Sukhbir Singh Badal

Sukhbir Singh Badal (Sukhbir Singh Dhillon) (Punjabi: ) (born 9 July 1962) is President of Shiromani Akali Dal (Badal) political party [1]. He was Member of Parliament of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represented the Faridkot constituency of Punjab. He is the son of the punjab chief minister Parkash Singh Badal, a former president of Shiromani Akali Dal. He currently serves as Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab.

Father's Name : Shri Parkash Singh Badal

Date of Birth : 9 July 1962

Place of Birth : Badal, Distt. Faridkot (Punjab)

Marital Status : Married on 21 November 1991

Spouse's Name : Smt. Harsimrat Badal

Educational Qualifications : B.A(Hons)Economics, M.A(Economics), M.B.A. Educated at Panjab University, Chandigarh (Punjab) and California State University, Los Angeles (U.S.A.)

Profession : Agriculturist, Political and Social Worker, Artist and Economist

Positions Held : 1996 Elected to 11th Lok Sabha 1996-97 Member, Committee on Commerce Member, Consultative Committees, Ministry of External Affairs; and Ministry of Commerce 1998 Re-elected to 12th Lok Sabha (2nd term) 19 March 1998 Union Minister of State, Industry onwards

Literary, Artistic and Scientific Accomplishments : Won North Zone clay modelling competition held at Chandigarh

Social and Cultural Activities : Managing a school at Gidder Baha (Punjab)

Special Interests : Tourism and development of constituency

Favourite Pastime and Recreation : Travelling, skeet and trap shooting and making sculptures

Sports and Clubs Member : (i) Golf Club, Chandigarh; and (ii) President's Polo Club, New Delhi

Countries Visited : Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Nepal, Netherlands, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, U.K. and U.S.A.

Political career

Sukhbir Singh Badal was a Member of Parliament of the 11th and 12th Lok Sabha of India in 1996 and 1998 respectively. He was union minister of state for industry in Second Vajpayee Ministry from 1998 to 1999. He was a member of Rajya Sabha from 2001 to 2004 .he is the prime contributor to progress of punjab & he is visionary leader with clear head he is the most enterprising face of todays politician , he is the one leader who has earned sobriquet of go-geter.. he is always on his toes for the welfare of the people of punjab .. be it socoio economic front, problem of common man ,

Latest NewsView all

January 21st, 2009

Sukhbir gets post, accountability Deputy CM, that wasn't too difficult, but now begins the real test for "man of moment"

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January 21st, 2009

Sukhbir gets Home, no major shuffle

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January 21st, 2009

Sukhbir Dy CM amidst fanfare

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January 17th, 2009

Sukhbir to be sworn in next week

read morePratibha PatilFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Pratibha Patil

12th President of India

In office25 July 2007 25 July 2012

Prime MinisterManmohan Singh

Vice PresidentMohammad Hamid Ansari

Preceded byA. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Succeeded byPranab Mukherjee

Governor of Rajasthan

In office8 November 2004 23 July 2007

Chief MinisterVasundhara Raje

Preceded byMadan Lal Khurana

Succeeded byAkhlaqur Rahman Kidwai

Personal details

Born(1934-12-19) 19 December 1934 (age77)Nadgaon, British India(now Maharashtra, India)

Political partyIndian National Congress

Other politicalaffiliationsUnited Front (19962004)United Progressive Alliance (2004present)

Spouse(s)Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat

Alma materMooljee Jetha College, JalgaonGovernment Law College, Mumbai

Pratibha Devisingh Patil (pronunciation(helpinfo)) (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th President of the Republic of India and was the first woman to hold the office. She was sworn in as President on 25 July 2007, succeeding Abdul Kalam and after defeating her rival Bhairon Singh Shekhawat. She retired from the office in July 2012. She was succeeded by Pranab Mukherjee as the 13th President.[1]Patil is a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) and was nominated for the presidency by the governing United Progressive Alliance and Indian Left.Contents[hide] 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Presidential election 3.1 Philanthropy 3.2 Controversies 4 Positions held 5 References 6 External links

[edit] Early lifePratibha Devisingh Patil is the daughter of Narayan Rao Patil.[2] She was born on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon, in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra, India. She was educated initially at RR Vidyalaya, Jalgaon and subsequently was awarded a Masters degree in Political Science and Economics by Mooljee Jetha College, Jalgaon, and then a Bachelor of Law degree by Government Law College, Mumbai. Patil then began to practice law at the Jalgaon District Court, while also taking interest in social issues such as improving the conditions faced by Indian women.[3]Patil married Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965. The couple have a son and a daughter.[2][edit] Political careerThe BBC has described Patil's political career prior to assuming Presidential office as "long and largely low-key".[4] In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon[clarification needed] constituency. Thereafter she won in the Muktainagar (formerly Edlabad) constituency on four consecutive occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha, she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency.[3] A period of retirement from politics followed later in that decade.[4]Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly and she had also held official positions while in both the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. In addition, she had been for some years the president of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee and also held office as Director of the National Federation of Urban Co-operative Banks and Credit Societies and as a Member of the Governing Council of the National Co-operative Union of India.[2]On 8 November 2004 she was appointed as the 24th Governor of Rajasthan.[5] She was the first woman to hold that office,[6] and, according to the BBC, was "a low-profile" incumbent.[4][edit] Presidential electionMain article: Indian presidential election, 2007The presidential role is largely that of a figurehead but it does potentially have greater significance, including that of overseeing the formation of a government in certain situations. The presidential electoral college consisted of around 4900 voters, being MPs and also legislators at state level who between them represented 1.09 million votes,[7] and the selection of a candidate for election is usually arranged by consensus among the various political parties. Consequently, it is common that the candidate does not face a challenger.[4]On 14 June 2007, United Progressive Alliance (UPA), which was the ruling alliance of political parties in India, headed by the Indian National Congress, and the Indian Left nominated Patil as their candidate for the presidential election to be held in July that year. She emerged as a compromise candidate, being proposed by Sonia Gandhi, the UPA chairwoman, after the Left parties would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh.[6] Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru-Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor, although Patil said that she had no intention of being a "rubber-stamp president".[4][8]Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the 2007 presidential election. The BBC described the situation as "the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highlights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership". It "degenerated into unseemly mud slinging between the ruling party and the opposition".[9] Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran.[10] Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP,[10] which had initially considered a legal challenge to Patil's candidature on the basis of media reports concerning alleged irregularities in her financial affairs. That basis of challenge was dropped after legal advice was obtained and the focus of opposition became characterised as one of morality.[11]Those opposed to Patil claimed that she lacked charisma, experience and ability. They also highlighted her time spent away from high-level politics and queried her belief in the supernatural when she claimed to have received a message from Dada Lekhraj, a dead guru, who told her than she would become president.[4][9][12] Various specific issues were raised, such as a comment made by her in 1975 that those suffering from hereditary diseases should be sterilised.[4] It was alleged that Patil had protected her brother, G. N. Patil, who had been named in connection with the Vishram Patil murder case,[13][clarification needed] while another alleged that as a Member of Parliament for Amravati between 1991 and 1996 Patil diverted Rs 36 lakh (Rs 3.6 million) from her MPLADS fund to a trust run by her husband Devisingh Shekhawat. This was in violation of Government rules which barred MPs from providing funds to organisations run by their relatives.[14] The parliamentary affairs minister denied any wrongdoing on Patil's part, and noted that the funds utilized under MPLADS are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India[15]The INC countered the various issues raised by claiming that in 1947, soon after India gained independence, Shekhawat had been briefly suspended from his police work for taking a bribe. The opposition denied this, and also the INC claim that he had been protecting his son, who had faced charges of illegally acquiring land.[10] The gender of Patil and her interest in issues relating to Indian women were reported as positive attributes. The BBC noted her supporters' claim that her election would be "a landmark for women in a country where millions routinely face violence, discrimination and poverty",[4] while Bloomberg summarised the opinion of the social activist Nafisa Ali as, "In India, where female infanticide is still common and women's representation in the lower house of parliament hasn't crossed 9 percent since independence in 1947, Patil's elevation is seen as a step toward greater empowerment of women."[7] The INC had campaigned for Shekhawat to stand down from his challenge in order to allow a woman to be elected.[16]Bal Thackeray, the leader of the Maharashtra-based Shiv Sena (SS) party that had been allies with the BJP for 21 years, had announced that his party would break ranks with the NDA and support Patil rather than Shekhawat. This was in part because of her gender but also because SS desired to see the country have a Marathi president. Although he did not expect the decision to cause a more general split with the BJP, Thackeray said that if Kalam had been willing to stand for a second term then SS would have supported him. He also noted that Shekhawat's position as an independent candidate was a ploy by the BJP who, according to him, had realised that if Shekhawat stood as a BJP candidate then he would lose support.[17]Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes[18] and took office as India's first woman president on 25 July 2007.[citation needed]The office of president has a five-year term[9] and Patil retired from the role in July 2012.[19]

