ทันตกรรมป้องกันในเด็กและวัยรุ่น
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ผู้นิพนธ์ ทพญ.ชุติมา ไตรรัตน์วรกุลโดย คณะทันตแพทยศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัยTRANSCRIPT
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2. ISBN 978-974-16-6230-2 3 2553 100 ... .. 2537 -- : , 2551. 418 1. -- 2. -- I. . ISBN 978-974-16-6230-2 3. - .. (), .. (), M.S.Certificate in Pedodontics - .., ..Cert of Fellowship in Pedodontics - . .. (. )Doctor of Science in Dentistry - .. (), .. () 4. 10 .. . () 5. - - - - - 3 - - 2 - - - . . 6. 60 2 3212-745 1 3212-401 7. 1 1 2 43 3 125 4 149 5 175 6 213 7 281 8 326 9 373 10 383 / Index 399 8. 1 (Caries) 9. 1 2 (host) (acquiredpellicle) (Reisine Litt, 1993) 1. 1.1 10. 1 3 (fluorapatite) (hydroxyapatite) (carbonate) (LeGeros Tung, 1983) ( 40 nm) (enamel rods) 4 m (Featherstone, 1983) (organic matrix) (prism) (prism sheath) (Kotsanos Darling,1991; Koulourides, 1986) (maturation process) (Bibby, 1971) (apatite) (LeGeros Tung, 1983) 1.2 (buffer) (rampant caries) (Brown ,1975) 11. 1 41.3 (biofilm) (polymer) (gingival fluid) (selectiveadsorption) (pumice) (Maturation) (Zahradnik, Moreno Burke, 1976; Nieuw Amerongen, Oderkerk Driessen, 1987) 7 (Zero, 1996) 1-2 2. ( ) () ( ) (glucan) (amylase) 12. 1 5 (Van Houte, Russo Prostak, 1989) pH (glucosyltransferase) (fructosyltransferase) (fructan) (extracellular polysaccharide) (Streptococcus mutans S. mutans) (Gibbons, 1984) S. mutans (Dibdin Shellis, 1988; Van Houte, Russo Prostak, 1989; Zero , 1994) 3. (mutans streptococci MS) (Streptococcus sobrinus S. sobrinus) (Lactobacilli), (Actinomysis) (non-mutansstreptococci) (Yeast) pH MS (dietary substrates) MS 13. 1 6 (specific plaque organisms) 1. MS (Van Houte, 1980) (Boyar , 1989; Marsh, 1989) 2. MS (van Palenstein Helderman , 1996) 3. 4. pH (Sansone, , 1993) (Weatherell, , 1986; Watanabe, 1992) (McDonald Sheiham, 1992) 14. 1 7 (Thystrup , 1983) ( ) (Dawes Dibdin,1986; Zero, 1993) (Dynamic nature of caries) (white spot lesion) 15. 1 8 (Backer Dirks, 1966; Ismail, 1997) (threshold) (explorer) 1. pH pH ( 5.2-5.5) (Eggertsson , 1999) 16. 1 92. ( 1-1 1-2) 300-500 m (not active) 1-1 1-2 17. 1 10 Backer Dirks (1966) (Thylstrup, Bruun Holmen, 1994)3. (Hidden or Occult Caries) ( 1-3) (Creanor , 1990; Lussi, 1993) 1-3 4. (Frank Cavity) ( 1-4) 18. 1 11 1-4 5. (Arrested Lesions) 1-4 1. 1.1 (Early childhood caries) (Nursing caries) 6-12 19. 1 121.2 3 (pulp exposure) (bitewing) Greenwell (1990) 317 7.8 8 57 () 2. Gray,Marchment Anderson (1991) 3 5 7 3. 20. 1 13 (sudden onset) (Caries Risk Assessment) 1. 2. 3. 4. 21. 1 14 (Caries risk) (Caries susceptibility) (Caries activity) ( ) (Risk factors) (Risk indicator) () () 1. 2-3 MS 22. 1 15(Khler Bratthall, 1978; Alaluusua Renkonen, 1983; Khler, Bratthall Krasse,1983; Zickert, Emilson Krasse, 1983; Khler, Andreen Jonsson, 1984) MS (Newbrun , 1984;Beighton, 1991; Bratthall, 1991) MS 50 (Sullivan, Granath Widenheim, 1989; Ravald Birkhed, 1991) lactobacillus MS (Pienihkkinen, Scheinin,Bnczy, 1987) (Klock , 1989)2. 10 (Ravald Hamp, 1981; Fure Zickert, 1990; Powell, Mancl Senft, 1991) (Ericsson Hardwick, 1978) (Pearce, 1991;Agus Schamschula, 1983) 23. 1 163. (Bowen , 1980; Lingstrom , 1989) (Lingstrom , 1994) (Gustafsson , 1954; Bowen , 1983) (Newbrun, 1979; Newbrun 1982) (Rugg-Gunn , 1984) (Burt , 1988) (Schroder Granath, 1983) (Kleemola-Kujala, Rasanen, 1982) 1. (Granath , 1979; Bjertness, 1991; Chesters , 1992; Ogaard, Seppa Rlla,1994) 2. 24. 1 17(Kalsbeck , 1993; Stookey , 1993; Karjalainen , 1994) (Tenovuo, 1997)3. 4. 