圣经希伯来文初阶 1 希伯来文字母表（ alphabet miscellaneous/00 study guide_ch.pdf ·...

圣经希伯来文初阶-学习指南 1

©J Beckman, translated by Martin 2012.08.30 HebrewSyntax.org Copy freely

第一章 – 希伯来文字母表（ Alphabet）务必熟练掌握带粗体序号的问题答案！

默写希伯来文字母表 ת ש ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר ש ז ו ה ד ג ב א

哪些字母会因为中间有没有点而发生读音的变

化？它们叫什么？ begad kephat 字母；它们分别是 ב ג ד כ פ ת

使读音发生变化的点叫什么名字? Dagesh Lene

转写希伯来文字母表 ʾ b/ḇ g/ḡ d/ḏ h w z ḥ ṭ y k/ḵ l m n s ʿ p/p ṣ q r ś š

t/ṯ

哪些字母有字尾形？写出原形及其字尾形 צ ץ פ ף נ ן מ ם כ ך

第题答案的记忆法是什么? CoMMoN FaTS

默写喉音（guttural letters）. א ה ח ע

Bet 和 Kaf 的区别是什么? Bet ב 右下角处有突起.

Kaf כ 右侧是椭圆形（操场的弯道形状）.

如何对比记忆 Kaf 和 Qof? Kaf ‘cough’ כ 看起来像咳嗽时张口的样子

如何区别 Gimmel 和 Nun?

Gimmel ג 右下角处有突起

Nun נ 右下角处为直角

有些人书写 Nun 时，上方无短横线, 例： נ

如何区别 Hay, Ḥet, 和 Tav?

He ה 左上角有空隙.

Ḥet ח 左上角无空隙.

Tav ת 左下角有突起，左上角无空隙

如何区别 Sin 和 Shin?

有何记忆法？

Sin ש 在左上方有一小点.

Shin ש 在右上方有一小点.

‘Sin is never right’

如何区别 Mem字尾形和 Samech? Final Mem ם 左、右下角都是方的.

Samech ס 左、右下角都是圆的.

如何区别 Dalet 和 Resh? Dalet ד 右上角是方的，并且有突起.

Resh ר 右上角是圆的.

如何区别 Tsade 和 Ayin? Tsade צ 右下角像一个锐角.

Ayin ע 右下角像一个钝角.

如何区别 Waw, Zayin, Yod, Kaf字尾形, 以及

Nun 字尾形?

Waw ו 右上角无突起.

Zayin ז 右上角有突起.

Yod י 像个小小的直角.

Kaf ך 字尾形短线较长，竖线较长,

右上角是直角,

通常里面有两个小点(Shewa) �

Nun ן 字尾形，短线较短，竖线较长.

2 圣经希伯来文初阶-学习指南

Copy Freely HebrewSyntax.org J Beckman, translated by Martin 2012.08.30

第二章 – 希伯来文元音（ Vowels）

默写希伯来文长元音及其英文名，并转写（非

元音字母） ◌ Qamets ā ◌ Tsere ē ◌ Holem ō

如何转写长元音（非元音字母）？在相应英文字母上方加上划线: ā, ē, ō

默写希伯来文短元音及其英文名，并转写（非

元音字母）

◌ Pathach a ◌ Seghol e ◌ Hireq i

◌ Qamets Hatuf o ◌ Qibbuts u

如何转写短元音（非元音字母）？ with a plain letter: a, e, i, o, u

默写希伯来文轻元音及其英文名，并转写 ◌ Hateph Pathach ă ◌ Hateph Seghol ĕ

◌ Hateph Qamets Hatuf ŏ ◌ Vocal Shewa ə

默写希伯来文 Hateph 元音及其英文名，并转

写

◌ Hateph Pathach ă ◌ Hateph Seghol ĕ

◌ Hateph Qamets Hatuf ŏ

如何转写 Hateph 元音？在相应字母上方加 Hateph 音符号（小 u）: ă,

ĕ, ŏ (拼音的第三声)

如何辩论元音字母？元音字母有一个辅音作为元音的一部分（这个辅

音不再是辅音，而是元音的一部分）。

哪些字母被用来组成元音字母？ ה Hay י Yod ו Vav

如何转写元音字母？在相应字母上方加上类似倒 v 的符号: â, ê, î, ô, û

默写带有 Hay的元音字母及其英文名，并转

写

ה◌ Qamets Hay â ◌ה Tsere Hay ê

ה◌ Seghol Hay ê ◌ה Holem Hay ô

默写带有 Vav的元音字母及其英文名，并转写 ◌� Holem Vav ô ◌ו Shureq û

默写带有 Yod 的元音字母及其英文名，并转

写

י◌ Seghol Yod ê ◌י Tsere Yod ê

י◌ Hireq Yod î

哪些元音字母的读音与其相应的元音一样?

例： ◌י vs. ◌ ה◌ , vs. ◌ ◌ vs ו ,

除了 Hireq Yod 以外，其他都一样。

◌י is ‘machine’ whereas ◌ is ‘bit’

哪些元音字母是长元音? ◌ה 是短元音，其他都是长元音。

哪些是恒元音? 带有 י Yod 或 ו Vav 的元音字母

哪些元音只在字尾出现? 带有 ה Hay 的元音字母: ◌ה ה◌ , ה◌ , ה◌ ,

有哪两类 Shewa? Vocal Shewa 和 Silent Shewa

两类 Shewa 的共同点是什么? 写法一样 ◌

都处于音节的最后位置

两类 Shewa 有何区别?

Vocal Shewa 是轻元音（reduced vowel）,

而 Silent Shewa 不是元音.

Vocal Shewa 有发音并且转写,

而 Silent Shewa 既不发音也无转写.

带有 Vocal Shewa 的辅音开始并结束一个音

节，而 Silent Shewa 不能开始一个音节.



什么是 defective writing? 恒元音写成普通元音

有哪些 defective writing? � ◌ ו◌ ◌ י◌ ◌

Hireq ◌ 是长元音还是短元音?

Hireq ◌ 是短元音.

补充: 如果 Hireq ◌ 是 Hireq Yod ◌י 的 defective

writing, 那么 Hireq ◌ 是长元音.

Qibbuts ◌ 是长元音还是短元音?

Qibbuts ◌ 是短元音.

补充: 如果 Qibbuts ◌ 是 Shureq ו的 defective

writing, 那么 Qibbuts ◌ 是长元音.

什么是 Quiescent Aleph?（默音א） Aleph 没有任何元音或是 silent shewa

Aleph 什么时候 quiescent? 有 Silent Shewa 的时候

有 reduced vowel 时，偶尔也会.

如果在 Shin ש 之前的辅音似乎没有元音，是

怎么回事？

(2 种可能)

如果前面的辅音是 Aleph，并且没有元音，则可

能是 Quiescent Aleph.

否则， Shin ש 前面的辅音带有元音 Holem, 但

是 Holem ◌ 与 Shin ש 的点重合了(某些字体下)

ש 是什么(2 个点) ? ש 是带有元音 Holem ◌ 的 Sin ש

如果 Sin ש 看起来没有元音，但是并不是处于

字尾的位置，这是怎么回事?

如何得知?

Sin ש 带有元音 Holem ◌ , 但是 Holem和 Sin ש

的点重合了 (在某些字体下会出现这种情况).

因为所有的辅音(Quiescent Aleph 和字尾辅音除

外) 必须带有元音或是 silent shewa.

Dagesh Forte 看起来像什么? Dagesh Forte 是辅音里面的一个点.

看起来与 Dagesh Lene 一模一样.

哪些辅音可以带 Dagesh Forte? 任何辅音，除了喉音 ( ח א ע ה ) 和 Resh ר (GR)

Dagesh Forte 有什么作用?

Dagesh Forte 复制相应辅音：第一个辅音结束一

个音节，第二个辅音开始一个新的音节

例：英文单词 = bet | ter

begadkephat 字母带有 Dagesh Forte 读音是什

么?

Begadkephat 字母中 Dagesh Forte 复制的是 hard sound.

例：带 Dagesh Forte 的 כ = kk, 而不是 kk

当字尾形 Kaf ך 里面的两个点 �代表什么? Silent Shewa

� 发什么音？为什么？ k (soft sound: Bach 或 Loch 中 ch 的音)

因为没有 Dagesh



第三章 –音节划分及发音（Syllabification&Pronunciation）

希伯来文音节有什么共同点?（少数特例）以一个辅音开始.

只有一个元音.

有哪两类希伯来文音节? 开音节以元音结尾.

闭音节以辅音结尾.

以最后一个音节为参照，从左到右的音节名称 Ultima – Penultima – Antepenultima

或 Ultima – Penult – Antepenult

以重读音节为参照，从左到右的音节名称 (PostTonic –) Tonic – Pretonic – Propretonic

希伯来文单词如何重读? 通常是最后一个音节 {ultima}

有时是倒数第二个音节 {penultima}

一般教科书如何标注重音符号? 只有重读音节是倒数第二音节的时候

有哪两类 Dagesh?

它们对其相应的辅音有何影响?

Dagesh Forte 复制其相应辅音.

Dagesh Lene 硬化（harden） begadkephat 读音

两类 Dagesh 分别出现在音节的什么位置? Dagesh Forte 结束一个音节并开始另一个.

Dagesh Lene 开始一个音节

只有在什么情况下是 Dagesh Forte？前面的辅音带有元音，但不是 Shewa.

Shewa 在什么情况下是 Silent Shewa?

前面是短元音或者重读长元音，没有 metheg

(不在 Dagesh Forte 下面)

{在另一个 Shewa 前面}

处于字尾的位置

Shewa 在什么情况下是 Vocal Shewa?

处于字首

在 Dagesh Forte 下面

前面的元音带有 Metheg

前面是非重读长元音

前面是另一个 Shewa (而且不在字尾)

◌ 是什么元音? Qamets (long A) 或 Qamets Hatuf (short O)

如何得知 ◌ 是 Qamets 还是 Qamets Hatuf?

Qamets Hatuf 只出现于非重读音节，闭音节或

者后面跟着的是 Hatef Qamets Hatuf ◌ ◌ .

非重读的 ◌ ◌ 是模棱两可的.

如果不能确定，就假设是 Qamets（更常见）

的最后一个元音是什么? Furtive Pathach ברח

Furtive Pathach 对发音、转写及音节划分有何

影响?

Furtive Pathach 在其相应的辅音前面发音及转写

Furtive Pathach 不参与音节划分.

?中是哪类 Aleph חטאת

其特点是什么？ Quiescent Aleph，因为没有元音

quiescent aleph 对发音及音节划分有何影响? Quiescent aleph 不发音

Quiescent aleph 从不开始一个音节

一般教科书提到的双元音是什么?

对音节划分有何影响? ◌ י 作为一个整体开始并结束一个音节



第四章 – 希伯来文名词（Nouns）希伯来名词的数? 单数, 双数 (2), 或者复数 (2 及更多)

希伯来名词的性? 要么阳性，要么阴性.

有个别名词有时被视为阳性，有时被视为阴性.

阳性单数名词(ms)有什么字尾？几乎所有的 MS 名词无字尾 Ø

有一小部分 MS 名词的字尾是 ◌ה

阴性单数名词(fs)最常见的字尾是什么? 大部分 FS 名词的字尾是 ◌ה

阴性数数名词(fs)所有可能的字尾 ◌ה / ◌ת / ◌ת / ◌ית / ות

还有一小部分 FS 名词无字尾 Ø

阳性双数 (md) 名词字尾. ◌ים

阴性双数 (fd) 名词字尾. ◌ים ים / ◌ ת

阳性复数 (mp) 名词字尾. ◌ים (有时短写: ◌ם )

一小部分 MP 名词使用 FP 字尾 ת�

阴性复数(fp) 名词字尾. ת� (有时短写: ◌ת )

一小部分 FP 名词使用 MP 字尾 ◌ים

问题 10–20, 指出相应字尾名词的数和性及其确定性:

无字尾单数

很可能是阳性

ה◌ 阳性单数

ה◌ 阴性单数

ת◌ 阴性单数

ת◌ 阴性单数

ית◌ 阴性单数

阴性单数 ות

ים◌ 双数

很可能是阳性

ים◌ ת 阴性双数

ים◌ 复数

很可能是阳性

�ת复数

很可能是阴性

词典中词条的形叫什么形? 词典形（ lexical form）

名词的词典形的数是什么? 单数



哪类词是 Geminate 名词? 第二个和第三个辅音为同一辅音

(例, אמם). 现在的词典形失去了第三个辅音

如何 reduce 一个元音? 把那个元音变为 Vocal Shewa.

o 在喉音下用 Hateph 元音 (通常是 ◌ )

对于复数或者双数名词如何寻找其词典形？

去掉复数/双数字尾

可能需要补上单数字尾

最后一个符音若无元音，去掉其 Dagesh Forte.

若无单数字尾，很可能需要改变元音

o Reduced 元音很可能需要变成常规元音.

o 常规元音可能也需要改变

o 元音字母不需要改变.

Shewa 准则在什么情况起作用? 当两个 reduced 元音相邻时

Shewa 准则对哪类 Shewa 起作用? 为什么? 只对 Vocal Shewa 起作用

因为 Silent Shewa 不是 Reduced 元音

Shewa 准则如何起作用? 把前面的 reduced 元音变成短元音.

Shewa 准则如何改变以下元音组合？（假设所有的 Shewa 都是 Vocal；א 代表任何喉音）

◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌

א ◌ א ◌ ◌ א

א◌ א◌ א◌

א ◌ א ◌ ◌ א

א◌ א◌ א◌

א ◌ א ◌ ◌ א (◌ 是 Qamets Hatuf)

(下面是 Qamets Hatuf א ) א◌ א◌ א◌

י ◌ י ◌ ◌י

א�הים◌ א�הים◌ ◌א�הים (默音 Aleph)

יהוה◌ יה◌ וה ◌יהוה (读音为 ◌אדני )

如果以下元音组合是因为 Shewa 准则导致，那么它们变化之前是什么？

◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌ ◌

א ◌ א ◌ ◌ א

א◌ א◌ א◌

א ◌ א ◌ ◌ א

א◌ א◌ א◌

א ◌ א ◌ ◌ א (◌ is Qamets Hatuf)



(has Qamets Hatuf א ) א◌ א◌ א◌

י◌ י ◌ ◌י

א�הים◌ א�הים◌ ◌א�הים (Quiescent Aleph)

יהוה◌ יהוה◌ ◌יהוה (pronounce ◌אדני )

为什么 Shewa 准则最常发生在字首?

在 reduced 元音前的 Shewa 是 Silent Shewa，除

非这个 Shewa 出现在字首.

o 例： ◌ ◌ 中的 Shewa 是 Silent Shewa, 除非

其出现在字首.

什么时候 Shewa 准则在字中间的位置发生? 为

什么?

前面的元音是 Hateph 元音 (例： ◌ ◌ )

因为 Hateph 元音永远是 reduced 元音 (并且在

reduced 元音之后的 Shewa 是 Vocal Shewa).

对于问题 37–40, 翻译不规则复数名词，并指出其词典形：

נשים .vs אנשים

נשים ‘女人’（复）1 或 ‘妻子’（复） (אשה)

אנשים ‘男人’（复）或 ‘丈夫’（复） (איש)

o Mnemonic: real men are ʾănāšîm-ed.

o ‘Alpha male’ so ‘men’ is אנשים not נשים

ב�תא ב�תא ‘列祖’（复） (אב)

(עיר ) ’城市（复）‘ ערים ערים

תים בנים .vs בנ�ת .vs ב

תים ית ) 房屋’（复）‘ ב (ב

בנ�ת ‘女儿’（复） ( בת)

בנים ‘儿子’（复） ( ןב )

ימים .vs ימים

ימים ‘日/天’（复） ( י�ם)

ימים ‘海’（复） ( ים)

o ‘海’是 geminate 名词. 把 Mem מ 里面的

Dagesh Forte 想象成海里的一艘船.