[edit] PhilanthropyAlong with her husband, she set up Vidya Bharati Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, an educational institute which runs a chain of schools and colleges in Amravati, Jalgaon and Mumbai.[20] She also set up Shram Sadhana Trust, which runs hostels for working women in New Delhi, Mumbai and Pune; and an engineering college in Jalgaon.[20] She also founded a cooperative sugar factory known as Sant Muktabai Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana at Muktainagar[citation needed] and an eponymous cooperative bank, Pratibha Mahila Sahakari Bank, that ceased trading in February 2003.[21][edit] ControversiesPratibha Patil's term as the President of India has seen various controversies.[22]During her term as president, Patil has commuted the death sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record among them are those convicted of mass murder, kidnapping, rape and killing of children. Presidential office, however, defended this by saying that the President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry.[23][24][edit] Positions heldPatil has held various official offices during her career. These are:[2]

Pratibha Patil in Northeast India.PeriodPosition

196772Deputy Minister, Public Health, Prohibition, Tourism, Housing & Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Maharashtra

197274Cabinet Minister, Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

197475Cabinet Minister, Public Health & Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

197576Cabinet Minister, Prohibition, Rehabilitation and Cultural Affairs, Government of Maharashtra

197778Cabinet Minister, Education, Government of Maharashtra

1979 - 1980Leader of the Opposition, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly

198285Cabinet Minister, Urban Development and Housing, Government of Maharashtra

198385Cabinet Minister, Civil Supplies and Social Welfare, Government of Maharashtra

1986 - 1988Deputy Chairman, Rajya Sabha

198688Chairman, Committee of Privileges, Rajya Sabha; Member, Business Advisory Committee, Rajya Sabha

1991 - 1996Chairman, House Committee, Lok Sabha

8 November 2004 - 23 June 2007Governor of Rajasthan

25 July 2007 - 25 July 2012President of India

[edit] References1. ^ http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/pranab-mukherjee-sworn-in-as-13th-president-of-india-2473722. ^ a b c d "Ex Governor of Rajasthan". Rajathan Legislative Assembly Secretariate. http://rajassembly.nic.in/PratibhaPatil.htm. Retrieved 26 June 2012.3. ^ a b "Profile: President of India". NIC / President's Secretariat. http://india.gov.in/govt/whoswho.php?id=2. Retrieved 26 June 2012.4. ^ a b c d e f g h "Profile: Pratibha Patil". BBC. 21 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6910097.stm. Retrieved 26 June 2012.5. ^ "Former Governors of Rajasthan". Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Secretariat. http://rajassembly.nic.in/govphoto.htm. Retrieved 26 June 2012.6. ^ a b "Prez polls: Sonia announces Pratibha Patil's name". NDTV. 14 June 2007. http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070015515&ch=6/14/2007%206:54:00%20PM. Retrieved 3 July 2012.7. ^ a b Pradhan, Bibhudatta (19 July 2007). "Patil Poised to Become India's First Female President". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&sid=aHJhXtWRZ4bA&refer=india. Retrieved 2 July 2012.8. ^ "I will not be a rubber stamp President". PTI. Daily News & Analysis. 16 June 2007. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1103782. Retrieved 3 July 2012.9. ^ a b c Biswas, Soutik (13 July 2007). "India's muckraking presidential poll". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6294238.stm. Retrieved 3 July 2012.10. ^ a b c "Indian MPs vote for new president". BBC. 19 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6905905.stm. Retrieved 2 July 2012.11. ^ Singh, Sanjay (2 July 2007). "NDA's legal ploy fails, aims moral fire at Pratibha". DNA. http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1107322. Retrieved 3 July 2012.12. ^ Dhawan, Himanshi (27 June 2007). "Pratibha believes in spirits?". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Pratibha_believes_in_spirits/articleshow/2152156.cms. Retrieved 5 July 2012.13. ^ "Congman's wife drags Pratibha name into allegations, NDA distances itself". Indian Express. 23 June 2007. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/congmans-wife-drags-pratibha-name-into-allegations-nda-distances-itself/160239/0. Retrieved 5 July 2012.14. ^ DNA Mumbai Now, a land grab haunts Patil Daily News & Analysis. Dnaindia.com (2007-07-04). Retrieved on 2011-11-06.15. ^ "For family again: Patils MP funds for sports complex on land leased to husband society". Indian Express. 6 July 2007. http://www.indianexpress.com/story/203981.html. Retrieved 2011-11-06.16. ^ "Advani writes to EC, wants Patil to declare assets". The Times of India. PTI. 2 July 2007. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-02/india/27981884_1_upa-leaders-conscience-vote-pratibha-patil. Retrieved 3 July 2012.17. ^ Menon, Meena (26 June 2007). "Shiv Sena backs Pratibha Patil". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/26/stories/2007062651100100.htm. Retrieved 3 July 2012.18. ^ "First female president for India". BBC. 21 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6909979.stm. Retrieved 3 July 2012.19. ^ Kshirsagar, Alka (25 June 2012). "Pratibha Patil gets retirement home in Pune". Business Line (The Hindu). http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/economy/article3569095.ece. Retrieved 26 June 2012.20. ^ a b Pratibha Patil's Resume. The Times of India. 19 July 2007.21. ^ "Report on Trend and Progress of Banking in India, 2005-06: Appendix Table IV.3: Urban Co-operative Banks Under Liquidation". Reserve Bank of India. p.328 (5). http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/73892.pdf. Retrieved 5 July 2012.22. ^ President Pratibha Patil's brush with controversy - India News - IBNLive23. ^ "President defends mercy spree to death row convicts". 26 June 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-defends-mercy-spree-to-death-row-convicts/articleshow/14400295.cms.24. ^ "President Pratibha Patil goes on mercy overdrive". 22 June 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-Pratibha-Patil-goes-on-mercy-overdrive/articleshow/14330594.cms.[edit] External linksWikimedia Commons has media related to: Pratibha Patil

President of India Official SiteLok Sabha

PrecededbySudam DeshmukhMember for Amravati19911996SucceededbyAnant Gudhe

Political offices

PrecededbyMadan Lal KhuranaGovernor of Rajasthan20042007SucceededbyAkhlaqur Rahman Kidwai

PrecededbyAbdul KalamPresident of India20072012SucceededbyPranab Mukherjee

[hide] v t ePresidents of India

Rajendra Prasad Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Zakir Hussain V. V. Giri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Zail Singh R. Venkataraman Shankar Dayal Sharma K. R. Narayanan A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Pratibha Patil Pranab Mukherjee

Persondata

NamePatil, Pratibha

Alternative names

Short descriptionIndian politician

Date of birth19 December 1934

Place of birthNadgaon, Maharashtra, India

Date of death

Place of death

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References

PunjabNewsline.com - Youngest president of Shiromani Akali Dal

http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12pn12.htm

http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/12/stories/2007031216981400.htm

Benazir BhuttoFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search Benazir Bhutto

Prime Minister of Pakistan

In office19 October 1993 5 November 1996

PresidentWasim SajjadFarooq Leghari

Preceded byMoeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi (Acting)

Succeeded byMalik Meraj Khalid (Acting)

In office2 December 1988 6 August 1990

PresidentGhulam Ishaq Khan

Preceded byMuhammad Khan Junejo

Succeeded byGhulam Mustafa Jatoi (Acting)

Leader of the Opposition

In office5 November 1996 12 October 1999

Preceded byNawaz Sharif

Succeeded byFazal-ur-Rehman

In office6 November 1990 18 April 1993

Preceded byKhan Abdul Wali Khan

Succeeded byNawaz Sharif

Minister of Finance

In office26 January 1994 10 October 1996

Preceded byBabar Ali (Acting)

Succeeded byNaveed Qamar

In office4 December 1988 6 December 1990

Prime MinisterGhulam Mustafa Jatoi (Acting)Nawaz Sharif

Preceded byMahbub ul Haq (Acting)

Succeeded bySartaj Aziz

Minister of Defence

In office4 December 1988 6 August 1990

Preceded byMahmoud Haroon (Acting)

Succeeded byGhous Ali Shah

Chairperson of the Pakistan Peoples Party

In office12 November 1982 27 December 2007Acting until 10 January 1984

Preceded byNusrat Bhutto

Succeeded byAsif Ali ZardariBilawal Zardari Bhutto

Personal details

Born(1953-06-21)21 June 1953Karachi, Pakistan

Died27 December 2007(2007-12-27) (aged54)Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Political partyPakistan Peoples Party

Spouse(s)Asif Ali Zardari (19872007)

RelationsZulfiqar Ali Bhutto (father)Nusrat Bhutto (mother)Murtaza Bhutto (brother)Shahnawaz Bhutto (brother)Sanam Bhutto (sister)

ChildrenBilawalBakhtawarAsifa

Alma materHarvard UniversityLady Margaret Hall, OxfordSt Catherine's College, OxfordKarachi Grammar School

ReligionIslam

Signature

WebsiteOfficial website

This article contains Urdu text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

