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THE HOUSE OF PLANTAGENET

The House of Plantagenet was a royal dynasty that came to prominence in the High Middle

Agesand lasted until the end of the Late Middle Ages !ithin that period" some historians identify

four distinct #oyal Houses$Ange%ins" Plantagenet"Lancasterand&or'The Plantagenets transformed (ngland from a realm ruled from a)road" into one of a

deeply engaged and mature 'ingdom" although not necessarily always intentionally *romMagna

+artaonward" the role of 'ingship transformed under the Plantagenet,dri%en )y wea'ness to ma'e

compromises that constrained their power in return for financial and military support The 'ing

changed from )eing the most powerful man in the country with the prerogati%e of udgement" feudal

tri)ute and warfare into a polity where the 'ing.s duties to his realm" in addition to the realm.s duties to

the 'ing" were defined" underpinned )y a sophisticated ustice system /uccess for the Plantagenets

reuired martial prowess" and many were renowned warrior leaders +onflict with the *rench" /cots"

!elsh and rish was to help shape a distinct national identity and re-esta)lished the use of (nglish

They also pro%ided (ngland with significant )uildings such as !estminster A))ey"!indsor+astleand the !elsh +astles

o royal dynasty was as successful in passing the crown to a succeeding generation as the

Plantagenets from 114 to 1355 n 1344 the splintering of the dynasty into competing cadet )ranches"

theHouse of &or'and House of Lancaster" com)ined with economic and social tumult led to

internecine strife later named the!ars of the #oses+onclusi%e defeat in and the )urden of ta6es

supporting the Hundred &ears. !arhad de%astated the (nglish economy and )ro'e confidence in the

status uo /e%eral popular re%olts demanded greater rights and freedoms for the general population

7estitute soldiery returned from *rance had turned to crime to sur%i%e" whilefeudalismdeclined

into)astard feudalism"where the no)ility acuired pri%ate armies used to pursue personal feuds and

defy the Plantagenet go%ernment These e%ents culminated in 189 with the death of#ichard " thelast Plantagenet 'ing" at the :attle of :osworth *ield Many historians consider this as mar'ing the end

of Plantagenet power and the Middle Ages in (ngland as the succeeding Tudors were a)le to resol%e

these pro)lems )y centralising royal power This ena)led the sta)ility necessary for an (nglish

#enaissanceand the de%elopment of (arly modern :ritain

The Plantagenets were a *rench family that assumed control of the (nglish throne in 1133

Although the Plantagenets were not successful in gaining power in *rance" the (nglish Plantagenet

;ings ruled until 189 The line comprised 18 monarchs" and fell into e6tinction at the hands of

theTudor 7ynasty

The house of Anou" or Ange%in 7ynasty" as the family was called in their nati%e *rance"

was one of four main ruling families in orthern *rance They are said to ha%e )een rowdy and somee6perts )elie%e the male line had a history of insanity or mania


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defeat )y #ichard at the :attle of :allans" Henry named #ichard his heir #ichard?s throne passed to

his younger )rother @ohn at his death *rom @ohn onwards" the throne passed from father to son for

se%eral generations

At the end of the 18th century" the line splintered into two groups" the House of Lancaster

and the House of &or' The split was the result of a comple6 line of succession )etween the sons of

;ing (dward (dward?s heir died of illness" and the ;ing made his grandson" #ichard " his new

heir This infuriated (dward?s younger sons" the 7u'e of Lancaster and the 7u'e of &or' #ichard was e%entually captured" deposed and 'illed )y Henry :oling)ro'e" son of the 7u'e of Lancaster

Henry succeeded as Henry " continuing the rule of the family

(6perts are di%ided as to how to identify the line after the succession of Henry /ome

still consider Henry and his descendants part of the Plantagenets" while others refer to the following

monarchs as the Lancaster and &or' 'ings >enetically" the line of Plantagenets continued until the

defeat of #ichard in 189 After this point" the Tudor 7ynasty too' the throne" ending the reign of

the Plantagenets The direct genetic line died out with the e6ecution of (dward" (arl of !arwic' in

1844 and Margaret" +ountess of /alis)ury" in 1981

n their centuries-long rule" the Plantagenets o%ersaw many 'ey e%ents in :ritish history n

