english teaching in bilingual public schools: between education policy and classroom reality

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English teaching in Bilingual English teaching in Bilingual Public Schools: Public Schools: Between education policy Between education policy and classroom reality and classroom reality M.A. Yamith Fandiño – M.A. Elena Urruti M.A. Yamith Fandiño – M.A. Elena Urruti a

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English teaching in Bilingual English teaching in Bilingual Public Schools: Public Schools:

Between education policy Between education policy and classroom realityand classroom reality

M.A. Yamith Fandiño – M.A. Elena UrrutiM.A. Yamith Fandiño – M.A. Elena Urrutiaa

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• Introduction

• Context and Participants

• Background

• Literature framework

• Methodology

• Data collection

• Results

• Conclusions

• References

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

“…se debe ver al bilingüismo no solo como una manera de preparar a los individuos para las exigencias y necesidades socioeconómicas de un mundo globalizado, sino como la posibilidad de promover hombres y mujeres conscientes de la variedad lingüística y cultural del mundo, ciudadanos respetuosos del otro e interesados en reconocer y proteger las diferencias y las particularidades de las lenguas y sus culturas.” (Fandiño, Bermudez, & Lugo, 2012, p. 377).

Bilingualism: Beyond socioeconomic needs and globalization.

Closer to awareness and respect of linguistic and cultural variety.

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

“Una vez asumida esta concepción, el MEN y las secretarias de educación, en compañía de la comunidad educativa colombiana, deben precisar y articular acciones que permitan trascender la instrumentalización, la estandarización y la certificación de la enseñanza-aprendizaje de lenguas extranjeras para explorar y estudiar planes y proyectos que apuesten por el desarrollo integral de una competencia no solo comunicativa sino intercultural y multilingüe.” (Fandiño, Bermudez, & Lugo, 2012, p. 377).

Bilingual plan: Beyond instrumentalization, standardization and certification.

Closer to all-round formation and multilingual and multimodal competence. UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA,

JUNE 7, 2013

CONTEXT AND PARTICIPANTSCONTEXT AND PARTICIPANTS

“Proyecto Piloto Bogotá Bilingüe”

• IED José Manuel Restrepo

• IED Cundinamarca

• IED La Candelaria

• IED Saludcoop Norte

• Liceo Femenino Mercedes Nariño

• Primer ciclo

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

CONTEXT AND PARTICIPANTSCONTEXT AND PARTICIPANTS

1. School principals, coordinators, and teachers

2. Students:

• CEFR level (A1-)

• Affective filter

3. Other factors:

• Location & Socio-economical issues

• Capital: economic, social, symbolic, and cultural (Bordieu, 1986)

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

• The National Bilingual Program: a path to language standardization and economical competitiveness (MEN, 2006).

• Design: Ideological concern (Fandiño, Bermúdez, & Lugo, 2012; Mufwene, 2010)

• Implementation: Country’s conditions (Cardenas, 2006)

• Criticism to education and language policies (Usma, 2009)

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

LITERATURE FRAMEWORKLITERATURE FRAMEWORK

• Bilingualism and CLIL: Suárez (2005)

• Dynamism and polysemy in the concept: Fandiño and Bermúdez (2012)

• Multiple perspective and directions: Martínez (2006)

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

LITERATURE FRAMEWORKLITERATURE FRAMEWORK

Manifold perspectives on bilingualism: Fandiño and Bermudez (2012)

Multilinguism Plurilingualism Biculturalism Interculturality BiliteracyEl multilingüismo es el conocimiento de varias lenguas o la coexistencia de distintas lenguas en una sociedad determinada (De Deus,

2008).

El enfoque plurilingüe enfatiza la expansión lingüística de un individuo en entornos culturales con presencia de más de una lengua en pro del desarrollo .de una competencia comunicativa a la que contribuyen todos los conocimientos y las experiencias lingüísticas y en la que las lenguas se relacionan entre sí (De Deus, 2008).

La competencia o habilidad del individuo para actuar en dos contextos de acuerdo con los requisitos y las reglas de cada cultura (Oksaar, 1983).