1 翻译单词的时候，要求把单复数翻译出来。比如对于נשים ，要求翻译成“女子们”、“妻子们”、“女子（复）”、

“妻子（复）”、“女子（p）”或者“妻子（p）”等。



第五章 – 定冠词及连词 Waw （Conjunction Waw）标有‘补充’ 的答案此是不需要记忆.

一个名词在什么情况下是特定名词?

只有在以下情况，名词才是限性定的

有定冠词 (the)

专有名词(proper noun)

有代词后缀 (第 9 章) (pronominal suffix)

在附属组合里面，其最后一个名词是限定性名

词 (第 10 章. §10.2.2)

部分带有 Dagesh Forte 的辅音在某些情况下会

失去 Dagesh Forte.

这些名词的记忆法是什么? 这些辅音分别是什么?

SQiN ‘eM LeVY 或 MY LoVe iS a QueeN

S = ס צ ש ש

Q = ק

N = נ

M = מ

L = ל

V = ו

Y = י

中列出的辅音在何时会失去 Dagesh Forte?

当他们带有 Shewa 时, SQiN eM LeVY 辅音有

时会失去 Dagesh Forte (如果有的话), 但是有时

并不失去.

当 SQiN eM LeVY 辅音没有 Shewa 时, 从不失

去 Dagesh Forte (如果有的话).

上述辅音何时失去 Dagesh Lene? SQiN eM LeVY 辅音永远不会有 Dagesh Lene,

因为他们不是 BeGaD KePHaT 辅音.

哪些辅音永远不会有 Dagesh Forte? 喉音[Gutturals ( א ה ח ע ) ]和 Resh ( ר )

什么是补偿延长 compensatory lengthening? 一个短元音变成一个长元音，作为对其后面的

辅音失去 Dagesh Forte 时的补偿.

什么情况会发生 compensatory lengthening? 喉音（ G ）或 Resh（R）拒绝了 Dagesh Forte

Aleph 拒绝了 Shewa 成为 quiescent

SQiN eM LeVY 辅音失去 Dagesh Forte 时何时

会有 compensatory lengthening? 从不

如果 Qamets ◌ 是由于 compensatory

lengthening, 它之前是什么? Pathach ◌ ◌ ◌

如果 Tsere ◌ 是由于 compensatory lengthening,

它之前是什么? Hireq ◌ ◌ ◌

如果 Holem ◌ 是由于 compensatory

lengthening, 它之前是什么? Qibbuts ◌ ◌ ◌

什么是 virtual doubling? dagesh forte 被拒绝, 但是没有 compensatory

lengthening.

当喉音（ Guttural）或 Resh 拒绝了 Dagesh

Forte 时, 如何得知有 compensatory lengthening?

Resh （R）拒绝 Dagesh Forte 时几乎总是会导

致 compensatory lengthening.

喉音（G）的规则较复杂，而且也不绝对.



定冠词通常有什么含意? 特定的一个 (“the city”)

补充: 定冠词还有其他什么含意?

指示形容词 Demonstrative adjective (“that city”)

呼格 Vocative (“O city”)

最高级 Superlative (“the best city”)

所有格代词 Possessive pronoun (“his hand”)

通常翻译成什么? “今天”‘today’ (rather than ‘the day’) הי�ם

定冠词通常如何拼写? ◌ה (He 和 pathach, 后面跟着 dagesh forte)

作为一个词的前缀 prefix.

补充:

定冠词还有什么其他写法? ה或 ה或 ה

字首的 ו 是什么? 是 conjunction Waw

{整本圣经中有 31 处例外}.

其最常见的翻译是什么? And（中文更复杂一些，如：和、于是，常常

不翻译）

补充: conjunction Waw 有什么写法? ו, ו, ו, ו, ו, ו, וי [不需要记忆]

当 conjunction Waw 拼写成 Shureq 时，如何划

分音节? 它比较奇特之处是什么?

Shureq 本身成为一个音节.

奇特之处是它不是以辅音开始一个音节.

如果 ו 和冠词附于同一个词，谁先谁后? conjunction ו, 因为它永远出现在字首.

希伯来文有非限性性冠词吗? 没有。希伯来文没有非定冠词(‘a, an’)。有时用量

词“一个”(אחת或אחד)来表达非限定性名词。



第六章 – 希伯来文介词（Preposition）当你看到 Dagesh Forte 时, 它之前可能是什么? 不带元音的 Nun (或者带有 Shewa)

希伯来文中有哪几类介词?

独立 Independent: separate word

连接号 Maqqef: joined to a word with a “ ־ ”

不可分 Inseparable(前缀): prefixed to a word

介词前缀有哪些？ [inseparable prepositions?]

（这些介词只能做为前缀）

ב = in, at, with, by, against

כ = as, like, according to

ל = to, toward, for

介词前缀加在有定冠词的词前会发生什么变

化？

定冠词中的 ה 被介词取代.

定冠词的元音和 Dagesh Forte (若有) 仍然保留

带有介词前缀的名词在什么情况下不存在定冠

词？

介词下面的元音在以下情况没有定冠词：

是 Shewa. 例： ל , כ , ב

可以用 Shewa 准则来解释

例： ◌ב或 ◌ב或 ◌ב或 ◌ב

带有介词前缀的名词在什么情况下一定存在定

冠词？

介词下面的元音在以下情况一定有定冠词

无 Shewa, 并且不能用 Shewa 准则来解释

补充: 带有介词前缀的名词在什么情况下不能

确定是否存在定冠词?

以下情况无法确定

(来代替 כ 或 ב 可以用 ל)

ה ל ח ל , א ל , ,或 ע ל

哪些介词可以作为前缀？ מן , ל , כ , ב [写成 ◌מ]

介词 מן有哪两种写法? 以连接号（ Maqqef）连接 מן־

作为前缀 ◌מ

当一个词以喉音或 Resh 开始时，加上前缀מן

会发生什么情况？

喉音或者 Resh 拒绝 Dagesh

א ע ה ר 有 compensatory lengthening, 所以מן的

Hireq 变成 Tsere: מר ,מה ,מע ,מא

ח 有 virtual doubling ( מח )

?有什么含意 מן־

“从”from

比较用法（比较级）:

对……来说太……（“too X for Y”）

比……更……（“more X than Y”）

最高级（Superlative） מכל “the most …”

部分的“some of”

……

直接宾格标记（definite direct object marker,

DDO）如何拼写？

独立介词 את

连接号（maqqef ）את־

和介词“with”的写法一样

DDO( את 或 את־ )什么时候用到? 经常置于限定性直接宾格前面.

直接宾格是非限定性时，不出现.



第七章 – 希伯来文形容词（ Adjectives）形容词的性? 阳性或阴性 (没有中性)

形容词的数? 单数或复数 (没有双数)

形容词的词典形? 阳性单数

形容词的性和数由什么决定? 形容词的性和数与其修饰或代表的名词一致.

修饰双数名词的形容词的数是什么? 双数名词使用复数形容词

因为没有双数形容词

列出所有形容词字尾

无字尾 Ø MS

◌ה MS

◌ה FS

◌ים MP

ת� FP

修饰 אב�ת ‘fathers’的形容用的是阳性还是阴

性? 为什么?

◌ים 因为 אב�ת 是阳性复数. אב�ת ט�בים

形容词与其修饰的名词的性和数相匹配 (而非字

尾).

形容词用法?

属性 Attributive: “the good book”

谓语 Predicate: “the book is good”

名词 Substantive: “the good”

如果一个形容词在名词附近，并且其性与数相

匹配，这个形容词是什么用法？很可能是谓语 predicate 或是定语用法 attributive

如果在附近找不到一个修饰的名词，它是什么

用法？其性和数代表什么？

名词用法 substantival.

性和数为其代表名词的性和数

属性形容词记忆法

State和 explain the mnemonic for attributive adjectives.

Attributive After noun, Article Agrees After –位于名词之后

Article Agrees –冠词相匹配

谓语形容词记忆法

State和 explain the mnemonic for predicate adjectives.

Predicate Perpetually dePrived Perpetually deprived – A predicate adjective

never has the article. （永远无定冠词）

如果一个形容词在名词之前，是定语用法还是

谓语用法？为什么？

谓语。因为定语在名词之后。

Predicate because Attributive After

如果一个形容词在名词之后，是定语用法还是

谓语用法？为什么？定语或谓语，因为两都可以在名词之后。

指向后缀（directional ending）是什么?

◌ ה (非重读) 作为后缀（prefix）

与 FS 后缀 ◌ה 一样，但是非重读.

表示运动朝向名词.

后缀 ◌ה 是什么? 重读 FS 字尾（名词或形容词）

重读方向后缀 Directional ending



第八章 – 希伯来文代词（Pronouns）什么是代词? 代替名词的词

“独立人称代词”中的“独立”是什么意

思？（Independent 人称代名词）

永远是一个独立的词

(永远不作为前缀或是后缀出现).

独立人称代词还有什么名字？为什么？主格代词 Subject pronoun

因为它在句子中永远是主格

中文中第一、二、三人称代词分别是什么？

1st: 我，我们（I, we）

2nd: 你，你们（you）

3rd: 他，她，它，他们（he, she, it, they）

希伯来文疑问词（ interrogative particle）? ה (常见), ה或 ה (有时)

疑问词在句子中处于什么位置? 从句中第一个词的最前面.

疑问词有什么含意? 是/否问题。

前缀 ה 什么时候是定冠词（ article）? 如果不在从句之首

如果拼写成 ◌ה或 ה

前缀ה 在从句之首时，什么时候是疑问词

interrogative?

如果不是在名词/形容词之前

如果拼写成 ה

指示形容词（demonstrative adjective）何用? 修饰名词，如属性形容词一样

(例： “this book” [这本书])

如果“这些女子”写成希伯来文，“这些”的

性和数分别是什么？为什么？

阴性复数

因为形容词与所修饰的名词在性和数上相匹配

(例： ‘women’)

指示形容词记忆法

State和 explain the mnemonic for demonstrative adjectives.

Demonstrative Adjective After noun, Always Article

After – 指示形容词在所修饰的名词及其他形容

词之后

Always Article – 指示形容词永远有定冠词

指示代词有什么作用? 代替名词

(例： “This is the book.”[这是一本书])

如果 “This is the man”[这是这位男人] 写成希

伯来文，“这”的性和数分别是什么？为何

阳性单数

因为指示代词与相应的名词在性和数上相匹配

(例, ‘man’[男人]).

指示代词记忆法

State和 explain the mnemonic for demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative Pronoun Precedes noun, Perpetually dePrived of the article

Precedes – 指示代词置于相应名词之前[不绝对]

deprived – 指示代词无定冠词

所有的 MP 主格代词如何结尾? ם 或 מה ‘men’或‘monks’[猛男]

所有的 FP 主格代词如何结尾? ן 或 נה ‘nuns’[尼姑]

如何区分“他”（he）和“她”（she）？ Who is he? He is she. [胡（涛哥）是男的]

הוא is ‘he’? היא is ‘she’.

翻译并识别 ניא 我 I 1cs 主格代词



翻译并识别 אנכי 我 I 1cs 主格代词

翻译并识别 חנו 我们 אנ we 1cp 主格代词

翻译并识别 אתה 你 you 2ms 主格代词

翻译并识别 את 妳 you 2fs 主格代词

翻译并识别 אתם 你们 you 2mp 主格代词

翻译并识别 נה 妳们 את you 2fp 主格代词

翻译并识别 הוא 他 he 3ms 主格代词

那 that ms 远指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 היא 她 she 3fs 主格代词

那 that fs 远指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 הם 他们 they 3mp 主格代词

那些 those mp 远指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 מה ה 他们 they 3mp 主格代词

那些 those mp 远指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 הן 她们 they 3fp 主格代词

那些 those fp 远指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 נה ה 她们 they 3fp 主格代词

那些 those fp 远指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 זה 这个 this ms 近指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 זאת 这个 this fs 近指示代词/形容词

翻译并识别 לה 这些 א these cp 近指示代词/形容词



第九章 – 希伯来文代词后缀（Pronominal Suffixes）名词字尾的后缀有什么含意? 拥有名词的人 (例： ‘my horse’[我的房子]).

介词的后缀有什么含意? 介词的宾格 (例： ‘with me’[与我])

DDO 的后缀有什么含意? (את) 直接宾格 (例： ‘David saw it.’大卫看见了它)

除了记住词形变化表之外，还有什么方法辨认

介词后缀是 type 1 或是 type 2?

Type 2 永远以“元音+ Yod”开始,

但是不是 Hireq Yod.

Type 1 永远没有 Yod (Hireq Yod 除外).

两类介词后缀分别有什么含意 (type 1 vs. type 2)?

名词之后:

o Type 1 表示名词是单数（singular）；

o Type 2 表示名词是复/双数[ plural (or dual)].

介词/DDO 之后, 无实际区别.

?什么时候是辅音? 什么时候是元音 ה 不在词的最后的 ה 永远是辅音.

在词的最后, ה 永远是元音，除非有 Mappiq ה

?里面的点是什么 ה 是 Mappiq. 当辅音 ה 出现在词的最后, Mappiq

.是辅音, 不是元音 ה 用来表示 ה

带有代词后缀的名词如何找到其词典形？

拿掉介词后缀（ pronominal suffix）.

拿掉 ת� 词尾 (如果有的话)

增加或调整单数词尾:

通常将 ◌ת 或 ◌ ת 改为 ◌ה

否则，为阴性名词加上 ◌ה

否则，极少情况下为阳性加上 ◌ה

将单词中间的 ◌י 用 ◌ י 代替

调整中间的元音:

tonic 或者 pretonic 音节中的 reduced 元音

很可能需要调整为 Qamets.

可能还需要有其他的元音调整.

翻译并识别 ◌י 我的/我，my / me 1cs type 1

翻译并识别 ני 我的/我，my / me 1cs type 1

翻译并识别 ◌י 我的/我，my / me 1cs type 2

翻译并识别 ◌נו 我们的/我们，our / us 1cp type 1

翻译并识别 ◌ינו 我们的/我们，our / us 1cp type 2

翻译并识别 ◌� 你的/你，your / you 2ms type 1

翻译并识别 ◌י� 你的/你，your / you 2ms type 2

翻译并识别 ◌� 妳的/妳，your / you 2fs type 1

翻译并识别 ◌י� 妳的/妳，your / you 2fs type 2



翻译并识别 ◌כם 你们的/你们，your / you 2mp type 1

翻译并识别 ◌יכם 你们的/你们，your / you 2mp type 2

翻译并识别 ◌כן 妳们的/妳们，your / you 2fp type 1

翻译并识别 ◌יכן 妳们的/妳们，your / you 2fp type 2

翻译并识别 � 他的/他，his / him 3ms type 1

翻译并识别 ◌הו 他的/他，his / him 3ms type 1

翻译并识别 ◌ יו 他的/他，his / him 3ms type 2

翻译并识别 ◌ה 她的，her 3fs type 1

翻译并识别 ◌ ה 她的，her 3fs type 1

翻译并识别 ◌ יה 她的，her 3fs type 2

翻译并识别 ◌ם 他们的/他们，their / them 3mp type 1

翻译并识别 הם 他们的/他们，their / them 3mp type 1

翻译并识别 ◌יהם 他们的/他们，their / them 3mp type 2

翻译并识别 ◌ן 她们的/她们，their / them 3fp type 1

翻译并识别 הן 她们的/她们，their / them 3fp type 1

翻译并识别 ◌יהן 她们的/她们，their / them 3fp type 2

Parse 代词后缀并翻译（课堂测验时无需填写解释）

Parse、翻译并解释 כמ�ני 1+כcs ‘like me’[像我]

单数及 1cp 介词后缀, כ כמ�

Parse、翻译并解释 ממ� 2+מןms ‘from you’ (ms)[从你]

单数及 1cp 介词后缀, מן ממ

Parse、翻译并解释 נו ממ

מן+(3ms/1cp) ‘from him/it/us’[从他/它/我们]

单数及 1cp 介词后缀, מן ממ

◌נו 介词后缀是 3ms 或 1cp

Parse、翻译并解释 יה אח 3+אחfs (type 1) ‘her brother’[她的兄弟]

אח 和 אב 在 type 1 介词后缀之前插入 ◌י

Parse、翻译并解释 ינו אב 1+אבcp (type 1) ‘our father’[我们的父亲]

אח 和 אב 在 type 1 介词后缀之前插入 ◌י



Parse、翻译并解释 אבתי

1+אבcs (type 2) ‘my fathers’[我的父亲]

אב 使用 ת� 复数词尾

ת� 有时会有短写 ◌ת

这是 type 2 后缀，因为它以元音+Yod 开始而且

不是 Hireq Yod. Type 2, 所以名词是复数.