1219" ;ing @ohn signed the Magna +arta" guaranteeing protection from unlawful imprisonment to all

citiBens The plague reached :ritain in 138" lea%ing 19 million people dead in the wa'e of the :lac'

7eath Lancastrian ;ing Henry won the storied )attle of Agincourt in 1819 against incredi)le odds"

securing the recapture of :ritish lands on the (uropean continent The rule of the Plantagenets was

essential in forming the modern character of (ngland" and has pro%ided endless sources of material for

)oo's" plays and films throughout the ages

HUNDREDYEARSWAR

Hundred Years War, an intermittent struggle )etween (nglandand*rancein the 18thC

19th century o%er a series of disputes" including the uestion of the legitimate succession to the *rench

crown The struggle in%ol%ed se%eral generations of (nglish and *rench claimants to the crown and

actually occupied a period of more than 100 years :y con%ention it is said to ha%e started in 1335 and

ended in 1893" )ut there had )een periodic fighting o%er the uestion of (nglish fiefs in *rance going

)ac' to the 12th century

Medie%al legalities were such that one 'ing could )e the %assal of another 'ing if the first

had inherited titles outside his own 'ingdom /uch was the case with the (nglish 'ings since !illiam

" who" as the du'e oformandy" had conuered (nglandin 10== Marriage alliances and wars hadaltered the nature of the (nglish titles in *rance" )ut" at the death of the *rench 'ing +harles in

132" (dward of (ngland was also du'e of >uyenne Dpart ofAuitainein southwestern *ranceE and

count of Ponthieu Don the (nglish +hannelE *urthermore" )ecause his mother was +harles ?s sister

and )ecause +harles had no sons" (dward considered himself a legitimate claimant to the *rench

throne The other maor claimant was the +ount ofalois" a grandson of Philip of *rance through a

younger )ranch of the family

A *rench assem)ly called to settle the uestion chose the alois claimant asPhilip

(dward appeared to accept the decision" )ut when Philip " afraid of another 'ing?s power in his

realm" maneu%ered to confiscate>uyennein 1335" (dward renewed his claim to the *rench throne

and )rought an army to *landers

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Medie%al warfare occasionally in%ol%ed pitched )attles that could )e decisi%e More

freuently" howe%er" warfare consisted of long and costly sieges conducted against important fortified

cities (%en though the (nglish armies of (dward 'ept )oth Philip Dd 1390E and his son@ohn

Dreigned 1390C=8E on the defensi%e" progress in e6panding the area of (nglish occupation was

slow(dwardfailed to press the ad%antage following his maor %ictory at+rFcyin 138= in order to

)esiege the town of+alais (dward ?s son (dward the :lac' Princee%en managed to capture @ohn

at the crushing %ictory ofPoitiersD139=E This forced the *rench to try to reach some agreement

The treaties of +alaisD13=0E ga%e (dward full so%ereignty o%er lands that he formerly held as a

%assal of Philip Howe%er" when @ohn died in capti%ity" awaiting fulfillment of all the pro%isions

of the treaties" his son +harles" crowned as +harles " refused to respect the treaties and reopened the

conflict This time the *rench put the (nglish on the defensi%e until +harles ?s death in 130 halted

progress in the reduction of (nglish territory

After 130 )oth countries were preoccupied with internal power struggles" and

thewarlapsed into uncertain peace Possession of*landersremained the outstanding issue (dward

?s grandson#ichard was e%entually deposed D1344E )y another grandson" who )ecameHenry n *rance" +harles ?s )rothers fought o%er who should administer affairs of state in the name

of +harles " who suffered from )outs of insanity that rendered him incapa)le of ruling


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HOUSE OFYORK

House of York,younger )ranch of the house of Plantagenetof (ngland n the 19th

century" ha%ing usurped the throne from the house of Lancaster"it pro%ided three 'ings of (ngland,

(dward " (dward " and #ichard ,and" in turn defeated" passed on its claims to the Tudor

dynasty

The house was founded )y ;ing (dward ?s fifth son" (dmund of Langley D1381C1802E"

1st 7u'e of &or'" )ut (dmund and his own son" (dward" 2nd 7u'e of &or'" had for the most part

undistinguished careers (dward" dying childless" passed on the du'edom to his nephew #ichard

Dwhose mother was a descendant of (dward ?s second sur%i%ing son" Lionel" 7u'e of +larenceE