La interculturalidad es comprendida como reconocimiento y aceptación de la diversidad cultural en un contexto de permanente comunicación y negociación Social (Reyes, 2011)

La “bialfabetización” se entiende como la capacidad de leer y escribir en dos lenguas, lo cual permite la comprensión de los matices culturales subyacentes a las lenguas, y entender los marcos para organizar y expresar pensamientos efectivamente (Carlson, 2011).

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

• Type of research:

Three-stage educational research (Arnal, Rincón & Latorre, 1994)

• Purpose of research:

Descriptive and explanatory studies (Dankhe, 1989)

• Research method:

First stage- Survey research (Arnau, 1995; León & Montero, 1993)

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

STEPS OFTHE RESEARCH PROCESS

DATA COLLECTIONDATA COLLECTION

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

SURVEY

Purpose: Exploration

Temporal dimension: Cross-sectional (many subjects at one point in time)

Information sense: Retrospective and prospective

Type of survey: Personal

Sample: Non-probability = Convenience sample.

Types of questions: Open-ended and closed-ended.

Design : 3 sections

Response format: - Dichotomous (the respondent has two options)- Nominal polytomous (the respondent has more than two unordered options)- Ordinal polytomous (the respondent has more than two ordered options)

SURVEY ANALYSISSURVEY ANALYSIS

Gerlinger & Lee (2002)

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions

-Listing all questions

-Observing frequencies

-Noting patterns or trends

-Classifying patterns or trends

-Naming / creating themes

- Assigning a code to each theme

- Coding

- Creating matrixes creating

- Filling out matrixes

- Applying descriptive statistics

RESULTSRESULTS

• Generalities:

- 87% of school staff claims to know the “PNB” objectives (improve L2, communicative competence, socio-cultural skills, and better future opportunities).

- Stage: ‘implementation’ (15%) against words like ‘initial’, ‘intermediate’, ‘training’, ‘piloting’, ‘syllabus and material design’ (85%).

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

RESULTSRESULTS

• School strategies and effectiveness (according to participants) :

- ‘Excellent’ teaching hours and immersions;

- ‘Very Good’ training from universities;

- ‘Good’ L2 training (courses and tests);

- ‘Acceptable’ resources for TESL and SED follow-up;

- ‘Unacceptable’ conversation clubs in L2

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

RESULTSRESULTS

• Difficulties of implementation:

- Skepticism and lack of interest

- Teachers’ low English level

- Lack of continuous training and teaching resources

- Lack of articulation of project to research phase

- Little motivation from school administrators

- Lack of support form parents

- Lack of resources (human, technological, physical)

- Students drop-out

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Section 1- Antecedents (according to participants):

• Constant teacher training (didactic strategies and L2)

• Constant monitoring and follow-up plans by SED and unviersities

• Unification of implementation criteria by SED

• Connection to other subjects and areas of knowledge

• Higher motivation and better resources for teachers

• Connection of all the academic community to the project

• Establishment of inter-institutional relations

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Section 2- Resources and support :

• “SED has assigned some budget to every school” (68%)

• “There is some budget for the project” (73%)

• “There have been informative sessions about the administration of budget” (44%)

- ‘Good’ support from SED and universities (resources and teacher training)

- ‘Acceptable’ support from MEN, embassies, governmental and private institutions

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Section 2 - Resources and support :

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

Recorders, TV sets, DVD's

CRI, Internet, Video beams

Textbooks, libraries, materials, smartboards

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Section 3 - Expectations :

- 90% hope for improvement in Students’ English level, the quality of classes, and the atmosphere at their schools, whereas the teachers’ level would remain unchanged

- 92% doubt English classes can be taught in L2, since teacher’s L2 level is poor

- 92% point out level in public school vs. private schools (students and teachers)

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

Secretariats for education

- Make serious diagnoses - Assume a concise position in regards to L1 in bilingual

education - Strengthen interdisciplinary work and cross-curricular projects- Extend coverage and scope of training programs