5. (Beck, Kohout Hunt, 1988) (Truin , 1998) (Sgan-Cohen, Lipsky Behar, 1984; Holan, Iyad Chosack, 1991) (Bradnock, Jadoua Hamburger, 1988; Bedi, 1989) (Anaise, 1978; Petersen, 1983)6.(Hobson,1985; Hobson Fuller, 1987) (psycho-pharmaceutical) 25. 1 18 (Rundegren , 1985) (Purdell-Lewis, Stalmann Leeuw, 1988)7. (Demers, Brodeur Simard,1990; Steiner, Helfenstein Marthaler, 1992; Sheiham, 1997) 60 (Wilson Ashley,1989; Alaluusa , 1990; Russel, , 1991) (Klock Krasse, 1979; Seppa Hausen, 1989) (Ravald, Hamp Birkhed, 1986; Vehkalahti, 1987; DePaola , 1989; Leske Ripa, 1989;Locker, Slade Leake, 1989) (Seppa , 1989; Helm Helm, 1990) (Helfenstein,Steiner Marthaler, 1991) 1. 2. 3. 26. 1 19 1. MS MS (MacPherson, MacFarlane Stephen, 1990; Thibodeau O Sullivan,1995) (Kristoffersson, Grondahl Bratthall, 1985; Lindquist, Emilson Wennerholm, 1989) S.mutans S.sobrinus 10-30 10-50 MS mitis-salivarius-bacitracin agar 4 MS colony formingunits CFU Strip mutans technique (Dentocult-SM) Jensen Bratthall (1989) 2 2-3 37C 48 MS 0-3 2 3 1x105 1x106 27. 1 202. (Van Houte, 1980) MS 50 10-20 (Klock Krasse, 1977) Dentocult-LB 30C 4 MS MS 2 2 (Bratthal Carlsson, 1986) 2 2 1 2 28. 1 213. (stimulated whole saliva) 2-3 / /5 1 1.5 / 0.7 / 0.5 0.3 / 5-15 0.1 / 1 1 4. Dentobuff strip Ericsson Bratthal (1989) pH 1 5 pH () () () 5 pH 4 pH 5.1) 2) 1 3) 4) 5 MS 5) 6) Dentobuff strip 5 29. 1 227) Dentocult LB agar 8) MS 2 9) buffer strip 5 MS 2 4 (van Palenstein Helderman , 2001;Pienihkkinen Jokela, 2002) (multifactorial) (caries increment) 50 (Crossner Unell, 1986) 20 (Nylander , 2001) (targeted action) (Kay Locker, 1996) 30. 1 23 (AAPD, 2009/2010) ( 1-1) ( 1-2) US Department of Health and Human Services( .. 2005) 1-3 6 (Fluorosis) ( 6) 31. 1 24 1-1 ( AAPD 2009/2010: 30)- .............................................................................................................. HN ..................................................... / / ......................................................... ................ ......................... 1 / (Radiation, Siogrens, medication, surgery) .......................................................... ........................................................ 2 1 1 2 / 1 [ ] [ ] [ ] 1 1 ................................................................. (F mouthrinse, F Supplement, water fluoridation, etc.)/ 3 1-2 3 () 1 1 , (orthodontic appliance, space maintainer, denture, etc.) 4 ................................................................. 32. 1 25 1-2 - ...................................................................................................... HN ...................................................... / / ......................................................... ................ ......................... 1 xylitol [ ] [ ] 2 [ ] 3-4 [ ] 6 [ ] 1 / [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ......................................... [ ] [ ] ( .) ( 12 )[ ] [ ] [ ] ( AAPD) [ ] [ ] .......... mg/d (0.05% F) home use fluoride[ ] 1 [ ] 2 gel ( 6 )/[ ] : 2 ....................................... ........................................................................................................... ............................................................................. .... 3 [ ] () [ ] ( [ ] 0.12% Chlorhexidine mouthwash 6 )5-10 cc. at bedtime 1/day for 2 wks. [ ] Professional fluoride varnish[ ] Fluoride mouthrinse 2 /Home use fluoride gel 1.1% NaF ( 3 )[ ] Sealant (), [ ] Sealant[ ] Fluoride mouthrinse 2 /Home use fluoride gel 1.1% NaF ( 6 ) (orthodontic appliance, space[ ] Fluoride mouthrinse 2 /Home use fluoride gel 1.1% NaF ( 6 )maintainer, denture, etc.) 4 [ ] Dental floss[ ] Fluoride mouthrinse 2 /Home use[ ] Professinal fluoride varnish........