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ASSIGNMENT NO.1Resource Sharing and Networking-I (5645) MLIS

Spring 2013

Q.1 Define resource sharing. Discuss the significance ofresource sharing among university libraries.

Libraries utilizing Innovative resource- sharing system benefit dormthe services of the UnionDatabses Department a specialized team ofexperts focused solely on the implemontarion and sport of theseproducts. this team remains actively involved throughout the lifetimeof the consortium; smoothly coordinating the consortiumExperience among central administrative staff and member sisters;

large and small. As a library generates all its services on the basis ofits information sources they can also be called information resourcesso long on the basis of its information resources now resources areavailable in various other formats;; libraries were having printedresources now resources are available in various other formats suchas AV; digital etc E-resources are more popular these days because oftheir distinct advantages. Thus resource sharing may mean sharing ofall these resources for the mutual benefit of libraries and their users inthis sense connotation of library cooperation and Resource Sharingwill be almost same situation in library administrations.

Brief History of Resource Sharing;The centre for research libraries was built in Chicago in the 1960s.This centre was to coordinate cooperation among 162 institutions toacquire; store and preserves less frequently used but very expensiveresearch materials for the institutions need. In the 1970s cots oflibrary materials began to go up while library budgets remainedalmost stagnant. As a result in 1974s the Columbia, Harvard and Yaleresearch library and those of the New York public library founded theresearch libraries Group (RLG). This was born out of the belief that nolibrary can be self-sufficient to satisfy the information needs of all itspatrons materially and service-wise. RLG provided databases of libraryholding created cooperatively by member libraries. Canada has theinformation network for Ontario (info). Nearly300 public libraries areconnected between south Ontario library service, using a choice of

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access by internet, standalone PC. or CD-ROM. In 1996 the universityof china exchanged digital full text journal articles over the internet.

LIBRARY CONSORTIAAccording to oxford English Dictionary, Consortium means temporarycooperation of a number of powers, companies etc. For a commonpurpose. It is an association of similar type of organization /institution who are engaged for producing and servicing the commonthings / providing services for a specific of its users. Libraryconsortium is a cooperate or consolidate certain function to achievemutual objectives. It is an association of a group of library to achievemutually the joint benefit. Consortia may be formed on a local,regional national, or international basis; on a functional or format

basis; or on a subjects basis. Consortium literally means effect somecommon purpose library consortium of several powers or largeinterests common purpose ;libraries that agrees to pool theirresources by allowing some type of access to resources of all otherinstitution. It is a community of value creating of library units withinand across organization.

FUNCTIONS OF CONSORTIAObviously existing consortia serving as buying club. With little initiativethese can be sharing valuable resources both printed and non-printed.

Besides resource sharing take up several activities for the mutual of theparticipating library.

CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENTIn the first phase the documents were only in printed format and thestress was on use through inter-library lending. In the second phase toodocuments were mainly printed format. Bibliographical databases of theholdings of all the libraries could be accessed from procured throughdocument delivery service. In the user of any library remotely.

ORGANIZATIONAL MODELS A variety of organizational models of consortia have been

developed.

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At one end are loosely affiliated buying clubs aiming at sharing a

discounted rate of e journals and databases. At another end are tightly integrated organizations sharing variety

of resources.

INFORMATION RESOURDCE SHARINGF FUNCTIONSA consortium can take up following activates for promoting informationresource sharing:

Cooperative collection development among member libraries

Cooperative processing of information resources acquired throughconsortium

Creation of virtual library covering all the e-resources available inmembers libraries.

Compilation of bibliographical and / or full-text databases of theholdings of the members libraries, both print and non-print

Sharing of information resources, both traditional and digital, ofmember libraries through network or document delivery service

Allowing reciprocal borrowing by the members of all libraries of theconsortium

Supporting member libraries for setting institutional repositories, e-print archives, electronic theses collection, etc.

