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CIBIYAR NAZARI DA BICNIKE-BINCIKE A KAN AFIRKA, SASHIN HARSUNAN AFIRKA VANGAREN HARSHEN HAUSA, JAMI’AR ALQAHIRA, CAIRO, EGYPT.

NAZARI A KAN HARUFFOFIN HAUSANAZARI A KAN HARUFFOFIN HAUSANAZARI A KAN HARUFFOFIN HAUSANAZARI A KAN HARUFFOFIN HAUSA

Daga

Abdulrahaman Ado

Sashen Harsunan Nigeriya, Jami’ar Umaru Musa ‘Yar’adua, Katsina, Nijeriaya. Xalibin Vangaren Harshen Hausa, Sashen Harsunan Afrika,

Cibiyar Nazari Da Bincike-Bincike A Kan Afirka, Jami’ar Alqahira, Egypt.

Jagoran Nazari:

Dr. Samir Ezzat

Malamin Vangaren Harshen Hausa, Sashen Harsunan Afrika, Cibiyar Nazari Da Bincike-Bincike A Kan Afirka,

Jami’ar Alqahira, Egypt.

Aikin Jinga Da Aka Bayar A Kan Darasin Qwarewa A Cikin Harshen Hausa. Cibiyar Nazari Da Bicnike-Bincike A Kan Afirka, Sashin Harsunan Afirka

Vangaren Harshen Hausa, Jami’ar Alqahira, Cairo, Egypt.

Fabrairu, 2012.

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1.01.01.01.0 GabatarwaGabatarwaGabatarwaGabatarwa

1.11.11.11.1Ma’Ma’Ma’Ma’anar Harafi.anar Harafi.anar Harafi.anar Harafi.

Kalmar “harafi” tilo ce, wadda a jam’inta ake ce mata “harufa” ko “haruffa” ko

“haruffofi” ko “harafai” ko “harafofi” (Jami’ar Bayero,2006:195 ). Wannan kalma

asalinta Balarabiya ce wadda aka aro daga harshen Larabci. A harshen Turanci,

kalmar “harafi” an fassara ta da cewar ita ce “duk wata alamar abajadi ta rubutu

(any letter of alphabet)” (Abraham, 1978:376).Ko kuma “alamar da ake

kwaikwayon muryar mutum a rubuce” (Wurma, 2006:43). Wasu kuma suna ganin

haruffa a matsayin wasu ‘yan kalmomi waxanda ba su iya tsayawa su kaxai a cikin

jimla, sai dai in an jingina su da wasu kalmomi( prepositions/particles) . Misali: fa,

ko, ma, kam, ne, ce, kuma, kuwa da makamantansu (Galadanci,1999:94 da Bature,

1986:15)

Wannan rashin tantancewa ta ma’anar kalmar harafi ta daxe a tsakanin masana

da manazarta Hausa, wadda ta dinga kawo ka-ce-na-ce a tsakaninsu (Bature,

1986:1-14 da Hausa Section C.A.S. Zaria,1983:1-19). Hausawa na cewa “abin aro

ba ya ado”, ko “kayan aro ba su rufe qwauri” (Usman,2005:34). Wannan zance

haka yake, kuma ina ganin saboda aron da aka yi wa wannan kalma ta “harafi”, shi

ya sa aka kasa tantance ma’anarta. To, amman ina ganin, duk da cawar muna da

kalmomi namu na gida masu iya tantance ma’anar “harafi”, kamar kalmar

“tattashiya” wadda ke qunshe da “babbaqu” da “farfaru” (watau baqaqe da

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wasulla), ya kamata idan ana son a yi amfani da abin aro, to sai a koma wajen

wanda aka ara, a kwaikwayi yadda yake yin amfani da abinsa, a sake ara, a yafa,

domin tafiyar ta yi kyau (Yahaya,2002:14-19 ). Wannan ba wani aibi ba ne ko

gazawa, domin masana sun nuna cewar; aron harshe ko adabi ko al’ada daga wasu

al’ummai shi ne ruhin rayuwa da bunqasar harshen Hausa da Hausawa

(Xangambo, 984:1 da Garba,1984:43 da Zarruq, 2009:11-20). Kuma daman,

masana sun bayyana cewar “Bahaushe na da saurin aron abubuwa” (Adamu,

2008:6). Ke nan, “zamu ce ta iske mu je mu”.