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 33. () () ( 1. ( 2. ( ) 6-12 6-18 / * / 1-2 18-36 26 1 * / / ( ) 6 1 * 1. 2. recurrent caries3. 4. 34. 1 27 1. MS 2. ( ) 3. ( 6 6-3 6-6) 4. 6 - 0.05 (225 )- 0.4(1,000 ) 1.1 (5,000 ) 5. 35. 1 28 0.2 30 2 30 30 surgicalmodel (reversible) medical model (Steinberg, 2002) 1. 2. 2.1 36. 1 292.2 3. 4. (contact point) (Mount Ngo, 2000) Paris (2006) 2 15 30 Trairatvorakul, Kladkaew Songsiripradabboon (2008) 52 35 32 15 37. 1 30 Lenon (2007) Salar (2007) 1.5 Modeer (1984) Duraphat 3 Duraphat 3 (p 6 ( 5 ) (Ismail Sohn, 1999) ..2003 The American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (AAPD) NIDCR NIDCR 2-1 (severe early childhood caries) 4 52. 2 46 (pits and fissures) (undermining caries) (extrinsic stain) (smooth surfaces) (marginal ridge) NIDCR NIDCR (white spot lesion) 30.4 (Domoto ,1994) 3.4 7.2 (Erickson , 1998) 18 (Mattos-Graner, 1996; Milgrom , 2000) (2542) (Precavitated carious lesion) 7.5 5 53. 2 47 Warren, Levy Kanellis (2002) NIDCR (d1) (d2 d3 ) 100 (d1) 0.24 Ripa (1988) Milnes (1996) (nursing caries) 4 - 1 12-18 54. 2 48 Ripa (1988) 3 Douglass (2001) 6-36 10-12 13-15 25-27 19-21 Mattos-Graner (1996) 6-12 13-18 5 .. 2544 ( , -, 2545) (2535) 7-60 712 1336 (2545 , 2545) 9 1-2 2-3 ( , 2547) 55. 2 490.5 82 2-1 2-2 (Ismail Sohn, 1999) (cross-sectional study) 36 66.7 (Tsubouchi , 1994) Milnes (1996) 2-3 60 3 6 ..2532 ( , 2542) ( 2-4) 27.5-88.7 4 ( , 2544) 5 .. 2544 3 65.7 3.61 (, , 2545) ( , 2542) 5 .. 2544 71.2 70.4 (, - , 2545) 3 (29-35 ) 70.6 56. 2 504.6 90.9 6.3 (Thitasomakul, 2001) 13-48 32.3 1.1 (Kanchanakamol , 1996) Vachirarojpisan (2004) 15-19 82.8 57. 2-1 Ismail Sohn (1991) Li =1996 Navia 1+78.6-85.5 3-5 0.86-0.88 Bian 2 Douglass 43 1995 2+ -3-6 3 Wyne 1995 1+14.7 -< 6 51 Yagot, 12-53 2 1990 Nazhat 39 1+15.6r=0.97 Kuder Babeely 17-521998 1+28.9 58. 2-2 Ismail Sohn (1991) 1998Lopez 1+53.9- 3 1998 Weerheijm La- 2+ 9.3 1-3.5Leche 1995 Tsubouchi WIC - --1-3 (Marysville) =46.8 52 1994 Alaluusua 1+ 19 =8 r = 0.97 19-36 (Orimattila) ( 38 =14 2 Malmivirta 36 ) 1994 Domoto WIC 1+ 10-3 =7 =30.4 1993Grindefjord 8 1+=5.32.5 =6.4 59. 2 53 2-3 3 ..2532 2537 2543-442550 ( 2545: 73 2551: 41) (/)25322537 2543- 2550 2532 2537 2543- 25502544 254462.659.4 64.055.13.9 3.23.62.7 66.867.8 70.367.23.9 3.84.03.666.748.5 37.539.34.3 2.31.52.082.670.4 67.769.85.2 4.23.83.6 66.460.4 67.056.53.8 3.13.83.156.758.1 70.161.63.2 3.03.92.9 73.666.8 71.264.04.4 3.94.04.0 66.5 61.765.761.44.0 3.4 3.6 3.2 2-4 3 .. 2534 2541 ( 2544: 9) () () (4)57.3 80.8 (10) 27.5 81.3 (14)40.0 88.7 (4)72.4 80.4 60. 2 54 Acs (1992) 3.2 1 Ayhan, Suskan Yildrim (1996) (growth hormone) (glucocorticoid) (Low, Tan Schwartz, 1999; Thomas Primosch, 2002) (Davies, 1998) Johnsen (1986) 40 18 Greenwell (1990) Kaste (1992) 5 2 5 15 1.6 61. 2 55 5 5 2.4 OSullivan Tinanoff (1993a, 1996) (2535) (relative odds) 4.94-13.38 Al-Shalan, Erickson Hardie (1997) Grindefjord , Dahllf Moder (1995) 1 2.5 3.5 2.5 29 0.9 2.5 92 6.4 (Ramos-Gomez , 1996; Tinanoff OSullivan, 1997; Tinanoff,1998) Trairatvorakul (1998) 6 Almeida (2000) 62. 2 56 6-9 17 Filstrup (2003) 4 , - (2548) 51 46 - (, 2544) Davies (1998) 2 2-5 63. 2 57 2-5 (Davies 1998: 111) IgAIgG 2 1. 3 ( 2-2) (Seow, 1998) 64. 2 58 2-2 (Keyes Jordan, 1963: 5) (lactic acid) - (acetic acid) (glycolysis) pH (buffer) pH pH (critical pH) 5.2 - 5.5 (demineralization) (remineralization) (Seow, 1998) ( 2-3) 65. 