Schools and teachers - Regard bilingualism as a transverse axis in the curriculum- Design and implement strategies to boost students’ interest and

motivation- Work on communicative and academic language- Use activities that integrate all the community - Implement ongoing formative assessment- Favor the use or authentic and meaningful resources

Universities and training institutions

- Take into account intercultural and interlinguistic competences- Promote writing and reading based on communication and

biliteracy - Create and implement multilingual policies and practices

CHALLENGESCHALLENGES

• Accurate methodological and theoretical foundations and strategies in bilingual plans

• Specific teacher training in terms of bilingual education

• Interdisciplinary projects in and out-of the classroom

• Systematic and articulate teacher work

• Acknowledgement of L1 in bilingual education

• Bilingual process:

First cycle – ludic activities and L1/L2 awareness and strengthening

Second cycle and up – reading and writing in both language together with use of L2 in one or two content classes

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

REFERENCESREFERENCES

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Arnau, J. (1995). Fundamentos del método. Metodología de investigación en psicología. En M.T. Anguera, J. Arnau, M. Ato, R. Martínez, J. Pascual y G. Vallejo. (Eds.), Métodos de investigación en psicología (pp. 45-66). Madrid: Síntesis.

Baker, T. L. (1997). Doing Social Research (2nd edition). USA: McGraw-Hill.

Bermúdez, J., & Fandiño, Y. (2012). El fenómeno bilingüe: perspectivas y tendencias en bilingüismo. Revista de la universidad de La Salle, 59, 99-124.

Buendía. L. (1998) La investigación por encuesta. En L. Buendía, P. Colás y F. Hernández, Métodos de investigación en Psicopedagogía (pp. 119-155) Madrid: McGrawHill.

Cárdenas, M. (2006). Bilingual Colombia: Are we ready for it? What is needed? [en línea]. Ponencia presentada en la 19th EA Annual Education Conference. Disponible en: http://www.englishaustralia.com.au/ea_conference2006/proceedings/pdf/Cardenas.pdf.

Carlson, A. (2011, April 23). Issues in Adding Biliteracy to Bilingualism and Biculturalism. Paper presented at Nagoya conference on multiculturalism. Nagoya international school, Nagoya, Japan.

Cowman, S. (1993). Triangulation: a means of reconciliation in nursing research. Journal of advanced nursing, 18, 788-792.

Cruz, F. (2012). La multidimensionalidad del bilingüismo: consideraciones conceptuales e implicaciones en torno al Plan Nacional de Bilingüismo. Revista de la universidad de La Salle, 59, 125-141.

Cummins, J. (1984). Bilingual Education and Special Education: Issues in Assessment and Pedagogy. San Diego: College Hill

Danhke, G.L. (1989). Investigación y comunicación. En C. Fernández-Collado y G.L. Danhke (Eds.), La comunicación humana: ciencia social (385-454). México, D.F.: McGrawHill.

Oksaar, E. (1983). Multilingualism and multiculturalism from the linguist’s point of view. In: T. Husén & S. Opper (Eds.), Multicultural and multilingual education in immigrant countries (pp. 17-36). Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press.

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Fandiño, Y., Bermúdez, J., & Lugo, V. (2013). Retos del Programa Nacional de Bilingüismo. Colombia Bilingüe. Educación Y Educadores, 15(3), 363-382. Retrieved from http://educacionyeducadores.unisabana.edu.co/index.php/eye/article/view/2172

Garza, A. (1988). Manual de Técnicas de Investigación para Estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales. México: Harla, Colegio de México.

UNIVERSIDAD DEL TOLIMA, IBAGUE, COLOMBIA, JUNE 7, 2013

Kerlinger, F. y Lee, H. (2002). Investigación del comportamiento: métodos de investigación en Ciencias Sociales. México: McGraw-Hill.

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Usma, W. (2009). Education and language policy in Colombia: exploring processes of inclusion, exclusion, and stratification in times of global reform. PROFILE Issues in teachers’ professional development, 11, 123-141.

Thank y o u !Tha nk y o u !

M.A. Yamith Fandiño – M.A. Elena UrrutiM.A. Yamith Fandiño – M.A. Elena Urrutiaa