#ichard" 3rd 7u'e of &or'D1811C=0E" was the initial &or'ist claimant to the crown" in opposition to

the LancastrianHenry t may )e said that his claim" when it was ad%anced" was rightly )arred )y

prescription" the house of Lancaster ha%ing then occupied the throne for three generations" and that it

was really owing to the misgo%ernment of Gueen Margaret of Anouand her fa%ourites that it was

ad%anced at all &et it was founded upon strict principles of lineal descent" for the 3rd 7u'eof &or'was descended from Lionel" 7u'e of +larence" the second sur%i%ing son of (dward "

whereas the house of Lancaster came of @ohn of >aunt" a younger )rother of Lionel


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HOUSE OF LANCASTER

House of Lancaster,a cadet )ranch of the house of Plantagenet n the 19th century" it

pro%ided three 'ings of (ngland,Henry " Henry " and Henry ,and" defeated )y the house of

&or'" passed on its claims to the Tudor dynasty

The family name first appeared in 12=5" when the title earl of Lancaster was granted to

(dmund I+rouch)ac'J D1289C4=E" the youngest son of Henry Two of (dmund?s sons )y his

second wife" :lanche of Artois" succeeded to the title$ Thomas" (arl of Lancaster Dd 1322E" and Henry"

(arl of Lancaster Dd 1389E Henry?s son" Henry" 1st 7u'e of Lancaster Dd 13=1E" was sur%i%ed only

)y two coheiresses The elder daughter" Maud" married to !illiam" du'e of :a%aria" died without issue

a year after her father The Lancastrian inheritance thus fell to the younger daughter" :lanche" and to

her hus)and" @ohn of >aunt Dd 1344E" third sur%i%ing son of (dward After >aunt?s death his son

Henry of Lancaster deposed #ichard and )ecame 'ing himself" as Henry aunt?s younger )rother (dmund" 7u'e of &or'

The last remaining fragment of Lancastrian title was that whichHenry deri%ed through

>aunt?s legitimiBed )astard line" the :eaufort family:y the time Henry had inaugurated the

Tudor monarchy" the Lancaster lands were firmly in the hands of the crown

WAR OF THE ROSES

Wars of the Roses,D1899C9E" in(nglishhistory" the series of dynastic ci%il wars whose

%iolence and ci%il strife preceded the strong go%ernment of the Tudors *ought )etween the Houses

of Lancasterand &or'for the (nglish throne" the wars were named many years afterward from the

supposed )adges of the contending parties$ the white rose of &or'and the red of Lancaster

:oth houses claimed the throne through descent from the sons of(dward /ince the

Lancastrians had occupied the throne from 1344" the &or'ists might ne%er ha%e pressed a claim )ut for

the near anarchy pre%ailing in the mid-19th century After the death ofHenry in 1822 the country

was su)ect to the long and factious minority of Henry >reat magnates with pri%ate armies

dominated the countryside Lawlessness was rife and ta6ation )urdensome Henry later pro%ed to )e

fec'less and simpleminded" su)ect to spells of madness" and dominated )y his am)itiousueen"Margaret of Anou" whose party had allowed the (nglish position in *ranceto deteriorate

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Henry lapsed into insanity in 1893" causing a powerful )aronial cliue" )ac'ed )y #ichard

e%ille" the earl of !arwic'Dthe I'ingma'erJE" to install #ichard" du'e of &or'" as protector of the

realm !hen Henry reco%ered in 1899 he reesta)lished the authority of Margaret?s party" forcing &or'

to ta'e up arms for self-protection The first )attle of the wars" at /t Al)ansDMay 22" 1899E" resulted

in a &or'ist %ictory and four years of uneasy truce +i%il war was resumed in 1894 The &or'ists were

successful at :lore Heath D/eptem)er 23E )ut were scattered after a s'irmish at Ludford :ridge

D


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ENGLANDPLANTAGENETKING

!""#$ T%"$'

A((EI%N%)HENRYII WAR%)THER%E

The rule of the Plantagenet dynasty was long and e%entfulHenry PlantagenetDE

came to the throne in 1198" and the last Plantagenet" #ichard " was 'illed at theBattle of

Bosworthin 189" o%er three hundred years later 7uring this time" great changes too' place in