2 59 + 2-3 (Seow, 1998: 9)1.1 (mutans streptococci MS) (Streptococcus mutans S. mutans) (Streptococcus sobrinus S. sobrinus) (Van Houte, 1994) MS (Van Houte, Gibbs Butera, 1982; 66. 2 60Berkowitz, Turner Hughes, 1984; Alaluusua ,1996) S.mutans 30 (Berkowitz, 1984) 50 S.mutans (Van Houte , 1982) Khler,Andren Jonsson (1984) 3 S.mutans 52 3 S.mutans (Van Houte,Yanover Brecher, 1981; Thorild, Lindau-Jonson Twetman, 2002) S.mutans 100 (Matee , 1992) S.mutans (Grindefjord , 1995a;Milgrom , 2000) Ramos-Gomez (2002) (cariogenic bacterial threshold) MS (extracellular polysaccharide) (water-insoluble glucan) S.mutans (intracellular polysaccharide) S.mutans (exogenous substrate) MS (Seow, 1998) MS MS (Berkowitz, Jordan White, 1975; Berkowitz, Turner Green, 67. 2 611980; Caufield, Cutter Dasanayake, 1993; Li Caufield, 1995; Karn, OSullivan Tinanoff, 1998) MS MS (Berkowitz , 1975) S.mutans (Milgrom , 2000; Ramos-Gomez , 2002) Wan,Seow Purdie (2001, 2003) 2 6 S.mutans 50 24 S.mutans 84 S.mutans MS 1 (Berkowitz, 1975; Grindefjord , 1995b; Karn, OSullivan Tinanoff, 1998; Mohan, 1998) Caufield, Cutter Dasanayake (1993) 19-31 ( 26 ) MS Khler, Andren Jonsson (1988) MS 2 89 5 4 25 0.3 Karn (1998) Wan (2001) MS MS (genotype) (phenotype) (Kohler Bratthall, 1978; Berkowitz Jones, 1985; Li Caufield, 1995) 68. 2 62 (Wan , 2003) (2551) MS MS MS MS MS (Van Houte, 1981; Thorild , 2002) MS 8-18 S.mutans 105 58 S.mutans 103 6 (Berkowitz, Turner Green, 1981) MS Mattos-Graner (2001) MS vanLoveren, Buijs ten Cate (2000) 5 S.mutans (Mohan , 1998; Thorild ,Lindau Twetman, 2003; Wan , 2003) (Seow, Cheng and Wan, 2003; Wan , 2003) Seow (2003) MS MS 4 25 - MS (lactobacilli) 69. 2 63 (VanHoute , 1982; Matee , 1992)1.2 (lysozyme) (lactoferrin) (peroxidase) (agglutinin) (histidine-rich protein) (carbonic acid-bicarbonate system) (phosphate system) (secretory immunoglobulin A) (immunoglobulin G) (Twetman, Lindner Modeer, 1981) (Davenport, 1990) (Scheneyer , 1956) (Seow, 1998) 1 (Davenport, 1990) 70. 2 64 (Gardner, Norwood Eisenson, 1977; Dilley, Dilley Machen, 1980; Johnsen , 1984) Hanaki (1993) Moss (1996) (maturation) (Seow, 1998) (enamel hypoplasia) (enamel opacity) 4-60 (Seow, 1991) Seow, Humphrys Tudehope (1987) 1500 62.3 1-4 22.7 41.1 20.2 10.5 (Kanchanakamol , 1996) 3-5 71. 2 65 (Li, Navia Bian, 1996) 9.6 (Milgrom , 2000)Matee (1994) (linear enamel hypoplasia) MS (Seow, 1998) Montero, Douglass Mathieu (2003) 2.7 4.9 2-4 72. 2 66 (metabolic disease) (Seow, 1991) 1.3 1 (infant formula) (follow up formula) 2-6 2-6 (Ripa 1988: 271) 100 . 1.2 3.8 7.0 36 18 3.3 3.74.0 120 95 1.8 3.67.040 20 () 2.0 3.50.060 50 () Bowen Pearson (1993) 73. 2 67 Seow (1998) (Gardner , 1977; Kotlow, 1977; Dilley ,1980) Erickson (1998) pH Bowen Pearson (1993) (Bowen Pearson, 1993) (cariogenicity) (dextran) pH pH (Seow, 1998) 74. 2 68 MS (Seow, 1998) (self cleansing) (Seow, 1998)2. 2-5 2-5 (Reisine Douglass, 1998: 36)2.1 2 (Kaste Gift, 1995; Weinstein , 75. 2 691996; Harrison , 1997; Lopez Del Valle , 1998) 2 48 80 2-3 ( , 2542) 12 (Weinstein, 1998) (Tsubouchi , 1995; Shantinath , 1996; Van Everdingen, Eijkman Hoogstraten,1996; Harrison , 1997) ( , 2541; , , 2546) (Derkson Ponti, 1982;Schwartz, Rosivack Michelotti, 1993) Douglass (2001) 25-36 (2541) 86-91 69-84 (OSullivan Tinanoff, 1993b; Serwint , 1993) Milgrom (2000) 1 76. 2 70 Tsubouchi (1994) Douglass (2001) 19 6-7 (Shantinath , 1996; Chan, Tsai King,2002) 1 (Tsubouchi, 1995; Febres, Echeverri Keene, 1997) (Van Everdingen ,1996) King, Pitter Edwards (1983) 6 Schwartz (1993) Williams Hargreaves (1990) 24 (Serwint , 1993; Milgrom , 2000) (ReisineDouglass, 1998) (Gardner , 1977; Kotlow, 1977; Dilley, Dilley Machen, 1980) 1000 1-4 5 3 50 2 1.5 (Duperon, 1995) Silver (1992) 77. 