Benazir Bhutto (Sindhi: ; Urdu: , pronounced[benzir bo]; 21 June 1953 27 December 2007) was a public left-wing politician and stateswoman who served as the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1988 until October 1990, and 1993 until her final dismissal on November 1996. She was the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister of Pakistan and the founder of the Pakistan People's Party (PPP), which she led.In 1982, at age 29, Benazir Bhutto became the chairwoman of PPP a centre-left, democratic socialist political party, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. In 1988, she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state[1] and was also Pakistan's first (and thus far, only) female prime minister. Noted for her charismatic authority[2] and political astuteness, Benazir Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan's economy and national security, and she implemented social capitalist policies for industrial development and growth. In addition, her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the denationalisation of state-owned corporations, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Benazir Bhutto's popularity waned amid recession, corruption, and high unemployment which later led to the dismissal of her government by conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.In 1993, Benazir Bhutto was re-elected for a second term after the 1993 parliamentary elections. She survived an attempted coup d'tat in 1995, and her hard line against the trade unions and tough rhetorical opposition to her domestic political rivals and to neighbouring India earned her the nickname "Iron Lady";[3] she is also respectfully referred to as "B.B.". In 1996, the charges of corruption levelled against her led to the final dismissal of her government by President Farooq Leghari. Benazir Bhutto conceded her defeat in the 1997 Parliamentary elections and went into self-imposed exile in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in 1998.After nine years of self-exile, she returned to Pakistan on 18 October 2007, after having reached an understanding with President Pervez Musharraf, by which she was granted amnesty and all corruption charges were withdrawn. Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in a bombing on 27 December 2007, after leaving PPP's last rally in the city of Rawalpindi, two weeks before the scheduled 2008 general election in which she was a leading opposition candidate. The following year, she was named one of seven winners of the United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights.[4]Contents[hide] 1 Personal life 1.1 Background 1.2 Family 2 Martial Law: Arrest and imprisonment 2.1 Release and Self-exile 3 Political campaign 3.1 1988 parliamentary elections 4 Prime minister 4.1 First term (19881990) 4.1.1 Relations with India and Afghanistan war 4.1.2 Science policy 4.1.3 Atomic weapons programme 4.1.4 Space programme 4.1.5 1989 military scandal 4.1.6 Dismissal 4.2 Parliamentary opposition (19901993) 4.3 Second term (19931996) 4.3.1 Domestic affairs 4.3.2 Women's issues 4.3.3 Economic issues 4.3.3.1 Privatization and era of stagflation 4.3.4 Foreign policy 4.3.5 Relations with military 4.3.6 Policy on Taliban 4.3.7 Coup d'tat attempt 4.3.8 Death of younger brother 4.3.9 Dismissal 4.4 Parliamentary opposition (19961999) 5 Charges of corruption 6 Early 2000s (decade) in exile 6.1 Public life 6.2 Intention to return to Pakistan 6.3 Attitudes toward Urdu-speaking class 6.4 U.S. attempt for a Musharaff-Bhutto deal 7 2002 election 8 Return to Pakistan 8.1 Possible deal with the Musharraf Government 8.2 Return to Pakistan and the assassination attempt 8.3 2007 State of Emergency and response 8.4 Preparation for 2008 elections 9 Assassination 10 Controversies 10.1 Nuclear proliferation with North Korea 10.2 Position on 1998 Tests 11 Legacy 11.1 Domestic challenges 11.2 Assessment of 1997 elections 11.3 Honors and eponyms 12 Benazir Bhutto's books 13 See also 14 References 15 Books about Benazir Bhutto 15.1 Other related publications 16 External links

[edit] Personal life[edit] BackgroundBenazir Bhutto was born at Pinto Hospital[5] in Karachi, Sindh, Dominion of Pakistan on 21 June 1953. She was the eldest child of former prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was of Sindhi[6][7] ethnicity, and Begum Nusrat Ispahani, a Pakistani of Iranian Kurdish descent.[8][9][10] Her paternal grandfather was Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto. She had three younger siblings: brothers, Murtaza and Shahnawaz (both of whom became active in politics), and a sister, Sanam.Bhutto was raised to speak both English and Urdu;[11][12] English was her first language;[12] and while she was fluent in Urdu, it was often colloquial rather than grammatical.[11][12] Despite her family being Sindhi speakers, her Sindhi skills were almost non-existent.[11]She attended the Lady Jennings Nursery School and Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi.[13] After two years at the Rawalpindi Presentation Convent, she was sent to the Jesus and Mary Convent at Murree. She passed her O-level examinations at the age of 15.[14] She then went on to complete her A-Levels at the Karachi Grammar School.After completing her early education in Pakistan, she pursued her higher education in the United States. From 1969 to 1973 she attended Radcliffe College at Harvard University, where she obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with cum laude honours in comparative government.[15] She was also elected to Phi Beta Kappa.[14] Bhutto later called her time at Harvard "four of the happiest years of my life" and said it formed "the very basis of her belief in democracy". Later in 1995 as Prime Minister, she arranged a gift from the Pakistani government to Harvard Law School.[16] In 1989, during her first visit, Benazir Bhutto was conferred with her honorary Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) degree from Harvard University in 1989.In June 2006, she received an Honorary LL.D degree from the University of Toronto.[17]The next phase of her education took place in the United Kingdom. Between 1973 and 1977 Bhutto studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, during which time she took additional courses in International Law and Diplomacy.[18] After LMH she attended St Catherine's College, Oxford[19] and in December 1976 she was elected president of the Oxford Union, becoming the first Asian woman to head the prestigious debating society.[14] Her undergraduate career was dogged by controversy, partly relating to her father's unpopularity with student politicians.[20] Her election to the presidency of the union was secured only when the poll was re-run after Bhutto had accused the original winner, Vivien Dinham, of canvassing.[21]On 18 December 1987, she married Asif Ali Zardari in Karachi. The couple had three children: two daughters, Bakhtawar and Asifa, and a son, Bilawal. When she gave birth to Bakhtawar in 1990, she became the first modern head of government to give birth while in office.[22][edit] FamilyMain article: Bhutto familyBenazir Bhutto's father, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was removed from office following a military coup in 1977 led by the then chief of army General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, who imposed martial law but promised to hold elections within three months. Instead of holding general elections, General Zia charged Bhutto with conspiring to murder the father of dissident politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri.Despite the accusation being "widely doubted by the public",[23] and many clemency appeals from foreign leaders, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged on 4 April 1979 under the effective orders of Supreme Court of Pakistan. Appeals for clemency were dismissed by Chief Martial Law Administrator General Zia-ul-Haq. Benazir Bhutto, her siblings, and her mother were held in a "police camp" until May 1979.[24][edit] Martial Law: Arrest and imprisonmentMain articles: Left-wing politics in Pakistan, Jam Saqi case, and Soviet war in AfghanistanSee also: 1980s Far-right military regime in Pakistanand Movement for the Restoration of DemocracyAfter 1979, Zulfi Bhutto's children and his wife struggle hard against the ruthless far-right military dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq, despite consequences to themselves for their opposition. Benazir Bhutto and her younger brother Murtaza spent the next eighteen months in and out of house arrest while she worked to rally political support in an attempt to force General Zia-ul-Haq to drop murder charges against her father. On behalf of Bhutto's former Law minister Abdul Hafeez Pirzada and Fakhruddin Abrahim, the Bhutto's family filed a petition at the Chief Martial Law Administrator Office for the reconsideration the sentence of Zulfikar Bhutto, and for the release of Bhutto's friend Dr. Mubashir Hassan. However, General Zia-ul-Haq claimed to have misplaced the petition, and further ignored worldwide appeals for clemency. Zulfikar Bhutto was hanged on April 1979 despite the international pressure. Following the hanging of Bhutto, Benazir and Murtaza were arrested repeatedly. Following PPP's victory in the local elections, General Zia postponed the national elections indefinitely and moved Benazir, Murtaza, and their mother Nusrat Bhutto from Karachi to Larkana Central Jail. This was the seventh time that Nusrat Bhutto and her children had been arrested within two years of the military coup. After repeatedly placing them under house arrest, the regime finally imprisoned her under solitary confinement in a desert cell at Sindh Province during the summer of 1981. She described the conditions in her wall-less cage in her book "Daughter of Destiny", which goes by the title of "Daughter of the East" in Commonwealth countries for copyright reasons:The summer heat turned my cell into an oven. My skin split and peeled, coming off my hands in sheets. Boils erupted on my face. My hair, which had always been thick, began to come out by the handful. Insects crept into the cell like invading armies. Grasshoppers, mosquitoes, stinging flies, bees and bugs came up through the cracks in the floor and through the open bars from the courtyard. Big black ants, cockroaches, seething clumps of little red ants and spiders. I tried pulling the sheet over my head at night to hide from their bites, pushing it back when it got too hot to breatheBenazir Bhutto, summer of 1981After her six-month imprisonment in Sukkur jail, she remained hospitalised for months after which she was shifted to Karachi Central Jail, where she remained imprisoned until 11 December 1981. She was then placed under house arrest in Larkana for eleven months and Karachi for fourteen.[edit] Release and Self-exileIn January 1984, after six years of house arrests and imprisonment, General Zia succumbed to international pressure and allowed Bhutto's family to travel abroad for medical reasons. After undergoing surgery, she resumed her political activities and began to raise awareness about the mistreatment of political prisoners in Pakistan at the hands of Zia regime. This intensified pressure forced General Zia into holding a referendum to give legitimacy to his government. The referendum held on 1 December 1984 proved to be a farce: only 10% of the voters bothered to turn out despite the state machinery. In 1985, Benazir Bhutto received news at a local hotel in Nice, France that her brother Shahnawaz Bhutto was murdered by poisoning. The Bhutto family believed that this was done under orders from General Zia-ul-Haq, prompting Zulfikar Bhutto's children to hide.Further pressure from the international community forced General Zia to hold elections, for a unicameral legislature on a non-party basis. Benazir Bhutto announced a boycott of the election on the grounds that they were not being held in accordance with the constitution of Pakistan. She continued to raise her voice against human rights violations by the Zia regime and addressed the European Parliament in Strasbourg in 1985. In retaliation to the speech, Zia announced death sentences for 54 members of her party at a military court in Lahore headed by Zia himself.[edit] Political campaign