Wannan kalma ta “harafi”, kalma ce ta Larabawa, wadda take da rabe-raben

harshen damo. Abin nufi shi ne, harafi ya rabu zuwa gida biyu a harshen Larabci,

watau harafi ko haruffan “tattashiya” ko “hija’iyya”, watau na “abajadi” da kuma

harafi ko haruffofin ko haruffan “jarru”, watau masu tayar da magana (Jinju,

1992:45 da Bunza, 2002:33 da Bakr,1986:ii-x). Haruffan “abajadi”(alphabets) ba

su iya zama da gindisu a cikin kalma, saboda haka ba su iya bayar da wata ma’ana,

sai an haxasu da ‘yanuwan junansu, watau “wasulla”. Misalan “baqake” su ne:

(b,v,c,d,x,f, d.s.) da “wasulla”(a.i,o,u,e). Harafin baqi ba ya bayar da ma’ana sai an

haxa shi da wasalinsa (misali: b+a=ba).

Su ma haruffa “jarru”, (particles) ba su iya zama da gindinsu, amman suna iya

bayar da ma’ana (Bagari,186:124-125).Bincike ya nuna cewar haruffan jarru suna

fitar da ma’anarsu da kuma irin aikin da suke yin a zama mahaxi, domin sun tayar

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da wata tawaga ta cikin jimla, musamman tawagar suna (Bagari,186:124).

Misalansu sun haxa da haruffan bagire ko wuri, irin su: “saman” ko “qasan” ko “a

nan” ko “kan” ko “cikin” ko haruffan jarru na korewa, irin su “ba” ko “kada” ko

“kul” da makamantansu, kamar yadda za a gani a nan gaba.

Saboda haka,harafi ko haruffa na nufin alamomin rubutu na adajadi (alphabets)

da na jarru (/prepositions/particles) waxanda ake yin amfani da su (ko harhaxa su

da wata kalma) domin tayar da kalmomi ko jimloli.

Manufar wannan aiki shi ne a bayyana haruffan da ke akwai na Hausa.Saboda

haka an fayyace haruffofin ta yadda mai koyo da mai yin wani nazari a kan

haruffan Hausa zai iya tantance su idan ya gan su. Abin lura shi ne, yawancin

marubuta littatafan Hausa, sukan kawo haruffa ne a matsayin mahaxai kawai, to

amman kaxan ne suka kawo irin ma’anonin da kowanne rukunin harafi ke

bayarwa. Wannan shi ya sa aka fayyace kowanne, ba tare da danganta shi da irin

tawagar da zai tafi tare da ita ba, domin ba shi ake magana ba a wannan aiki.

A wannan nazari, jagora, watau Dr. Samir Ezzat, ya buqaci xalibinsa, watau

Abdulrahaman Ado, ya kawo dukkan haruffan jarri/jaruu na Hausa. To, Bismilla.

Hausawa na cewa: “Mu je zuwa ! Mahuakaci ya hau kura” (Xanyaya,2007:39).

2.02.02.02.0 Haruffan JarHaruffan JarHaruffan JarHaruffan Jarru Na Hausa.ru Na Hausa.ru Na Hausa.ru Na Hausa.

A Hausa, akwai haruffan Jarru da yawa, waxanda ke yin nuni ga ma’anoni da

dama. Wasu sukan yi aiki a fannonin halayya da yawa, wasu kuwa sau xaya kawai

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suke yin aiki a wajen bayyana abubuwa daban-daban na halayya a cikin jimloli ko

maganganu Hausa. Saboda haka, domin jin daxin nazari, masana sun kasa haruffan

jarru zuwa halayyar da suke yin nuni da ita kamar haka:

2.12.12.12.1 Haruffan Jarru Na QarfafawaHaruffan Jarru Na QarfafawaHaruffan Jarru Na QarfafawaHaruffan Jarru Na Qarfafawa

Waxannan su ne ake sanya su a cikin zantukan yau da kullum domin nuna

halayya ta qarfafawa ga wani abu. Misalan waxannan sun haxa da:

2.1.12.1.12.1.12.1.1 HaruffanHaruffanHaruffanHaruffan Qarfafawa Na : Qarfafawa Na : Qarfafawa Na : Qarfafawa Na : “ne” da “ce: “ne” da “ce: “ne” da “ce: “ne” da “ce:

Haruffan “ne” da “ce” ana amfani da su a Hausa domin nuna qarfafawa ga

abin da yake namiji ko mace ko jam’i (Sani,1989:40 da Bunza,2002:158-159).