Collections of member libraries:Digitization of valuable and rare collections of member libraries availablein printed format and providing access to such materials to the membersof all the libraries of the consortium. Developing common interface tocatalogues, data based and e-collection by creating portals. Creatinginter-operability among member systems, databases and services.Strengthening and reengineering of existing consortia to make them truevehicles of resource sharing and not merely sharing of e-journals.Starting new consortia and networks for resource staring on suitablebasis. Linking of the consortia based networks to achieve nation-wide

network of libraries.

Reference: text book andRole of consortiaAmitabha ChatterjeeDept. of Library & Information ScienceJadapur University

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Kolkata 700032

Q .2 Explain the basic goals of resource sharing and per-requisites to be fulfilled in the form of agreement.

The planning process begins with an analysis of the climate andenvironments in which resource sharing will take place. Identify andlocate major collection, sources and materialsAssemble, publish and distribute collective information for allparticipating bodies

Workout the basis for sharing, reference service, lending service, copyingservice, access to materials, delivery service, and lists of holdings

Establish means of sharing ideas,development and problems in the form of a newsletter and all thisadvantages.

Basic technical services:

Co-operative cataloguing

Abstracting and indexing services

Interlibrary loan

Reciprocal borrowing privileges Reference and / or referral services

Translation servicesLibrary Networks:A network is a from of arrangement or an administrative structure thatlinks a group of individuals or organizations who have agreed to worktogether and / or share resources. The network may be responsible forcoordinating, organizing and providing 8information and literature

support at the national and international level. Consortia approach isone of the many ways of maintaining cooperation and coordination basis;on a functional or format basis; a on a subject basis.

Advantage of library source Prerequisites

A comprehensive collection is possible.

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Building communication among different libraries.

Avoid duplication or core collection especially for core journals.

Scope of electronic archives.

Easy access to resource sharing on internet by developing

Common resources databases.

Effective documents delivery systems

Better scope for developing a union catalogue.

Reduce cost of information

Time saving

Improved resource sharing

Help to develop a competitive professionalism among LIS

Professionals

Advantages of resource sharingThe evolution of resource sharing requires that the fitness benefits to therecipients be much higher than the costs to the given, which requiresheterogeneity among individuals in the fitness value of acquiringadditional resources. We develop for models of the evolution of resourcesharing by either direct or indirect reciprocity, with equal or unequalpartners. Evolution of resource sharing by reciprocity requires differencesbetween interacting individuals in the fitness value of the resource, andthese differences must reverse although previous acts of giving areremembered and both participants survive. Moreover, inequality in theexpected reproductive value of he interacting individuals makesreciprocity more difficult to evolve, but may still allow evolution ofsharing by kin selection. These constraints suggest that resource sharingshould evolve much more frequently by kin selection than by reciprocity,a prediction that is well supported by observations in the natural world.

Fitness and recourse status:Theoretical examinations of the relationship between fitness andresource status have often assumed it to be either convex or sigmoid in

shape because of diminishing fitness returns with increasing resourceslevels, based on the assumption that an individual should saturate in itsability to convey high levels of resources into reproductive success. Therelationship between resource access and fitness has been the subject ofsome empirical work, and the results are mixed and incomplete.Although it is reasonable to assume that there is an upper bound tofitness as a function of resource status under ideal conditions, there may

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be cases where the natural range of available resources constrains thefitness/resource function to a region where it is linear, or nearly so.Other studies have found that the shape of the curve may depend uponspecific environmental conditions

Altruistic resource sharing:The evolution of altruistic resource sharing by kin selection does notsuffer from the last five of these obstacles. Because no reciprocity isrequired, an altruistic act can be favored by kin selection even withoutchanges in the resource status of the participants over time and evenwithout the survival of the donor. Givens are not required to remembercheaters, although they are required to identify kin, either directly orprobabilistically by physical proximity. As long as there is a heritable

component to altruism, other altruists are always likely to be presentamong the givers kin. Finally, with kin selection the conditions foraltruism do not depend on the benefits and cost of both participants, but

just on the cost to the giver and the benefit to the recipient. As a result,kin selection may act under circumstances in which recipient. We expectthat these lower constraints explain the relative prevalence of sharingamong relatives compared to sharing among nonkin.

