Cc phn lp c k hiu bng ch ci thng : s, p, d, f,- S phn lp = s th t ca lp

V d: + Lp th nht (lp K,n=1) c 1 phn lp :s+ Lp th hai (lp L,n=2) c 2 phn lp : s, p+ Lp th ba (lp M,n=3) c 3 phn lp :s, p, d+ Lp th t (lp N,n=4) c 4 phn lp: s, p, d, f- Cc electron phn lp s gi l electron s, tng t ep, ed,

c. Obitan nguyn t :L khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m xc sut c mt electron l ln nht ( 90%) k hiu l AO.Trn 1 AO ch cha ti a 2 electron c gi l electron ghp iNu trong 1AO cha 1 lectron c gi l e c thnNu trong AO khng cha e c gi l AO trng.

- Phn lp s c 1 AO hnh cu.- Phn lp p c 3 AO hnh s 8 ni cn i.- Phn lp d c 5 AO hnh phc tp.- Phn lp f c 7 AO hnh phc tp.

3.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp , mt lp:a.S electron ti a trong mt phn lp :

Phnlp s

Phnlp p

Phnlp d

Phnlp f

S e ti a 2 6 10 14Cch ghi S2 p6 d10 f14

- Phn lp s electron ti a gi l phn lp electron bo ha.

b. S electron ti a trong mt lp : Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 3


Lp Th t

Lp Kn=1

Lp Ln=2

Lp Mn=3

Lp Nn=4

Sphnlp 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4fS e ti a ( 2n2) 2e 8e 18e 32e

- Lp electron s e ti a gi l lp e bo ha.Th d : Xc nh s lp electron ca cc nguyn t :4.Cu hnh electron nguyn t a.Nguyn l vng bn- Cc e trong nguyn t trng thi c bn ln lt chim cc mc nng lng t thp n cao.- Mc nng lng ca : 1s2s2p3s3p4s3d5s4d5p6s4f5d6p7s5f6d...- Khi in tch ht nhn tng ln s xut hin s chn mc nng lng gia s v d hay s v f.+ Lp : tng theo th t t 1 n 7 k t gn ht nhn nht +Phn lp: tng theo th t s, p, d, f.b. Nguyn l pauli:Trn 1obitan nguyn t cha ti a 2 electron v c chiu t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.c. Qui tc hun :Trong cng mt phn lp cc electron in vo cc obitan sao cho s lectron c thn l ln nht.e. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:- Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t:Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din s phn b electrron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.- Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron :

+ STT lp e c ghi bng ch s (1, 2, 3. . .)+ Phn lp c ghi bng cc ch ci thng s, p, d, f.+ S e c ghi bng s pha trn bn phi ca phn lp.(s2 , p6 )

- Mt s ch khi vit cu hnh electron:+ Cn xc nh ng s e ca nguyn t hay ion. ( s e = s p = Z )+ Nm vng cc nguyn l v qui tc, k hiu ca lp v phn lp ...+ Qui tc bo ho v bn bo ho trn d v f : Cu hnh electron bn khi cc electron in vo phn lp d v f t bo ho ( d10, f14 ) hoc bn bo ho ( d5, f7 )

- Cc bc vit cu hnh electron nguyn tBc 1: in ln lt cc e vo cc phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng.Bc 2: Sp xp li theo th t cc lp v phn lp theo nguyn tc t trong ra ngoi.Bc 3: Xem xt phn lp no c kh nng t n bo ho hoc bn bo ho, th c s sp xp li cc electron cc phn lp ( ch yu l d v f )V d: Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t sau

+ H( Z = 1)+ Ne(Z = 10)+ Cl(Z = 17) 1s22s22p63s23p5

+ Fe, Z = 26, 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

+ Cu ( Z = 29); Cr ( Z = 24)-Cch xc nh nguyn t s, p, d, f:

+ Nguyn t s : c electron cui cng in vo phn lp s. Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 4

14N7


Na, Z =11, 1s22s22p63s1

+Nguyn t p: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp p.Br, Z =35, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5

Hay 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5

+ Nguyn t d: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp d.Co, Z =27, 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7

Hay 1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2

+ Nguyn t f: c electron cui cng in vo phn lp fc. Cu hnh e nguyn t ca 20 nguyn t u(sgk)d. c im ca lp e ngoi cng:-i vi nguyn t ca tt c cc nguyn t, lp ngoi cng c nhiu nht l 8 e.- Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh n tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t.

+Nhng nguyn t kh him c 8 e lp ngoi cng (ns2np6) hoc 2e lp ngoi cng (nguyn t He ns2 ) khng tham gia vo phn ng ho hc .+Nhng nguyn t kim loi thng c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng.Ca, Z = 20, 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 , Ca c 2 electron lp ngoi cng nn Ca l kim loi.+Nhng nguyn t phi kim thng c 5, 6, 7 e lp ngoi cng.O, Z = 8, 1s22s22p4, O c 6 electron lp ngoi cng nn O l phi kim.+Nhng nguyn t c 4 e lp ngoi cng c th l kim loi hoc phi kim. Kt lun: Bit cu hnh electron nguyn t th d on tnh cht ho hc nguyn t.

PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CHNG 1I-Mt s im lu khi gii ton chng nguyn t.Trong nguyn t ta lun c:- S e = s p- S n = S A s p- p n 1,5p hay P N 1,5Z- n,p,e thuc tp s nguyn dng.( sau chng ta bin i bt ng thc t kim tra nghim )

II- Mt s bi ton v d1. Bi ton v cc ht: xut nhiu cch gii, chn cch gii hayV d 1: Mt nguyn t c tng s cc loi ht l 13 . Hy xc nh s lng tng loi ht trong nguyn t.V d 2: Tng s ht trong ht nhn nguyn t l 9. Hy xc nh s lng tng loi ht trong nguyn t.V d 3: Tng s ht trong nguyn t bng 115, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25. Xc nh s ht e ca nguyn t .

V d 4: Ion M3+ c cu to bi 37 ht. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 9.



a. Xc nh s lng tng ht trong M .b. Vit cu hnh electron v s phn b cc e vo cc AO.

2. Bi ton v ng v : xut nhiu cch gii, cch gii hayV d 1: Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63Cu chim 73 % v 65Cu chim 27%. Xc nh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng.V d 2: Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63Cu chim 73 % v A Cu. Xc nh s khi A bit khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54.V d 3:Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v X Cu chim 73 % v Y Cu. Xc nh X,Y bit khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 v s khi ca ng v th hai ln hn ng v th nht 2 n v.V d 4:Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v 63 Cu v 65 Cu. Xc nh % ca ng v th nht bit khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca ng bng 63,54 .V d 5: Ion M+ v X2- u c cu hnh electron : 1s22s22p63s23p6.a. Vit cu hnh e ca M v X.b. Tnh tng s ht mang in trong hp cht c to bi 2 ion trn.

Chng 2 : BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC V Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 6


NH LUT TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HCI- BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC1. Nguyn tc sp xp : * Cc nguyn t c xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.* Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng.* Cc nguyn t c cng s e ha tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct.2. Cu to bng tun hon: a- nguyn t: S th t ca nguyn t ng bng s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t .b- Chu k: Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c

xp theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn. S th t ca chu k trng vi s lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t trong chu k .