At left during Parliamentary session in 19981999. From left: Chaudhry Muhammad Barjees Tahir, Ajmal Khattak, Aitzaz Ahsan, Benazir Bhutto.

Benazir Bhutto on a visit to Washington, D.C. in 1989Benazir Bhutto, who had returned to Pakistan after completing her studies, found herself placed under house arrest in the wake of her father's imprisonment and subsequent execution. Having been allowed to return to the United Kingdom in 1984, she became a leader in exile of Pakistan People's Party (PPP). For the first time in the history of Pakistan, a woman was chairwoman of a major political party, though she was unable to make her political presence felt in Pakistan until after the death of General Zia. She succeeded her mother as chairperson of the PPP and the pro-democracy opposition, although a left wing alliance, the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) to the far-right and ultraconservative military government of General Zia.[edit] 1988 parliamentary electionsMain article: Pakistani general election, 1988The seat, from which Benazir contested for the safe constituency for the post of Prime Minister in 1980s, namely, NA 207. This seat was considered a Bhutto clan's post and first contested in 1926 by the late Sardar Wahid Bux Bhutto, in the first ever elections in Sindh, British Indian Empire. The elections were for the Central Legislative Assembly of India. Sardar Wahid Bux won, and became not only the first elected representative from Sindh to a democratically elected parliament, but also the youngest member of the Central Legislative Assembly at age 27. Wahid Bux's achievement was monumental as it was he who was the first Bhutto elected to a government, from a seat that would, thereafter, always be contested by his family members.Therefore, it was he who paved the way for subsequent Bhuttos to enter Pakistani politics. Sardar Wahid Bux went on to be elected to the Bombay Council. After Wahid Bux's untimely and mysterious death at the age of 33, his younger brother Nawab Nabi Bux Bhutto contested from the same seat and remained undefeated until retirement. It was Nabi Bux who then gave this seat to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to contest in 1970. On 16 November 1988, the first open political elections in more than a decade were held and Benazir Bhutto won major provinces of Pakistan and had the largest percentile for seats in the National Assembly a lower house of Parliament.[edit] Prime minister[edit] First term (19881990)Benazir Bhutto became 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 2 December 1988. Arriving at the Prime Minister Secretariat, Benazir Bhutto addressed the huge crowd:We gather together to celebrate freedom, to celebrate democracy, to celebrate the three most beautiful words in the English language: `"We the People."Benazir Bhutto on December 2, 1988,[25]Initially on 2 December, Benazir Bhutto formed a coalition government with MQM, a liberal party, as her ally. As time passed, Bhutto quietly isolated MQM's influence from government and later ousted them, establishing a single party government and claiming the entire mandate from all of Pakistan. During this time, the effects of General Zia's domestic policies began to reveal themselves and she found them difficult to counter. During her first term, Bhutto vowed to repeal the controversial Hudood Ordinance and to revert the Eight Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto also promised to shift Pakistan's semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system. But none of the reforms were made and Benazir began to struggle with conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan over the issues of executive authority. President Khan repeatedly vetoed proposed laws and ordinances that would have lessened his presidential authority. Benazir Bhutto's accomplishments during this time were in initiatives for nationalist reform and modernisation, which some conservatives characterised as Westernization.[edit] Relations with India and Afghanistan warMain articles: Kashmir insurgency, PakistanSoviet Union relations, Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan, and Civil war in Afghanistan (19891992)Benazir took the office in the crucial and penultimate decade of Cold War, and closely aligned with the United States President George H. W. Bush, based on a mutual distrust of Communism,[25] although she strongly opposed United States's support of Afghan Mujaheddin which she labeled "America's Frankenstein" during her first state visit to United States in 1989.[26] Benazir Bhutto's government oversaw and witnessed the major events in the alignment of the Middle East and the South Asia.[25] On the Western front, the Soviet Union was withdrawing its combatant forces in Afghanistan and the United States-Pakistan alliance had broken off with the United States suspicions on Pakistani nuclear weapons, in 1990. Benazir Bhutto deliberately attempted to warm the relations with neighboring India and met with prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1989 where she negotiated for a trade agreement when the Indian premier paid a farewell visit to Pakistan.[27] The goodwill relations with India continued until 1990 after V. P. Singh succeeded Gandhi as Premier.[28] The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) influence on Singh forced him to abrogate with agreements, and the tensions began to arise with Pakistan after BJP forced its hardline policies on Kashmir to Pakistan.[28] Soon, the Singh administration launched the military operation in Kashmir to curbed the liberation movement.[28] In response, Benazir allegedly gave authorization for covert operations to support Kashmiri succession movements in Indian Kashmir.[29][30][31] In 1990, Major-General Pervez Musharraf, who was the Director-General of the Directorate-General for the Military Operations (DGMO), proposed a strategic plan against India to Benazir Bhutto calling for a Kargil Infiltration, but Benazir refused because General Musharraf didn't have a strategy for dealing with any resultant international fallout.[28] In 1988, Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul met with Bhutto and advocated for a plan supporting the Khalistan movement, a Sikh nationalist movement. General Gul justified this strategy as the only way of preempting a fresh Indian threat to Pakistan's territorial integrity.[32] Bhutto disagreed with his views and asked him to stop playing this "card".[32] General Gul refused and, politely told the Prime minister in mocking French accent that, "Madame' Prime Minister, keeping [Indian] Punjab destabilized is equivalent... to the Pakistan Army.... having an extra division at no cost to the taxpayers...".[32]On the Western front, Bhutto also authorised further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and the Soviet influence in the region.[33] One of her notable military authorisations was military action in Jalalabad of Soviet Afghanistan in retaliation for the Soviet Union's long unconditional support of India, a proxy war in Pakistan, and Pakistan's loss in the 1965 and 1971 wars.[33] This operation was "a defining moment for her [Benazir's] government" to prove the loyalty to Pakistan Armed Forces.[33] This operation planned by then-Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul, with inclusion of U.S. ambassador to Pakistan Robert Oakley.[33] Known as Battle of Jalalabad, it was intended to gain a conventional victory on Soviet Union after Soviet Union had withdrawn its troops.[33] The central planner of this operation was Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul who gained Bhutto's permission and authorisation after he had briefed her on the Afghanistan situation.[33] The mission, planned solely by Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul, brutally failed in a matter of two months with no effective results produced.[33] The morale of the mujahideen involved in the attack slumped and many local commanders ended truces with the government.[33] Angered and frustrated with the outcomes of the operation, Benazir Bhutto, who was already displeased with Gul, immediately deposed and sacked Lieutenant-General Hamid Gul while his rank was not degraded but his pay rate was made equivalent to Major rank officer.[33] Bhutto's decision to depose Gul was one of her authoritative moves that surprised many senior statesman, though they did back her.[33] She replaced Gul with another Lieutenant General Shamsur Rahman Kallu who proved to be more a capable officer in the Afghan war than Gul.[33] After Gul's removal, Benazir Bhutto took the matter into her own hands by favouring a political settlement between all the Afghan Mujaheddin factions and hence international legitimacy for the new government. This was never achieved and the factions began fighting each other, further destabilising the country. Benazir also promoted and strengthened relations with the United Kingdom, and met with her British counterpart Margaret Thatcher where a financial assistance and trade agreement was signed by both prime ministers. In all, during her first government, Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy revolved around Afghanistan, India, and the United States.[edit] Science policyMain article: Science in PakistanWhile on her trip to United Kingdom in 1990, Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Dr. Abdus Salam, a Nobel laureate in Physics and science advisor of her father, where she had paid great respect to Abdus Salam. During her first and second term, Benazir Bhutto followed the same policy on science and technology as her father did in 1972, and promoted the military funding of science and technology as part of her policy. However, in 1988, Benazir Bhutto was denied access to any of the country's classified national research institutes run under the Pakistan Armed Forces which maintained under the control of civilian President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff.[34] Ironically, Bhutto was deliberately kept unaware about the progress of the nuclear complexes when country passed the milestone of manufacturing fissile core decades ago.[34] The U.S. Ambassador, Robert Oakley, was the first diplomat to have notified about the complexes in 1988.[34] Shortly after this, Benazir summoned Chairman of the PAEC, Munir Ahmad Khan who she knew since 1975 in her office where Khan brought Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan with him and introduced Dr. Khan to the prime minister.[35] At there, Benazir Bhutto learned to status of this crash program which had been matured since 1978, and on behalf of dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Benazir first paid the visit to KRL in 1989 which angered the President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.[36][37] Benazir Bhutto also responded to Khan when she moved the Ministry of Science and Technology's office to the Prime Minister Secretariat with Munir Ahmad Khan directly reporting to her.[37] Benazir Bhutto had successfully eliminated any possibilities of Khan's involvement or any influence in science research programmes, a policy which also benefited Nawaz Sharif.[37] During her first and second term, Benazir Bhutto issued funding of many projects entirely devoted to country's national defence and security.[37] Dismissal of Lieutenant-General Gul by Benazir Bhutto had played a significant role on Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg who did not interfere in the matters science and technology, remained supportive towards Benazir Bhutto's hard line actions on the President.[37] In 1990, Benazir denied to allot funds of any military science projects that would be placed under Lieutenant-General Zahid Ali Akbar, despite Akbar was known to be closed to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. In 1990, she forced Akbar from resigning from his active duty, and as director-general of Army Technological Research Laboratories (ATRL); she replaced him with Lieutenant-General Talat Masood as E-in-C of ATRL as well as director of entire military projects.If we don't, India will go ahead and adopt aggressive designs on us... To preserve the minimum deterrence, tests should be performed this month of year....