Parse、翻译并解释 אתי和אתי

אתי ‘with me’[与我]

אתי ‘me’[我]

את 中 Aleph 下面的 Hireq 表示 ‘with’

Parse、翻译并解释 עמ�和עמ�

עמ� ‘with him/it’ [与他/它]

עמ� ‘his people’ [他的百姓]

עם 中 Ayin 下面的 Hireq 表示 ‘with’

Parse、翻译并解释 אלי和אלי

אלי ‘my God’[我的神]

ליא ‘to me’ [对我]

אלי ‘my God’是唯一的 אל ‘god’ +介词后缀，所

有其他的都是介词 אל ‘to’

以利，以利，拉玛撒巴各大尼(诗 22:1)

ינו 而 א�היםour God’[我们的神] 等用的是‘ א�ה

不是 אל

Parse、翻译并解释 כלה and כל� and נו כל

3+כל = כלהfs (type 1) ‘all of her/it’

3+כל = כל�ms (type 1) ‘all of him/it’

נו ’1cp (type 1) ‘all of us+כל = כל

כל ‘all’ 是个 geminate 名词。加上代词后缀后，

Dagesh Forte 会重现，补偿延长会消失，所以

◌ ◌



第十章 – 希伯来文附属组合词（Construct Chain）

什么词可以组成附属组合词?

两个或以上名词连在一起

o 作为名词用法的形容词和分词也可以出现在

结构链

结构链中的词处于什么形态? 最后一词处于独立形(常规写法)

所有其他的处于附属形

属性形容词和指示形容词在附属组合中处于什

么位置？

形容词在整个附属组合之后因为附属组合不允

许有其他词存在

如何对附属组合进行初步的翻译?

从最后一个词开始翻译，并在其后加入“的”

（第一个词除外）

o 例：大卫的房子的门

附属组合中各个词之间的关系是什么?

每个词都被后一个词修饰

o 例：大卫的房子的门

哪扇门？房子的门

哪座房子？大卫的房子

一个名词在什么情况下是特定名词?

有定冠词 (the)

专有名词(proper noun)

有代词后缀 (第 9 章) (pronominal suffix)

在附属组合里面，其最后一个名词是限定性的

附属组合什么情况下是限定性的？

例：这位同学的这本书

如果附属组合中最后一词是限定性的，

那么附属组合中所有的词都是限定性的。

附属组合什么情况下是非限定性的？

例：某位同学的某一本书

如果附属组合中最后一词是非限定性的，

那么附属组合中所有的词都是非限定性的。

对于一个以 ◌י 结尾的名词，你知道些什么?

附属状态，很可能是阳复

o 原字尾很可能是 ◌ים (mp, 极少数情况 fp)

o 原字尾也可能是 ◌ ים (阳双, 可能阴双)

o 原字尾亦可能是 ◌ים ת (阴双, ◌ים ת ◌תי )

？呢 �ת 复数，很可能是阴复

独立形或附属形

ת◌ 呢?

阴单

很可能附属形。词典形以 ◌ה 结尾

可能是独立形。词典形以 ◌ת 结尾

ה◌ 呢? 阳单，附属形

词典形以 ◌ה 结尾

一个名词在什么情况下不是附属形？

定冠词

代词后缀 Pronominal suffix

长元音，但非元音字母或 penult 重读

双元音 Diphthong ◌ י 或 ו

以 ◌ה 或 ◌ים 或 ◌ה 结尾

专用名词



一个名词在什么情况下是附属形？

后面跟着连接号 Maqqef (־)

以 ◌י 或ה 结尾

Penultima 是 reduced 元音 (不绝对)

Parse 并翻译 ־כל all of’附属形‘ כל

如何区分“……的父亲”和“我的父亲”

以及“……的兄弟”和 “我的兄弟”？

看 Penultima (א)的元音

Reduced 元音附属形 אחי

长元音 (Qamets) 代词后缀 אחי

Parse并翻译 אב אבי MS 附属形“……的父亲”

Parse并翻译 אב אבי MS + 1cs “我的父亲”

Parse并翻译 אח אחי MS 附属形 “……的兄弟”

Parse并翻译 חיא ”MS + 1cs“我的兄弟 אח

Parse并翻译 שת ”FS 附属形 “……的妻子 אשה א

补充：带有代词后缀的名词实际上都是附属形，因为带有代词后缀的词写法与附属组合中附属形

的写法一样。但是如果一个名词带有代词后缀，那么它就不是它后面跟着的那个名词的附属形，

因此它就不在附属组合中（除非它是附属组合中的最后一词）。



第十一章 – 希伯来文数字（ Numbers）

希伯来文圣经如何书写数字?

经文当中数字都是用希伯来文拼出 אחד

拉比的旁注和脚注中，

数字以字母和上方小点组合来表示 א

现代脚注中，

使用阿拉伯数字 1

序数 ordinal numbers 和基数 cardinal numbers

有什么区别?

序数表示次序 first, second

基数只是普通的数字 one, two

希伯来文圣经中的序数如何表示?

“第一”到“第十”用独立的词作为形容词修

饰名词。(第七章)

“第十一”到“第十二”用基数来表示，所以

我们需要通过上下文来确定是基数或是序数。

希伯来文圣经中基数的性有什么特别之处？

“三”到“十”的性看起来与所修饰的名词的

性刚好相反

例： ש�שה בנים 三个儿子

例： ש�ש בנ�ת 三个女儿

希伯来文圣经中基数的数有什么特别之处？ “三”到“十”是单数

希伯来文圣经如何表达十位数(例：二十、三

十)？

它们是个位数的阳复形式

例：“三十”是“三”的阳复：ש�ש ש�שים

特例：“二十”是“十”的阳复

שר עשרים ע



第十二章 – 希伯来文动词简介（Verbs）

希伯来文字根 root 是什么? 单词最基本的三个辅音

有一小部分只有两个辅音

R1, R2, 和 R3 是指什么? (英文有 2 个名字) 三个字根 [ root consonants 或 radicals]

V1 和 V2 是指什么? 前两个字根所带的元音

VS 是指什么? 词干元音（The stem vowel）

VS 是三字根的动词的 V2

在 קטל 中，请指出 R1,2,3和 V1,2,S

R1 = ק R2 = ט R3 = ל

V1 = ◌ V2 = VS = ◌

VP 是指什么? (第十五章内容) 前缀元音 [第 15 章]

动词词干告诉我们什么信息？动作类型：简单(Simple)或者使役(causative)

语态(Voice)：主动、反身或被动

派生词干(derived stem)是什么? 除 Qal 外的所有词干

动词有哪些人称(person)？

第一人称。我，我们

第二人称。你，你们；妳，妳们

第三人称。他，她，它，他们，她们，它们

动词有哪些数(number)？单数，复数 [无双数]

动词有哪些性(gender)？阳性，阴性 [无中性]

动词的人称、数、性是代表谁的？动词的主语（不一定是发出动作的人）

什么是限定性动词(finite verb)? 有人称的动词 (1st, 2nd,或 3rd)

Parse 动词的时候需要列出什么信息？

字根 Root, 词干 stem, 式态 conjugation, 人称

person, 性 gender, 数 number

[例： קטל Qal Perfect 3ms]

列出限定性动词(finite)的式态(conjugations)

[现在还不需要记忆]

完成式，未完成式，鼓励式，命令式，祈愿

式，完成式ו-连续句，未完成式 ו-连续句

列出限定性动词(not finite) 的式态[无需记忆] 分词，不定式附属形，不定式独立形

希伯来文圣经的正常语序? 动词、主语、宾语

动词的词典形是什么？

Qal Perfect 3ms (QP3ms) קטל

如果圣经没出现 QP3ms，则只给出三个字根 אזר

如果 R2 是元音的话，词典形是 Qal ∞ קום

动词词干（Stems） – 这张表格需要掌握

主动 Active 被动 Passive 反身 Reflexive

Simple 简单 Qal Niphal Niphal

Cause a State (?) Piel Pual Hithpael Cause an Action Hiphil Hophal



第十三章 – Qal Perfect – 强根动词（Strong Verbs） Perfect 的意义很有争议性，所以我们只讨论如何翻译，不讨论其意义

Qal 词干(stem)的语态(voice)是什么？请解释主动语态 Active voice

动词的主语发出某个动作，或者处于某种状态

Qal 的动作类型(type of action)是什么? 简单（Simple）

完成式（perfect conjugation）有哪些名字? Qatal [קטל]

后缀式态 Suffix conjugation

完成式通常如何翻译？过去式 [他过去吃过了]‘he ate’

哪类动词常被翻译成现在时态？状态动词 State of being ‘she is wise’

精神状态 Mental state ‘she knows’, ‘she loves’

解释以下 parsing： קטל QP3ms

קטל 字根[roots (R1R2R3)]

Q Qal 词干[Qal stem]

P 完成式态[Perfect conjugation]

3ms 主语是第三人称、阳性、单数

QP3ms 的动词有什么特殊之处？ (2 处)

无前缀和后缀 [preformative或 sufformative]

词典形 [lexical form]

o [双辅音动词除外(biconsonantal)]

完成式[Perfect]动词是限定性 [finite] 动词吗？

为何？

是 Finite verbs

因为有人称。[person (1st, 2nd,或 3rd)]

限定性[finite]动词的重音在哪里？

列出一般的原则及特例

[这些特例后续章节中会慢慢遇到]

限定性动词的 VS 是重音，除非：

o VS 是 reduced

o 重后缀[Heavy sufformative](P2mp 或 2fp)

o 代词后缀[Pronominal suffix]

o VS 离字尾太远(只有 ultima & penult 有重音)

限定性动词的人称后缀之前是什么元素？

列出一般的原则及特例

[这些特例后续章节中会慢慢遇到]

人称后缀之前有 reduced 元音，除非：

o 前面是恒元音(unchangeable long vowel)

(例： � 或 ◌י ) [恒元音不会 reduce]

o QP 的 V1 [V1 保留]

o 是 3א3] א 变成默音 quiesces]

状态动词在 QP 拼写有什么特别？还有在其他

地方有特别之处吗？

在 QP, VS 也可能是◌ ， ◌ 或 ◌

[在 QI (第 15 章), VS是 ◌ (而非 ◌ )]

如何区分状态动词的 QP 及其相应的形容词？

QP3ms = ms 形容词无字尾(no ending)

QP3fs 和 fs 形容词都以 ◌ה 结尾，

限定性动词在人称后缀前 reduce ( בדהכ ),

形容词不会 reduce (כבדה).

其他的形后缀都不一样，可以轻易区分

动词是什么? R3 = Nun 的动词 נ3

动词是什么? R3 = Taw 的动词 ת3



？何时会被同化(assimilate)? 如何同化 ת ת 和 Silent Shewa 会被后面的 ת 同化

前一个 ת 变成后一个ת中的 Dagesh Forte

？何时会被同化(assimilate)? 如何同化 נ נ 和 Silent Shewa 通常会被同化

נ 变成后一个辅音中的 Dagesh Forte

当你看到动词后缀中有 Dagesh Forte，而字根

少了一个，这表示发生过什么？如何还原？

R3 是 נ 或 ת 和 silent Shewa。 R3 被同化掉了。

o 后缀以 ת 开始 תת 或 נת (ת3 或 3נ)

o 后缀以 נ 开始 (נ3) ננ

当你看到动词中有 Dagesh Lene ，表示什么意

思？

无意义

Begadkephat 辅音前面的辅音无元音时，会加上Dagesh lene

?分别是什么 ל�和,ל�א ,לא

לא 是 “没有”[no] 或“不”[not]

o 否定词，置于动词前面

ל�א 是 אל 的全拼(plene spelling)

3 + ל = ל�ms = “对他”[to him] [介词 + 代缀]

?是什么意思 הנה

强调 [Emphasis],或

表示某人的在场[immediate presence],或

介绍一个事实，为后面作铺垫

?如何进行曲折变化(inflected) הנה

（加的是哪种类型的代缀？）

type 1 代缀 [pronominal suffixes].

元音字母消失 ה

Parse并翻译 הנני 1 + הנה = הנניcs = “我在这里” [字面：看我]

掌握 Qal Perfect 强根动词词形变化表[paradigm] (קטל)

包括重音符号[accent mark]（如果倒数第二个音节[penult] 是重音的话）

在我的课上，你只需要掌握 Qal 强根动词词形变化表[Qal strong verb paradigm (קטל)]。对于弱根

[weak]动词和派生[derived] 词干我们只需要将其和קטל的 Qal 变化表进行对比，所以需要记忆的内

容并不是很多。但是你需要熟练掌握קטל的 Qal 词形变化表。

使用练习纸

1. 遮住最右边的那一栏（答案）

2. 默写整个词形变化表

3. 默写完后，与答案校对

4. 重复步骤 1–3，直到没有错误。做到一次，就算完成当天的记忆变化表的任务了。

5. 每天重复步骤 1–4。第一天可能需要时间较长（事实上我第一天只需要 5 分钟就完成目标了），

以后就变得非常轻松了。感觉自己可以熟练掌握后，尝试不按顺序默写。然后隔天一次一周

两次一周一次数周一次长期记忆。

确保在不需要默写整个词形变化表的基础上写出任何要求的形式。课堂测验和考试会随机提问。例：

“写出קטל 的 QP1cs”你需要能够很快写出： לתי קט



第十四章 – Qal Perfect – 弱根动词（Weak Verbs）

强根动词是什么?

在某一式态的词形表中不改变其字根

所以一个动词在某一式态中可能属于强根动词

而在另一式态中属于弱根动词

o 例： 1Yod 在 QP 是强根，但是在 QI是弱根

在完成式人称后缀前如果是元音的话，人称后

缀的写法会有什么不同？

如果人称后缀前有元音的话 (忽略默音א) ，以 ת

开始的人称后缀中， Tau 会失去 Dagesh Lene

和 Shewa (2fs)

例： * מצאת קראת * ,מצאת קראת

一般来说(不限于 QP)，喉音对拼写有什么影

响？

1. 拒绝 Dagesh Forte

[可能会有补偿延长 compensatory lengthening]

2. 使用 Hateph 元音而非 Vocal Shewa

3. 经常改变 VS (通常是 Pathach)

Dagesh Forte 什么时候会失去？（一般规则）

喉音或 Resh (可能会有补偿延长)

带 Shewa 的 SQiN ‘eM LeVY

一个词的最后一个辅音，并且不带元音

当你看到动词中有 Hateph 元音，如何还原成

强根动词表？把 Hateph 元音变成 Vocal Shewa.