2 71 3 16 Al-Dashti, Williams Curzon (1995) 6 (Derkson Ponti,1982; Williams Hargreaves, 1990; Serwint , 1993; Tsubouchi ,1994; Matee , 1994; Al-Malik, Holt Bedi, 2001) Matee (1992) MS Vachirarojpisan (2004) Roberts (1993,1994) 1 Thitasomakul(2001) 2-6 Reisine Psoter (2001) Valaitis (2000) 2.2 78. 2 72 32.6 3 (Rodrigues Sheiham,2000) Karjalainen (2001) 3 6 3 6 Eronat Eden (1992) 2-6 Marques Messer (1992) 2-6 0-2 30 ( , 2542) .. 2534 ( , 2545) Paunio (1993) 3 1 (Winter , 1971; Stecksen-Blicks Holm,1995; Chan , 2002) Tsubouchi (1995) 12-36 3 3 1 (4-5 ) (1-2.9 ) 4.7 (Rodrigues Sheiham, 2000) (2546) 2 79. 2 73 3 10 Gustafsson (1954) Williams Hargreaves (1990) 52 22 3 ( , 2539) Paunio (1993) 50 2-5 (Al-Malik , 2001) (Feigal , 1984; Holbrook, 1993) Habibian (2001) 6, 12 18 12 18 (Winter 80. 2 74, 1971) 3 3 3 6 3 6 (Karjalainen , 2001)Burt Pai (2001) 2.3 (Moss, 1996) (Paunio , 1993;Wendt , 1994; Stecksen-Blicks Holm, 1995; Tsubouchi , 1995;Douglass , 2001) (2541) (Winter , 1971; Silver, 1992; Febres, , 1997) Reisine (1994) Chan (2002) Wendt (1994) 1 3 (Al-Dashti , 1995; Tsubouchi 81. 2 75,1995) (Williams Hargreaves, 1990; Silver, 1992; Serwint , 1993) (Paunio , 1993; Stecksen-Blicks Holm, 1995; Gibson Williams, 1999) (2539) Wendt (1994) 1-2 1-2 Alaluusua Malmivirta (1994) 36 91 ( , 2541) 3 1) 2) 3) 2-3 (Reisine Douglass, 1998)2.4 Kaste (1996) 82. 2 76 2-4 - Grindefjord, Dahllf Moder(1993) 3 Weinstein (1996) 70 12 Grindefjord (1993) MS lactobacilli ( , 2543) 69.8 85 82.4 1 (, , 2532 ,2539: 27-28) 83. 2 77 Thitasomakul (2001) 2-6 70 65 2.5 Lopez Del Valle (1998) 6-48 3 2 Dilley, Dilley Machen (1980) 1 2 (2541) Johnsen (1982) Weinstein (1996) (singleparent) 6 12 Marino (1989) Mattila (2000) (2543) 84. 2 78 (Muller, 1996) (2541) 2.6 Chen (1995) (Petersen, 1992; Li , 1996; Rodrigues Sheiham, 2000) (Johnsen , 1984; Petersen, 1992;Chan , 2002) Schou Uitenbroek (1995) (King, Pitter Edwards, 1983; Gibson Williams, 1999) Al-Dashti (1995) 85. 2 79 Chen (1986) Silver(1992) Winter (1971) 12-60 (Kaste Gift, 1995) Reisine Psoter (2001) 6 (2539) 3 5 Vachirarojpisan (2004) (2541) Poomviset, Petersen Hoerup (2002) (2538) 9-18 86. 2 80 ( , , 2545)2.7 (OSullivan Tinanoff, 1993b; Reisine Litt, 1993;Febres , 1997; Harrison , 1997) (Reisine Litt, 1993) (2539) 918 ( , 2538) - (Thitasomakul, 2001) (2541) Marino (1989) - (2541) 87. 2 81 6 3 Litt, Reisine Tinanoff (1995) (locus of control) (self-efficacy) MS Hunsrisakhun (2003) Harrison (1997) (Johnsen, 1982; Johnsen , 1984) Lopez Del Valle (1998) Domoto (1994) 60 Reisine Litt (1993) Quinonez (2001) 88. 2 822.8 King (1983) 4 Godson Williams (1996) Chen (1986) Grytten (1988) 6, 18 36 36 Mattila (2000) 5 13 5 2.9 (Lopez Del Valle , 1998) Shantinath (1996) (Van Everdingen , 1996) (Johnsen, 1982) 42 15 (Al-Dashti, 1995) 89. 2 83 (sensitivity) (specificity) MS MS MS (Edelstein Tinanoff, 1989) 3-4 MS MS 79(OSullivan Tinanoff, 1993b; Reisine , 1994; Tinanoff OSullivan, 1997)Ramos-Gomez (2002) MS lactobacilli Schroder Granath (1983) () Holbrook, deSoet de Graaff (1993) 4 5-6 Weinstein (1996) 6 12 2-3 Clarke, Fraser-Lee Shimono(2001) 19 6 cariostat score 1.5 (pH = 4.7-5.4) 4 90. 2 84 19 Milgrom (2000) 6-36 S.mutans Grindefjord (1995a,1996) 2.5 3.5 MS 1 3.5 87 17 (Silver,1992; Grindefjord ,1993; Litt , 1995) (cognitive factor) (Reisine Litt,1993; Reisine , 1994; Litt , 1995) Thitasomakul (2001) Harris (2004) 6 S.mutans 1 91. 2 85 1. 2. 3. - - 2-6 1. 92. 