Benazir Bhutto, 1998, [38]

In 1980s, Benazir Bhutto started aerospace projects such as Project Sabre II, Project PAC, Ghauri project under dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1990 and the Shaheen programme in 1995 under dr. Samar Mubarakmand.[39][40] The starting of the integrated space weapons programme was one of the major contributions that enhanced Pakistan's atomic bomb program as well.[39] To some observers and historians, Benazir is widely considered as "mother" of Pakistan's space programme, is widely given credit for given the authorisation and nurturing the development of the Ghauri and Shaheen programme.[39]During her second term, Benazir Bhutto declared "1996", a year of "information technology", and envisioned her policy of making Pakistan a "global player" in the information technology.[41] One of her initiatives was the launching of the an ambitious package of computer literacy through participation from the private sector.[41] Benazir issued an executive decree allowing to complete duty-tariff free imports of hardware and software exports, and to provide a low rate for data communications in public and private sector.[41] Benazir Bhutto also established and set up the infrastructure of soft-ware technology parks in rural and urban cities, and approved a financial assistance loan for soft-ware houses for public sector.[41][edit] Atomic weapons programmeMain article: Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent ProgramIn opposition to her conservative opponent Nawaz Sharif whose policy was to make the nuclear weapons programme benefit the economy, Benazir Bhutto took aggressive steps and decisions to modernise and expand the integrated atomic weapons programme founded and started by her father in 1972, was one of the key political administrative figures of Pakistan's nuclear deterrent development.[42] During her first time, Benazir Bhutto established the separate but integrated nuclear testing programme in the atomic bomb programme, thus establishing a nuclear testing programme where the authorisations were required by the Prime minister and the military leadership.[43] Despite Benazir's denial for the authorisation of the nuclear testing programme in her second term, Benazir continued to modernise the programme into new heights despite the United States' embargo, which she termed this embargo as "contractual obligation".[44]It took only two weeks and three days for Pakistan to master the [atomic] field... and (detonate) the nuclear devices of our own...

Benazir Bhutto, on first nuclear tests on May 1998, [45]