当你看到默音א，如何还原成强根动词表？

在א下面加上 Shewa

很可能要改变א前面的元音

如果后面跟着的是 ת, 加上 Dagesh Lene (如果 ת

不带元音，则补上 Shewa) את את ,את את

什么是 1G 动词? R1 是喉音 (א ה ח ע)

什么是 2G 动词? R2 是喉音 (א ה ח ע)

为什么要把 3G 动词分成 3א3 ,עח,和因为他们的表现不一样 ? ה3

什么是 3ה 动词？它以前是什么？ R3 是元音字母 ◌ה

R3 以前是 Yod [所以 Yod 常常出现]

动词的 ה3 V2 是什么?

◌ה [无后缀] (Perfect only)

后缀元音

[后缀以元音开始]

元音 + Yod [ י◌ in QP]

[后缀以辅音开始]

动词在 Perfect 3fs ה3 有什么特别之处?

人称后缀是 תה

o 不是 ◌ה , 因为 3ms 已经用了 ◌ה .

o 看起来有点像动词的 ת3 QP3fs

o 例： נתהב 是 בנה或*בנת QP3fs

什么是 geminate 动词? R2 = R3

geminate 动词在拼写上有什么主要特征？ R2 常常被同化成 R3 的 Dagesh Forte



Geminate 动词失去 R2时还有其他什么变化？

VS 元音和重音移到 V1

如果人称后缀以辅音开始，

在 R3和后缀之间插入元音字母

(完成式插入 �，未完成式插入 י◌ )

什么是双辅音(Biconsonantal )动词? List the types of biconsonantal verbs.

R2 是元音字母： ◌י � 或 ו ，

Biconsonantal 动词哪个是 VS? V1 成为 VS，并且是重读音节

Biconsonantal 动词的 QP拼写有什么特殊之

处?

V1 是 VS (Pathach)，并且是重读音节

V1 在第三人称延长至 Qamets

V1 在后缀之后不会 reduce

如果在 QP 第一和第二人称中缺了一个辅音，

如何得知缺的是什么？

看人称后缀前的辅音

(◌ 是 R2或 R3):

◌י 3ה

◌� Geminate (Dagesh in R2)

◌ Biconsonantal

◌ת 3ת或 (是人称后缀 ת) נ3

◌נו 3נ in the 1cp (תו 是人称后缀)

如果在 QP 第三人称中缺了一个辅音，如何得

知缺的是什么？

VS 是重读音节

o 如果 V2重读，说明失去的是 R3，所以是

ה3

o 如果 V1 重读，说明失去的是 R2，所以是

biconsonantal或 geminate

分辨一个动词是不是 Qal Perfect 最关键的是

哪三项？

1. 无前缀

2. Perfect 的人称后缀

o 如果前面是元音，则失去 Dagesh Lene &

Shewa。 (默音א之前的元音也算)

3. V1 是 Qamets ◌

[reduced if 2mp, 2fp,或代缀] [Pathach for Geminate或 Biconsonantal 1st/2nd person]

我的课上不需要记忆弱根动词词形变化表

你必须有能力 Parse并翻译弱根动词

如果你已经掌握了 Qal 强根动词变化表，并且理解了的有的规则，你就能够 parse 弱根动词

如果教你的是另外的教授，可能需要记忆弱根动词词形变化表，所以需要跟你的教授确认。



第十五章 – Qal Imperfect – 强根动词 Imperfect 的意义非常具有争议性，所以我们只讨论如何翻译。

未完成式(imperfect conjugation)还有其他什么

名字?

Yiqtol 前缀式态（Prefix conjugation）

Imperfect 比较普遍的翻译是什么? 将来时态 [他将要吃]‘he will eat’

根据上下文，imperfect 还可以怎么翻译？

任何时间的进行时 ‘he is/was/will be eating’

任何时态的反复动作 ‘he used to eat’, ‘he eats’

情态动词[modal] ‘may he eat!’ ‘he should/could/would/may/might eat’

解释以下 parsing： קטל QI3ms

קטל 字根[roots(R1R2R3)]

Q Qal 词干[Qal stem]

I 未完成式[Imperfect conjugation]

3ms 主语是第三人称阳性单数[3ms]

Imperfect 动词是限定性动词吗？为什么？是 Finite verbs

因为有人称[person] (1st, 2nd,或 3rd)

imperfect 中哪些形态是一样的？ 3fs和 2ms

3fp和 2fp

哪些形态在 imperfect 不同，在 perfect 相同？

P3mp和 3fp 是一样的，因此叫 3cp. “3rd common plural is perfect.”

I 3mp和 3fp 不一样 “It’s imperfect to separate them.”

Parse יקטלון和תקטלון קטל = יקטלון QP3mp + paragogic nun

קטל = תקטלון QP2mp + paragogic nun

paragogic nun 有什么含意？学者们没有统一意见。

我们暂且认为它没有任何意义。

当一个动词加上 paragogic nun 后，有可能会

发生什么变化？

Nun 前面的 shureq 有时会短写[defective]

יקטלון יקטלן

תקטלון תקטלן

哪些形态可以带 paragogic nun? Imperfect 3mp Imperfect 2mp

状态动词的拼写在 QI有什么不同？ VS = Pathach ◌ [不是 Holem ◌ ]

?分别表示什么意思אל和לא

לא + imperfect 一般指永久性的和绝对的否定

[permanent and absolute negation].

אל + jussive (第 18 章)通常指当下的、具体的以

及非持续性的禁令[immediate, specific, and non-durative prohibition].

掌握 Qal Imperfect 强根动词词形变化表 (קטל)

使用练习纸

包括重音符号和 paragogic nun，如练习纸上所示

练习步骤与第十三章最后部分所讲的一样。



第十六章 – Qal Imperfect – 弱根动词

2G和 3G 动词在 QI有哪些表现？使用 Hateph 元音而非 Shewa

VS = Pathach ◌ [不是 Holem ◌ ]

动词在 א3 QI有什么表现？ Aleph 成为默音，没有 Shewa

VS = ◌ 而非 ◌

动词的 ה3 V2是什么？

[比第十四章多一条]

◌ה （无人称后缀） (Perfect)

◌ה （无人称后缀） (Imperfect)

人称后缀的元音（人称后缀以元音开始）

元音 + Yod（人称后缀以辅音开始）

如果动词以 ◌י 或 ◌י 开始，如何还原成强根动

词词形变化表？为什么？

假设 ◌י和 ◌י 是由于 Shewa 准则导致，所以等

效于强根动词的 ◌י

如何识别 QI 下 ”动词中的“忿怒面包师 א1

[Angry Baker]动词？

VP = ◌ 前缀元音[preformative vowel]

1א 变成默音[quiesces]

QI1cs 的 ◌◌אא 会消失掉 א1 א◌◌

“忿怒面包师”动词在哪里比较特殊？只有在 QI

补充： (无需记忆): 列出所有的“忿怒面包师”动词.

我说(אמר),

“我想要 (אבה) 你

吃 (אכל) 任何

我烤 (אפה)出来的面包，否则

我可能会捉住 (אחז) 你，(אחז 有时这样)

那时，你就要灭亡 (אבד)了.”

Geminate 动词最主要的拼写特征是什么? R2 经常同化成里 R3的 Dagesh Forte

Geminate 动词失去 R2时还有其他什么变化？

[与第十四章答案一样]

VS 元音和重音移到 V1

如果人称后缀以辅音开始，

在 R3和后缀之间插入元音字母

(Perfect 插入 �，Imperfect 插入 י◌ )

Geminates 动词在 QI 失去 R2 时还有其他什么

奇怪的变化？

有时候 R1 里面会有 Dagesh Forte 取代 R3中的

Dagesh Forte；有时 R3中的 Dagesh Forte 还在

Biconsonantal 动词什么时候保留词典形中的元

音（lexical vowel）？

Qal Imperfect

Qal Imperative [第十八章]

Qal ∞ [第二十章]

Biconsonantal 在 QI有什么特点？

VP = ◌

使用 lexical vowel ( י◌ 或�或ו) 作为 VS

o 有时短写： ◌י ◌ 和ו ◌

1Yod 动词 QI有什么特点？

1Yod 在 QI消失掉

有些 VP = ◌י

有些 VP = ◌ (以前是 1-Waw)



1Nun 在 QI有什么特点？

1Nun 同化成 Dagesh Forte

o 2GR 会拒绝 Dagesh Forte

o SQiN eM LeVY 有 Shewa 有时会掉丢 Dagesh Forte

在 QI הל� 有什么奇怪之处？表现跟 1Yod 在 QI一样

VP = ◌ 和 VS = ◌

？在 QI有什么奇怪之处לקח 表现像 1Nun 在 QI一样， ל 同化成 Dagesh

Forte，于是 **ילקח יקח

在 QIיכל 有什么奇怪之处？失去 1Yod ，但是 VP = ו

例： יכל QI3ms = יוכל

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 י◌ 开始，并且字根中

少了一个字母？

3ה

3נ FP (נ和 Shewa 变成 Dagesh Forteנה)

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 ◌י开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？

1Nun, 一些 geminate,和לקח

哪些弱根动词在 QI以יי开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？

部分 1Yod

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 י开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？

biconsonantal和部分 geminate

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 י开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？

部分 1Yod, 部分 geminate, 和הל�

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 יו 开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？

יכל

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 א开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？

“忿怒面包师” 1א 动词

哪些弱根动词在 QI以 ת 开始，并且字根中少

了一个字母？?

FP 的 Biconsonantal和Geminates

怎样区别 QI动词以 י 开始的是 biconsonantal

还是 geminate?

biconsonantal 动词在 QI 永远有 lexical vowel ו ,

� ,或 י◌

若一个未完成式动词 VP = ◌ , 有可能是 QI 吗? QI的话只可能是 1G 并且以 ◌י或 ◌◌י 开始

若一个未完成式动词 VP = ◌ ,有可能是 QI 吗? QI的话只可能是 1G 并且以 ◌י或 ◌◌י 开始

若一个未完成式动词 VP = ◌ , 有可能是 QI吗? QI的话只可能是“忿怒面包师”1א 动词

哪类弱根动词在 QI的 VS = ◌ ? 2G, 3G, 状态动词, 部分 1א

一般来说，哪类弱根动词不会影响 VP? 弱 R2或 R3 不会影响 VP.

例外：Geminates和 Biconsonantals 会影响 VP

在我的课上你无需记忆弱根动词词形变化表

你必须能够 Parse并翻译弱根动词

如果你已经掌握了 Qal 强根动词词形变化表，并且理解了这些规则，就能够 parse 弱根动词 s.

有些教授要求你记忆弱根动词词形变化表，你需要与你的教授确认。



第十七章 – ו-连续句（waw consecutive）

在 P+ו或 I+ו 的情况下 Waw 是如何拼写的？

与平常一样

o 最常规的拼写： ו

o 在 פ ,מ ,ב,或 Shewa 之前：ו

o 在 Hateph 元音之前，相应的短元音：

ו◌ 和，ו◌ ， ו◌

在 Iwc 里 Waw 是如何拼写的?

看起来好像吞掉了冠词

o ◌ו , 其中 ◌ 是未完成式的前缀

o 在 1cs 是 ו，因为 א 拒绝 Dagesh. *וא וא

Parse并翻译 וקטל קטל QPwc3ms ‘and he will kill’ [通常情况]

קטל QP3ms+ו ‘and he killed’ [极个别情况]

带有前缀 Waw的 Perfect 动词叫什么名字？

分别如何翻译？

Perfect ו-连续句（Pwc）翻译和 Imperfect 一样

Perfect + Waw 翻译和常规的 Perfect 一样

两者都叫 Weqatal [וקטל]

带有前缀 Waw的 Perfect 动词会改变拼写吗？

如果是 Pwc

重音常常会移到人称后缀：

2ms ( וקטלת); 1cs (וקטלתי)

带有前缀 Waw 的 Imperfect 动词会改变拼写

吗?

I+ו 没有任何变化

QIwc，无人称后缀

有些动词 VP 成为重音，且 VS 短写如下：

o 3ה 掉丢 ◌ה 字尾

o Biconsonantal VS ו ◌ (Qamets Hatuf)

o Biconsonantal VS ◌י ◌

o 另外还有些动词 VS ◌

Parse ויקטל，并且给出两个名称 קטל QIwc3ms

Iwc或Wayyiqtol

Imperfect ו-连续句如何翻译？通常 ‘and’或‘then’ +过去时态

Parse ויקטל ，并且给出两个名称 קטל QI3ms+ו

Imperfect + Waw或Weyiqtol

带 Waw 的 Imperfect 如何翻译？

通常：以便/以致[so that] +将来时态

因为通常表示前面子句的目的或是结果

有时如同不带 Waw 的 Imperfect

Parse, 翻译并且解释 והיה

היה QPwc3ms+ו

通常不用翻译 [rarely ‘and it will be’]

通常开始一个将来事件

Parse, 翻译并且解释 ויהי

היה QIwc3ms

通常不用翻译 [rarely ‘and it was’]

通常开始一段过去叙事



Chapters 1–17: 希伯来文 1 Summary The full study guide (+ paradigms和 vocabulary) is all of what you need to know. This summary is just the

things that I think are most likely to be forgotten yet still quite important. In addition to this study guide, you should practice:

o Writing the Qal Perfect和 Qal Imperfect strong-verb paradigms using the sheets on the website. o All of the vocabulary in the vocabulary document on the website, including the pronouns, irregular

plurals, 代缀 es, etc.

o Parsing verbs和 translating sentences using the workbook或 handouts on the website.

What are the characteristics of 喉音 letters?

Reject Dagesh Forte o (maybe compensatory lengthening)

Take Hateph Vowels instead of Vocal Shewa Often switch VS to Pathach

Write, name,和转写 the long vowels that aren’t vowel letters.

◌ Qamets ā ◌ Tsere ē

Write, name,和转写 the short vowels that aren’t vowel letters.

◌ Pathach a ◌ Seghol e

◌ Qamets Hatuf o

Write, name,和转写 the reduced vowels. ◌ Hateph Pathach ă

◌ Hateph Qamets Hatuf ŏ ◌ Vocal Shewa ə

What are the patterns of defective writing? � ◌

A Dagesh is a Dagesh Forte if和 only if … It is preceded by a vowel that is not Shewa.

Where is Dagesh Forte lost? (in general) 喉音或 Resh (maybe compensatory lengthening)

SQiN ‘eM LeVY with Shewa Last consonant of a word和 lacking a vowel

When is a Shewa a Silent Shewa?

after a short或 accented long vowel without metheg (if not under Dagesh Forte)

{before another Shewa} at the end of a word

When is a Shewa a Vocal Shewa?

at the beginning of a word under a Dagesh Forte after a vowel with Metheg after an unaccented long vowel after another Shewa (if not at the end of a word)

If Qamets ◌ is due to compensatory lengthening,

what was it before it lengthened? Pathach ◌ ◌ ◌

If Tsere ◌ is due to compensatory lengthening,

what was it before it lengthened? Hireq ◌ ◌ ◌

If Holem ◌ is due to compensatory lengthening,

what was it before it lengthened? Qibbuts ◌ ◌ ◌

For a noun with an inseparable preposition, with what spellings is there NOT an article on the noun?

No article if the vowel under the preposition:

o is Shewa. 例： ל , כ , ב

o can be explained by the Rule of Shewa

例： ב◌ 或 ◌ב或 ◌ב或 ◌ב



In what ways are adjectives used? Attributive: “the good book” Predicate: “the book is good” Substantive: “the good, the bad,和 the ugly”

State和 explain the mnemonic for attributive adjectives.

Attributive After noun, Article Agrees After – An attributive adjective is always after the

noun that it modifies. Article Agrees – The presence或 absence of the

article on the adjective agrees with the definiteness of the noun.