References: Stanford University of incylopendia.com

Q.3 Discuss the historical development of resource sharing.Which resources can be shared in digital age?The origins of library networks and traces their development in theunited States in the late 1960s through the present. The concept ofresource sharing, with particular attention to the interlibrary loan andprograms for the cooperative acquisition and storage of materials, isexamined in relationship to library networks. In particular, attention,which have tended to be separate, might become more closelyintegrated.

Collection Development

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Access, Resource Sharing, and Collection Development explores the roleof libraries in acquiring, storing, and disseminating information indifferent formats to help you better use technology to share scarceresources and connect library users with collections. With an expressedgoal of encouraging continued debate and further investigation, this bookprovides you with developing strategies and procedures to meet thechallenges you face as a collection development librarian during thisdynamic time. Among the vital concerns addressed are the competitionfor limited resources, trends in document delivery, the vital concernsaddressed are the competition for limited resources, trends in documentsdelivery, the evaluation of document delivery products, and librariesoptions for the future. The chapters collected in Access, ResourceSharing, and Collection Development represent the proceedings of theannual conference held by the University of Oklahoma Libraries and the

University of Oklahoma Foundation. The book provides insight into yourpeers findings and ideas on:

Access vs. ownership

The future role of the bibliographer

Changes in collection management

Managing restrained resource budgets

An emphasis on the library user as customer

The growth and acceptance of document delivery as a componentof collection development and ILL

Commercial document delivery servicesAccess, Resource Sharing, and Collection Development also shows youhow to discover and evaluate free resources on the internet, asstandards for production, promotion, and maintenance are nonexistent.The challenge of using these materials is being met by developingcriteria for selection, looking at cataloging options, and working incooperation with other institutions. Youll also learn the different optionsfor document delivery and how to evaluate document delivery products.Among the books advice: you should consider the types of document

delivery available, examine the benefits of combining outside serviceswith in-house systems, review the criteria for selecting technologies andsuppliers, and explore examples of institutions creating customizedsystems.

In digital age

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The criteria that apply to analog materials, electronic publications raisecomplex issues around licensing, access, networking, pricing, ownership,and rapidly changing technology and standards. With electronicresources the selector cannot make a decision to acquire an electronicresource in isolation and must liaise closely with other departments inthe library to evaluate the suitability of a resource prior to the decision toacquire. Typically this will involve consultation with staff responsible fortechnical systems and services, acquisitions, resource discovery(cataloging and access), contracts and licensing, and service delivery.

To ensure consistency of approach it is good practice to establish clearguidelines and processes for the selection of electronic resources. Thesemight include the development of a check list for selection andevaluation; establishing clear roles and lines of responsibility and

consultation and the establishment of an electronic resource evaluationpanel which could be composed of a group of electronic resourcestakeholders from various departments within the institution. To involveusers in collection development the library may consider ways in whichto receive feedback from its user on electronic resources. This couldinclude feedback on potential new resources as well as feedback onexiting resources. The library should also inform users about new contentand services as well as potential temporary problems accessingelectronic resources.

Growth in economyKnowledge is critical for development. Poor countries differ from richones not only because they have less capital but also because they haveless knowledge. Economic growth in the rich industrial society hasoccurred largely by extensive replication of industrial activity, based onintensive use of fossil fuels and generally of the earths resources. Theseindustrial activities have reached at levels from where it threatens theatmosphere of the planet, its bodies of water and bio diversity. If thedeveloping countries follow the same path of a sustainable developmentstrategy, which not only protects the environment but also improves itwhile promoting economic growth. Better environmental outcomerequires more knowledge about environment impacts, newertechnologies an environment performance. Managing environmentknowledge, dissemination it for its efficient use is as important ascreating such knowledge.