Misali:

a. Abdulrahaman ne (wannan na yin nuni ga namiji).

b. Lamya ce (wannan na yin nuni ga mace).

c. Su Samir ne (wannan na yin nuni ga jam’i)

2.1.22.1.22.1.22.1.2, Haruffan Haruffan Haruffan Haruffan Qarfafawa Na Wakilan Sunaye: Qarfafawa Na Wakilan Sunaye: Qarfafawa Na Wakilan Sunaye: Qarfafawa Na Wakilan Sunaye: “ni”,“kai”, “shi”, Ita,”mu”, “ku”, “ni”,“kai”, “shi”, Ita,”mu”, “ku”, “ni”,“kai”, “shi”, Ita,”mu”, “ku”, “ni”,“kai”, “shi”, Ita,”mu”, “ku”,

“su” “su” “su” “su” (Galadanci,1976:86-87)

Waxannan su ne haruffan qarfafawa na “Wakilin Suna”, ana yin amafani da

su domin nuna qarfafawar cewar lallai wanda ake nufi da shi ake. Misali:

a. Shi ya bugi Kande!

b. Mu muka kashe Varawon !

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c. Wa ya tafi kano ? Ni!

d. Ita ta fi kowa cin abinci.

e. Ku kuka rufe famfon Masallaci.

f. Su xin dai.

2.1.32.1.32.1.32.1.3 HaruffanHaruffanHaruffanHaruffan Qarfafawa Na Wajabci. Misali: Qarfafawa Na Wajabci. Misali: Qarfafawa Na Wajabci. Misali: Qarfafawa Na Wajabci. Misali: “fa”,”kam”,”ko”, “ma”,”dai” “fa”,”kam”,”ko”, “ma”,”dai” “fa”,”kam”,”ko”, “ma”,”dai” “fa”,”kam”,”ko”, “ma”,”dai”

“kuma”,”kuwa” , “lallai”“kuma”,”kuwa” , “lallai”“kuma”,”kuwa” , “lallai”“kuma”,”kuwa” , “lallai” (Galadanci, 1976:94-95 da Zarruq,2001:19).

Waxannan haruffofi ana yin amfani da su cikin jimlolin Hausa domin nuna

qarfafawa ta wajabcin yin wani abu ko rashin wajabcin yin sa.Misali

a. Ni dai ba zan je Kaduna ba

b. Shi ne fa ya yanka akuyar.

c. Audu kam ya tabbatar mana labarin.

d. Zakiya ma ta je Misira.

e. Lallai Zakiya ce ta gamu da Lamyar Misira.

f. Ko dai Samir ya tafi Nijeriya ko Ado ya zauna Misira.

g. Kuma wata sabuwa! In ji ‘yan caca.

2222....2222 Haruffan Korewa.Haruffan Korewa.Haruffan Korewa.Haruffan Korewa.

Haruffan Jarru na korewa a Hausa su ne ke nuna korewa ga wani aikin da

aka aikata ko za a aikata ko ake aikatawa. Misalan irin su sun haxa da “Ba….., ,

Ban…, Bai……ba, Ba…ba, Kada, Kar, Kul, Akul,. Misali:

a.Sabe bai daina aikin ba.

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b. Kada a bari Halima ta bar mu.

c.Akul Sirajo ya sha shayi nan.

d.Malama Salima ba ta wasa da yara.

e.Kar fa Zainab ta yi wasa Ado ya wuce ta.

2.32.32.32.3 Haruffan Mallaka Haruffan Mallaka Haruffan Mallaka Haruffan Mallaka

Masana da manazarta harshen Hausa sun kasa haruffan mallaka zuwa gida

biyu, watau dogayen haruffa da gajerun haruffa.