State和 explain the mnemonic for predicate adjectives.

Predicate Perpetually dePrived

Perpetually deprived – A predicate adjective never has the article.

What is the suffix ◌ה ? If accented FS ending on a noun或 adjective

If unaccented Directional ending

What part of a 子句 are the independent 人称代

名词 s? Always the subject.

When is ה prefixed to a word the article?

If not on the 1st word of its 子句

If spelled ◌ה或 ה

Maybe if spelled ה或 ה (could be the interrogative)

When is ה prefixed to the first word of a 子句 the

interrogative?

If not on a noun或 adjective

If spelled ה

Maybe if spelled ה或 ה (could be the article)

What does a demonstrative adjective do? It modifies a noun like an attributive adjective

(例： “this book”)

State和 explain the mnemonic for demonstrative adjectives.

Demonstrative Adjective After noun, Always Article

After – A demonstrative adjective is always after the noun that it modifies & after other adjectives.

Always Article – A demonstrative adjective always has the article

What does a demonstrative pronoun do? It substitutes for a noun

(例： “This is the book.”)

State和 explain the mnemonic for demonstrative pronouns.

Demonstrative Pronoun Precedes noun, Perpetually dePrived of the article

Precedes – Demonstrative pronouns always come before the noun to which they refer.

Deprived – Demonstrative adjectives lack the article

What is the meaning of a suffix on the definite

direct object marker? (את) It is the direct object (例： ‘David saw it.’)

In addition to memorizing the paradigm, how can

you recognize if a 代缀 is type 1或 type 2?

Type 2 always begins with vowel + Yod, but never Hireq Yod.

Type 1 never has Yod (except Hireq Yod).



What is the significance of the type of a 代缀 (type 1 vs. type 2)?

On a noun: o Type 1 indicates that the noun is singular, and o Type 2 indicates that the noun is plural (or

dual). On a preposition或 the definite direct object

marker, the type of the 代缀 has no meaning.

When is ה a consonant? When is it a vowel?

When not the last letter of a word, ה is always a

consonant.

As the last letter of a word, ה is always a vowel

letter unless it is marked with a Mappiq ה

What is the dot in ה?

A Mappiq. When the consonant ה is the last letter

of a word, a Mappiq is put in it ה to indicate that

the ה is a consonant, not a vowel letter.

How does one find the lexical form of a noun that has a 代缀?

Remove the 代缀.

Remove the ת� ending (if there is one)

Add或 fix the singular ending:

o Usually change ending ◌ת 或 ת to ◌ה

o Otherwise, if feminine, usually add ◌ה

o Otherwise, if masculine rarely add ◌ה

Replace word-internal ◌י with ◌ י

Fix the internal vowels: o A reduced vowel in the tonic或 pretonic

syllable probably needs to switch to Qamets. o Other vowel changes may be necessary.

Parse, translate,和 explain כמ�ני 1+כcs ‘like me’

For singular & 1cp 代缀 es, כ כמ�

Parse, translate,和 explain ממ� 2+מןms ‘from you’ (ms)

For singular & 1cp 代缀 es, מן ממ

Parse, translate,和 explain נו ממ

מן+(3ms/1cp) ‘from him/it/us’

For singular & 1cp 代缀 es, מן ממ

The ◌נו 代缀 is 3ms或 1cp

Parse, translate,和 explain אתי和אתי

אתי ‘with me’

אתי ‘me’

Hireq under Aleph in את indicates ‘with’

Parse, translate,和 explain עמ�和עמ�

עמ� ‘with him/it’

עמ� ‘his people’

Hireq under Ayin in עם indicates ‘with’



Parse, translate,和 explain אלי和אלי

אלי ‘my God’

אלי ‘to me’

אלי ‘my God’ is the only form of אל ‘god’ with a

代缀. Anything else is אל ‘to’

ינו אל not א�הים our God’, etc., uses‘ א�ה

What marks a word as definite?

Article Proper noun 代缀

In a construct chain where the last word in the chain is definite

What do you know about a noun that ends in ◌י ?

Construct, probably masculine plural.

o Ending was probably ◌ים (mp, rarely fp)

o Ending was maybe ◌ים (M dual, maybe F dual)

o Ending was maybe ◌ים ת (F dual, ◌ים ת ◌תי )

What indicates that a noun is NOT in the construct state?

Article 代缀

Long vowel not a vowel letter或 accented penult

Diphthong ◌ י 或 ו

Ending ◌ה 或ים或ה

Where are finite verbs accented?

List the general rule和 its exceptions.

Finite verbs accent VS unless: o VS is reduced

o Heavy sufformative (Perfect 2mp或 2fp)

o 代缀 o VS is too far from the end of the word

(only the ultima或 the penult can be accented)

What goes before a finite verb sufformative?

List the general rule和 its exceptions.

There is a reduced vowel before a finite verb sufformative unless the reduced vowel would go: o where there is an unchangeable long vowel

(例： �或י) [the vowel stays]

o in V1 of the Qal Perfect [V1 stays]

o under 3א [א3 quiesces]

How are stative verbs spelled differently in the Qal Perfect? Where else is their spelling different?

In the QP, VS may be ◌ 或 (instead of ◌ )

In the QI, VS is ◌ (instead of ◌ )

If you lost a root consonant in the QP first或second person, how can you tell what was lost?

If V1 is accented, it is biconsonantal或 geminate

Look at what is right before the sufformative:

o vowel+Yod ( י◌ ) 3ה

o ◌� Geminate

o ◌ Biconsonantal

o ◌ת 3ת或 (is the sufformative ת) נ3

o ◌נו 3נ in the 1cp



If you lost a root consonant in the QP 3rd person, how can you tell what was lost?

Geminates have Dagesh Forte in R3 Biconsonantals accent V1 (= VS for those verbs)

3ה verbs accent V2 as usual (= VS for most verbs)

What is V2 of 3ה verbs?

◌ה if no sufformative (Perfect)

◌ה if no sufformative (Imperfect)

The sufformative vowel if the sufformative begins with a vowel

Vowel + Yod if the sufformative begins with a consonant

If the verb begins ◌י或 ◌י , how do you change it

back to the strong-verb paradigm,和why?

Pretend that ◌י和 ◌י are due to the rule of Shewa,

so they would be ◌י for 强根动词 s.

What distinguishes the ‘Angry Baker’ verbs

from other 1א verbs in the QI?

VP = ◌ (preformative vowel)

1א quiesces

QI1cs 1א disappears: אא◌◌ א◌◌

What is the key spelling feature of geminate verbs?

Often R2 assimilates to a Dagesh Forte in R3

When a geminate verb loses R2, what else happens?

The VS vowel和 its accent move to V1

If the sufformative begins with a consonant,

add a vowel letter between R3和 the sufformative

( � in the perfect和י in the imperfect)

What strange thing sometimes happens to geminates in the QI when R2 is lost?

There is sometimes a Dagesh Forte in R1

instead of或 in addition to the Dagesh Forte in R3

How are 1Yod verbs weak in the QI?

1Yod always lost in the QI

Some have VP = ◌י

Some have VP = ◌ 和VS = ◌ (used to be 1-Waw)

How are 1Nun verbs weak in the QI?

1Nun assimilates to Dagesh Forte o No assimilation if 2GR o Drop Dagesh Forte if SQiN eM LeVY with

Shewa

What is strange about הל� in the QI? It acts like 1Yod in the QI,

with VP = ◌ 和 VS = ◌

What is strange about לקח in the QI? It acts like 1Nun in the QI, assimilating ל to

Dagesh Forte in the ק, so **ילקח יקח

What is strange about יכל in the QI? Lose 1Yod as usual, but get VP = ו

例： יכל QI3ms = יוכל

Parse, translate,和 explain the meaning of והיה היה QP3ms+ו

Usually untranslated [rarely ‘and it will be’] It usually begins a future narrative.

Parse, translate,和 explain the meaning of ויהי היה QIwc3ms

Usually untranslated [rarely ‘and it was’] It usually begins a past narrative.



How is Waw spelled on P+ו或 I+ו ?

The same as usual:

o ו normally

o ו before פ ,מ ,ב,或 Shewa

How is Waw spelled on Iwc ?

Like it swallowed an article

o ◌ו , where ◌ is the imperfect preformative.

o ו in the 1cs, since א rejects the Dagesh. *וא

וא

How is Waw spelled on P+ו或 I+ו ?

The same as usual:

o ו normally

o ו before פ ,מ ,ב,或 Shewa

o The corresponding short vowel before a

Hateph vowel: ◌ו和 ◌ו和 ◌ו



Chapter 18: Qal Imperative, Cohortative, and Jussive

List the volitional conjugations and their parsing codes.

Imperative (M), Cohortative Hireq, Jussive (J)

What do the volitional conjugations mean? They express a persons will (a wish, desire, purpose, command, exhortation, etc.). Occasionally they express a result, even if unintended

Which person (1, 2, 3) occurs in each volitional conjugation? (few exceptions)

Cohortative 1st person Imperative 2nd person Jussive 3rd person OR

2nd person negated with אל

How is the Imperative formed?

Remove the preformative from the imperfect. Adjust the initial vowel if begins with two shewas.

2ms often adds ◌ה◌ to end, and has either Hireq

or Qamets Hatuf under the first root consonant.

How can you tell if a verb is Cohortative?

It is spelled like a 1st-person imperfect (1cs or 1cp)

o It often ends in ◌ה

It has a volitional meaning (see ) It is usually the first word in its clause.

How can you tell if a verb is Jussive?

It is spelled like a 3rd-person imperfect

o Or 2nd-person, negated by אל

o It may be shortened (see ) It has a volitional meaning (see ) It is usually the first word in its clause.

How can you tell if a verb is Imperative? It is spelled like an imperfect without the

preformative.

What is V1 of a Qal Imperative?

A reduced vowel (◌ / ◌ / ◌ ) OR

Explainable by Rule of Shewa ( ◌ ◌ / ◌ ◌ / ◌ ◌ )

Unless 1Yod, 1Nun, Biconsonantal, Geminate, or

has a pronominal suffix or ◌ה

How are 1Nun and 1Yod verbs spelled in the QM?

Take the QI and remove the preformative, as usual. But R1 is gone in the QI. It stays gone. V2 is now in the position of V1, so it starts with VS,

not a reduced vowel (unless the Shewa before the finite-verb sufformative reduces it).

How are biconsonantal verbs spelled in the QM?

Take the QI and remove the preformative, as usual. But VS is V1 (since there is no R2), so it starts with

the lexical vowel (י◌ / � / ו ), not a reduced vowel.

In which verb forms do biconsonantal verbs show their lexical vowel?

Qal Imperfect (not necessarily QJ or QIwc) Qal Imperative [Qal Infinitive Construct chapter 20]

How does the particle נא help with parsing? When נא immediately follows a verb, the verb is in a

volitional conjugation.

How should the particle נא be translated? “please” or leave untranslated



What do we know about a verb that ends in ◌ה ? It is a 3ה verb in the M2ms

{This is true in all stems, not just the Qal}


[1 more bullet in the answer than in chapter 16]



◌ה if no sufformative (Imperative)



What kind of verbs have only two root consonants in the imperative?

geminate, biconsonantal, 1Yod, some 1Nun ,ה3

How can the spelling of the jussive be shortened from the imperfect?

For 3ה verbs, the jussive 3ms and 3fs drop the final

vowel letter ◌ה of the 3ה imperfect.

For biconsonantal verbs, the jussive sometimes uses a normal vowel instead of a vowel letter.

How is a negative command (‘Don’t …!’) written?

The imperative is never negated.

Use לא + imperfect or לא + jussive.

In the Bible (as opposed to how things are written

in the textbook), what is the parsing of קטלה ?

It could be QP3fs or QM2ms+paragogic ה

In the textbook, the QP3fs is always written טלהק

but the metheg is often absent in the Bible, so in the Bible, the spelling is ambiguous.

Parse and translate תבוכ ’QP3cp ‘they wrote כתב

Parse and translate כתב כתבו QM2mp ‘write!’

Parse and translate בני ’!QM2fs ‘build בנה

OR Noun 1 + בןcs pronominal suffix ‘my son’

Parse and translate בנה בנו QP3cp ‘they built’

Parse and translate נו ’1cp pronominal suffix ‘in us + ב Preposition ב

Parse and translate בנה בנו QM2mp ‘build!’

Parse and translate עלה עלו QP3cp ‘they went up’

Parse and translate עלה עלו QM2mp ‘go up!’

Parse and translate נתן תן QM2ms ‘give!’

Parse and translate נתן תנו QM2mp ‘give!’

Parse and translate ירש רש QM2ms ‘possess!’

Parse and translate ירש רשו QM2mp ‘possess!’

Parse and translate קום קום QM2ms ‘rise!’

Parse and translate קום קומו QM2mp ‘rise!’



Chapter 19: Pronominal Suffixes on Verbs

What goes before or after a direct object that is not a pronominal suffix on the verb?

If the direct object is a definite noun, it is often

preceded by את or את־

When is a direct object written using the

independent personal pronouns? (E.g., אתה ,אני)

NEVER. A Hebrew independent personal pronoun is always the subject, never the object.

How is a direct object written when it is a pronoun?

Two ways:

1. Pronominal suffix on את (E.g., אתי, etc.)

§9.14 2. Pronominal suffix attached to the verb.

Chapter 19.

What set of pronouns are suffixed to verbs?

1. Type 1 suffixes (regular and alternate), possibly with a connecting vowel added or subtracted.

2. Imperfect verbs also sometimes use nun-type suffixes

Which noun suffixes are not used with finite verbs?

1cs ◌י

3mp הם

3fp הן

How do vowels change in the Qal perfect when adding a pronominal suffix?

1. V1 reduces 2. VS (stem vowel) lengthens in 3rd person 3. Vowel at end of verb (before suffix) may be

written defectively.

How do vowels change in the Qal imperfect when adding a pronominal suffix?

1. Stem vowel Holem reduces. ◌ ◌

2. Stem vowel Pathach lengthens to Qamets. ◌ ◌

How do vowels change in the Qal imperative when adding a pronominal suffix?

QM2ms קטל קטל (Qamets Hatuf)

This is the same change that happens when adding

a paragogic ה to the QM2ms (§18.4.3)

No change in the QM2mp

How do the vowels between a verb and its pronominal suffix affect the parsing?

Ignore everything except:

ו / ◌ indicates plural: QP3cp, QI(2/3)mp, QM2mp

נ / נו indicates QP1cp

ת / תי indicates QP2fs / 1cs

◌י / ◌ indicates QI2fs

(QM2fs is theoretically possible but never occurs)

What happens to the V2 of 3ה verbs when adding

a pronominal suffix?

If there is no sufformative, drop the ה vowel letter.

o E.g., ◌ה Perfect, ◌ה Imperfect,

ה◌ Imperative



Chapter 20: Qal Infinitive Construct

What is the parsing code for the infinitive construct?

∞

What information does one give when parsing ∞? Root, Stem, and Conjugation. (קטל Q∞)

No gender, number, or person.

How is the Q∞ spelled for most verbs? ◌ ◌ ◌

How are guttural verbs spelled in the Q∞? Same as strong verbs ◌ ◌ ◌ or ( ◌ ◌ ◌ or ◌ ◌ ◌ )

[some 3-gutturals end in furtive Pathach ◌ ◌◌ ]

How are 3ה verbs spelled in the Q∞? ◌ ◌ת�






ת� (Infinitive Construct)



How are 1Yod verbs spelled in the Q∞?

A few verbs are normal.

o E.g., ישן ישן

Most drop 1Yod and add Tau suffix and the same vowels as a segholate noun.

o E.g., ישב בת ש

o E.g., ידע עת ד

How are 1Nun verbs spelled in the Q∞?