(ngland n the early years of the Plantagenet dynasty" the )arons re%olted against 'ing @ohnand

forced him to sign the Magna +arta" which guaranteed certain rights to the towns and no)les

Later" they forced the 'ing to call a Parliament" or group of no)les to ad%ise him in ruling the

'ingdom The Plantagenets were in%ol%ed in two long and ruinous wars The first was

theHundred &ears !arwith *rance" which went well for (ngland at first )ut in the end pro%ed

disastrous The second was the!ar of the #oses"a frightful ci%il war )etween ri%al claimants to

the throne that nearly wiped out the entire Plantagenet line

Henr* P+antaenet and ons

Henry Plantagenet" the founder of the Plantagenet line" was the grandson ofHenry

of (ngland"and the great-grandson of !illiam of (nglandHe inherited the throne through his

mother" )ut had to fight to esta)lish his claim He married another %ery powerful

monarch" (leanor of Auitaine" heir to the duchy of Auitaine" so )etween the two they

e%entually controlled much of *rance as well as all of (ngland Henry spent much of his reign in

%arious wars" consolidating his power He had four sons" two of whom )ecame 'ing The elder

son" #ichard of (ngland" is )est 'nown as a crusader He spent almost his entire reign away

from (ngland" lea%ing the country in the hands of his de%ious )rother @ohn Lac'land @ohn was

one of the worst 'ings that (ngland e%er had and managed to lose most of the land in *rance that

he had inherited from his parents *inally" Arch)ishop Langton"and the )arons forced him to

sign the Magna +arta" limiting his power

Ed-ards I, II, and III

@ohn?s son Henry of (nglandsupposedly ruled for 9= years" )ut for much of that

time his )rother-in-law"/imon de Montfort " go%erned in his place and orchestrated the

Parliament !hen Henry ?s son(dward of (nglandcame to the throne the people reoiced

)ecause they finally had a 'ing who was half /a6on and spo'e (nglish instead of *rench" which

had )een the language of the ruling class since the orman +onuest He pro%ed to )e acompetent 'ing" and )rought !ales" reland" and /cotland under his sway His hold on reland

was ne%er strong though" and shortly after his death /cotland decisi%ely won its

independencefrom (ngland at theBattle of Bannockburn The (dward .s son was a no-account

'ing with %ery unpopular fa%orites He was deposed in fa%or of his young son (dward of

(ngland" who ruled for fifty years and got (ngland in%ol%ed in the Hundred &ears !arwith

*rance There were se%eral important )attles in the hundred years war" the first two

)eing CrecyandPoitiers (ngland won )oth )attles against great odds" )ut ne%er succeeded in

esta)lishing (dward ?s claim to the *rench throne

The (dward .s eldest son was (dward the :lac' Prince" a great warrior who was

%ery popular with the people" )ut who ne%er )ecame 'ing )ecause he died )efore the long-li%ed

(dward The crown then passed to the :lac' Prince?s son#ichard of (ngland" who wasunpopular and was e%entually deposed in fa%or of his cousinHenry :oling)ro'eDE

nfortunately Henry was not the ne6t in line for the throne" )ut his selection was not resisted
http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=john1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_hundredyears.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_roses.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_roses.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_roses.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=william2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=william2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=eleanor1.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=john1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=langton&FileName=langtonhttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=langton&FileName=langtonhttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=henry3e&FileName=henry3ehttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=montfort.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=montfort.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_scotindependence.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_scotindependence.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_hundredyears.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=blackprince.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry4e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry4e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=john1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_hundredyears.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_roses.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=william2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=eleanor1.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=john1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=langton&FileName=langtonhttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=henry3e&FileName=henry3ehttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=montfort.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_scotindependence.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_scotindependence.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward3e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_hundredyears.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=blackprince.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=richard2e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=henry4e.php


9/12

)ecause his father @ohn of >aunt had )een regent during most of #ichard ?s reign The issue

was not pressed for two generations )ut later )ecame the cause of a great ci%il war

Lancasters K.ns and the War of the Roses

Henry :oling)ro'e.s son wasHenry of (ngland" famous for his %ictory o%er the

*rench at Agincourt Henry reopened the Hundred &ears !ar and came close to gaining the