2 86 1.1 (Kaste Gift, 1995) 3 (Tang , 1997) (Johnsen, 1982; Febres , 1997) (Kay Locker, 1996) Johnsen (1982) 40 Johnsen (Weinstein , 1992; Reisine Litt1993) (Phillips Stubbs, 1987; Weinstein , 1992;Reisine Litt, 1993; Benitez, O sullivan Tinanoff, 1994) (self-esteem) (Macgregor Balding, 1991; Regis, Macgregor Balding,1994) 93. 2 87 (Schou Wright, 1994) (Harrison White, 1997) 1 ( 57 1992 42 1996) 50 5 1 3 25 5 38 13 3 (Bruerd, Kinney Bothwell, 1989; Bruerd Jones, 1996) 94. 2 88 (Acs , 1992;Ayhan , 1996) 1.2 40-60 (Evans , 1996) 5 (Evans , 1996)1.3 (Tang ,1997) 2. ( 3) 2.1 MS MS 23 36 (Khler , 95. 2 891982; Khler, Bratthall Krasse, 1983) Khler, Andren Jonsson (1984) Tenovuo (1992) MS MS (Brambilla ,1998; Sderling , 2001; Gripp Schlagenhauf, 2002; Thorild , 2003)Gunay (1998) 4 Dasanayake (2002) 2 MS MS Isokangas (2000) - 3 6 , 12 18 5 Dasanayake (1993) I2-NaF MS lactobacilli 96. 2 90 2.2 (precontemplator) (contemplator) () - - - - - - ( ) - - - - - - 97. 2 91 - - 2.3 19 18 ( 83 92) (Alaluusua Mamivirta, 1994) Grindefiord (1996) MS (Lith Grndal, 1992; Steiner, Helfenstein Marthaler, 1992) 6-12 (Weinstein , 1994) 2-5 64 1 (Grindefjord ,1995b) (secondary prevention) Lee (1994) 5 ( 2-7) 98. 2 92 2-7 ( 2-8) (Stamm, 1993; O Mullane, 1994) (Karjalainen , 1994) - - - - - - 2-8 99. 2 93 24 (Mellberg, Laakso Nicholson, 1966) - (Mellberg, Nicholson Laakso,1967) (de Bruyn Arends, 1987)Weinstein (1994) 12 24 62 Duraflor 8 6 (Murray, Winter Hurst, 1977; Holm, 1979; Petersson , Twetman Pakhomov,1998) Grodzka (1982) Holm (1979) 44 (2543) 3-5 (2548) 18 1.6 3 9 , 12 15 5 3 18 30 (Lo, Chu Lin, 2001) 1-2 100. 2 94 2-9 2-10 101. 2 95 2-11 Plotzitza (2005) 11.7+ 0.7 3 2 38 1 4 (Gisselsson, Birkhed Bjorn, 1994)Lopez (2002) 10 2 12 (Ripa, 1980) 102. 2 96 Medicaid () 3-4 (Hardison Collier 1987; Hotuman, Rolling Poulsen, 1998) 86 (Vargas , 2002) (>6 dmf) (Bravo , 1996) (Feigal,Hitt Splieth, 1993) 3. 3.1 Milnes (1996) 1 Grytten (1988) Grindefjord (1996) MS 3.5 (Paunio , 1993) 103. 2 97 Weinstein (1996) 6 12 12 (Johnsen 1988,Weinstein , 1992) 3.2 (Bibby, 1966; Heifetz , 1973; Andlaw,1978) 3 6 (Schwartz, Lo Wong, 1998; Holtta Alaluusua, 1992; Sjgren, Birkhed Rangmar, 1995) Kowash (2000) 15 3 2 2 3 1) 2) 104. 2 98 3) 4) 1 5) 3 5) 33 16 2 3 Seow (2003) 20.5 MS 4 64 MS 44 MS 25 (Villena, 2000) 2 26 (Sjgren Birkhed, 1993) (Sjgren Birkhed, 1993; Sjgren, Ekstrand Birkhed, 1994) 3 (Wendt , 1994) (Wendt , 1994) (Lewis Ismail, 1994; Weinstein , 1994) 105. 2 99 (social norm) (, , 2551) (2549) 9-18 2 1 1 4 1 1.55 8.10 0.7 0.21 106. 2 100 3.3 (Levy Guha-Chowdhury, 1999) (Pendrys, 2000) (Paunio 1993) (AAPD 2008-2009) Riordan (1993) (Riordan, 1993) Hargreaves (1990), Stephen (1993) Berkowitz (1996) 2 3 6 Sheehy, Hirayama Tsamtsoris (1994) (O Sullivan Curzon, 1991) 107. 2 101 1. 2. . 108. 2 102 3. 2 4. . 1. (Edelstein Douglas, 1995) - 109. 2 103 (Weinstein, Troyer Jocobi, 1999) (Casamassimo,1995) 75 55 ( , 2548) 2. (Benitez , 1994) 110. 2 104 (Rayner, 1970; Sanger, 1977; Hitchens-Serota, 1986;Goepferd, 1987; Herman Roberts, 1987; Kay Blinkhorn, 1989) (Hendricks,Freeman Sheiham, 1990) (Milgrom , 1995) (aversive) (Weinstein, Troyer Jacobi, 1997) () (Pill Scott, 1982) . 111. 2 105 MS - 112. 2 106 3 , , . . 2539; 46: 196-202. 5 ..2543-2544. . : ; 2545:22-4. 9-18 . 2538;, , 45: 253-9. . . 6 ..2549-2550. 3 ; 2551:40-1.. 2539; 19: 227-, , 35. ,. 3 , . ..2545-2547. 2545. (. 4 (). 24-25 2548 ..). () 2544. . . 2548. , , . , . 6 . 2548; 55: 1-, 24-26 2541 13. 50 . 2541; , . 181-2. . . 2541; 48: 259-68. . , , . . 2543. . . 2548; 55: 63-77. , . . 113. 2 1071. : , ; 2542. . . . . 2545; 7: 70-81. 2547; 54: 31-46. , . , . 2532. . . . 2551; 31: 69-86. 0-5 . . , 2539. 