Sometimes spelled normally ◌ ◌ ◌

o E.g., נסע נסע

Usually drop 1Nun and add Tau suffix and the same vowels as a segholate noun.

o E.g., נסע עת ס

o E.g., נגש שת ג

How are biconsonantal verbs spelled in the Q∞? Same as the lexical form.

E.g., דין ,ב�א ,שוב

Which pronominal suffixes are added to the ∞? Type 1

How does the spelling of the Q∞ change when a pronominal suffix is added?

V1V2 become Qamets Hatuf + Silent Shewa = ◌ ◌ ◌

o E.g., קטל�

What can be prefixed to an ∞? ה ,ו ,מן ,ל ,כ ,ב (interrogative)

When can the article be prefixed to an ∞? Never [happens 2x in the whole Bible]

What ambiguity is there when parsing Q∞? For most verbs (even with a pronominal suffix),

Q∞ is spelled the same as QM2ms.



For what types of verbs is there no ambiguity when parsing Q∞?

2G/3G/Stative verbs o Because VS is Pathach in QM (and QI) so

QM2ms is ◌ ◌ ◌, but Q∞ is still ◌ ◌ ◌

1Yod and 1Nun verbs that drop R1 & add ת in Q∞

o Because QM never adds ת when it drops R1

How is an ∞ without a prefixed preposition usually translated?

Try ‘to X’ Verbal noun o E.g., “to obey is better than sacrifice.”

How is an ∞ with prefixed ל usually translated?

Try ‘to X’ o ‘in order to run’ (Purpose or result) o ‘about to set’ (Imminent action) o ‘it is good to praise YHWH’ (Verbal noun)

Try ‘by Xing’ o ‘obey by walking in his ways’ (Adverbial)

How is an ∞ with prefixed כ usually translated?

Try ‘when/while/whenever Y does X’ (Temporal) o E.g., ‘when you sit’ o E.g., ‘when Israel dwelt’

o The subject is a pronominal suffix on the ∞ or follows the ∞

How is an ∞ with prefixed ב usually translated? Roughly the same as with prefixed כ

How determine the tense (time) of an ∞ with

?ב/כ

Context

o ויהי indicates past time

o והיה indicates future time

What is the meaning of a pronominal suffix on an ∞?

Subject of the verbal action of the ∞: o E.g., “your eating”

Object of the verbal action of the ∞: o E.g., “to serve it”

How is an ∞ negated? With בלתי or לבלתי

[NOT with לא or אל]

In which verb forms do biconsonantal verbs show their lexical vowel?

Qal Imperfect (not necessarily QJ or QIwc) Qal Imperative Qal Infinitive Construct



Chapter 21: Qal Infinitive Absolute

What is the parsing code for the infinitive absolute?

A

What information does one give when parsing an infinitive absolute?

Root, Stem, and Conjugation. (קטל QA)

No gender, number, or person.

How is the QA spelled for most verbs? ◌ ◌�◌

What is ◌ ◌ ◌ ? QA, with the � written defectively

How are guttural verbs spelled in the QA? Same as strong verbs: ◌ ◌�◌ OR ◌ ◌ ◌

(3-ח/ע end in furtive Pathach ◌ ◌ ◌� or ◌ ◌◌ )

How are 3ה verbs spelled in the QA? ◌ה◌ or ◌ ◌�






ת� (Infinitive Construct)

◌ה or � (Infinitive Absolute)



How are biconsonantal verbs spelled in the QA? ◌�◌

Which pronominal suffixes are added to the infinitive absolute?

None. An infinitive absolute never takes a pronominal suffix.

What can be prefixed to an infinitive absolute? ו (conjunction), ה (interrogative)

What can be suffixed to an infinitive absolute? nothing

What ambiguity is there when parsing QA? For biconsonantal verbs with lexical vowel �

(e.g., ב�א), QA = Q∞ = QM2ms

How is the infinitive absolute used? What does it mean?

Emphasis: used with another verb of the same root.

o E.g., מ�ת תמות ‘you will surely die’

Substitute for another verb conjugation. o Imperative is most common.

o E.g., זכ�ר את־הי�ם הזה ‘Remember this

day!’ Ongoing, simultaneous action. o Describes the preceding verb as ongoing, with

something else happening at the same time.

o E.g., עלו ע�ה ובכה

‘they were going up, weeping as they went’



What does יש mean?

Existence / presence

o E.g., יש יהוה פה ‘YHWH is here’

Possession (with ל)

o E.g., בןיש לי ‘I have a son’

Tense comes from context.

What does אין mean?

Non-existence / absence

o E.g., אין י�סף בב�ר ‘Joseph was not in the

cistern’

Non-possession (with ל)

o E.g., בן יאין ל ‘I do not have a son’

Negate a verbless (or participial) clause

o E.g., אינם י�דעים ‘they do not know’

Tense comes from context.

How can יש be spelled? יש OR יש־

How can אין be spelled? ין אין־ OR אין OR א

OR with a pronominal suffix (type 1 or nun-type)

In which conjugations do 1Yod and 1Nun verbs lose R1? How can you distinguish between those options?

QI, QM, and Q∞

o QI has preformative א ,ת ,י, or נ & VP = ◌ / י◌

o Q∞ ends in ◌ת◌ or ◌ת◌

o QM has neither a preformative nor an added ת

If a verb has no preformative, no pronominal

suffix, and ends in ו, what is it?

QM2mp or QP3cp o V1 is reduced (or Rule of Shewa) QM2mp

o V1 is � or ו or ◌י QM2mp

o Otherwise QP3cp

If a verb has no preformative or sufformative, what are the parsing possibilities?

QP3ms, QM2ms, Q∞, or QA

If a verb without preformative or sufformative shows all 3 root consonants, how do you parse it? (Assume no pronominal suffix)

V1 reduced, VS ≠ ◌ QM2ms

V1 reduced, VS = ◌ Q∞ or QM2ms

◌ ◌�◌ or ◌ ◌ ◌ QA (or QP3ms of יכל)

V1 = ◌ , VS ≠ ◌ or � QP3ms

If a verb without preformative or sufformative shows only 2 root consonants, how do you parse it? (Assume no pronominal suffix) (Ignore doubly weak verbs)

V = ◌ Biconsonantal QP3ms

V = ◌ 1Yod/1Nun QM2ms

Geminate QP3ms

Added ת to end 1Yod/1Nun Q∞

V = ◌ Geminate Q∞ or QM2ms

�-Biconsonantal (defective spelling)

V = ו or ◌י Biconsonantal QM2ms or Q∞

V = � Biconsonantal QA

QM2ms/Q∞ of �-Biconsonantal



Chapter 22: Qal Participle Grammatically, what are participles? Verbal adjectives

How are participles like verbs? Based on verbal roots (e.g., הלך)

Have a verbal stem (e.g., Qal, Niphal, Piel, etc.)

How are participles like adjectives?

Have gender and number (MS, FS, MP, FP) Used like adjectives o attributive (e.g., running water) o predicate (e.g., The water is running.) o substantival (e.g., Running is good.)

What endings do participles use?

Adjective endings o MS = Ø

o FS = ◌ה OR ◌ת◌ (unique to participles)

o MP = ◌ים

o FP = ת�

What kinds of Qal participles exist, and what are their parsing codes?

Active participle (Pt) (e.g., running) Passive participle (Pp) (e.g., being written, blessed)

Describe the vowels for the QPt paradigm. V1 is always ◌ / � and never reduces.

VS is ◌ , but reduces when an ending is added

What is the key to recognizing the QPt? V1 = ◌ or �, except V1 = ◌ for biconsonantal verbs

How do weak verbs differ in the QPt?

(skip 3ה verbs for now)

2-guttural Hateph vowel instead of vocal shewa.

3-ח/ע FS t-form is ◌ת◌ ◌

3א FS t-form is ◌את◌

biconsonantal V1 = Qamets ◌

What happens with 3ה verbs in the QPt?

MS adds ◌ה (like imperfect) בנה

There is no FS T-form,

but some verbs spell the FS as ◌יה◌ ניהב

Describe the vowels for the QPp paradigm. V1 is ◌ but reduces when an ending is added

VS is ו / ◌ and never reduces.

What is the key to recognizing the QPp? VS = ו / ◌

If you see a QPp that looks like 3Yod, what is it? 3ה

What can be added to the beginning of a participle?

conjunction ו

article ◌ה

interrogative ה

prepositions ב כ ל מן

What can be added to the end of a participle? pronominal suffix (type 1 or type 2)

How can you tell if a participle with a pronominal suffix is singular or plural?

Type 1 pronominal suffix singular participle Type 2 pronominal suffix plural participle

What other changes can happen to a participle? It can be in the construct state

Which verb forms can take a prefixed

preposition? ( ל , כ , ב , or מן) preposition infinitive construct



Chapter 23: Issues of Sentence Syntax Note: the study guide for this chapter differs somewhat from the textbook. It contains what I think is most

useful to students at this stage, rather than exactly what the textbook covers.

What is a clause? A clause is a group of words that include or imply

both a subject and a predicate.

How many clauses are there in a sentence? A sentence may contain one or more clauses.

What is the most common word at the beginning of a clause?

and’ is the most common word at the beginning of‘ ו

a clause.

How should waw at the beginning of a clause be translated?

Clause-initial ו should often be left untranslated, or

translated as ‘and’, ‘but’, ‘then’, ‘so’, ‘if’, or other things, depending on the context.

What do we call clause-initial waw ? consecutive waw on the Iwc and Pwc conjunctive waw on other verbs disjunctive waw on non-verbs

What does consecutive waw mean? What is a rough, initial translation for it?

Iwc and Pwc give the next event in a narrative. Initially translate ‘and then’

What does conjunctive waw mean? What is a rough, initial translation for it?

waw on a verb indicates that the clause is somehow related logically to what came before it:

Initially translate ‘and’

What does disjunctive waw mean? What is a rough, initial translation for it?

clause-initial waw on a non-verb introduces some kind of interruption in a narrative:

Initially translate ‘now’, ‘and’, ‘()’, or ‘but’

What marks a clause as a verbless clause? It lacks a finite verb.

What is a finite verb? Give examples. A finite verb has ‘person’ (1st, 2nd, or 3rd). P, Pwc, I, Iwc, J, C, M

What kinds of verbs aren’t finite verbs? Pt, Pp, ∞, A

What do verbless clauses usually mean? They usually identify or classify the subject. E.g., ‘I am David’

What is a common exception to the above? Particularly in poetry, a verb is often omitted but is

implied by the context. E.g., ‘He studied Hebrew, and she Greek’

What is the time of a verbless clause? Usually present.

Where in a clause does a verb with waw go? It is always the first word in a clause.

Where in a clause does an imperfect verb (without waw) usually go?

An imperfect verb is usually NOT clause-initial. Clause-initial imperfect is usually jussive or

cohortative

Where in a clause does a perfect verb usually go? A perfect verb is usually NOT clause-initial.

When a verb is negated, where does the negation usually go?

Before the verb.

What is the usual meaning of a Pwc verb that comes after an imperative verb?

The Pwc is usually the next command in the series. E.g., In ‘Go and do this’, the ‘and do’ is often Pwc.

What is the usual meaning of waw+imperfect after a volitive verb?

The waw+imperfect is usually the purpose or result of the preceding volitive verb. Parse the waw+imperfect as jussive or cohortative, since it is clause-initial.



Chapter 24: Niphal Strong Verbs What does the Niphal typically mean? It is usually the passive or reflexive of the Qal.

What is the parsing code for the Niphal? N

Explain the parsing code for the Niphal. It is N because all Niphal verbs have a Nun

preformative (often assimilated to Dagesh Forte)

How do Niphal verbs begin?

◌נ NP, NPt, some NA

◌נ◌ , א◌ / א◌ , ת◌ , י NI

◌ה NM, N∞, some NA

What verbs begin ◌נ? QI1cp / QC1cp, NP, NPt, NA

What is the VS pattern for Niphal strong verbs? A / Ē–a

What does the A mean in A / Ē–a? VS for the Perfect is A ( = Pathach = ◌ )

o E.g., NP3ms = נקטל

What does the Ē mean in A / Ē–a?

VS for the Imperfect, Imperative, and ∞

is Ē ( = Tsere = ◌ )

o E.g., NI3ms = יקטל E.g., NM2ms = הקטל

What does the –a mean in A / Ē–a?

VS for FP Imperfect & Imperative is A (=Pathach=◌ )

o E.g., NI(2/3)fp = לנה תקט

o E.g., NM2fp = לנה הקט

What vowel is VS of participles?

(Give the general rule and exceptions) Participles use the P3ms VS, lengthened if possible.

Exceptions: Qal and the FS t-form.

What is VS for Niphal Participles? Qamets Ā ( ◌ )

Does Participle VS reduce before a sufformative? Only if it is Tsere Ē ( ◌ )

What is VS for the Infinitive Absolute?

(Give the general rule and exceptions)

Tsere Ē ( ◌ )

Except Ȏ ( � ) or Ō ( ◌ ) for QA and some NA

What distinguishes the NP3ms and the NPtMS?

Why?

VS is short A in the Perfect (נקטל) because of

VS is long Ā in the Participle (נקטל) because of

What distinguishes the NA and the QI1cp? Identical for NA that use prefix ◌נ

Parse נקטל קטל QI1cp or NA [with defective �]

Parse נקטל קטל NP3ms [because VS is short A]

Parse נקטל קטל NPtMS [because VS is long Ā]

Parse נקטל קטל NI1cp [because preformative ◌י ]

Parse נקט�ל קטל QI1cp OR NA [with plene �]

Parse הקטל קטל NM2ms OR N∞ OR NA

Parse נקטלה קטל QC1cp OR NP3fs

Parse נקטלה קטל NPtFS [VS is NOT reduced, so it is a participle]



Chapter 25: Niphal Weak Verbs

When a 1-guttural verb begins

o ◌נ◌◌ OR ◌נ◌◌ OR ◌נ◌ ◌

o where נ is a preformative, and

o where ◌◌◌ are the root consonants, and

o where R1 is guttural

what is it equivalent to in the strong verb paradigm and why?

These are all the same as ◌נ in a strong verb

because they follow the same pattern as the rule of shewa (§4.12).

o For the strong verb, ◌נ ◌נ

o For a 1-guttural, ◌נ ◌נ

o For a 1-guttural, ◌נ ◌נ

o For a 1-guttural, ◌◌נ ◌◌נ ◌◌נ

When a 1-guttural verb begins

o ◌י◌◌ OR ◌ה◌◌ OR ◌ת◌◌ OR

◌◌ ◌א

what is it equivalent to in the strong verb paradigm and why?

◌י for a 1-guttural is the same as ◌י in a strong

verb because the 1-guttural rejects the dagesh forte and

lengthens the hireq to tsere. ◌י ◌י

What happens to 1Yod verbs in the Niphal?

The 1Yod becomes � where the Niphal begins ◌נ

o E.g., ישב NP3ms נישב נ�שב

The 1Yod becomes consonantal waw elsewhere (i.e., where the Niphal puts a Dagesh Forte in R1)

o E.g., ישב NI3ms יישב יושב

If you see a verb that looks like a 1-waw verb in the Niphal, what is it?

It is a 1Yod verb.

o E.g., יושב looks like ושב NI3ms,

but it is from ישב not ושב

When does 1Nun assimilate in the Niphal? Wherever the preformative is ◌נ (P, Pt, some A)

E.g., נצל QP3ms ננצל נצל

What is tricky about 3א verbs in the Niphal? NP3ms = NPtMS because 3א NP3ms VS = Ā ( ◌ )

What happens to the 3ה of a 3ה verb if it has a

sufformative or pronominal suffix that begins with a vowel?