* Chu k nh: gm chu k 1, 2, 3. * Chu k ln : gm chu k 4, 5, 6, 7.c- Nhm nguyn t: l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau ,

do c tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh mt ct.d- Khi cc nguyn t: * Khi cc nguyn t s : gm cc nguyn t nhm IA v IIA

Nguyn t s l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp s. * Khi cc nguyn t p: gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm t IIIA n VIIIA ( tr He).

Nguyn t p l nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp p. * Khi cc nguyn t d : gm cc nguyn t thuc nhm B.

Nguyn t d l cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp d. * Khi cc nguyn t f: gm cc nguyn t thuc h Lantan v h Actini. Nguyn t f l

cc nguyn t m nguyn t c electron cui cng c in vo phn lp f.II-S BIN I TUN HON MT S TNH CHT CA CC NGUYN T1. Cc nguyn t nhm A: nguyn t s v p * S th t nhm = s electron ha tr = s electron lp ngoi cng. * S bin i tun hon v cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t khi

in tch ht nhn tng dn chnh l nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc nguyn t.

2. Cc nguyn t nhm B: nguyn t d v f. ( kim loi chuyn tip). * Cu hnh electron nguyn t c dng : (n1)da ns2(a=110) * S electron ha tr = s electron lp n + s electron phn lp (n1)d nhng cha bo ha. * t S = a + 2 , ta c : - S 8 th S = s th t nhm.

- 8 S 10 th nguyn t nhm VIII B.3. S bin i mt s i lng vt l: a S bin i bn knh nguyn t khi in tch ht nhn tng :

* Trong cng chu k : bn knh gim. * Trong cng nhm A : bn knh tng. b S bin i nng lng ion ha th nht ca cc nguyn t nhm A: Khi in tch ht

nhn tng : * Trong cng chu k nng lng ion ha tng.



* Trong cng nhm, nng lng ion ha gim.Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca nguyn t l nng lng ti thiu cn tch electron th nht ra khi nguyn t trng thi c bn. ( tnh bng Kj/mol)

4. m in: ca mt nguyn t l i lng c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t khi to thnh lin kt ha hc.

Khi in tch ht nhn tng: trong cng chu k, m in tng. trong cng nhm, m in gim.

5. S bin i tnh kim loiphi kim: a Trong cng chu k, khi in tch ht nhn tng:

* tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng dn. b trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng: * tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim dn.6. S bin i ha tr: Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng , ha tr cao nht vi oxi tng t 1 n 7,

ha tr i vi hidro gim t 4 n 1.

Ha tr i vi hidro= s th t nhm ha tr i vi oxi

Cng thc phn t ng vi cc nhm nguyn t ( R : l nguyn t )R2On : n l s th t ca nhm.RH8-n : n l s th t ca nhm.

Nhm IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIAOxit R20 RO R2O3 RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7

Hirua RH4 RH3 RH2 RH7. S bin i tnh axit-baz ca oxit v hidroxit tng ng:a Trong cng chu k , khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz gim , tnh axit tng .b Trong cng nhm A, khi in tch ht nhn tng : tnh baz tng, tnh axit gim.

* Tng kt :N.L ion ha (I1)

Bn knhn.t(r)

m in

Tnhkim loi

TnhPhi kim

Tnh baz

Tnhaxit

Chu k(Tri sang phi)

Nhm A(Trn xung )

8. nh lut tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.

III. QUAN H H GIA V TR NGUYN T V CU TO NGUYN T.1.Mi quan h cu hnh v v tr trong HTTH.



Cau hnh e nguyen t

- Tong so e- Nguyen to s hoac p- Nguyen to d hoac f- So e ngoai cung- So lp e

- Stt nguyen to- Thuoc nhom A- Thuoc nhom B- Stt cua nhom- Stt chu k

V d : Xt i vi nguyn t P ( Z = 15)

Cau hnh e nguyen t

- Tong so e : 16 nen Stt nguyen to :16- Nguyen to s hoac p : P nen thuoc nhom A- Nguyen to d hoac f : - So e ngoai cung : 6e nen thuoc nhom VIA- So lp e : 3 lp nen thuoc chu k 3

2. Quan h h gia v tr nguyn t v tnh cht ca nguyn t. V tr nguyn t suy ra:

Thuc nhm KL (IA, IIA, IIIA) tr B v H. Ho tr trong h/c oxit cao nht v trong h/c vi hiro. H/C xit cao v h/c vi hiro. Tnh axit, tnh baz ca h/c oxit v hiroxit.

V d: Cho bit S th 16: Suy ra: S nhm VI, CK3, PK Ho tr cao nht vi xi 6, vi hiro l 2. CT oxit cao nht SO3, h/c vi hiro l H2S.

SO3 l xit axit v H2SO4 l axit mnh.3.So snh tnh cht ho hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc ng/t ln cn.a. Trong chu k theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, c th v:

Tnh kim loi yu dn, tnh phi kim mnh dn. Tnh baz, ca oxit v hiroxit y dn, tnh axit mnh dn.

b . Tong nhm A , theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, c th:Tnh kim loi mnh dn, tnh phi kim yu dn.

Theo chu k : Tnh phi kim Si< P< STheo nhm A: Tnh phi kim As < P< N

4. Lu khi xc nh v tr cc nguyn t nhm B .a. Nguyn t h d : (n-1)dansb vi a = 1 10 ; b = 1 2

+ Nu a + b < 8 a + b l s th t ca nhm .+ Nu a + b > 10 (a + b) 10 l s th t ca nhm.+ Nu 8 a + b 10 nguyn t thuc nhm VIII B

b. Nguyn t h f : (n-2)fansb vi a = 1 14 ; b = 1 2+ Nu n = 6 Nguyn t thuc h lantan.+ Nu n = 7 Nguyn t thuc h actini.(a + b) 3 = s th t ca nguyn t trong h

V d : Z = 62 ; n = 6, a = 6, b = 2 6 + 2 3 = 5 , thuc th 5 trong h lantan.PHNG PHP GII MT S BI TON CHNG II



A. Phng php v qui tc h tr:- Qui tc tam xut.- Phng php t n s v gii cc phng trnh.- Phng php gi tr trung bnh.A,x mol, MA

hh A B

A Bhh

m x.M +y.MM


Cc nguyn t c xu hng lin kt vi nhau t cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh him. Tun theo qui tc bt t (8 in t).

Qui tc bt t : Cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi nguyn t khc t cu hnh c 8 in t (hoc 2 in t)

Tuy nhin vn c mt s trng hp ngoi l nh NO, PCl5, NO2...

1. LIN KT CNG HA TR.

1.1. nh ngha: L lin kt ho hc c hnh thnh do s dng chung cc cp e. 1.2. V d : H2, Cl2, HCl, CO2, HNO3...1.3. iu kin : Cc nguyn t ging nhau hay gn ging nhau v bn cht ( thng l nhng nguyn t phi kim nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA )1.4. Phn loi theo s phn cc :

+ Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc l lin kt cng ha tr m trong cp electron dng chung khng b lch v pha nguyn t no.

V d : Cl2, H2.+ Lin kt cng ha tr c cc l lin kt cng ha tr m cp electron dng chung b lch v

pha nguyn t c m in ln hn. V d : HCl, H2O.