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Are the developing countries managing and dissemination environmentalknowledge for its efficient use by designing and building informationresource sharing networking in the area of environmental studies? Is theinformation resource sharing networking in developed countries differentfrom that of the developing countries? Are these information resourcessharing networking effective in achieving their objectives? These aresome of the question, which need to be investigated. The paper aims atexamining these issues.

Technical requirementsElectronic resources also present a number of technical issues that needto be considered to ensure resources are compatible with existing libraryhardware and software and that the library has the capability to provideand effectively maintain access to resources on an ongoing and cost

effective basis. Evolution should be in consultation with the appropriatetechnical staff and should include consideration.

References: record keeping method and ways techlib.combuzzle.com and relevant text book of AIOU.

Q.4 Record keeping in resources sharing is essential. What typeof records is maintained without which the system cannotoperate?

This highly selective book not only assesses the technologies that havehad a profound impact on resource sharing, it also considers the political,philosophical, social, financial, legal, managerial, and attitudinal issuethey have affected. Technologies that hold great promise forrevolutionizing interlibrary cooperation on various levels have beenincluded in this important analysis. Impact of Technology on ResourceSharing foresters an in-depth understanding of these technologies byincluding chapters that range from descriptive analyses of particularprojects to philosophical discussions of the challenges of change. Itquestions traditional assumptions while providing an opportunity to

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examine the practical technological options available to libraries to todayand the near future.

This though-provoking book introduces beginning level libraryprofessionals the changes technological innovations have caused inresource sharing. For more advanced professionals, it is a valuablereview of several areas of technology and resources sharing including;CD- ROM union catalogsCollection analysis using the OCLC/AMIGOS CDLocal integrated systemNational bibliographic databases/utilitiesLarge-scale system interconnectionZ39.50Internet/NREN

Networking high schoolsPolitical/social impediments to resource sharingFinancial issues of sharingHistory of library networkingPublic service, technical service, and systems librarians will gain abetter understanding of technical issues in language that is easy tounderstand. Library administrators will benefit from the review ofissues important to the management and decision making process forthe future of interlibrary cooperation and sharing.

Creating and maintaining effective information requires technicalexpertise, as well as an understanding of information managementand recordkeeping. The Create and Maintain Recordkeeping Standardis intended for a predominantly specialist recordkeeping audience.Staffs in your organization that are responsible for information andrecords management or recordkeeping technology managementshould refer to this document when designing business informationpolices and system. This will give you confidence that yourinformation assets are being well managed.This standard sets out a system approach to ensure organizationalinformation can be managed efficiently; that it can be found whenneeded; and it can be relied upon to support informed decisionmaking and effective service delivery. Adopting this standard acrossboth central and local government will improve knowledge sharingwithin and between organizations. Common outcomes can beachieved by using shared approaches and processes.

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Requires technical expertise:Creating and maintain effective information requires technicalexpertise, as well as an understanding of information managementand recordkeeping. The Create and maintain Recordkeeping Standardis intended for a predominantly specialist recordkeeping audience.Staff is your organization. Common outcomes can be achieved byusing shared approaches and processes. This will give you confidencethat your information assets are being well managed.

This standard sets out a systematic approach to ensure organizationinformation can be managed efficiently; that it can be found whenneeded; and it can be relied upon to support informed decisionmaking and effective service delivery. Adopting this standard across

both central and local government will improve knowledge sharingwithin and between organizations; Common outcomes can beachieved by using shared approaches and processes.

References: source james and jaks library fromwebopedia.com and about.com

Q.5. Explain the terms consortium. Discuss OCLC consortiumand its significance with respect to developing countries.The concept of consortium has been expanding in the United Statessince the beginning of the 1990s as a way to confront thetremendous increase of subscription costs to electronic journals. Thisincrease was due to monopoly abuse. But the funds of the Americanlibrary acquisition budgets, although very important, were notforthcoming. They reacted first by buying fewer books, whileconsidering electronic support as a possible solution. But as costs didnot decrease, libraries have started merging to be more powerful faceto publishers. The Consortium supports member in improving servicesfor their good practice. Working Groups in areas including DisasterManagement, Quality Management and Disabled and Special NeedsSupport produce resources such as the Disaster Management andService Level Definition templates have been made available tomembers.