The vowel of the sufformative or pronominal suffix

swallows up the 3ה (it becomes V2).

o [E.g., בנה QP3cp = בנו]

o [E.g., ראה QPtMS+1cs = ראי]

What happens to the 3ה of 3ה verbs if it has no

sufformative and no pronominal suffix?

The verb ends in:

o ◌ה Perfect

o ◌ה Imperfect, Participle

o Nothing Jussive, Imperfect Waw Consecutive

o ◌ה Imperative or Infinitive Absolute

(but never QA)

o ת� Infinitive Construct

o ◌ה or � Infinitive Absolute

What happens to the 3ה of 3ה verbs if it has a

sufformative that begins with a consonant? Put vowel+Yod between R2 and the sufformative

Parse נמצא מצא NP3ms or NPtMS [3א so NP3ms VS = ◌ ]



Parse נעזב עזב NP3ms [1G. נע is like ◌נ for strong verbs]

Parse נעזבו עזב NP3cp [1G. ◌נע is like ◌נ for strong verbs]

Parse יעזב and ישב יעזב is עזב NI3ms [See all 3 Rs. R1 is ע not י]

ישב is ישב QI3ms [Missing an R, so 1Yod QI]

Parse העזב עזב N(M2ms/∞/A) [1G, so ◌ה was ◌ה]

Parse נצב נצב NP3ms [1Nun, so ננצב נצב]

Parse נ�שב ישב NP3ms [נ� preformative is ◌נ of 1Yod Niphal]

Parse שביו ישב NI3ms [Root ושב ישב]

Parse הושב ישב N(M2ms/∞/A) [same reason as ]



Chapter 26: Piel Strong Verbs

What are the two major categories of meaning for Piel verbs?

Cause a state (‘factitive’) Do something repeatedly.

What is the parsing code for the Piel? D

Explain the parsing code for the Piel. D indicates the doubling (Dagesh Forte) in R2 in all

Piel verb forms.

How do Piel strong verbs begin?

[Write the preformative, V1, and any Dagesh Forte]

◌ ◌ ◌ P

◌◌י◌ ◌ת◌◌ / ◌ ◌א / ◌ ◌נ◌◌ / I

◌ ◌ ◌ M, ∞, A

◌◌מ◌ Pt

What preformative vowel is used in the Piel? Shewa [i.e., מ , נ , א , ת , י]

What verb forms have preformative Mem? All participles except Qal and Niphal

What name should you remember for the Piel? Piel–Pael

Explain the double name for the Piel.

Piel because V1 = I = Hireq ( ◌ ) in the Piel Perfect

Pael because V1 = A = Pathach ( ◌ ) for all

non-Perfect Piel verbs.

What is the Piel strong-verb stem-vowel pattern? Ē-a / Ē

Explain the Piel strong-verb stem-vowel pattern. VS = Ē (Tsere ◌ ) in all forms, except that

VS = A (Pathach ◌ ) in the Perfect 1st & 2nd person

What is VS in the infinitive absolute?

State the general rule and the exceptions.

VS in the infinitive absolute is normally Ē ( ◌ ).

But VS is Ô � (or Ō ◌ ) for QA & some NA [&5DA]

What is VS for Piel participles? Why? Ē (Tsere ◌ ) because it is the Perfect 3rd person VS

Do Piel Participles put a Shewa before the endings? Explain the rule.

Yes, Piel Participles put a Shewa before the endings.

Shewa precedes Participle endings only if VS = Ē.

VS = Ē for Piel Participles, so they get a Shewa.

Which forms are identical in the Piel strong verb? DM2ms = D∞ = DA

What variations are there in the Piel VS ? In the DP3ms, VS is sometimes A ( ◌ ) or E ( ◌ ).

When is the dagesh forte for R2 lost in the Piel? When R2 is a guttural When R2 is a SQiN ‘eM LeVY consonant with

shewa

Besides R2, where else does SQiN eM LeVY affect the Piel?

DIwc3ms and DIwc3mp lose the Dagesh Forte in

the imperfect preformative: וי וי

Which verb forms have no preformative? Qal (not imperfect) Piel (not imperfect or participle)

What preformatives do Participles use? מ (except the Qal and Niphal)

How can one distinguish DP3ms from DM2ms? V1 = ◌ for the Perfect and ◌ for the Imperative

(piēl – paēl)

Parse קטל D(M2ms/∞/A)



Chapter 27: Piel Weak Verbs

Which verb types reject the dagesh forte in the Piel? Do they have compensatory lengthening?

2GR (2-Guttural & 2-Resh) reject Dagesh Forte Sometimes compensatory lengthening.

If Tsere ◌ is from compensatory lengthening,

what was it before? ◌ Hireq

If Qamets ◌ is from compensatory lengthening,

what was it before? ◌ Pathach

If a Piel verb has V1 = ◌ , what conjugation is it

and why?

It is the Perfect.

◌ (Ē) is compensatory lengthening from V1 = ◌ (I)

in a 2GR verb.

V1 = ◌ (I) is a perfect verb because of piēl-paēl

If a Piel verb with no preformative has V1 = ◌ ,

what conjugation is it and why?

It is the imperative, infinitive construct, or infinitive absolute.

◌ (Ā) is compensatory lengthening from V1 =

◌ (A) in a 2GR verb.

V1 = ◌ (A) is NOT a perfect verb, because of piēl-

paēl, so it is imperative, ∞, or A.

What is tricky about 1Nun verbs in the Piel? Why?

(this is not in the book)

The Piel and Niphal are identical in the Perfect, except in the 3ms.

They are identical because:

(1) Perfect VS is A ( ◌ ) for both,

(2) The Niphal 1-נ assimilates to a Dagesh in R2,

(3) The Piel 1-נ looks like the Niphal preformative

נ

Explain the Perfect 3ms exception to .

(this is not in the book)

The 3ms differs because the Niphal VS is A /, whereas the Piel VS is Ē-a /

E.g., נגש NP3ms = נגש, but DP3ms = נגש

The 3fs and 3cp would also differ, but VS is reduced, so one can’t tell what it was before it reduced.

How are Biconsonantal verbs spelled in the Piel?

They are spelled as the pôlēl stem.

o E.g., כון PolelP3ms = כ�נן

o Write R3 twice, separated by VS

o V1 = Ô ( � )

o VS is the same as the strong verb: Ē-a / Ē

What do Geminate verbs do in the Piel?

Like strong verbs.

o E.g.,חלל DP3ms = לל ח

OR like biconsonantal verbs (pôlēl)

o E.g., חלל PolelP3ms = חלל

Chapter 28: Pual Strong Verbs

What does the Pual stem mean? It is usually the passive of the Piel. (It is occasionally the passive of the Qal).



What is the parsing code for the Pual?

What does it stand for? Dp, which stands for “D passive”

Which Pual conjugations occur more than once? perfect, imperfect, participle

What is the Pual stem vowel pattern? A

How do Pual verbs begin?

◌ ◌ ◌ DpP

◌י◌◌ DpI

◌מ◌◌ DpPt

How is the Pual spelled, compared to the Piel?

Pual is spelled just like the Piel, except:

o V1 is always qibbuts ( ◌ )

o VS is always A

Which verb forms have no preformative?

(one more option since chapter 26)

Qal (not imperfect) Piel and Pual (not imperfect or participle)

Chapter 29: Pual Weak Verbs What do I mean by ‘2G’ verbs? The second root consonant is a guttural

What do I mean by ‘2GR’ verbs? The second root consonant is a guttural or resh

What happens to 2GR verbs in the Pual? R2 is not doubled (no dagesh forte). V1 might have compensatory lengthening.

What is V1 in a Pual strong verb? Always Qibbuts U ( ◌ )

What is V1 in a Pual 2GR verb with compensatory lengthening?

Holem Ō ( ◌ )

Occasionally spelled plene as Holem Waw Ô ( � )

What is “virtual doubling”? It is the textbook’s term for when there is NO

compensatory lengthening after a guttural or resh rejects a dagesh forte.

If V1 = Holem Ō ( ◌ ), what are the parsing

possibilities?

Qal Active Participle, OR 2-Guttural/Resh Pual verb with compensatory

lengthening ( ◌ ◌ )

Distinguish the QPt from the Pual for verbs with

V1 = Holem Ō ( ◌ ).

Not 2GR QPt Preformative Dp Sufformative isn’t a participle preformative Dp

◌ ◌◌ is QPtMS

◌ ◌◌ is DpP3ms

◌ה◌◌ is either QPtFS or DpP3fs

If Holem ◌ is from compensatory lengthening,

what was it before? ◌ Qibbuts



Chapter 30: Hiphil Strong Verbs

What are the some major categories of meaning for Hiphil verbs?

Cause an action Simple action (like the Qal) Declare someone to be in a state (e.g.,‘declare

guilty’)

What is the parsing code for the Hiphil? Why? H because all Hiphil verbs have preformative ה

(except for the Imperfect and Participles)

How do Hiphil strong verbs begin?

[Write the preformative, V1, and any Dagesh Forte]

◌ה◌◌ P

◌י◌◌ ◌◌ת◌ / ◌◌א◌ / ◌◌נ◌ / I

◌ה◌◌ M, ∞, A

◌מ◌◌ Pt

What is the mnemonic name for Hiphil strong verbs?

Hiphil – Haphil

Explain the mnemonic name for Hiphil strong verbs

Hiphil VP = I = Hireq ( ◌ ) in the Hiphil Perfect

Haphil VP = A = Pathach ( ◌ ) for all

non-Perfect Hiphil verbs.

What is the Hiphil strong-verb stem-vowel pattern? List the pattern and the exceptions.

Î-a / Î-ē

Except: Ē for M+Ø, J and Iwc (usually singular)

Explain the Hiphil strong-verb stem-vowel pattern.

VS = Î (Hireq-Yod ◌י ) in the Perfect 3rd person

VS = A (Pathach ◌ ) in the Perfect 1st & 2nd person

VS = Î (Hireq-Yod ◌י ) in the Imperfect,

Imperative, and Infinitive Construct, except that

VS = Ē (Tsere ◌ ) in the Imperfect & Imperative

FP

Explain the exceptions to the Hiphil strong-verb stem-vowel pattern.

VS = Ē (Tsere ◌ ) instead of Î (Hireq-Yod ◌י ) for:

o HM2ms if there is no pronominal suffix o Jussive (usually, mainly in the singular) o Iwc (usually, mainly in the singular)

Why is the Hiphil stem vowel Î (Hireq-Yod ◌י )

sometimes hard to recognize? Sometimes it is spelled defectively as Hireq ◌

For the Hiphil in particular, what do you need to remember about the rule for when to put a Shewa before verb sufformatives?

Because unchangeable long vowels never reduce, the Hiphil stem vowel never reduces to Shewa (not even when it is defectively written as Hireq).

Which Hiphil strong verb forms are identical? HM2ms = HA = הקטל

Which verb forms have preformative ה? ◌ה NM, N∞, and some NA

◌ה HP

Parse הקטל קטל HM2ms OR HA

Parse הקטיל קטל H∞

Parse הקטיל קטל HP3ms



Chapter 31: Hiphil Weak Verbs

What parsing clues can you trust for a 1-weak verb?

VS and any dagesh in R2, since they are not next to the 1-weak consonant.

Except 1Yod and Angry Baker 1א Change QI VS

When a 1G verb begins ה◌ ◌◌ , what is it

equivalent to in the strong verb paradigm and why?

This is equivalent to ◌ה◌◌ in a strong verb,

because it follows the same pattern as the rule of shewa (§4.12).2

o For strong verbs, ה◌ ◌◌ ה◌ ◌◌

o For 1G verbs, ה◌ ◌◌ ה◌ ◌◌

When a 1G verb begins ◌י (or ◌ת, etc.), what is

it equivalent to for strong verbs and why?

Maybe Qal Imperfect ◌י (Looks like ◌י ◌י)

Maybe Hiphil Imperfect ◌י

How does one distinguish the HI and QI for 1G verbs?

Use the stem vowel.

o H VS is ◌י except FP (◌ )

o Q VS is never ◌י (usually ◌ )

1G-3ה verbs are ambiguous, since there is no VS

What parsing clues can you trust for a 3-weak verb?

VP and any dagesh in R1 or R2, since they aren’t next to the 3-weak consonant.

What parsing clues can’t you trust for a 3-weak verb?

VS The sufformative may also have some changes

What do 3א verbs do in all stems (not just the H)?

If the 3א would have a shewa, it quiesces and any

following ת drops its Dagesh Lene and Shewa

The stem vowel often switches to ◌ , ◌ , or ◌

What happens to 1Nun verbs in the Hiphil? 1Nun assimilates to Dagesh Forte in R2

What parsing ambiguities do 1Nun verbs have in the Hiphil?

The Dagesh Forte from the assimilated 1Nun can look like:

o Dagesh in R1 of the N(I/M/∞/A) ( ◌י◌ ,ה, etc)

o Dagesh in R2 of the Piel

What happens to 1Yod in the Hiphil? It always drops out and is replaced by VP = � (or ◌ )

What verb forms have VP = � or ◌ ? 1Yod Hiphil

1Yod N(P/Pt/A) if preformative is נ� (strong ◌נ)

What verb forms have V1 = � or ◌ ? Qal active participle Pual of a 2GR verb

Parse ישוב and שיבי

ישוב is שוב QI3ms [VS is lexical vowel]

ישיב is שוב HI3ms [VS = ◌י ]

[Biconsonantals have VP = ◌ in the QI and HI]

How do you parse biconsonantal verbs in the Hiphil?

Use VS = Î / Î-ē

Don’t use VP since it is ◌ or ◌ or ◌ or ◌

2 Historically, the Qal and Hiphil preformative vowels aren’t really due to the rule of shewa, but they often follow the same pattern, so this makes a good way to think through how to parse them.



Chapter 32: Hophal Strong Verbs

What does the Hophal stem mean? It is usually the passive of the Hiphil. (It is occasionally the passive of the Qal).

What is the parsing code for the Hophal?

What does it stand for? Hp, which stands for “H passive”

Which verb conjugations occur at least 10 times in the Hophal?

perfect, imperfect, participle

How does the Hophal begin?

◌ה or ◌ה P

◌י or ◌י I

◌מ or ◌מ Pt

What mnemonic name should you remember for the Hophal?

Houûphal

Explain the mnemonic name for the Hophal. Almost all Hophal verbs (including weak verbs) have

VP = O ( ◌ Qamets Hatuf ) or U ( ◌ ) or Û ( ו )

When VP = ◌ , how can you tell if it is Qamets

Hatuf or Qamets?

If V1 is ◌ or ◌ , then VP = ◌ is Qamets Hatuf

If V1 is anything else, then VP = ◌ is Qamets

(6 exceptions in the entire Bible)

How does one distinguish a Hophal from a Pual,

since both have vowel Qibbuts ( ◌ )? The location of the Qibbuts is different.

In the Hophal, it is Vp, whereas in the Pual, it is V1

What is the Hophal stem vowel pattern? A

Given the general rule, what is the Hophal Participle stem vowel?

Ā ( ◌ )

Chapter 33: Hophal Weak Verbs

If VP = Û ( ו ), what could the verb be? (weak

verb type & stem)

1Yod, biconsonantal, or geminate Hophal

יכל Qal Imperfect

What is a certain indication that a verb is a Hophal?

Vp is ו or ◌ [except QI of יכל]

Vp is ◌ and V1 is ◌ or ◌

What non-Hophal verb has VP = ו ? יכל in the Qal Imperfect

If Vp is ◌ but V1 is not ◌ or ◌ ,

what vowel is VP = ◌ , and what is the verb type?

Then VP = ◌ is Qamets (not Qamets Hatuf)

(Qal or Hiphil) and (biconsonantal or geminate)



Chapter 34: Hithpael Strong Verbs

How does the Hithpael begin?