2.32.32.32.3....1111 Haruffan Doguwar Mallaka Haruffan Doguwar Mallaka Haruffan Doguwar Mallaka Haruffan Doguwar Mallaka

Waxannan wasu haruffa ne waxanda ake yin amfani da su don nuna mallakar

wani abu. Ana kiransu dogaye domin haruffa ne da suka kai ga zama kalma,

amman ana haxa su da wasu kalmomi domin su bayar da cikakkiyar ma’anar

mallakar wani abu. Misalan irinsu sun haxa da:

a) “na” mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka namiji ne, amman tilo.

Misali:

-Naka dokin ya fi kyau.

b) “ta” mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka mace ce,amman tiluwa.

Misali:

-Taka hular tana da tukku.

c) “na” mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka sun da yawa, amman

maza ne abubuwan (jam’i). Misali:

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Nasu ne wannan takalmin.

d) “ta” mai yin nuni da abin da aka mallaka yana da yawa, amman mata ne

(jam’i/Mc)

2.32.32.32.3....2222 Haruffan Gajeruwar Mallaka Haruffan Gajeruwar Mallaka Haruffan Gajeruwar Mallaka Haruffan Gajeruwar Mallaka

Waxannan haruffa ne waxanda suke nuna hali na mallakar wani abu. Ana

kiransu da sunan gajeru domin haruffofi ne da suke tilo, waxanda kowanne su bai

wuce harafi xaya ba kawai. Haka kuma, kamar yadda haruffan dogayen mallaka ke

yin nuni da irin yawa da jinsin da ya yi mallaka, haka ma haruffan gajerun mallaka

ke yi. Misali:

a)”-n” mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka namiji ne, kuma tilo.

Misali:

-Wandon sa yana da kyau.

b)”-r” mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka mace ce, kuma tiluwa.

Misali:

-Rigar sa ta yage daga baya.

c) “-n” mai yin nuni da cewar abin da aka mallaka yana da yawa, kuma suna

cikin jinsin mace da namiji. Misali:

-Hulunansu

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2.42.42.42.4 Haruffan wuri ko bagire Haruffan wuri ko bagire Haruffan wuri ko bagire Haruffan wuri ko bagire

Waxannan haruffa su ne waxanda ke yin nuni da irin wuri ko bagiren da ake

magana a kai.Yawanci ma’anarsu na fitowa fili idan aka haxa su da kalmomin da

za su tayar da ma’anar bayanau. Misalansu sun haxa da a, bakin, kan, qasan,

saman, gefen, can, daura, nesa, nan, ban/bayan,tsakiyar,cikin ,gaban,

qarqashin,bayan(Bunza,2002:152-143).

Misali:

-Iro ya ga Binta a xaki.

-Isa ya tafi bakin kogi ya sha ruwa.

-Kande ta tsinci wuri a bayan xaki.

-Habibu ya zarce qarqashin qasa.

2.52.52.52.5 Haruffan Sharaxi Haruffan Sharaxi Haruffan Sharaxi Haruffan Sharaxi ko dalili ko dalili ko dalili ko dalili (in,idan,sai, har in, kadan,(in,idan,sai, har in, kadan,(in,idan,sai, har in, kadan,(in,idan,sai, har in, kadan, don, ba don, saboda, don, ba don, saboda, don, ba don, saboda, don, ba don, saboda,

sakamakon, kasancewar, matuqar, da dai, sai dai, ko dai, kila, ba domin,sakamakon, kasancewar, matuqar, da dai, sai dai, ko dai, kila, ba domin,sakamakon, kasancewar, matuqar, da dai, sai dai, ko dai, kila, ba domin,sakamakon, kasancewar, matuqar, da dai, sai dai, ko dai, kila, ba domin,).).).).

Waxannan wasu haruffa ne waxanda ake yin amfani da su idan ana son a yi nuni

da yin sharaxi. Irinsu ne ke nuna dalilin faruwar wani abu ko hujjar yin wani abu

Misali, ana iya cewa:

-Matuqar Samir ya yi haquri, zai ci nasara shugabancin sashen Hausa.

-Ba don nisa ba, da Lamya ta tafi qasar Hausa.

-Bello zai tafi hajji,idan ya sami kuxi.

- Sai Misirawa sun yarda, sannan Kazaure ya Auri Balarabiya.