1.5.Ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht cha lin kt cng ho tr a. Tn gi : Cng ho trb. Cch xc nh : Cng ho tr = s lin kt nguyn t to thnh

1.6.Tinh th nguyn t : a. Khi nim : Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc nguyn tb. Lc lin kt : Lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt cng ho trc. c tnh : Nhit nng chy, nhit si cao.d. V d : Tinh th kim cng

1.7.Tinh th phn t :a. Khi nim : Tinh th c hnh thnh t cc phn tb. Lc lin kt : Lc tng tc gia cc phn tc. c tnh : t bn, cng nh, nhit nng chy v nhit si thp.d. V d : Tinh th nc , tinh th it

2. LIN KT ION2.1 Cc nh ngha .a. Cation : L ion mang in tch dng

M Mn+ + ne( M : kim loi , n = 1,2,3 )b. Anion : L ion mang in tch m

X + ne X n- ( X : phi kim, n =1,2,3 )c. Lin kt ion: L lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion tri du. 2.2 Bn cht : S cho nhn cc e2.3 V d :Xt phn ng gia Na v Cl2.

Phng trnh ho hc : 2.1e



2Na + Cl2 2NaClS hnh thnh lin kt:

11

Na e NaNa

Cl e Cl

+

+

+ + Cl- NaCl ( vit theo dng cu hnh e )

Lin kt ho hc hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia ion Na+ v ion Cl- gi l lin kt ion , to thnh hp cht ion. 2.4 iu kin lin kt : Xy ra cc kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh. 2.5 Tinh th ion:

+ c hnh thnh t nhng ion mang in tri du l cation v anion+ Lc lin kt : C bn cht tnh in+ c tnh : Bn, kh nng chy, kh bay hi+ V d : Tinh th mui n ( NaCl)

2.6 Ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht c lin kt ion+ Tn gi : in ho tr+ Cch xc nh : in ho tr = in tch ca ion

3. HIU M IN V LIN KT HO HC* Xt cht AxBy , AB A B = -

0 0,4 1,7

LKCHT khng cc LKCHT phn cc Lin kt ion V d : Da v m in ca cc cht hy xc nh loi lin kt ho hc tn ti trong cc hp cht sau : O2. CO2, HCl, NaCl, CH4, AlCl3...4. S LAI HO CC ORBITAN

a. Khi nim : S lai ho obitan nguyn t l s t hp (trn ln) mt s obitan trong nguyn t c cc obitan lai ho ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.

* S obitan lai ho = Tng s cc obitan tham gia t hp.* S lai ho c xt i vi cc nguyn t trung tm.

b. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp .b1. Lai ho sp (lai ho ng thng) : S t hp 1AO(s) + 1AO(p) 2AO(sp)Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, hai

AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 180o (ng thng)V d : Xt trong phn t BeH2 , C2H2, BeCl2b2. Lai ho sp2 (lai ho tam gic): S t hp 1AO(s) + 2AO(p) 3AO(sp2)Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp2) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, ba

AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 120o V d : Xt trong phn t BeF3 , C2H4, BCl3...b3. Lai ho sp3 (lai ho t din ): S t hp 1AO(s) + 3AO(p) 4AO(sp3)Phn tch : AO(s) hnh cu, AO(p) hnh s 8 ni , AO(sp3) hnh s 8 ni khng cn i, bn

AO lai ho to vi nhau mt gc 109o28' V d : Thng gp cc nguyn t O, C, N Xt trong phn t CH4, H2O, NH3...



c. p dng : Gii thch s lai ho ca cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc hp cht sau y : C2H2, BCl3, H2O.5. S XEN PH CC OBITAN

a. Xen ph trc : Trc ca cc AO tham gia lin kt trng vi ng ni tm ca 2 nguyn t i gi l s xen ph trc.

S xen ph trc to thnh lin kt (xch ma) bn, kh b ct t, cc hp cht c cha lin kt thng c hng u tin " d th hn cng "

Gm cc loi xen ph : s s , s p , p pb. Xen ph bn : Trc ca cc AO tham gia lin kt song song vi nhau v vung gc vi

ng ni tm ca 2 nguyn t i gi l s xen ph bn.S xen ph bn to thnh lin kt pi (pi) km bn, linh ng , cc hp cht c cha lin kt

pi thng c hng u tin " d cng hn th ". Gm cc loi xen ph : p pc. S to thnh lin kt n, i, ba.+ Lin kt n : Lin kt cng ho tr do dng chung mt cp e, c vit l " __ ", cc lin

kt n u l lin kt bn vng.+ Lin kt i :Lin kt cng ho tr do dng chung hai cp e , c vit l " = ", cc lin

kt i c to thnh t 1 + 1 pi+ Lin kt ba :Lin kt cng ho tr do dng chung ba cp e, c vit '' = ", c to bi 1

+ 1 pi+ Xt v bn lin kt th lin kt ba > lin kt i > lin kt n+ Lin kt i hay ba cn c gi l lin kt bi.

6. HA TR : l biu th kh nng nguyn t nguyn t ny lin kt vi mt s nht nh nguyn t nguyn t khc.

a. in ha tr :L ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht ion, tnh bng in tch ca ion . V d: CaCl2 l hp cht ion, ha tr Canxi l 2+ , Clo l 1-b. Cng ha tr :L ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr, tnh bng s lin kt m nguyn t

ca nguyn t c th to thnh vi nguyn t ca nguyn t khc. V d: CH4 l hp cht cng ha tr, ha tr ca Cacbon l 4, Hidr l 1.c. p dng : Xc nh ho tr ca cc nguyn t trong cc hp cht sau

NaCl, NH3, N2O5, CaSO4, HNO3, (NH4)2SO4...7. S OXI HO a. Khi nim : l in tch ca nguyn t (in tch hnh thc) trong phn t nu gi nh rng cc cp electron chung coi nh chuyn hn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn .b. Cch xc nh s oxiho.

Qui c 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t trong n cht bng khng Fe0 Al0 H 02 O

02 Cl

02

Qui c 2 : Trong mt phn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng. H2SO4 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0 x = +6 K2Cr2O7 2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0 x = +6



Qui c 3: S oxiho ca cc ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .Trong ion a nguyn t tng s oxiho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ca ion .

Qui c 4: Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxiho ca hir bng +1 ( tr hirua ca kim loi NaH, CaH2...). S oxiha ca oxi bng -2 (tr trng hp OF2 v peoxit H2O2...)c.Cch ghi s oxiho . S oxiho t pha trn k hiu nguyn t, du ghi trc s ghi sau.V d : Xc nh s oxiho ca cc nguyn t N,S,P trong cc cht sau :

a. NH3, N2, NO, N2O,N2O3,N2O4, N2O5, HNO3, NH4NO3, NaNO3, Ca3N2b. H2S, FeS,FeS2,SO2, SO3, NaHSO3, H2SO4c. PH3,Zn3P2, PCl3, PCl5,H3PO4,H3PO3, Ca3(PO4)2d. ion NO3-, SO32-, SO42-, PO32-, PO43-

8. LIN KT KIM LOI a. Khi nim : l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do s tham gia ca cc e t do.b. iu kin lin kt : Xy ra hu ht cc kim loi.c. Mng tinh th kim loi + Lp phng tm khi : Nguyn t kim loi, ion kim loi nm tm v cc nh ca khi lp phng. V d : Li,Na,K,Rb,V,Cr,Fe,Nb,Mo,Ta,W,Eu+ Lp phng tm din: Nguyn t kim loi, ion kim loi nm tm cc mt v cc nh ca khi lp phng. V d : Ca,Sr,Al,Ni,Cu,Ag,Au...+ Lc phng: Nguyn t kim loi, ion kim loi nm tm cc mt ca hnh lc gic ng v cc nh ca hnh lc gic. V d : Be,Mg,Zn,Cd,Co,La...d. Tnh cht ca tinh th kim loi : Mng tinh th kim loi c cc e t do di chuyn c trong mng tinh th nn kim loi c mt s tnh cht c bn : nh kim, dn in tt, dn nhit tt v c tnh do.