It was during her regime that Pressler amendment came in effect in an attempt to freeze the programme.[44] While her frequent trips to United States, Benazir Bhutto refused to compromise on the nuclear weapons programme and, shifted her rogue criticism to the Indian nuclear programme, and attacked the Indian nuclear programme on multiple occasions.[44] Benazir Bhutto had mislead the U.S. when she told the United States Government that the programme had been frozen, but the programme was progressively modernized and continued under her watch.[42] Under her regime, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) had conducted series of improvised designs of nuclear weapons designed by Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) at PAEC.[42] Benazir Bhutto's father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who was the father of Pakistan's nuclear deterrence programme, and was instructed to keep in touch with senior scientists involved in this programme.[42] Benazir Bhutto also carried messages to Munir Ahmad Khan from her father and back in 1979 as her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, had instructed his daughter to remain in touch with the Chairman of PAEC.[nb 1] In this context, Bhutto had appointed Munir Ahmad Khan as her Science Adviser who kept her informed about the development of the programme. In all, the nuclear weapons and energy program remained Benazir's top priority as with the country's economy.[43] During her first term, the nuclear program was under attack and under pressure by the Western world, particularly the United States.[43] Despite the economic aid that was offered by the European Union and the United States in return to halt or freeze the program, Benazir did not compromise and continued this crash program under her first and second regime.[43]During her first term, Bhutto had approved and launched the Shaheen programme as she had advocated for this programme strongly.[43] A vocal and avid supporter of the program, Bhutto also allotted funds for the programme, and strategic programs were launched under Bhutto's premiership.[43] On 6 January 1996, Bhutto publicly announced that if India conducts a nuclear test, Pakistan could be forced to "follow suit".[46] Bhutto later said that the day will never arise when we have to use our knowledge to make and detonate a [nuclear] device and export our technology.[47]The People of (Pakistan)... are "security conscious" because of the (1971) severe trauma, and the three wars with (India). Our (Pakistan) nuclear development was peaceful... but was "an effective deterrence to India"..... because (New Delhi) had detonated a nuclear device. She (Pakistan)...., thus, had to take every step to ensure its territorial integrity and sovereignty.....Benazir Bhutto, on Pakistan's nuclear weapons,[48][edit] Space programmeBenazir Bhutto continued her policy to modernise and expand the space programme and as part of that policy, she launched and supervised the clandestine project integrated research programme (IRP), a missile programme which remained under Benazir Bhutto's watch and successfully ended in 1996, also under her auspices.[39] As part of her policy, Benazir constituted the establishment of National Development Complex[40] and the University Observatory in Karachi University and expanded the facilities for the space research. Pakistan's first military satellite, Badr-I, was also launched under her government through China, while the second military satellite Badr-II was completed during her second term.[49] With launching of Badr-I, Pakistan became the first Muslim country to have launched and placed a satellite in Earth's orbit, second only after India.[50] She declared 1990 a year of space in Pakistan and conferred national awards to scientists and engineers who took participation in the development of this satellite.[50][edit] 1989 military scandalMain article: Operation Midnight JackalIn 1989, public media reported a sting operation and political scandal codename, Midnight Jackal, when former members of ISI hatched a plan to topple the Bhutto government.[51] Midnight Jackal was a political intelligence operation launched under President Ghulam Ishaq Khan and the Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg, and the objectives were to bring the vote of no confidence movement in the Parliament by bribing the members of Benazir's own party.[51] Lieutenant-General Asif Nawaz had suspected the activities of Brigadier-General Imtiaz Ahmad, therefore, a watch cell unit was dispatched to keep an eye on the Brigadier.[51]This operation was exposed by ISI when it had obtained a VHS tape containing the conversation between two former army officers and former members of ISI, from the Intelligence Bureau (IB).[51] The tape was confiscated by ISI director-general Lieutenant-General Shamsur Rahman Kallu who showed this tape to Benazir the next day.[51] The video tape showed the conversation of Major Amir Khan and Brigadier-General Imtiaz Ahmed revealed that Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Baig of that time wanted to end government due to some issues.[51] Though the Brigadier had failed to prove the General Beg's involvement, General Mirza, on the other hand, sharply denied the accusation and started a full fledged courts martial of these officers with Benazir being the civilian Judge of JAG Branch to proceed the hearings.[51] The officers were deposed from their services and placing them at Adiala military correctional institute in 1989. It was not until 1996, that the officers were released from the military correctional institute by the order of Prime minister Nawaz Sharif.[51][edit] DismissalBy the 1990, Benazir Bhutto had successfully lessened the role of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan in government operations as well as Khan's importance in the military.[52] With the following revelation of Midnight Jackal, Benazir had successfully undermined Khan's importance in national politics and his influence in government-ruling operations on the day-to-day basis.[51] Benazir Bhutto was thought by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to be a young and inexperienced figure in politics, though highly educated.[52] But, Khan had miscalculated the capabilities of Bhutto who emerged as a 'power player' in international politics.[52] Benazir Bhutto's authoritative actions frustrated the President who was not taken in confidence while the decisions were made, and by 1990, the power struggle between the Prime minister and President ensued.[52] Because of the semi-presidential system, Benazir needed permission from Khan for imposing new policies, which Khan vetoed as he seen to moderate or contradict to his point of view. Benazir, through her legislators, also attempted to shift parliamentary democracy to replace the semi-presidential system, but Khan's constitutional powers always vetoed Benazir's attempts.[52]The amid tales of corruption began to surfaced in the media in the nationalised industries and corporations which undermined the credibility of Benazir Bhutto.[52] The unemployment and labour strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country and Benazir Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to in a cold war with the President.[52] In November 1990, after a long political battle, Khan finally used the Eighth Amendment (VIII Amendment) to dismiss the Bhutto government following charges of corruption, nepotism, and despotism.[52] Khan soon called for new elections in 1990 where Bhutto conceded defeat.[52][edit] Parliamentary opposition (19901993)Following her dismissal in 1990, the Election Commission of Pakistan called for the new parliamentary elections in 1990. The Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA) under the leadership of conservative leader Navaz Sharif won the majority in the Parliament, Benazir Bhutto accepted her defeat soon after. For the first time in the history of Pakistan, the conservative forces had a chance to rule the country, and Navaz Sharif became 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan and Benazir Bhutto was took over the role of Leader of the Opposition for the next five years.In November of 1992, Benazir Bhutto attempted to perform a 10-mile march from Rawalpindi to Islamabad. However, Bhutto was forced to discontinue the rally due to a threat of being arrested from Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.[53] The demonstration was an anti-government rally that upset Pakistan officials.[54] As a result, she was placed on house arrest and vowed to bring down the Pakistani government.[55] In December of 1992, a two day march was conducted in protest of Nawaz Sharif.[56] In July of 1993, Nawaz Sharif resigned from his position due to political pressure.During 1990 until 1993, Benazir Bhutto worked for her voice and screen image. Pakistan affair intellectual, Anatol Lieven, compared her accent as "cut-glass accent", but acknowledge her education and good-standing academic background.[57] Benazir Bhutto began regularly to attend lunches at the Institute of Development Economics (IDE), a think tank founded in 1950s; she had been visiting IDE and reading its publications since the mid 1970s. During this time, the IDA launched a secret campaign against Benazir Bhutto's image to demoralised the party workers; this campaign brutally backfired on Nawaz Sharif when the media exposed the culprits and motives behind this plot.[58] More than . 5 million were spent on this campaign and it had undermined the credibility of the conservatives who also failed to resolve issues among between them.[58]Despite an economic recovery in the late 1993, the IDA government faced public unease about the direction of the country and an industrialisation revolved and centred only in Punjab Province. Amid protest and civil disorder in Sindh Province, following the imposition of Operation Clean-up, the IDA government lost the control of the province.[59] The Peoples Party attacked the IDA government's unemployment records, and industrial racism.[60] However, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed the conservative government on same charges when Sharif attempted to revert the 8th Amendment but was unsuccessful. Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto would unite to oust the President who lost the control of the country in matter of weeks. Khan too was forced to resign along with Nawaz Sharif in 1993, and an interim government was formed until the new elections. A parliamentary election was called after the resignation of Nawaz Sharif and Ghulam Ishaq Khan by Pakistan Armed Forces. Both Sharif and Benazir Bhutto compaigned with full force, targeting each other's personalities.[61] Their policies were very similar but saw a clash of personalities with both parties making many promises but not explaining how they were going to pay for them.[62]Sharif stood on his record of privatisations and development projects and pledged to restore his taxi giveaway program.[62][63] Bhutto promised price supports for agriculture, pledged a partnership between government and business and campaigned strongly for the female vote.[63][edit] Second term (19931996)Though the Pakistan People's Party won the most seats (86 seats) in the election but fell short of an outright majority, with the PML-N in second place with 73 seats in the Parliament.[64] The PPP performed extremely well on Bhutto's native province, Sindh, and rural Punjab, while the PML-N was strongest in industrial Punjab and the largest cities such as Karachi, Lahore and Rawalpindi.[65] On 19 October 1993, Benazir Bhutto was sworn as Prime Minister for second term allowing her to continue her reform initiatives.[65]Benazir Bhutto learned a valuable experience and lesson from the presidency of Ghulam Ishaq Khan, and the presidential elections were soon called after her re election.[64] After carefully examining the candidates, Benazir Bhutto decided to appoint Farooq Leghari as for her president, in which, Leghari sworned as 8th President of Pakistan on 14 November 1993 as well as first Baloch to have became president since the country's independence.[64] Leghari was an apolitical figure who was educated Kingston University London receiving his degree in same discipline as of Benazir Bhutto.[64] But unlike Khan, Leghari had no political background, no experience in government running operations, and had no background understanding the civil-military relations.[64] In contrast, Leghari was a figurehead and puppet president with all of the military leadership directly reporting to Benazir Bhutto.[64] She first time gave the main ministry to the minorities and appointed Mr. Julius Salik (formerly J. Salik) as Minister for Population Welfare. The previous governments only give ministry for minority affairs as a minister of state or parliamentary secretary. J. Salik is a very popular leader among minorities and won the MNA seat by getting highest votes throughout Pakistan.[edit] Domestic affairsMain articles: Indophobia and Operation Blue FoxBenazir Bhutto was Prime Minister at a time of great racial tension in Pakistan.[3] Her approval poll rose by 38% after she appeared and said in a private television interview after the elections: "We are unhappy with the manner in which tampered electoral lists were provided in a majority of constituencies; our voters were turned away."[65] The Conservatives attracted voters from religious society (MMA) whose support had collapsed.[65] The Friday Times noted "Both of them (Nawaz and Benazir) have done so badly in the past, it will be very difficult for them to do worse now. If Bhutto's government fails, everyone knows there will be no new elections. The army will take over".[64] In confidential official documents Benazir Bhutto had objected to the number of Urdu speaking class in 1993 elections, in context that she had no Urdu-speaking sentiment in her circle and discrimination was continued even in her government.[3] Her stance on these issues was perceived as part of rising public disclosure which Altaf Hussain called "racism".[3] Due to Benazir Bhutto's stubbornness and authoritative actions, her political rivals gave her the nickname "Iron Lady"[3] of Pakistan.[3] No response was issued by Bhutto, but she soon associated with the term.[3]

Benazir Bhutto meeting with socialist intellectuals in 1996 during a socialist convention in Pakistan.The racial violence in Karachi was reached at peak and became a biggest problem for Benazir Bhutto to counter.[3] The MQM attempted to make an alliance with Benazir Bhutto under her own conditions, but Benazir Bhutto refused.[3] Soon the second operation, Operation Blue Fox was launched to wipe the MQM from country's political spectrum.[3] The results of this operation remains inconclusive and resulted in thousands killed or gone missing, with majority contains Urdu-speaking.[3] Benazir Bhutto issued the statement to MQM asking the MQM to surrender to her government unconditionally.[66] Though the operation was halted in 1995,[66] but amid violence continued and, Shahid Javed Burki, a professor of economics, noted that "Karachi problem was not so much an ethnic problem as it was an economic question.[67] Amid union and labour strikes beginning to take place in Karachi and Lahore, which were encouraged by both Altaf Hussain and Nawaz Sharif to undermine her authority,[68] Benazir Bhutto responded by disbanding these trade union and issuing orders to arrest the leaders of the trade unions, while on other hand, she provided incentives to local workers and labourers as she had separated the workers from their union leaders successfully.[69] Benazir Bhutto expanded the authoritative rights of Police Combatant Force and the provisional governments that tackled the local opposition aggressively.[69] Bhutto, through her Internal Security Minister Naseerullah Babar, intensified the internal security operations and steps gradually putting down the opposition's political rallies, while she did not complete abandoned the reconciliation policy. In her own worlds, Benazir Bhutto announced: "There was no basis for (strikes)... in view of the on going political process...".[69]In August 1993, Benazir Bhutto narrowly escaped an assassination attempt near her residence in the early morning. While no one was injured or killed, the culprits of this attempt went into hiding.[70] In December 1993, disturbing news began to surface in the Swat valley when Sufi Muhammad, a religious cleric, began to mobilise the local militia calling for overthrow of the "un-Islamic rule of [Iron] Lady".[70] Benazir Bhutto responded quickly and ordered the Pakistan Army to crackdown the militia, leading to the movement crushed by the Army and the cleric was apprehended before he could escape.[70]However, corruption grew during her government, and her government became increasingly unpopular amid corruption scandals which became public. One of the most internationally and nationally reported scandals was the Agosta Submarine scandal. Benazir Bhutto's spouse Asif Ali Zardari was linked with former Admiral Mansurul Haq who allegedely made side deals with French officials and Asif Ali Zardari while acquiring the submarine technology. It was one of the consequences that her government was dismissed and Asif Ali Zardari along with Mansurul Haq were arrested and a trial was set in place. Both Zardari and Haq were detained due to corruption cases and Benazir Bhutto flew to Dubai from Pakistan in 1998.[edit] Women's issuesDuring her election campaigns, she had promised to repeal controversial laws (such as Hudood and Zina ordinances) that curtail the rights of women in Pakistan.[71] Bhutto was pro-life and spoke forcefully against abortion, most notably at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, where she accused the West of "seeking to impose adultery, abortion, intercourse education and other such matters on individuals, societies and religions which have their own social ethos."[72] However, Bhutto was not supported by the leading women organisations, who argued that after being elected twice, none of the reforms were made, instead controversial laws were exercised more toughly. Therefore, in 1997 elections, Bhutto failed to secure any support from women's organisations and minorities also gave Bhutto the cold-shoulder when she approached them. It was not until 2006 that the Zina ordinance was finally repealed by a Presidential Ordinance issued by Pervez Musharraf in July 2006.[73]Bhutto was an active and founding member of the Council of Women World Leaders, a network of current and former prime ministers and presidents.[74][edit] Economic issuesMain article: Second Phase, Nationalization programmeSee also: Seventh Five-Year Plans of Pakistan