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-Akwai rabo, idan akwai so.

-Har in Ado ya gama karatu, za ya yi rubutunsa kan al’adun Misirawa da Hausawa.

2.62.62.62.6 Haruffan shiyya/nahiya (ta, daga, Haruffan shiyya/nahiya (ta, daga, Haruffan shiyya/nahiya (ta, daga, Haruffan shiyya/nahiya (ta, daga, dama, hagu, gabas, arewa, dama, hagu, gabas, arewa, dama, hagu, gabas, arewa, dama, hagu, gabas, arewa,))))

Waxannan haruffa su ne ke nuna wata shiyya ko nahiya da ake yin magana a kai.

Yawancin irin waxannan haruffa suken bayyana shigowa ko fita ko zuwa daga

wannan nahiya. Misalan irin su sun hxa da:

-Indo ta shigo aji ta taga.

-Asalin Hausawa sun fito ne daga Misira.

-Jibirila ya bi dama, ita kuwa kande ta bi hagu.

2.72.72.72.7 Haruffan haxi/mahaxai (da, Haruffan haxi/mahaxai (da, Haruffan haxi/mahaxai (da, Haruffan haxi/mahaxai (da, tare, har da, kuma da tare, har da, kuma da tare, har da, kuma da tare, har da, kuma da) (Bature ) (Bature ) (Bature ) (Bature 1986198619861986 da da da da

Zarruq,Zarruq,Zarruq,Zarruq,2009:992009:992009:992009:99))))

Waxannan haruffa ne da ke zama kadarko ko gada mai haxa wani zance da wani.

Misali:

_Bala ya tafi gidatare da matarsa.

-Ibrahim da Bello du ‘yan gida xaya ne

-Ado ya sha lemu hard a ayaba.

-Sa’idu yana yin tuqin mota da hannu har da qafa.

-Isa ya mare shi har da shuri da qafa.

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2.82.82.82.8 Haruffan nuna daitaito Haruffan nuna daitaito Haruffan nuna daitaito Haruffan nuna daitaito ko bayyana kamanni , watau tamkako bayyana kamanni , watau tamkako bayyana kamanni , watau tamkako bayyana kamanni , watau tamka(i/ya(i/ya(i/ya(i/ya, kamar , kamar , kamar , kamar ))))

Waxannan haruffa ne masu nuna daidaito a tsakanin wasu abubuwa. Wannan

daidaito na iya zama na daraja ko na wata siffa,.Misali:

-Girman Kura ya kai i/ya na Kare.

-Misira tana da sanyi kamar qasar Eskimo.

2.92.92.92.9 Haruffan Dangantaka Haruffan Dangantaka Haruffan Dangantaka Haruffan Dangantaka wanda, wadda, waxanda, wanda, wadda, waxanda, wanda, wadda, waxanda, wanda, wadda, waxanda, ----ndandandanda,,,,----rrrrdadadada

Waxannan su ne irin haruffan da ake yin amfani da su don nuna dangantakar wani

abu da wani. A cikinsu akwai dogaye da gajeru. Haka kuma suna nuna jinsin

wanda aka danganta da yawansuMisali:

-Yaro wanda ya ci jarrabawa ya sayi mota (Nj,Tl)

-Bilkisu ce wadda ta haifu jiya (Mace, tiliwa)

-Larabawa ne waxanda suka yaxa addinin Musulunci( jam’i, mc/nj)

-Wannan ita ce yarinyar da ta mari saurayinta.(mc,tl)

-Wannan shi ne yaron da ya ci jarrabawarsa.(nj,tl)

2.102.102.102.10 Haruffan Nuni Haruffan Nuni Haruffan Nuni Haruffan Nuni

A Hausa haruffan nuni iri biyu ne, watau gajeru da dogaye. Haka kuma,

kowannensu yana yin nuni da abin da yake kusa da nesa.Haka kuma suna fito da

jinsi na abin da ake nunawa. Misali:Wannan. Wancan, waxannan, can, nan.

-Yaron can yana da qoqari(nesa)

-Waxannan yaran sun faye fitina (kusa)

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-Nan ya fi can.