Chng 4: PHN NG OXYHO - KHPHN NG XI HA KH l phn ng trong nguyn t (hay ion) ny nhng

electron cho nguyn t (hay ion) kia.Trong mt phn ng oxiho - kh th qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh lun lun xy ra

ng thi.iu kin phn ng xiha - kh l cht xiha mnh tc dng vi cht kh mnh to

thnh cht oxiha v cht kh yu hn.1. CHT XIHA l cht nhn electron, kt qu l s oxiha gim.

Nu hp cht c nguyn t (hay ion) mang soh cao nht l cht xiha (SOH cao nht ng vi STT nhm) hay soh trung gian (s l cht kh nu gp cht oxiha mnh).

Ion kim loi c soh cao nht Fe3+, Cu2+, Ag+ANION NO 3

trong mi trng axit l cht xiha mnh (sn phm to thnh l NO2, NO,

N2O, N2, hay NH 4+ ); trong mi trng kim to sn phm l NH3 (thng tc dng vi kim loi m

oxit v hirxit l cht lng tnh); trong mi trng trung tnh th xem nh khng l cht oxiha.H2SO4 C l cht oxiha mnh( to SO2, S hay H2S)MnO 4

cn gi l thuc tm (KMnO4) trong mi trng H+ to Mn2+ (khng mu hay hng nht), mi trng trung tnh to MnO2 (kt ta en), mi trng OH- to MnO42- (xanh).

HALOGENZN

2. CHT KH l cht nhng electron, kt qu l s oxha tng.Nu hp cht c nguyn t (hay ion) mang soh thp nht l cht kh (soh thp nht ng vi 8 -

STT nhm) hay cha s oxy ho trung gian (c thl cht oxiha khi gp cht kh mnh) n cht kim loi , n cht phi kim (C, S, P, N).Hp cht (mui, baz, axit, oxit) nh: FeCl2, CuS2 ,Fe(OH)3, HBr, H2S, CO, Cu2O Ion (cation, anion) nh: Fe2+, Cl-, SO32--

3. QU TRNH OXIHA l qu trnh (s) nhng electron.4. QU TRNH KH l qu trnh (s) nhn electron.5. S OXI HO l in tch ca nguyn t (in tch hnh thc) trong phn t nu gi nh rng cc cp electron chung coi nh chuyn hn v pha nguyn t c m in ln hn .

Qui c 1: S oxi ho ca nguyn t dng n cht bng khng Fe0 Al0 H 02 O

02 Cl

02

Qui c 2: Trong phn t hp cht , s oxi ho ca nguyn t Kim loi nhm A l +n; Phi kim nhm A trong hp cht vi kim loi hoc hyro l 8 - n (n l STT nhm) Kim loi ho tr 1 l +1 : Ag+1Cl Na 12

+ SO4 K+1NO3 Kim loi ho tr 2 l +2 : Mg+2Cl2 Ca+2CO3 Fe+2SO4 Kim loi ho tr 3 l +3 : Al+3Cl3 Fe 32

+ (SO4)3

Ca oxi thng l 2 : H2O-2 CO 22 H2SO 24

KNO 23

Ring H2O 12 F2O+2

Ca Hidro thng l +1 : H+1Cl H+1NO3 H 12+ S



Qui c 3 : Trong mt phn t tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng khng. H2SO4 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0 x = +6 K2Cr2O7 2(+1) + 2x + 7(-2) = 0 x = +6Qui c 4: Vi ion mang in tch th tng s oxi ho ca cc nguyn t bng in tch ion.

Mg2+ s oxi ho Mg l +2, MnO 4 s oxi ho Mn l : x + 4(-2) = -1 x = +76. CN BNG PHNG TRNH PHN NG OXI HO KH:B1. Xc nh s oxi ho cc nguyn t. Tm ra nguyn t c s oxi ho thay i . B2. Vit cc qu trnh lm thay i s oxi ho

Cht c oxi ho tng : Cht kh - ne s oxi ho tngCht c s oxi ho gim: Cht oxi ho + me s oxi ho gim

B3. Xc nh h s cn bng sao cho s e cho = s e nhnB4. a h s cn bng vo phng trnh , ng cht v kim tra li theo trt t : kim loi phi kim hidro oxi

Fe 32+ O 23

+ H 02 Fe0 + H1

2+ O-2

2Fe+3 + 6e 2Fe0 qu trnh kh Fe3+

2H0 2e 2H+ qu trnh oxi ho H2

(2Fe+3 + 3H2 2Fe0 + 3H2O)Cn bng :

Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O Cht oxi ho cht kh Fe3+ l cht oxi ho H2 l cht kh7. PHN LOI PHN NG XIHA KH

Mi trngMi trng axit MnO 4

+ Cl- + H+ Mn2+ + Cl2 + H2O

Mi trng kim : MnO 4 + SO 23

+ OH- MnO 24

+ SO 24 + H2O

Mi trng trung tnh : MnO 4 + SO 23

+ H2O MnO2 + SO 24 +OH-

Cht phn ngPhn ng oxi ha- kh ni phn t: L phn ng oxiha- kh trong cht kh v cht

oxiha u thuc cng phn t.

KClO3 2nungMnO KCl + 32 O2

Phn ng t oxiha- t kh l phn ng oxiha kh trong cht kh v cht oxi ha u thuc cng mt nguyn t ha hc, v u cng b bin i t mt s oxi ha ban u.

Cl2 + 2 NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O8. CN BNG ION ELECTRON

Phn ng trong mi trng axit mnh ( c H+ tham gia phn ng ) th v no tha Oxi th thm H+ to nc v kia.

Phn ng trong mi trng kim mnh ( c OH- tham gia phn ng ) th v no tha Oxi th thm nc to OH- v kia.

Phn ng trong mi trng trung tnh ( c H2O tham gia phn ng) nu to H+, coi nh H+

phn ng; nu to OH- coi nh OH- phn ng ngha l tun theo cc nguyn tc nu trn.9. CP OXIHA KH l dng oxiha v dng kh ca cng mt nguyn t. Cu2+/Cu; H+/H2. Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 16


10. DY IN HA l dy nhng cp oxiha kh c xp theo chiu tng tnh oxiha v chiu gim tnh kh.

Cht oxiha yu Cht oxiha mnhCht kh mnh Cht kh yu

11. CC CH LM BI TPKhi hon thnh chui phn ng tnh s oxiha bit l phn ng oxiha-kh hay khng. chng minh hoc gii thch vai tr ca mt cht trong phn ng th trc ht dng s oxiha

xc nh vai tr v la cht phn ng.Ton nh p dng nh lut bo ton electron da trn nh lut bo ton nguyn t theo s .Mt cht c hai kh nng axit-baz mnh v oxiha-kh mnh th xt ng thiRing mt cht khi phn ng vi cht khc m c c 2 kh nng phn ng axit- baz v oxiho-

kh th c xt ng thi ( th d Fe3O4 + H+ + NO3-

Hn hp gm Mn+, H+, NO3- th xt vai tr oxiha nh sau (H+, NO3-), H+, Mn+



Chng 5 : NHM HALOGENA. TM TT L THUYTI. V tr trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t.