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The consortium, with its collective strength of participatinginstitutions, has attracted highly discounted tares of subscription withmost favorable terms of agreement. Consortia are tools, which will aidin exploiting the features of the e-journals as well as in Effectingsavings.

Transforming consortia:The London Libraries Consortium brings economies of scale benefits tomore than two million library users. It is much more thanprocurement vehicle, and works across geographical borders andpolitical boundaries to meet the needs of its diverse communities. Thissession explains how technology underpins the drive for growth, andhoe the consortium model can be used to gain a voice for library

services with politicians and policy makers. Library consortia in the USare experiencing a need to reaffirm their relevance, both because ofbudget and new ways of acquiring and managing information. Thetransformation of a consortium in Missouri involved redefining itself tohelp libraries remain focused on their primary mission.

Networking, Library consortium and resource sharing:Libraries have realized that no matter what they are well funded; it is

difficult to acquire all the materials needed by clientele. In factpartnership and cooperation in local, national and international havebecome enviable for all libraries. In achieving cooperation is throughborrowing & lending of documents in formal manner. LibraryResources is the term that applies to personnel, material, functions oractivities available in a library for satisfying the human needs &demands to acquire their desired knowledge. Library co-operation in avery old concept and a form of resource sharing. The new object ofresources sharing has changed the old concept due to multi-dimensional growth of published documents through R&D activities inrecent past, cost of the information, advancement of newly inventedtechnologies for information processing and dissemination, etc.Resource sharing entails apportioning, allocating, distributing orcontributing something on a voluntary basis of mutual benefits amonga group of libraries with a view to achieving best utilization ofresources by the ultimate users at a wider level.

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Better collection and developed source:For better utilization of resources, practicing libraries should togetherand co-operation in two broad areas; (a) developing the collection onshared basis; and (b) improving services for exploiting such collection.The conventional library is seriously affected by some barriers ofinformation communication, such as indifference of the lending library,conservative attitude, distance, language, cost, time, etc. for inter-library loan. And there are also several constrains. Creating andmaintain effective information requires technical expertise, as well asan understanding of information management and recordkeeping. TheCreate and maintain Recordkeeping Standard is intended for apredominantly specialist recordkeeping audience is the only panaceato overcome all the barriers of resource sharing program.

Example:A 1998 government survey 4 found many purchasing groups and co-operation projects linked geographically or by scholiast discipline. Butit is the common documentation service of the Louis PasteurUniversity in Strasbourg, by leading the way in negotiations withElsevier, and using the method developed in the framework ofconsortia, that t=in effect created the first library French consortiumwith the Angers, Aix-Marseille II and Nancy I universities. Newmanagement methods, chiefly as regarding co-decision and inter-

library loan.

A new task for professional associations:Contract negotiations and consortia will certainly be the unique meansto manage digital information sources. A new information economyand new management methods will predominate. They will create anunstable, disconcerting, even dangerous area.

Management of library consortia:The advancement of information technology through e-mail, internet,World Wide Web, CD-ROM Networks etc. changed the society andhave provided opportunities to access and retrieve on-lineelectronic/digital information using the e-journals and e-texts whichare very costly to acquire and maintain in each and every library. Thedevelopments in scientific publishing and the pricing policies ofpublishers posed new challenges and opportunities for academic

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libraries in purchasing and managing the serials within their restrictedbudget. No library is self-sufficient to purchase all the books, journalsand other library documents with in their library budget. So customersbelonging to different academic institutions or university maypurchase e-journals and sharing its cost through consortia.References: management of library science book of Scotlandfrom internet and text book,

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