9-18 . , . . 2549. 7-60 . 2535; , , 42: 1-7. , . , , .., . 2526-2540. 2544; 6(2): 7-24. . . 2542; 4: 27-35. 8 , , . . . 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Pediatr Dent 1995; 17: 451-4.Child 1990; 20: 8-10. 130. 3 (Pre & Post Natal Counseling) 131. 3 126 21-24 (Jeffcoat , 2001a) (Boggess , 2003) (Streptococcusmutans S. mutans) (Smith , 2002) (AmericanCollege of obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2002) (2534) ( 86) (Hunter Hunter, 1997) (American Dental Association, 1998) ( 58) ( , 2534) 132. 3 127 (Loesche, 1979) S. mutans (Lactobacilli) 2 (Berkowitz, Jordan White, 1975) 6-30 (Berkowitz , 1975; Stiles , 1976) S. mutans (Davey Rogers, 1984; Berkowitz Jones, 1985) (genotype) S. mutans 71 (Kohler, Andreen Jonsson, 1984;Isokangas , 2000)Gunay (1998) Brambilla (1998) (Erosion) Hunter Hunter(1997) (Muramatsu Takaesu, 1994; Little , 1997) 133. 3 128 Hunter Hunter (1997) (tissue attachment loss) Muramatsu Takaesu (1994) 2 8 30-100 (Little , 1997) (Muramatsu Takaesu, 1994) (Progesterone) (exudates) (endothelial cells) (Prostaglandins PG) (Muramatsu Takaesu, 1994) Raber-Durlacher (1994) (cell mediated response) 13 -16 3 2 8 2 (Hunter Hunter, 1997; Raber-Durlacher , 1994) (gram negative) (Offenbacher , 1996; Dasanayake, 1998; Offenbacher 1998; Jeffcoat , 2001b) (Interleukins IL) (tumor necrosis factor TNF) (host) (naphthaquinone) 134. 3 129 (Raber-Durlacher , 1994) Offenbacher (1996,1998) (Williams , 2000) 18 (Offenbacher ,1996; Offenbacher , 1998) 18.9 13.5 (Mitchell-Lewis , 2001) (Guthmiller , 2001) Boggess (2003) 1,115 (preeclampsia) (oxidative stress) (Pregnancy Epulis) (hyperplastic) (pregnancy epulis pregnancy granuloma) (Tarsitano Rollings, 1993) (mulberry like surface) 135. 3 130 5 2 (Tarsitano Rollings, 1993) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (active) 6. (quadrant) 136. 3 131 (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry,2006-2007a) 1. 6 odontoclasia (Infante, 1974) (Shafer, Hine Levy, 1974) (marginal) Seow (1998) (Seow, 1991) 2551 1. 5 2 3 2. 8-11 3. 6-9 4. 5 5. 2 6. 3 7. 8. 137. 3 1329. 10. (American Academy ofPediatric Dentistry, 2006-2007a) 2. () 2 (2534) ( 97) 29.4 3. 0.05 4. (active) 41 138. 3 133 ( , 2534) 5. (American Academy of Periodontology, 2000) (evidence based guideline) Fitzsimons (1998) (Academy of General Dentistry, 2004) 3-1 3-1 1 2 3 3 www.agd/consumer/oralhealthtopics.html and American DentalAssociation (1998) 139. 3 134 (syncope) (supine hypotensive syndrome) (gestational hyperglycemia) (Tarsitano Rollings, 1993) Holder (1999) (filtration) (collimation) (routine) (Holder , 1999) ( 10 ) (fetal alcohol syndrome) 2 3-2 (Academy of General Dentistry, 2004) (Tetracyclines) 1. 2. 3. (chelates) erythromycin ( estolate) 140. 3 135 3-2 Penicillin TetracyclinesCephalosporins DoxycyclinesAmoxicillinErythromycin(Estolate form)ClindamycinErythromycin ( Estolate form) AcetaminophenAspirinAcetaminophen with DiflunisalCodeine in small doses Etodolac www.adg.org/comsumer/topics/pregnancy/main.html (NSAIDS) 3 lidocaine prilocaine mepivacaine procaine (Little , 1997) barbiturates benzodiazepines (Postnatal counseling) 1. 4 141. 3 136 7 (Rugg-Gunn, Roberts Wright, 1985) (buffering capacity) Erickson Mazhari (1999) 2 1. 2 ( ) ( 3-1) 3-1 3. 4. 5. 6 6. 4-5 1 ( 3-2) 142. 3 137 3-2 1 4-5 7. 10 40 24 2. 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Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002; 30: 176-81. 154. 4(Mechanical Plaque Control) 155. 4 150 2 3-12 (Neild-Gelbrig Wilmann, 2003) (mechanical plaque control) 1. (mutans streptococci MS) 2. 