Gm c cc nguyn t 9F 17Cl 35Br 53I 85At. Phn t dng X2 nh F2 kh mu lc nht, Cl2 kh mu vng lc, Br2 lng mu nu , I2 tinh th tm.

D nhn thm mt electron t cu hnh bn vng ca kh himX + 1e X- (X : F , Cl , Br , I )

F c m in ln nht , ch c s oxi ho 1. Cc halogen cn li ngoi s oxi ho 1 cn c s oxi ho dng nh +1 , +3 , +5 , +7

Tnh tan ca mui bc AgF AgCl AgBr AgI tan nhiu trng vng lc vng m II. CLO Trong t nhin Clo c 2 ng v 3517 Cl (75%) v

3717 Cl (25%) M Cl=35,5

L cht kh, mu vng , mi xc , c v nng hn khng kh.Cl2 c mt lin kt cng ha tr, d dng tham gia phn ng,l mt cht oxiha mnh.Tham gia cc phn ng Clo l cht oxyho , tuy nhin clo cng c kh nng ng vai tr l cht kh.1.Tnh cht ho hca. Tc dng vi kim loi : (a s kim loi v c t0 khi mu phn ng) to mui clorua ( c ho tr cao nht )

2Na + Cl2 0t 2NaCl

2Fe + 3Cl2 0t 2FeCl3

Cu + Cl2 0t CuCl2

b. Tc dng vi phim kim(cn c nhit hoc c nh sng)

H2 + Cl2 as

2HCl Cl2 + 2S S2Cl22P + 3Cl2

0t 2PCl3Cl2 khng tc dng trc tip vi O2.

c. Tc dng vi mt s hp cht c tnh kh:H2S + Cl2

0t 2HCl + S

3Cl2 + 2NH3 N2 + 6HClCl2 + SO2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl

d. Cl2 cn tham gia phn ng vi vai tr va l cht xiha, va l cht kh.Tc dng vi nuc Khi ho tan vo nc , mt phn Clo tc dng (Thun nghch)Cl 02 + H2O HCl + HClO ( Axit hipoclor)Axit hipoclor c tnh oxy ho mnh, n ph hy cc mu v th nc clo hay clo m c

tnh ty mu do.Tc dng vi dung dch baz



Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O ( nc javel)2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + H2O3Cl2 + 6KOH

0t KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H2Oe. Tc dng vi mui

Cl2 + 2NaBr 2NaCl + Br2Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl33Cl2 + 6FeSO4 2Fe2(SO4)3 + 2FeCl3Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2

f.Phn ng th, phn ng cng, phn ng phn hu vi mt s hp cht hu cCH4 + Cl2 akt CH3Cl + HClCH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl CH2ClC2H2 + Cl2 2C + 2HCl

2.iu ch : Nguyn tc l kh cc hp cht Cl- to Cl0

a. Trong phng th nghimCho HCl m c tc dng vi cc cht xiha mnh

2KMnO4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2OMnO2 + 4HCl

0t MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2OKClO3 + 6HCl KCl + 3H2O + 3Cl2

b. Trong cng nghip: dng phng php in phn

2NaCl + 2H2O pdd/mnx H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2 2NaCl pnc 2Na+ Cl2 ( b sung thm kin thc v in phn)

( nu qu trnh in phn khng c mng ngn th sn phm thu c l dung dch nc javel)Ngoi ra cn c th t HCl v O2 c xc tc l CuCl2 400oC.4HCl + O2 CuCl2 2Cl2 + 2H2O

III. AXIT CLOHIDRIC (HCl) Dung dch axit HCl c y tnh cht ho hc ca mt axit mnh 1. Ho tnha. TC DNG CHT CH TH dung dch HCl lm qu tm ho (nhn bit axit)

HCl H+ + Cl-

b. TC DNG KIM LOI (ng trc H trong dy Bktp) to mui (vi ha tr thp ca kim loi) v gii phng kh hidr

Fe + 2HCl

0t FeCl2 + H22Al + 6HCl

0t 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Cu + HCl khng c phn ngc. TC DNG OXIT BAZ , BAZ to mui v nc

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O

CuO + 2HCl

0t CuCl2 + H2O

Fe2O3 + 6HCl 0t 2FeCl3 + 3H2O

d. TC DNG MUI (theo iu kin phn ng trao i)

CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 19


AgNO3 + HCl AgCl + HNO3( dng nhn bit gc clorua )Ngoi tnh cht c trng l axit , dung dch axit HCl c cn th hin vai tr cht kh

khi tc dng cht oxi ho mnh nh KMnO4 , MnO2 4HCl + MnO2

0t MnCl2 + Cl 02 + 2H2OK2Cr2O7 + 14HCl 3Cl2 + 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 7H2OHn hp 3 th tch HCl v 1 th tch HNO3 c c gi l hn hp nc cng toan ( cng thu) c kh nng ho tan c Au ( vng) 3HCl + HNO3 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2ONOCl NO + ClAu + 3Cl AuCl3

2.iu cha.PHNG PHP SUNFAT cho NaCl tinh th vo dung dch H2SO4 m c

2NaCltt + H2SO4 ot 4000

Na2SO4 + 2HClNaCltt + H2SO4

o250 0t NaHSO4 + HCl

b.PHNG PHP TNG HP t hn hp kh hidro v kh clo

H2 + Cl2 as

2HCl hidro clorua.IV. MUI CLORUA Cha ion m clorua (Cl-) v cc ion dng kim loi, NH +4 nh NaCl ZnCl2 CuCl2AlCl3

NaCl dng n, sn xut Cl2, NaOH, axit HClKCl phn kali ZnCl2 ty g khi hn, chng mc g BaCl2 cht cCaCl2 cht chng m AlCl3 cht xc tc

V. HP CHT CHA XI CA CLOTrong cc hp cht cha xi ca clo, clo c soh dng, c iu ch gin tip.Cl2O Clo (I) oxit Cl2O7 Clo(VII) oxitHClO Axit hipoclor NaClO Natri hipocloritHClO2 Axit clor NaClO2 Natri cloritHClO3 Axit cloric KClO3 kali cloratHClO4 Axit pecloric KClO4 kali pecloratTt c hp cht cha oxi ca clo iu l cht xiha mnh.

1.NC ZAVEN l hn hp gm NaCl, NaClO v H2O c tnh xi ha mnh, c tnh ty mu, c iu ch bng cch dn kh Clo vo dung dch NaOH (KOH)

Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2ONaClO + CO2 + H2O NaHCO3 + HClO ( c tnh ty mu)(Cl2 + 2KOH KCl + KClO + H2O)

2.KALI CLORAT cng thc phn t KClO3 l cht xiha mnh thng dng iu ch O2 trong phng th nghim

2KClO3 0t2MnO 2KCl + O2



KClO3 c iu ch khi dn kh clo vo dung dch kim c c un nng n 1000c3Cl2 + 6KOH

0100 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O3.CLORUA VI cng thc phn t CaOCl2 l cht xiha mnh, c iu ch bng cch dn clo vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 c: Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 CaOCl2 + H2O

Nu Ca(OH)2 long: 2Ca(OH)2 + 2Cl2 CaCl2 + Ca(OCl)2 + 2H2O4.AXIT HIPOCLOR : HClO

L mt axit yu , yu hn c axit cacbonic. Nhng n c tnh oxyho rt mnh.CO2 + H2O + NaClO NaHCO3 + HClOHClO HCl + O4HClO + PbS 4HCl + PbSO4

5.AXIT CLOR : HClO2L mt axit yu nhng mnh hn hipoclor v c tnh oxyho mnh c iu ch theo

phng trnh. Ba(ClO2)2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HClO26.AXIT CLORIC : HClO3

- L mt axit mnh tng t nh axit HCl , HNO3 v c tnh oxyho.- Mui clorat c tnh oxyho, khng b thu phn.