2222....11111111Haruffan NasabaHaruffan NasabaHaruffan NasabaHaruffan Nasaba

Haruffan nasaba wasu haruffa ne wasu nuna alaqar abin da ake magana.Waxannan

haruffa sukan yi kama da na mallaka a wajen siffar zubin qira. Amman sun

bambanta da haruffan mallaka a wajen ma’anar da suke bayarwa.

Haruffan nasaba sun kasu zuwa gida biyu, akwai dogaye da kuma gajeru. Dogayen

su ne waxanda suke da qirar jiki mai yawan haruffan da suka kai ya gava.

Misali:na,ta,.

Babur na hawa (nj,tl)

Riga ta zuwa wurin aiki (mc,tl)

Gidaje na haya (jam,mc/nj).

Haka kuam, akwai haruffan da ake kira da sunan gajerun nasaba. Gajeru ne domin

qirar gangar jikinsu ba ta wuce harafin abajadi xaya ba. Haka kuma, duk da

gajartarsu, suna yin bayani nasaba akan abin da yake tilo ko jam’i da mace ko

namiji. Misali:(-n,-r).

-Kofin shayi (nj,tilo)

Gidauniyar kuxi (mc,tl)

Kasusuwan wa’azi.

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2222....12121212Haruffan Tsokaci (Haruffan Tsokaci (Haruffan Tsokaci (Haruffan Tsokaci (----n da n da n da n da ––––r)r)r)r)

Waxannan huruffa su ne ke yin tsokaci a kan wani ko wata a cikin jimla.Kamar

sauran haruffa masu bayar da ma’ana, haruffan tsokaci suna yin tsakaci akan abu

tilo ko jam’i, namiji komace. Misali

-Takalmin ya fi daxin sawa.

-Rigar tana yi wa Samira kyau.

-Hulun sun yi kama da na Larabawa.

3.03.03.03.0Nadewa.Nadewa.Nadewa.Nadewa.

A wannan aiki na jinga, an yi bayanin ma’anar haruffa . Ma’anar an kasa ta zuwa

gida biyu. Akwai haruffa masu ma’ana watau haruffan jarru da kuma haruffa mara

ma’ana, watau haruffan abajadi. A cikin aikin, an kawo bayanai na haruffa masu

bayar da ma’ana guda goma sha huxu na Hausa. Daga ckinsu akwai haruffan

qarfafawa da na korewa da na mallaka da nawuri da na sharaxi da na shiyya da na

haxi da na daidaito da na dangantaka da na nuni da na nasaba da kuma na tsokaci.

Wannan aiki an yi shi ne da manufar tantance ire-iren haruffan Hausa ba tare da an

danganta su cikin tawagar kalmomin da ake haxa su da su ba.

Daga qarshe ina bayar da shawarar cewar ana iya ci gaba da yin bincike domin a sake gano wasu haruffan da ban tavo su ba a wannan bincike. Ke nan, wannan bincike zai iya zama sanadi na mafari wani binciken. Alhamdulillahi da fatan Allah ya sa ma wannan aiki albarka. Allah ya sa wahalar da na yi a kan binciken ya zama sakamado a duniya da lahira, Amin

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Bagari,Dauda Muhammad (1986), Bayanin Hausa: Jagora Ga Mai Koyon Ilimin Bayanin Harshe.Imprimerie El Maarif Al Jadida, Rabbat- Maroc.

Bakr, El-Sayed Yacoub (1986),Arabic By Radio.Book One, Part I. The Arab Republic Of Egypt Broadcasting Corporation, The Arab State Trading Centre for Education for Community Development, Sira-el-Layyan,

Menoufia, A. R.E., Cairo, Egypt. Bature, Abdyllahi (1986), “Rabe-Raben Nazarin Rukunan Bayanau Ta Fuskar

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Masu Koyo Da Koyarwa. Ibrash Islamic Publications Centre LTD, Lagos, Nigeria.

Xangambo,Abdulqadir (1984), Rabe-Raben Adabin Hausa da Muhimmancinsa ga Rayuwar Hausawa. Maxaba’ar Kamfanin ‘Triumph’, Gidan Sa’adu Zungur, Kano, Nijeriya.

Garba, Calvin Y.(1984), Nazarin Hausa A Qananan Makarantun Sakandare.Littafi Na Farko.Nelson Pitman Limited, Ilupeju, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria.

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