The total GDP per capita stood between 8.4% (in 1970s) and 8.3% (in 199396), periods of nationalisation.Benazir Bhutto was an economist by profession; therefore during her terms, Benazir Bhutto had no Minister to lead the Ministry of the Treasury. Benazir Bhutto appointed herself as Treasury Minister, taking the charge of economic and financial affairs on her hand. Benazir sought to improve the country's economy which was declining as the time was passing.[75] Benazir disagreed with her father's nationalization and socialist economics.[75] Soon after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Benazir attempted to privatize major industries that were nationalized in 1970s.[75] Benazir Bhutto promised to end the nationalisation programme and to carried out the industrialisation programme by means other than the state intervention.[76] But controversially Benazir Bhutto did not carry out the denationalization programme or liberalization of the economy during her first government.[76] No nationalized units were privatized, few economic regulations were reviewed.[76]

During the periods of 199396, the local local production of coal remained steady.Pakistan suffered a currency crisis when the government failed to arrest the 30% fall in the value of the Pakistani Rupee from . 21 to .30 compared to the United States dollar.[75] Soon economic progress became her top priority but her investment and industrialisation programs faced major setbacks due to conceptions formed by investors based upon her People's Party nationalisation program in 1970s.[75] By the 1990s, Khan and Benazir Bhutto's government had also ultimately lost the currency war with the Indian currency when the Indian Rupee beat the value of Pakistan rupee for the first time in 1970s.[75] Benazir Bhutto's denationalisation program also suffered from many political setbacks, as many of her government members were either directly or indirectly involved with the government corruption in major government-owned industries, and her appointed government members allegedly sabotaged her efforts to privatised the industries.[75]Justice is economic independence. Justice is social equality...

Benazir Bhutto, 1996, Cited source[77]

Overall, the living standard for people in Pakistan declined as inflation and unemployment grew at an exponential rate particularly as UN sanctions began to take effect.[75] During her first and second term, the difference between rich and poor visibly increased and the middle class in particular were the ones who bore the brunt of the economic inequality.[75] According to a calculation completed by the Federal Bureau of Statistics, the rich were statistically were improved and the poor declined in terms of living standards.[75] Benazir attributed this economic inequality to be a result of ongoing and continuous illegal Bengali immigration.[75] Benazir Bhutto ordered a crackdown on and deportation of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants.[78] Her action strained and created tensions in BangladeshPakistan relations, with prime minister Khaleda Zia, who was in power in Dhaka during the time. Zia refused to accept the deportees and reportedly sent two planeloads back to Pakistan. Religious parties also criticised Bhutto and dubbed the crackdown as anti-Islamic.[78]This operation backfired and had devastating effects on Pakistan's economy.[78] President Khan saw this as a major economic failure despite Khan's permission granted to Benazir Bhutto for the approval of her economic policies.[75] Khan blamed Benazir for this extensive economic slowdown and her policy that failed to stop the illegal immigration.[75] Khan attributed Benazir Bhutto's government members corruption in government-owned industries as the major sink hole in Pakistan's economy that failed to compete with neighbouring India's economy.[75][edit] Privatization and era of stagflationMain articles: Second Phase, Privatization Programme, Eighth Five-Year Plans (Pakistan), and Periods of Stagflation

The GDP growth rate was at ~4.37% in 1993, which fell to ~1.70% in 1996, before Bhutto's dismissal.During her second term, Benazir Bhutto continued to follow former prime minister Nawaz Sharif's privatisation policies, which she called a "disciplined macroeconomics policy".[79] After the 1993 general elections, the privatisation programme of state-owned banks and utilities accelerated; more than 42 billion was raised from the sale of nationalised corporations and industries,[80] and another $20 billion from the foreign investment made the United States.[79] After 1993, the country's national economy again entered in the second period of the stagflation and more roughly began bite the country's financial resources and the financial capital.[81] Bhutto's second government found it extremely difficult to counter the second era of stagflation with Pressler amendment and the US financial and military embargo tightened its position.[81] After a year of study, Benazir Bhutto implemented and enforced the Eighth Plan to overcome the stagflation by creating a dependable and effective mechanism for accelerating economic and social progress. But, according to American ambassador to Pakistan, William Milam's bibliography, "Bangladesh and Pakistan:Flirting with Failure in South Asia", the Eighth Plan (which reflected the Soviet styled highly centralized and planned economic system) was doomed to meet with failure from the very beginning of 1994, as the policies were weak and incoherent.[82]On many occasions, Benazir Bhutto resisted to privatise the globally competitive and billion dollar worth state-owned enterprises (such as Pakistan Railway and Pakistan Steel Mills), instead the grip of nationalisation in those state-owned enterprises was tightened in order to secure the capital investment of these industries. The process of privatisation of the nationalised industries was associated with the marked performance and improvement, especially the terms of labour productivity.[80] A number of privatization of industries such as gas, water supply and sanitation, and electricity general, were natural monopolies for which the privatization involved little competition.[80] Interestingly, the currency gained in the process of privatization was avoided not spent on people's living standard, and it was in 1997, when the Auditor-General and Institute of Public Finance Accountants founded that the amount gained in privatization had gone somewhere else and it was no where to be found in government's account.[83]Furthermore, Benazir denied that privatisation of the Pakistan Railways would take place despite the calls made in Pakistan, and was said to have told to Chairman of the Planning Commission Naveed Qamar, "Railways privatization will be the "blackhole" of this government. Please never mention the railways to me again". Benazir Bhutto always resisted to privatised the UBL, but UBL management sent the recommendation for the privatisation which dismayed the labour union.[84] The United Group of Employees Management (UGEM) asked the Madame Prime minister for issue of regulation sheet which she denied.[84] The holding of UBL in government control turned out to be a move that ended in "disaster" for Benazir Bhutto's government.[84][edit] Foreign policySee also: Pakistan-North Korea relations, Pakistan-India relation, Pakistan - Israeli relations,and Civil war in Afghanistan (19921996)Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy was controversial. As for her second term, Benazir Bhutto expanded Pakistan's relations with the rest of the world. As before like her father, Benazir Bhutto sought to strengthen the relations with socialist states, and Benazir Bhutto's first visit to Libya strengthened the relations between the two countries.[85] Benazir also thanked Muammar al-Gaddafi for his tremendous efforts and support for her father during before Zulfikar's trial in 1977.[85] Ties continued with Libya but deteriorated after Nawaz Sharif became prime minister in 1990 and again in 1997.[85] In Pakistan, Gaddafi was said to be very fond of Benazir Bhutto and was a family friend of Bhutto family, but disliked Nawaz Sharif due to his ties with General Zia in the 1980s.[85] Benazir Bhutto is said to have paid a state visit to North Korea in early 1990 and in 1996, and according to journalist Shyam Bhatia, Bhutto smuggled CDs containing uranium enrichment data to North Korea on a state visit that same year in return for data on missile technology.[86] According to the expert, Benazir Bhutto acted as female "James Bond",[35] and left with a bag of computer disks to pass on to her military to North Korea.[35]

