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11- ....... 117

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15- 1980-1999 " -

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17- :

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18- 1870-1999 ................. 135

19- ............................................... 149

20- 1970-1996 ........................... 150

21- 1986-1995 ... 151

____________________________________________________________

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23- 1993 ........................................................ 187

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25- 1993-1998 ....................................... 218

26- 1992-2004 ..................................... 219

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32- ......... 250

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34- " " -

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35- " " -

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42- 1975-1988.............................. 298

43- ............................................. 298

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45- ............ 301

46- ............ 301

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50- : 2004-2010 ............................................ 383

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3- ................................................................. 113

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Abstract

Privatisation and Its Effect on Iraqi Economy

By: Abbas Kadhem Jiad Al-Faiadh

Supervisor: Prof. Sabah Kasim Al-Imami

This study approaches the topic of privatisation and its effect on the Iraqi economy as a developmental method of the neo-liberalism aiming at shedding light on the opinions and views of the thinkers of this phenomenon in order to find ways out and solutions for the great industrial countries to deal with the crises facing the capitalist economy. On the other hand the study reveals the attempts by the international finance institutions, especially the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) to impose this prepared conception on the developing countries regardless of their economical differences as they are trapped by the indebtedness and the failure of their developments experiments.

The study shows that the issue of privatisation appears to be complex. On the one hand it interacts with some internal factors related to the economy of a certain country. On the other hand it is related to external factors of the world economy.

In this light the study deals with two courses of theoretical and practical analyses. In the first course the study touches on the theoretical aspects of the neo-liberal thought since its beginning and the intellectual debates emerging from within and outside and the noticed variables in conceptions among the varieties of classical thought even inside the one school of thought up to the neo-liberalism and its rise in the late seventies and the early eighties as an alternative to the Keynesianism that failed in interpreting the phenomenon of inflationary recession in the capitalist economy at the time. Besides the theses of the critical school and its call to going back again to the origins through keeping the state off the economic activity and giving the leading role in this field to the private sector.

The research notices that the concepts of economic liberalism, democracy, market economy, economic reforms and privatisation are seen as an intellectual product of the victorious capitalist economy. There is no need to discuss or analyse them especially after the failure of socialist regimes in Eastern Europe.

In this context it seems that this thought suffers from a deep crisis since the seventies of the 20th century. Its economic and financial manifestations extended to the eighties, nineties and the start of the millennium. It deepens more due to the 2008-2009 financial crisis that forced the high-ranking managers to declare that the financial system was on the verge of collapse and the theory of free capital, i.e. neo-liberalism, ceased to be valid. Even the 20 Group didnt have expectations regarding treating the world financial crisis and its economic aftermaths to face the mechanisms of the prevailing market system. This called the Group to search for solutions and regulations to limit the economic growth decline and save what the financial markets undermined by pumping the public funds to save the institutions in the developed industrial countries. This is a theoretical violation that is contradictory to the critical school.

The second course of the practical and empirical analysis reveals that the practices of the developing countries that are similar to Iraq and are subject to the conditions of the IMF and the WB are not suitable. Rather their problems worsened.

The study shows that what gives the economic forms an exceptional importance in Iraq is justified through the fact that these reforms, namely privatisation, aim at getting rid of the burden of the dictatorial regime with the catastrophic aftermaths of the wars and the embargo, deep disorders on the structure of economy, imbalances in its different sectors which are all accompanied by extemporary and single-handed slogans and procedures.

The research makes clear that the change after 2003 didnt offer any indications regarding the potentiality of creating a new developmental economic policy. Rather the occupation policy imposed an economic project based on the ideological and strategic interests of the neoconservatives in the American administration in favour of the transition of restructuring the economy towards the privatisation.

The study notices that the declared economic reforms did not deal with the problem. Rather the structural disorders still exist and the Iraqi economy is still one-sided depending on the returns of the crude oil and is not diversified especially in the industrial, agricultural and services fields. Rather the situation is treated by shock where the market economy, the free trade and the openness to the world markets are without regulation and the multinational companies are ready to qualify the public sector in preparation of privatisation. These procedures dont offer the minimum of security to the public and private sectors in the national economy under the free competition. Rather they expose the national products to be vanished and ruined.

In addition there are the negative effects on wide sections in industry and agriculture and the disadvantages to the interests of the other people especially the poor because of the huge rising in the prices of commodities, services and transport, the dropping in the level of the real incomes, the high inflation rate, shortage of public services, unemployment increase, the huge gap in the distribution of revenues, the incorrect treatment of debts, the spread of corruption and the rise in the poverty indicator.

On the basis of these two analyses the study realizes a number of theoretical and practical of the world economy and its impacts on the developing countries and Iraq. The new economic procedures dont treat the priorities to deal with the disorders in the economic structure. Rather they increase its dependence on the world market and the multinational companies, while the situation requires the integration between the state and the private sectors, encouraging them to cooperate in order to play a greater role in the social development and widening the production base and its quality through making use of the material resources of the rich country in favour of the development and the foreign investment in the needed sites of the national economy.

The study reveals that with the assumptions of neo-liberalism, market openness, keeping off the state economic role and the investment openness without regulations it becomes difficult to apply a certain sole model of development.

The approach of the research confirms the necessity of keeping away from privatisation.

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* 1500 1800-

1500 - 1521

1522 1547

1548 1700

1700 1800

100

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152

300

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1600 1700

1700 1800

230

450

370

1537 1600

1600 1700

1700 1800

200

680

780

1500 1600

1600 1700

1700 1800

130

100

240

1701 1720

1721 1740

1741 1760

1761 1780

1781 - 1800

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____________

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31

1876 -1880

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45

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51

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48

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63

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78

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96

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100

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Source : J. Kuczynski; Studien zur Geschichte der Weltwirtschaft, Dietz Verlag Berlin 1952, 9, 70.

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** : (1) . .(2) . . (3) . _ .

" .. . . * .

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" " 1- " " 2- " " 3- " " " " " " " " " " ... " labour theory of value.. The " " " " _____________

* " " 83 2007 .

** 85.

*** . 156.

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" " " " " " " " . " " ... ... . ___________

* . 162

** - -1950 111 Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy

... "" .... " ... ..." " ... .... * ". " " . " " " .. ... . " " " **..."

" " " " *** " " ... "" 1844 " Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy".

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** - 93 .

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1900

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_______________

* . 172 173 1991 .

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- 1972 I MF Reform of the International Monetary

System

- Trilateral Commission 1973 Richard N. Cooper et al: Renovated International Monetary System , The Trilateral Commission, Washington D.C January 1977. .

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