7.AXIT PECLORIC : HClO4- Axit pecloric l axit mnh nht trong tt cat cc axit. N c tnh oxyho , d b nhit phn 2HClO4

0t H2O + Cl2O7Tng kt v cc axit cha oxy ca clo Chiu tng tnh bn v tnh axitHClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4 Chiu tng tnh oxyho

VI. FLO l cht oxiha mnh, tham gia phn ng vi hu ht cc n cht v hp cht to florua vi s oxyho -1.( k c vng)1. Ho tnha.TC DNG KIM LOI & PHI KIM

Ca + F2 CaF22Ag + F2 2AgF3F2 + 2Au 2AuCl33F2 + S SF6

b.TC DNG VI HIDRO phn ng xy ra mnh hn cc halogen khc , hn hp H2 , F2 n mnh trong bng ti.

H2 + F2 2HFKh HF tan vo nc to dung dch HF. Dung dch HF l axit yu, c bit l ha tan c SiO2

4HF + SiO2 0t 2H2O + SiF4 (s n mn thy tinh c ng dng trong k thut khc

trn knh nh v tranh khc ch).c.TC DNG NC kh flo qua nc s lm bc chy nc (do gii phng O2).

2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2Phn ng ny gii thch v sao F2 khng y Cl2 , Br2 , I2 ra khi dung dch mui hoc axit

trong khi flo c tnh oxiha mnh hn .2.iu ch HF bng phng php sunfat



CaF2(tt) + H2SO4() 0t CaSO4 + 2HF

Hp cht vi oxi : OF22F2 + 2NaOH 2NaF + H2O + OF2 ;OF2 l cht c tnh c v tnh oxyho mnh

VII. BRM V IT l cc cht xiha yu hn clo.1.TC DNG VI KIM LOI to mui tng ng

2Na + Br2 0t 2NaBr

2Na + I2 0t 2NaI

2Al + 3Br2 0t 2AlBr3

2Al + 3I2 0t 2AlI3

2.TC DNG VI HIDROH2 + Br2

gnon un 2HBr

H2 + I2 2 HI phn ng xy ra thun nghch. hot ng gim dn t Cl Br ICc kh HBr, HI tan vo nc to dung dich axit

HBr

+ OH2 ddaxit HBr HI

+ OH2 dd axit HI.

V mnh axit th li tng dn t HCl < HBr < HIBr2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HClCc axit HBr , HI c tnh kh mnh c th kh c axit H2SO4 c2HBr + H2SO4 Br2 + SO2 + H2O8HI + H2SO4 4I2 + H2S + 4H2O2HI + 2FeCl3 FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl

VIII. NHN BIT dng Ag+ (AgNO3) nhn bit cc gc halogenua.

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl (trng) (2AgCl a 2Ag + Cl2 )Ag+ + Br-

AgBr (vng nht) Ag+ + I- AgI (vng m) I2 + h tinh bt xanh lam

NHN BIT MT S HP CHT V CI. Nhn bit mt s anion ( ion m)

CHTTH

THUCTH

DU HIU PHNG TRNH PHN NG

Cl-

Br-

I-

PO43-

Dung dchAgNO3

- Kt ta trng- Kt ta vng nht- Kt ta vng- Kt ta vng

Ag+ + X- AgX ( ho en ngoi nh sng do phn ng2AgX 2Ag + X2)3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4

SO42- BaCl2 - Kt ta trng Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4SO32-

HSO3-

CO32-

HCO3-

S2-

Dung dchHCl hoc

H2SO4 long

- Phai mu dd KMnO4- Phai mu dd KMnO4- Khng mi- Khng mi- Mi trng thi

SO32- + 2H+ H2O + SO2HSO3- + H+ H2O + SO2CO32-+ 2H+ H2O + CO2HCO3-+ H+ H2O + CO2S2-+ 2H+ H2S

NO3-H2SO4

v vn Cu- Kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh.

NO3- + H2SO4 HNO3 + HSO4-

3Cu+8HNO3 3Cu(NO3)3 +2NO + 4H2O



2NO + O2 2NO2SiO32- Axt mnh - kt ta keo trng SiO32- + 2H+ H2SiO3 ( kt ta)

II. Nhn bit mt s cht kh .CHTKH

THUCTH


Cl2 - dd KI + h tinh bt - ho xanh m Cl2 + 2I- 2Cl- + I2(I 2 + h tinh bt mu xanh m)

SO2- dd KMnO4 ( tm)

- dd Br2 ( nu )

- mt mu tm

- mt mu nu

5SO2+ 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 .SO2 + Br2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr

H2S - dd CuCl2- ngi mi

- kt ta en- mi trng thi

- H2S + CuCl2 CuS + 2HCl Mu en

O2 - tn que dim - bng chy

O3- dd KI + h tinh bt

- kim loi Ag

- ho xanh m

- ho xm en

2KI + O3 + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2(I 2 + h tinh bt mu xanh m)2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2

H2 - t, lm lnh - c hi nc Ngng t

2H2 + O2 2H2O

CO2 - dd Ca(OH)2 - dd b c CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2OCO - dd PdCl2 - dd b sm mu CO + PdCl2 + H2O CO2 + Pd + 2 HCl

Mu enNH3 - qu m

- HCl c- ho xanh- khi trng NH3 + HCl NH4Cl

NO - khng kh - ho nu 2NO + O2 2 NO2 ( mu nu)NO2 - H2O, qu m - dd c tnh axit NO2 + H2O HNO3 + NO

3. Nhn bit mt s cht kh .CHTKH

THUCTH


SO2- dd KMnO4 ( tm)- dd Br2 ( nu )

- mt mu tm

- mt mu nu

5SO2+ 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 2H2SO4 .SO2 + Br2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 2HBr

H2S - dd CuCl2- ngi mi

- kt ta en- mi trng thi

- H2S + CuCl2 CuS + 2HCl Mu en

O2 - tn que dim - bng chy

O3- dd KI + HTB

- kim loi Ag

- ho xanh m

- ho xm en

2KI + O3 + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2(I 2 + h tinh bt mu xanh m)2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2



Chng 6: OXI LU HUNHI. V TR, CU TO.

Cc nguyn t thuc PNC nhm VI gm 8O 16S 34Se 52Te 84Po c 6 electron ngoi cng do d dng nhn 2e t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him. Vy tnh xiha l tnh cht ch yu.