Benazir Bhutto in the United States, 1989.Major-General Pervez Musharraf closely worked with Benazir Bhutto and her government in formulating the foreign strategy with Israel.[87] In 1993, during Benazir Bhutto's state visit to the United States, Major-General Pervez Musharraf who was tenuring as the Director-General of the Pakistan Army's Directorate-General for the Military Operation (DGMO), was ordered by Bhutto to join this state visit.[87] As unusual and unconventional it was for the Director of the Directorate-General for Military Operations (DGMO) to join this trip, Benazir Bhutto and her DGMO had chaired a secret meeting with Israeli officials in New York in 1993 who especially flew to Washington.[87] Under her guidance, General Musharraf had intensified the ISI's liaison with Israel's Mossad.[87] A final meeting took place in 1995, and General Musharraf had also joined this meeting with Benazir Bhutto after she ordered General Musharraf to fly to New York immediately.[87] Benazir Bhutto also strengthened relations with communist state Vietnam and visited Vietnam to sign the mutual trade and international political cooperation between both countries.[44] In 1995, Benazir Bhutto paid a state visit to United States where she held talks with U.S. President Bill Clinton. During the visit, Benazir Bhutto urged the United States to amend the Pressler Amendment and emphasized United States to launch a campaign against the extremism.[44] Though, the Prime Minister criticized U.S.'s nonproliferation policy and demanded that the United States honour its contractual obligation.[44] She was successful in getting the United States to pass the Brown Amendment which released Pakistani government funds which had been frozen after the Pressler Amendment, However the arms exports ban remained.During her second term, the relationship with P. V. Narasimha Rao of India further deteriorated. As like her father, Benazir Bhutto used the rhetoric opposition to India, campaigning international community against the Indian nuclear programme.[88] On 1 May 1995, Benazir Bhutto used harsh language and publicly warned India for her "continuation of [Indian] nuclear programme would have terrible consequences".[88] India responded to this statement as interfering in India's "internal matter", and the Indian Army fired a RPG near at the Kahuta which further escalating the events leading into the full-fledged war.[3] When the news reached to Benazir Bhutto, she responded by high-alerting the Air Force Strategic Command which, heavily armed Arrows, Griffins, Black Panthers and the Black Spiders (all of these squadrons are part of the Strategic Command) began to take the air sorties and patrol the Indo-Pakistan border on day and night regular missions.[3] On 30 May, India test fired the Prithvi-1 missile near the Pakistan border, which was condemned by Benazir Bhutto.[3] Following this test, Benazir responded by deploying Shaheen-I missile, however these missiles were not armed.[3] Benazir Bhutto permitted PAF to deploy the Crotale missile defence and the Anza-Mk-III near at the Indian border which escalated the conflict, but it had produced effective results that kept the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force from launching any surprise attack.[3] In 1994, she bought the Agosta submarines and the AIP technology from France to replace the aging Daphn-class submarines for the Pakistan Navy.[89] It was a highly controversial agreement, but it had tripled the Pakistan's naval capabilities that later posed a substantial threat to Indian Navy to launch a naval adventure against Pakistan.;[89] Benazir Bhutto later deployed the Pakistan Navy's Mu-90 torpedo, and authorised a submarine operation to patrol the vicinity of Pakistan naval borders in order to keep Indian Navy away from the economical ports.[89]In 1995, the ISI reported to the Bhutto that P.V. Narasimha Rao, Indian Premier had given an authorisation for nuclear tests, and the tests could be conducted any minute.[3] Benazir responded by putting the country's nuclear arsenal programme on high-alert[90] emergency preparations were made by the government, and Benazir Bhutto ordered the Pakistan Armed Forces to stay on high-alert.[88] However, after the United States interfered, the Indian operations for conducting the nuclear tests were called off and the Japanese tried to provide mediation between both countries.[88] However, in 1996, Benazir Bhutto met with the Japanese officials where she warned India about conducting the nuclear tests, and in the first time, Benazir Bhutto revealed that Pakistan has achieved "parity" with India in its "capacity" to produce nuclear weapons and their "delivery capability."[88] While talking to Indian press, Benazir Bhutto said that Pakistan "cannot afford to negate the parity we maintain with India" in the nuclear area.[88] Benazir Bhutto's statements represent a departure from Pakistan's previous policy of "nuclear ambivalence.[88] Soon after learning this news, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto issued a statement concerning the tests in which she reportedly told the international press and condemned Indian nuclear tests, as she put it:if (India) conducts a nuclear test, it would forced her (Pakistan) to.. "follow suit...The day will never arise... when we (Pakistan)...have to use our knowledge to make and detonate a [nuclear] device and export our [nuclear] technology...Benazir Bhutto, 6 January 1996,[88]Benazir Bhutto also intensified her policy on Indian-held Kashmir by rallying against India.[91] Benazir Bhutto, accompanied by her then-Speaker of the National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani (future prime minister) at the Inter-Parliamentary Union meeting at the United Nations, gave a vehement and intensified criticism to India which upset and angered the Indian delegation headed by prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[91] Vajpayee responded by saying: It is Pakistan which is flouting the United Nations resolution by not withdrawing its forces from Kashmir...You people create problems every time. You know the Kashmiri people themselves acceded to India. First, the Maharajah, then the Kashmiri parliament both decided to go with India".[91]In 1996, Benazir Bhutto attacked the Indian nuclear programme and warned India of "tragic consequences".[92] Bhutto criticised Indian held-Kashmir and described it as the worst example of Indian intransigence.[92] Benazir also countered Indian allegation for Pakistan's putative nuclear test as "baseless allegation".[92] Bhutto criticised India as a bid to hide its plan to explode a nuclear device, and failure to cover up its domestic problems including its failure in suppressing the freedom struggle in Kashmir.[92][edit] Relations with militaryDuring her first term, Benazir Bhutto had strained relationship with the Pakistan Armed Forces, especially with Pakistan Army. Chief of Army Staff General Mirza Aslam Beg had cold relations with the elected prime minister, and continued to undermine her authority. As for the military appointments, Benazir Bhutto refused to appoint General Beg as the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, instead invited Admiral Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey to take the chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[93][94] In 1988, Benazir Bhutto appointed Air Chief Marshal Hakimullah as the Chief of Air Staff and Admiral Jastural Haq as the Chief of Naval Staff. In 1988, shortly after assuming the office, Benazir Bhutto paid a visit to Siachen region, to boost the moral of the soldiers who fought the Siachen war with India.[95] This was the first visit of any civilian leader to any military war-zone area since the country's independence in 1947.[95] In 1988, Benazir appointed Major-General Pervez Musharraf as Director-General of the Army Directorate General for Military Operations (DGMO); and then-Brigadier-General Ishfaq Pervez Kayani as her Military-Secretary.[96] In 1989, the Pakistan Army exposed the alleged Operation Midnight Jackal against the government of Benazir Bhutto.[97] When she learned the news, Benazir Bhutto ordered the arrest and trial of former ISI officer Brigadier Imtiaz Ahmad and Major Amir Khan, it was later revealed that it was General Beg who was behind this plot.[97] General Beg soon paid the price in 1993 elections, when Benazir Bhutto politically destroyed the former general and his career was over before taking any shifts in politics.[97] During her first term, Benazir Bhutto had successfully removed senior military officers including Lieutenant-Generals Hamid Gul, Zahid Ali Akbar, General Jamal Ahmad Khan, and Admiral Tarik Kamal Khan, all of whom had anti-democratic views and were closely aligned to General Zia-ul-Haq, replacing them with officers who were educated in Western military institutes and academies, generally the ones with more westernised democratic views.[98]During her second term, Benazir Bhutto's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach, when she carefully appointed General Abdul Waheed as the Chief of Army Staff.[98] General Abdul Waheed was an uptight, strict, and a professional officer with a views of Westernized democracy. Benazir also appointed Admiral Saeed Mohammad Khan as Chief of Naval Staff; General Abbas Khattak as Chief of Air Staff.[98] Whilst, Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was appointed Chairman Joint Chiefs who was the first (and to date only) Pakistani air officer to have reached to such 4 star assignment. Benazir Bhutto enjoyed a strong relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces, and President who was hand-picked by her did not questioned her authority.[98] She hand-picked officers and promoted them based on their pro-democracy views while the puppet President gave constitutional authorisation for their promotion.[98] The senior military leadership including Jehangir Karamat, Pervez Musharraf, Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, Ali Kuli Khan, Farooq Feroze Khan, Abbas Khattak and Fasih Bokhari, had strong Western democratic views, and were generally close to Bhutto as they had resisted Nawaz Sharif's conservatism.[98] Unlike Nawaz Sharif's second democratic term, Benazir worked with the military on many issues where the military disagreement, solving many problems relating directly to civil-military relations.[98] Her tough and hardline policies on Afghanistan, Kashmir and India, which the military had backed Benazir Bhutto staunchly.[98]After the assassination was attempted, Benazir Bhutto's civilian security team headed under Rehman Malik (now current interior minister), was disbanded by the Pakistan Army whose X-Corps' 111th Psychological Brigade an army brigade tasked with countering the psychological warfare took control of the security of Benazir Bhutto, that directly reported to Chief of Army Staff and the Prime Minister.[98] Benazir Bhutto ordered General Abdul Waheed Kakar and the Lieutenant-General Javed Ashraf Qazi director-general of ISI, to start a sting and manhunt operation to hunt down the ringmaster, Ramzi Yousef. After few arrests and intensive manhunt search, the ISI finally captured Ramzi before he could flew the country.[98] In matter of weeks, Ramzi was secretly extradited to the United States, while the ISI managed to kill or apprehend all the culprits behind the plot. In 1995, she personally appoint