156. 4 151 (floss) (disclosing agents) (friction) Bellini, Arneberg von der Fehr (1981), Axelsson Lindhe (1981) Bass (1954) (Park, Matis Christen, 1985) (Thevissen, Quirynen van Steenberghe, 1987) Barnes, Radi Katz(1976) (Breitenmoser,Mormann Muhlemann, 1979) Niemi, Sandholm Ainamo (1984) 3 157. 4 152 1. 11 0.16-0.22 (soft) 0.23-0.29 (medium) 0.30 (hard) (Hine, 1956) Bass (1954) 0.1 8.7 Bass 2. (Niemi, Sandholm Ainamo, 1984) 3. 158. 4 153 3 1. .. 2534 (2534) 15 50 3 2 4 1 11 3 (2535) 13 40 93.57 4 159. 4 1542. (2536) 14 1 28 (scrub technique) 1 (Quadrant) 1 14 (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (2) (3) 4 (2536) (modifiedbass technique) 17-20 28 24 2 4 4 4 4 Premium 4 GUM #411 10x6 160. 4 155 25 (,2547) (circular scrub) Kimmelmann Tassman (1960) 57 (horizontal scrub) (Roll) Mescher, Brine Biller (1980) 8 (sulcular brushing) (2530) 11 11 11 2 1. (Modified Bass) 45 2 (interproximal area) (short strokes) 10-15 ( 4-1) 20 161. 4 1562. (Scrub) 90 20 2 3 4-1 45 2 / (Lang, Cumming Loe, 1973) Barkley (1972) 1 162. 4 157 7-8 (Sarvia, Bush Mourino, 1989) (fluorescein) 4-2 163. 4 158 Lim (1986) 4 18-27 caries probe, plaque detection probe, 2 3, 6 18 2 3 12 23 18 52 73 ( 4-2) 4-3 4-3 164. 4 159 (Powered Toothbrush) Interplak 1 1 Wilcoxan (1991) 2 2 1 sonictechnology (acoustic) Ho Niederman (1997) Sonicare (Percentage) (probe) Grossman Proskin (1997); Jongenelis Weidemann (1997) Braun Oral B Interclean Gordon Frascella Reardon (1996) Interclean 4 (papilla) 165. 4 160 7 Wright Banting (1979) 20 50 polytetrafluoroethylene glide Wunderlich, Lamberts Caffesse (1982) (crevicular fluid flow) 11 ( 4-4) 166. 4 161 4-4 Terhune (1973) 8, 9, 10 11 10, 7, 6 5 8 9,10 11 Horowitz (1977), Granath (1979) 5-8 12-13 - 11 11 24 Arm 167. 4 162(1979) 16-20 1 1. 18-24 2 ( 4-5A)AB 4-5 2. 2 (4-5B) 3. ( 4-6) 4. 2 2 ( 4-7A) ( 4-7B) ( 4-7C) 168. 4 163 4-6 A BC 4-7 [A] [B] [C] (contact point) 169. 4 164 (Flossing aids)Chen Rubinson (1982) 20 12 6 28 45 48 (interdental brush) (flossholder and floss) (toothpick) Mauriello (1987) (super floss) (floss threader) ( 4-8) (4-8) (limited access) 4-8 170. 4 165 (Oral irrigations) (Tongue scraper) ( 4-9) (dorsal) 4-9 3 171. 4 166 (Edwardsson Mejare, 1978) (marginal gingivitis) (Knee to knee) ( 4-10) 4-10 (knee to knee position) 1 172. 4 167 20 2 3-6 4-6 173. 4 168 4-11 6 6-12 (Grossman Proskin, 1997) 174. 4 169 (Chlorhexidine) (Bhat, 1991) 11 11 7-8 2 11 11 175. 4 170 11 176. 4 171 Quintessence Publishing co, Inc; 1999. p. , . 69-75.Axelsson P, Lindhe J. Effect of Oral Hygiene . Instruction and Professional Tooth cleaning2534; 14: 79-86. on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren. , , Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1981; 9: . 251-5. 13 Barnes G, Radi W, Katz R. 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ClinPeriodontol 1982; 53: 397-400.Prev Dent 1985, 7: 5-10Sarvia ME, Bush JP, Mourino AP.Psychomotor skills and incentive as 179. 5(Chemical Plaque Control) 180. 5 176 6 6-1 1 (Cationic) 1.1 (Bisbiguanide) 1.1.1 (Chlorhexidine) 1.1.2 (Alexidine) 1.1.3 (Octenidine)1.2 (Quaternary ammonium compounds) 1.2.1 (Cetylpyridinium Chloride CPC) 1.2.2 (Benzethonium) 1.2.3 (Domiphen bromide)1.3 (Heavy metal salts) 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.4 (Pyrimidines) 1.4.1 181. 5 1771.5(Herbal extract) 1.5.1 (Sanguinarine) 2 (Anionic)2.1 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) 3 (Nonionic)3.1 (Phenolic related essential oils) - Listerine3.2 (Polyphenol)- (Triclosan) 3.3 (Thymol)-Cervitec3.4 4- (4 - Hexyl resorsinol)3.5 2- (2 Phenylphenol) 4 4.1