◌הת◌◌ P, M, ∞, A

◌ית◌◌ I

◌מת◌◌ Pt

What is the stem vowel pattern for strong verbs in the Hithpael?

Ē-a / Ē

Explain the stem vowel pattern for strong verbs in the Hithpael.

The stem vowel is Ē ( ◌ ) everywhere except the 1st

and second person of the perfect.

What stem is spelled similarly to the Hithpael? How are they similar?

Both the D stem and the Ht stem have:

V1 = Pathach (except D Perfect has Hireq) Dagesh Forte in R2 VS = Ē-a / Ē

Under what conditions do letters switch places in the Hithpael? Which letters switch places?

If R1 is ס ,ש ,ש, or צ, then R1 and the ת of the

Hithpael preformative switch places.

Under what conditions does part of the Hithpael preformative dissapear?

If R1 is ת ,ד, or ט, then the ת of the Hithpael

preformative assimilates to a Dagesh Forte in R1

[It also disappears with R1 = ז, but that only occurs

once in the Bible]

What does the Hithpael stem typically indicate?

Reflexive voice – acting upon oneself. o E.g., ‘he sanctified himself’

Reciprocal – acting upon one another. o E.g., ‘they looked at each other’

Iterative – repeated action o E.g., ‘he walked back and forth’

Like a Qal o E.g., ‘he prayed’

Parse התקטל קטל Ht(P3ms/M2ms/∞/A)

Parse התקטלו קטל Ht(P3cp/M2mp)



Chapter 35: Hithpael Weak Verbs

When can the Dagesh Forte of a Ht verb be lost?

The same as the D and the Dp If R2 = G/R, the dagesh is lost. There may be

compensatory lengthening.

E.g., *התברך התבר�

If R2 is SQiN eM LeVY, the dagesh forte may be lost when VS reduces to shewa.

E.g., התפללו התפללו

What do some biconsonantal and geminate verbs do in the Ht stem?

They form the hithpolel stem.

E.g., התר�מם is רום in the hithpolel P3ms

What does the verb חוה mean? To worship or show respect by prostrating oneself.

In what stem is the verb חוה used? Always the hishtaphel stem.

What other verbs occur in the hishtaphel stem? None

How does the hishtaphel stem begin?

◌◌◌השת P, M, ∞ (infinitive abs never occurs)

◌◌◌ישת I

◌◌◌משת Pt



Chapter 36: Introduction to the Hebrew Bible

What is ‘BHS’? Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia

It is the standard Hebrew Bible.

What is ‘BHQ’? Biblia Hebraica Quinta It is the successor to BHS, but it is not yet finished.

What does the symbol ׃ mark in the Hebrew

Bible? It marks the end of a verse. (‘Sof Pasuq’)

What usually marks the major break within a verse?

The accent Athnak ◌

What usually marks the biggest break within each half-verse (from the beginning of the verse to the athnak, and from athnak to the end of the verse)?

The accent zaqeph qatan ◌

What can happen to the spelling of a word at the break points of a verse?

(Accent ◌ or ◌ or at the end of a verse)

A word may be ‘in pause’ (aka ‘pausal form’):

o A vowel or shewa may change to Qamets ◌

o The accent may shift.

What forms can have misleading spelling in pausal form?

The 2ms type 1 pronominal suffix ◌� may

become ◌� which looks like 2fs. So ל� ‘to you’

and את� ‘with you’ may be 2fs or 2ms in pause.

What does a circle over a word ◌ indicate? There is a note in the masorah parva (mp) on that

word. So look at the outside margin for the note.

When the mp note has ק under another Hebrew

word, what is the significance?

The consonants of the word in the mp (the ‘Qere’) should be read with the vowels in the main text.

The consonants in the main body of the Bible (the ‘Kethib’) do not go with the vowels that are with them. The appropriate vowels are not shown.

What is a ‘perpetural qere’? A word that always has the Qere vowels with the

Kethib consonants, and there is never an mp note to tell us the Qere consonants.

Give examples of perpetual qere.

יהוה and יה�ה indicate Qere אדני

הוא indicates Qere היא ‘she’

ירושלם indicates Qere ירושלים

What is the significance of a superscripted lower-case English letter in the main body of the text?

It tells us to look at the modern text-critical note, marked with that lower-case English letter, at the bottom of the page.

To what does the word ‘Tanach’ refer?

The Hebrew Bible

It is an acronym of the 3 divisions: Torah (ת�רה),

Prophets (נביאים), and Writings (כתובים).



Strong Verb Summary This summary and the Qal strong-verb paradigm enable one to generate all strong-verb paradigms.

What kinds of verbs are finite verbs?

Explain the principle and list the verb types.

Verbs with ‘person’ (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) Perfect, Imperfect, Imperative, Jussive, &

Cohortative

What kinds of verbs are NOT finite verbs?

Explain the principle and list the verb types. Verbs WITHOUT ‘person’ (1st, 2nd, or 3rd) Participle, Infinitive Construct, Infinitive Absolute

Which verb forms can take a prefixed preposition? Infinitive Constructs and Participles

When is there a reduced vowel right before the sufformative of a finite verb? Give the general rule and the exceptions.

Always, except that:

י & ו vowel letters ( י, ◌י, �, ו◌ ) never reduce

(e.g., קום QM2mp is קומו)

Qal Perfect V1 doesn’t reduce right before a

sufformative (e.g., קום QP3cp is מו (ק

3א quiesces rather than taking a reduced vowel.

When is there a reduced vowel right before the sufformative of a participle?

Only if VS = Tsere ( ◌ ).

This happens for Q active, D, Ht

What does VS mean? It is the ‘stem vowel’. It is the vowel, V2, with the second root consonant.

Where are finite verbs accented? List the general rule and its exceptions.

Finite verbs accent VS unless: o VS is reduced o Heavy sufformative (Perfect 2mp or 2fp) o Pronominal suffix o Pwc2ms or Pwc1cs o [VS is not the ultima or the penult] o [Some Iwc weak verb forms accent VP]

Explain what the VS pattern Ē-a / Î-ô would mean. (This is a made-up example for clarity)

VS would be:

Ē (◌ ) 3rd person Perfect

A ( ◌ ) 1st and 2nd person Perfect

Î ( ◌י )Imperfect, Imperative, & Infinitive construct

Ô ( � ) Feminine Plural Imperfect & Imperative

What is VS for participles? Perfect 3rd person VS, lengthened Except Qal Participles and FS T-form Participles

What is VS in the infinitive absolute?

What exceptions exist?

VS in the infinitive absolute is normally Ē ( ◌ ).

But VS is Ô � (or Ō ◌ ) for QA and some NA

[&5DA]

What is VS for Qal strong verbs? A / Ō

What is VS for Niphal strong verbs? [Ch 24] A / Ē–a

What is VS for Piel strong verbs? [Ch 26] Ē–a / Ē

What is VS for Pual strong verbs? [Ch 28] A

What is VS for Hithpael strong verbs? [Ch 34] Ē–a / Ē

What is VS for Hiphil strong verbs? [Ch 30] Î–a / Î–ē Ē for HM2ms+Ø, HJ&HIwc (usually singular)



What is VS for Hophal strong verbs? [Ch 32] A

Where is VS = A for strong verbs in all stems? Perfect 1st and 2nd person are A in all stems.

How does help you remember the VS patterns? There is always A (or –a) before the slash /

What length are the different vowels (aeio) in the strong-verb VS patterns?

A is always short ( A or –a ) E is always long ( Ē or –ē ) I is always a vowel letter ( Î ) O is always long (Ō )

Which stems have the same VS pattern? Pual and Hophal (the passive stems) are A Piel and Hithpael are Ē–a / Ē

How do Qal strong verbs begin?

P, A ◌ ◌◌

I ◌י◌◌

M, ∞ ◌ ◌◌

Pt ◌ ◌◌

Pp ◌ ◌ו◌

How do Niphal strong verbs begin? [Ch 24]

P, Pt, some A ◌נ◌◌

I ◌י◌◌

M, ∞, some A ◌ה◌◌

How do Piel strong verbs begin? [Ch 26]

P ◌ ◌ ◌

I ◌◌י◌

M, ∞, A ◌ ◌ ◌

Pt ◌◌מ◌

How do Pual strong verbs begin? [Ch 28]

P ◌ ◌ ◌

I ◌◌י◌

Pt ◌◌מ◌

How do Hithpael strong verbs begin? [Ch 34]

P, M, ∞, A ◌◌הת◌

I ◌◌ית◌

Pt ◌◌מת◌

How do Hiphil strong verbs begin? [Ch 30]

P ◌ה◌◌

I ◌י◌◌

M, ∞, A ◌ה◌◌

Pt ◌מ◌◌

How do Hophal strong verbs begin? [Ch 32]

P ◌ה◌◌ OR ◌ה◌◌

I ◌י◌◌ OR ◌י◌◌ etc.

Pt ◌מ◌◌ OR ◌מ◌◌

Which stems have two names? [Ch 26, 30] What do those double names signify?

Piel-Pael because V1 = I in Perfect, A elsewhere Hiphil-Haphel because VP = I perfect, A elsewhere

Which verb forms have no preformative? [Ch 26] Qal (not Imperfect) Piel and Pual (not Imperfect or Participles)

What preformative do participles use? [Ch 26] מ (except for Qal and Niphal)



What marks a verb as jussive or cohortative?

Meaning in context (desire, resolve, request, etc.) First in its clause (usually) Shortened VS in the jussive for some forms

Final ◌ה in the cohortative (often)

Pronominal Suffix and Weak Verb Summary If one also knows this summary and the pronominal suffix paradigm, one can parse most verbs.

How can you tell whether נו at the end of a word

is a 1cp pronominal suffix or a Perfect 1cp sufformative?

If נו is preceded by a Shewa or an unchangeable

long vowel, it is a Perfect 1cp If it is preceded by any other vowel, it is a 1cp

pronominal suffix.

If a verb without a preformative begins ◌ ◌

or ◌ ◌ and has a pronominal suffix, what is it?

Qal Perfect Qal Imperative of a Stative, 1G, or 2G verb

If a verb without a preformative begins ◌ ◌ and

has a pronominal suffix, what is it? Qal Imperative or Infinitive Construct

Which vowel positions can a weak root consonant change? (i.e., R1 can change V? )

Its vowel and the immediately preceding vowel. Weak R1 can change VP and V1 Weak R2 can change V1 and VS (= V2) Weak R3 can change VS and V3 Geminate and Biconsonantal can change VP and V1

and V2 and V3

What changes does Resh cause? Reject Dagesh Forte. o Usually compensatory lengthening of

preceding vowel

What 2 changes do gutturals cause in general?

(Don’t discuss changes to VS specifically)

Reject Dagesh Forte. o Perhaps compensatory lengthening of

preceding vowel Use a Hateph Vowel instead of Shewa o The preceding vowel may change, following

the pattern of the the Rule of Shewa.

o E.g., ◌י ◌י for strong but ◌י ◌י for 1G

What is the strong verb vowel for ◌ or ◌ or ◌ ? Shewa ◌

What is the strong verb pattern for ◌ ◌ ? ◌ ◌

What is the strong verb pattern for ◌ ◌ ? Either ◌ ◌ or ◌ ◌

What is the strong verb pattern for Tsere+GR ? Hireq + Dagesh Forte ◌ ◌ [or just Tsere]

What is the strong verb pattern for Holem+GR ? Qibbuts + Dagesh Forte ◌ ◌ [or just Holem]

What is the strong verb pattern for Qamets+GR ? Patach+ Dagesh Forte ◌ ◌ [or just Qamets]

How do some 1א verbs (the ‘Angry Baker’ verbs)

differ from regular 1G verbs?

In the Qal Imperfect, we get יאכל, etc.

o VP = Holem

o V1 (א) quiesces

o VS may change

In the QI1cs, the 1א drops out. E.g., אאכל אכל



If there is a quiescent Aleph, what vowel should you put under the Aleph (in your mind) to get back closer to the strong-verb pattern?

Shewa

In which verb forms do all biconsonantal verbs show their lexical vowel?

E.g., שוב has VS = שים ,ו has VS = ◌י ,

and ב�א has VS = �

Qal Imperfect [Not necessarily QIwc or QJ] Qal Imperative Qal Infinitive construct

Why does the 3ה of 3ה verbs change so much? It is a vowel letter, not a consonant.

What happens to the 3ה of a 3ה verb if it has a

sufformative or pronominal suffix that begins with a vowel?

The vowel of the sufformative or pronominal suffix

swallows up the 3ה (it becomes V2).

o E.g., בנה QP3cp = בנו.

o E.g., ראה QPtMS+1cs = ראי


sufformative and no pronominal suffix?

The verb ends in:

o ◌ה Perfect

o ◌ה Imperfect, Participle

o Nothing Jussive, Imperfect Waw Consecutive

o ◌ה Imperative or Infinitive Absolute

(but never QA)

o ת� Infinitive Construct

o ◌ה or � Infinitive Absolute

What happens to the 3ה of 3ה verbs if it has a

sufformative that begins with a consonant?

Put vowel+Yod between R2 and the sufformative:

o ◌י Perfect

o ◌י Perfect

o ◌י Imperfect & Imperative

[You don’t need to remember which vowel+Yod]


sufformative, but it does have a pronominal suffix that begins with a consonant?

The 3ה vowel letter disappears

E.g., נחה QP3ms+1cs = נחני = ני+נחה

If there is a Dagesh from an assimilated root consonant, what was it?

Nun with silent Shewa נ [almost always]

What ambiguities do 1Nun verbs have? DP = NP (except 3ms)

Where is 1Nun often lost without a trace? QM

In which verb forms does 3-Nun assimilate?

Whenever the sufformative begins with a consonant o Perfect: 2ms, 2fs, 1cs, 2mp, 2fp, 1cp o Impefect (2/3)fp o Imperative FP

In which verb forms does 3-Tau assimilate? Whenever the sufformative begins Tau o Perfect: 2ms, 2fs, 1cs, 2mp, 2fp, 1cp

What verb forms without a preformative lose 1Yod ?

Qal Imperative [no trace]

Qal Infinitive construct [adds ת to the end]

If a verb parses as 1-Vav, what is it? E.g., יושב 1Yod



If a verb parses as 3-Yod, what is it? E.g., בנוי�ת 3ה Qal Passive Participle

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Hiphil

Qal Imperfect 1G ◌י

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Hophal Qamets Hatuf ◌ ◌ or (1G: ◌ ◌ or ◌ ◌◌ )

Qal Biconsonantal or Germinate Hiphil Biconsonantal or Geminate

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Preformative א is (Q/N)I1cs

Any 1G where the strong verb has VP = ◌

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Qal Imperfect 1Yod or Geminate Drop 1Yod Niphal 1GR Hiphil Biconsonantal or Geminate

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Qal Imperfect Niphal and Hithpael Hiphil Perfect

If VP = ◌י , what are the options? Qal Imperfect 1Yod Drop 1Yod

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Angry-Baker 1א

If VP = �, what are the options? 1Yod Niphal (P/Pt/A, strong-verb preformative ◌נ)

1Yod Hiphil

If VP = ו, what are the options? יכל Qal Imperfect

Hophal 1Yod Drop 1Yod Hophal Biconsonantal or Geminate

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Hophal

If VP = ◌ , what are the options? Piel and Pual Qal or Hiphil Biconsonantal or Geminate with the

accent 2 or more syllables after the preformative.

What mnemonic name should you remember for the Hophal?

Houûphal

Explain the mnemonic name for the Hophal. Almost all Hophal verbs (including weak verbs) have

VP = O ( ◌ Qamets Hatuf ) or U ( ◌ ) or Û ( ו )

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