Cu to nguyn t ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA .- Ging nhau : u c 6e lp ngoi cng, c 2 c thn ( vit cu hnh e theo orbitan). s

oxiho -2 trong hp cht c m in nh hn ( kim loi, hir )- Khc nhau: Tr O , cc nguyn t cn li S , Se, Te trng thi kch thch c th xut hin

4 hoc 6 e c thn iu ny gii thch s oxiho + 4 hoc + 6 ca S,Se,Te trong cc hp cht vi cc nguyn t c m in ln hn ( oxi , flo )

- Ngoi tnh oxiho S,Se,Te cn c kh nng th hin tnh kh.II. XI trong t nhin c 3 ng v O168 O

178 O

188 , Oxi l mt phi kim hot ng v l mt cht

xiha mnh v th trong tt c cc dng hp cht , oxi th hin s oxi ho 2 (tr : 1

22

21

2 ,+

OHOF cc

peoxit 21

2

ONa ),duy tr s sng , s chy.

Tc dng hu ht vi kim loi (tr Au v Pt), cn c t0 to xit2Mg + O2

ot 2MgO Magi oxit

4Al + 3O2 ot 2Al2O3 Nhm oxit

3Fe + 2O2 ot Fe3O4 Oxit st t (FeO, Fe2O3)

Tc dng hu ht vi phi kim (tr halogen), cn c t0 to ra oxitS + O2

ot SO2

C + O2 ot CO2

N2 + O2 ot 2NO t0 khong 30000C hay h quang in

Tc dng vi H2 (n mnh theo t l 2 :1 v s mol), t0

2H2 + O2 ot 2H2O

Tc dng vi cc cht c tnh kh. 2SO2 + O2 2 5 ,300

OV O C 2SO3

CH4 + 2O2 ot CO2 + 2H2O

Tc dng vi cc cht hu c.C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2OC2H5OH + O2 lenmemgiam CH3COOH + H2O

III. ZN l dng th hnh ca oxi v c tnh xha mnh hn O2 rt nhiuO3 + 2KI + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2 (oxi khng c)Do to ra KOH nn O3 lm xanh qu tm dd KI (dng trong nhn bit ozon)2Ag + O3 Ag2O + O2 (oxi khng c phn ng)

IV. HIR PEOXIT : L cht c 2 kh nng l c tnh oxiho v c tnh kh.Tnh oxiho: H2O2 + 2KI I2 + 2KOH

H2O2 + KNO2 KNO3 + H2O



Tnh kh : H2O2 + Ag2O 2Ag + O2 + H2O5H2O2 + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O

V. LU HUNH l cht xiha nhng yu hn O2, ngoi ra S cn ng vai tr l cht kh khi tc dng vi oxi ( phn tch da trn dy s oxiho ca S )

S l cht oxiha khi tc dng vi kim loi v H2 to sunfua cha S2-

Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi (c t0,to sn phm ng s oxy ho thp ca kim loi)Fe + S0

ot FeS-2 st II sunfua

Zn + S0

ot ZnS-2 km sunfua

Hg + S HgS-2 thy ngn sunfua, phn ng xy ra t0 thng

Tc dng vi H2: to hidro sunfua mi trng ung ( trng thi )H2 + S

ot H2S-2 hidrosunfuaS l cht kh khi tc dng vi cht xiha to hp cht vi soh dng (+4, +6)Tc dng vi phi kim (tr Nit v Iod)

S + O2 ot SO2 kh sunfur, lu hunh ixit, lu hunh (IV) xit.

S + 3F2 SF6Ngoi ra khi gp cht xiha khc nh HNO3 to H2SO4

VI. HIDRSUNFUA (H2S) l cht kh mnh v trong H2S lu hunh c s oxi ho thp nht (-2), tc dng hu ht cc cht xiha to sn phm ng vi soh cao hn.

Tc dng vi oxi c th to S hoc SO2 ty lng xi v cch tin hnh phn ng.

2H2S + 3O2 0t

2H2O + 2SO2 (d xi, t chy)

2H2S + O2 thaptt 0

2H2O + 2S(Dung dch H2S trong khng kh hoc lm lnh ngn la H2S ang chy)Tc dng vi clo c th to S hay H2SO4 ty iu kin phn ng

H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O 8HCl + H2SO4H2S + Cl2 2 HCl + S (kh clo gp kh H2S)

Dung dch H2S c tnh axit yu 2 nc : Khi tc dng dung dch kim c th to mui axit hoc mui trung ho

H2S + NaOH 1:1 NaHS + H2OH2S + 2NaOH 2::1 Na2S + 2H2O

VII. LU HUNH (IV) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO2, ngoi ra c cc tn gi khc l lu hunh dioxit hay kh sunfur, hoc anhidrit sunfur.

Vi s oxi ho trung gian +4 ( 4+S O2). Kh SO2 va l cht kh, va l cht oxi ho v l

mt oxit axit.

SO2 l cht kh (4+

S - 2e 6+

S )

Khi gp cht oxi ho mnh nh O2, Cl2, Br2 : kh SO2 ng vai tr l cht kh.

2 4+S O2 + O2 2 5 ,300OV O C

2SO3

OS4+

2 + Cl2 + 2H2O 2HCl + H2 OS6+

4

5 OS4+

2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4



SO2 l cht oxi ho ( 4+

S + 4e 0S ) Khi tc dng cht kh mnh

OS4+

2 + 2H2S 2H2O + 30S

OS4+

2 + Mg MgO + S

Ngoi ra SO2 l mt oxit axit

SO2 + NaOH 1:1 NaHSO3 ( 2nSO

nNaOH 2 )

SO2 + 2 NaOH 2:1 Na2SO3 + H2O (2nSO

nNaOH 1)

Nu 1< 2nSO

nNaOH < 2 th to ra c hai mui

molySONamolxNaHSO

::

32

3

VIII. LU HUNH (VI) OXIT cng thc ha hc SO3, ngoi ra cn tn gi khc lu hunh tri oxit, anhidrit sunfuric.

L mt xit axitTc dng vi H2O to axit sunfuric

SO3 + H2O H2SO4 + QSO3 tan v hn trong H2SO4 to leum : H2SO4.nSO3

Tc dng vi baz to mui SO3 + 2 NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O

IX. AXT SUNFURIC H2SO4 trng thi long l mt axit mnh, trng thi c l mt cht xiha mnh.

dng long l axt mnh lm qu tm, tc dng kim loi(trc H2) gii phng H2, tc dng baz, oxit baz v nhiu mui.

H2SO4 2H+ + SO42- l qu tm ho mu .H2SO4 + Fe FeSO4 + H2H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2OH2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2OH2SO4 + CuO CuSO4 + H2OH2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2 HClH2SO4 + Na2SO3 Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2H2SO4 + CaCO3 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2

dng c l mt cht xiha mnhTc dng vi kim loi: oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr Au v Pt) to mui ho tr cao v

thng gii phng SO2 (c th H2S, S nu kim loi kh mnh nh Mg ).

2Fe + 6 H2SO4 0t Fe2(SO4)3+ 3SO2+ 6H2O

Cu + 2 H2SO4 0t CuSO4 + SO2+ 2H2O

Al, Fe, Cr khng tc dng vi H2SO4 c ngui, v kim loi b th ng ha. Tc dng vi phi kim (tc dng vi cc phi kim dng rn, t0) to hp cht ca phi kim ng

vi s oxy ho cao nht

2H2SO4() + C 0t CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O



2H2SO4() + S 0t

3SO2 + 2H2O Tc dng vi mt s cht c tnh kh.

FeO + H2SO4 () 0t

Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 4H2O

2HBr + H2SO4 () 0t

Br2 + SO2 + 2H2OHt nc ca mt s cht hu c.

C12H22O11 + H2SO4() 12C + H2SO4.11H2OX. NHN BIT MT S CHT LIN QUAN.1. MUI SUNFUA V NHN BIT GC SUNFUA (S2- ) hu nh cc mui sunfua iu khng tan, ch c mui ca kim loi kim v kim th tan (Na2S, K2S, CaS, BaS). Mt s mui khng tan v c mu c trng CuS en, PbS en, CdS vng, SnS gch, MnS hng.

nhn bit S2- dng dung dch Pb(NO3)2 Pb2+ + S2- PbS ( en, khng tan trong axit, nc)

2. MUI SUNFAT V NHN BIT GC SUNFAT (SO42-)C hai loi mui l mui trung ha (sunfat) v mui axit (hidrsunfat).Phn ln mui sunfat tan, ch c BaSO4, PbSO4 khng tan c mu trng, CaSO4 t tan c

mu trng.Nhn bit gc SO42- (sunfat) dng dung dch cha Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Pb2+

Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4 ( kt ta trng, khng tan trong nc v axit)XI. IU CH

1. IU CH XI : 2KClO3 0t

2KCl + 3O2 (xc tc MnO2), iu ch trong PTNPhn hu oxi gi hay nhit phn kalipemangenatTrong CN chng ct phn on khng kh lng, in phn nc ( Vit cc ptp)

2. IU CH HIDRSUNFUA (H2S) :Cho FeS hoc ZnS tc dung vi dung dch HClFeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2St S trong kh hir

H2 + S 0t

H2S3. IU CH SO2 c rt nhiu phn ng iu ch S + O2

0t SO2

Na2SO3 + H2SO4() 0t Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2

Cu +2H2SO4() 0t

CuSO4 + 2H2O +SO2 4FeS2 + 11O2

0t 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2 t ZnS, FeS, H2S, S trong oxi ta cng thu c SO2.4. IU CH SO3 : 2SO2 + O2 2 5 ,300

OV O C 2 SO3 .

SO3 l sn phm trung gian iu ch axit sunfuric.5. SN XUT AXIT SUNFURIC ( trong CN) T QUNG PYRIT ST FeS2

t FeS2 4FeS2 + 11O2 0t

2Fe2O3 + 8SO2Oxi ho SO2 2SO2 + O2 2 5 ,300

OV O C 2SO3

Hp nc: SO3 + H2O H2SO4 Trng THPT S 1 Ngha Hnh Nm hc 2010 - 2011 H tr kin thc h hc 10 Trang 27


T LU HUNH

t S to SO2: S + O2 0t

SO2Oxi ho SO2 2SO2 + O2 2 5 ,300

OV O C 2SO3

SO3 hp nc SO3 + H2O H2SO4

Chng 7 : TC PHN NG CN BNG HO HCI. Tc phn ng1. Khi nim : Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc cht sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.2. Biu thc : Xt phn ng aA + bB cC + dD (* )v : Tc trung bnh ca phn ng

)()(

12

12

ttCC

tCv

== ; du + : Tnh theo cht sn phm ; du - : Tnh theo cht tham gia

C : Bin thin nng ca cht tham gia phn ng hoc cht sn phmt : Bin thin thi gian.

3. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn nga. Nng : Tng nng cht phn ng tc phn ng tngGii thch : Ta c v = k . bB

aA CC .

Trong : v tc ti thi im nht nhk hng s tc CA,CB nng ca cc cht A,B.

b. Nhit : Tng nhit tc phn ng tng.Gii thch : Theo Qui tc Van't Hoff : c tng nhit ln 10oC th tc phn ng tng t 2 - 4 ln.

Biu thc lin h 1012

1

2tt

t

t

vv

= trong = 2 4 ( nu tng 10oC )

c. p sut : i vi phn ng c cht kh, tng p sut tc phn ng tngGii thch : p sut cng ln th tch gim khong cch gia cc phn t cng nh tn s va chm trong 1 n v thi gian nhiu s va chm c hiu qu tng tc phn ng tng.d. Din tch b mt : Tng din tch b mt tc phn ng tngGii thch : Tng din tch b mt tng tn s va chm gia cc phn t s ln va chm c hiu qu tng tc phn ng tng.e. Cht xc tc:nh ngha : Cht xc tc l cht lm bin i vn tc phn ng, nhng khng c mt trong thnh phn ca sn phm v khng b mt i sau phn ng.Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng ; khng lm chuyn dch cn bng.Cht xc tc dng : Lm tng tc phn ngCht xc tc m ( cht c ch ) : lm gim tc phn ng.II. Cn bng ho hc1. Phn ng thun nghch, phn ng mt chiuV d : Ca + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2 Phn ng mt chiu



Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO Phn ng thun nghch

2. Cn bng ho hca. Khi nim : Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc ca phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch.

b. Biu thc: aA + bB cC + dD (* )Kc : hng s cn bng.

Ta c :[ ] [ ][ ] [ ] ba

DC

c BADCK

..

= trong : {A} ,{B}.. nng cc cht ti thi im cn bng

a,b,c,d h s cc cht trong phng trnh ho hcCc cht rn coi nh nng khng i v khng c mt trong biu thc.Hng s cn bng ch ph thuc vo nhit khng ph thuc vo cc yu t khc.3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ho hc.Nguyn l L Sa t li : Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt tc ng t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , nhit , p sut th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu chng l s bin i .

a. Nng : Tng nng cht tham gia phn ng cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun v ngc li.

b. p sut : Tng p sut cn bng chuyn dch v pha c s phn t kh t hn, Gim p sut cn bng dch v pha c s phn t kh nhiu hn.

c. Nhit : Tng nhit cn bng chuyn dch v chiu thu nhit, gim nhit cn bng chuyn dch v chiu to nhit

* Lu : 12 HHH = nu 0>H : Thu nhit0


Vn tc phn ng thay i th no khi nng ca hiro tng gp hai ln.3. Tc ca phn ng tng ln bao nhiu ln khi nhit ca phn ng tng t 20oC 80oC.

Bit c tng 10oC th tc tng ln:a. 2 lnb. 3 ln

4. Cho phn ng tng hp NH3 N2 + 3H2 2NH3 0


A(k) 1/2B(k) + 1/2 C(k) B(k) + C(k) 2A(k)

12. Xt cn bng sau : CaCO3 (r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) 0>HCn bng s chuyn dch nh th no khi bin i mt trong cc iu kin sau- Tng nhit - Thm lng CaCO3- Ly bt CO2- Tng p sut chung bng cch nn th tch ca h gim xung.

13. Trong qu trnh sn xut gang , xy ra phn ngFe2O3(r) + 3CO(r) 2Fe (r) + 3CO2 (k) 0>HC th dng nhng bin php g tng tc phn ng ?

14. Xt cn bng CO(k) + H2O(k) CO2(k) + H2 0>HBit rng nu thc hin phn ng gia 1 mol CO v 1 mol H2O th trng thi cn bng c 2/3 mol CO2 c sinh ra. Tnh hng s cn bng cca phn ng ?


tan nhiu trng vng lc vng m II. CLO Trong t nhin Clo c 2 ng v Cl (75%) v Cl (25%) Cl=35,5

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