*rench crown" )ut he died only a few years after his great %ictory He left a young son"Henry

of (ngland" who was a peace-lo%ing and studious man" )ut a wea' leader 7uring his reign the*rench rallied under @oan of Arcand reclaimed all of the land (ngland had won" )ringing an end

to the hundred year war" and the 'ing )ecame e6tremely unpopular /eein his opportunity" his

cousin" the7u'e of &or'" made a claim for the throne He denied Henry :oling)ro'e.s claim

three generations )ac'" which led to the disastrous !ar of the #oses" in which the Lancaster and

the &or' lines %ied for the throne The plots turns and re%erses of this war are difficult to follow"

)ut the main contenders were not the monarchs themsel%es" )ut rather the (arl of !arwic'"

cousin to the 7u'e of &or'" and Margaret of Anou" Henry .s wife The war pro%ed )itter and

deadly" and many great no)les lost their li%es t also greatly enhanced the power of the 'ing"

since the 'ing was allowed to confiscate the estates of any no)le that rose in re)ellion to him as

the 'ingship passed )ac' and forth )etween the Lancasters and &or's" almost e%ery house was at

some point in alliance with a re)elThe &or's were finally %ictorious" )ut they came to a )ad end (dward ruled for

22 years" )ut when he died" his )rother #ichard plotted to usurp the throne )y 'illing his

(dward.s young sons This accomplished" he found he had made many enemies" and whenHenry

TudorDE" a distant relati%e on the Lancaster side )rought an army against him" se%eral of his

generals deserted him #ichard " the last of the Plantagenet 'ings was 'illed on the )attlefield

ofBosworth" )ringing the no)le line that had ruled (ngland for three centuries to an inglorious

end

TI/ELINE

Year E0ent

1150 Murder of /aint Thomas a :ec'et

1152 Henry of (nglandconuers reland

1140 #ichard +oeur de Leongoes on Third +rusade

1219 @ohn Lac'landsigns Magna +arta

12=9 Meeting of first Parliament arranged )y /imon de Montfort

128 (dward of (nglandconuers !ales

1241 (dward conuers /cotland

1318:attle of :annoc')urn$ /cots" under #o)ert of /cotlandregain their

independence

138-

1384:lac' Plague

1335-

1893Hundred &ear !ar$ (ngland %s *rance

138= , (dward of (ngland,Battle of Crecy

139= , (dward the :lac' Prince,Battle of Poitiers

1819 , Henry of (ngland,Battle of Agincourt

182 , @oan of Arc,Siege of Orleans

13=2 (nglish )ecomes official legal language" displacing *rench

131 !at Tyler.s#e)ellion1344 #ichard of (nglanddeposed )y Henry :oling)ro'e

1800 7eath of >eoffrey +haucer"author of Canterbury Tales

1803 :attle of /hrews)ury

4
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leName=henry4e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=chaucer.php


10/12

1899-

189!ar of the #oses

18=1 ,&or'ists pre%ail atBattle of Towton Lancastrians e6iled

18=4 ,Lancastrians regain throne than's to the machinations of (arl of !arwic'

1851 ,&or'ists again pre%ail atBattle of Barnet

183 , #ichard usurps throne at death of (dward of (ngland

188 , Henry Tudordefeats #ichard atBattle of Bosworth Field

185= !illiam +a6ton)ring a printing press to (ngland Pu)lishes first )oo'

Years War %utco1e

1114C

1218Anglo *rench !ars Miscellaneous !ars )etween *rance and (ngland

1153C

180

(nglish #e)ellions,

Plantagenet (raMaor re)ellions and uprisings of the Plantagenet (ra

124=C

1325

/cottish !ars of

ndependence

Against great odds /cotland wins its independence from

(ngland

1380C

1893Hundred &ears !ar

The Plantagenet claim to the *rench crown spar's a long

term conflict )etween (ngland and *rance

1893C

189!ar of the #oses

+i%il !ar in (ngland )etween the &or's and Lancasters

for control of the crown

1085C

1241+rusades

:attles )etween +hristians and Tur's for control of the

Holy Lands

(HARA(TER

(haracter Dates hort 2.ora3h*/aint Thomas a

:ec'et

111C

1150

Appointed Arch)ishop )y Henry " )ut stro%e for an

independent church Martyred

Henry of

(ngland

1133C

114

#eclaimed 'ingdoms in (ngland and ormandy after chaotic

reign of /tephen *ounded Plantagenet dynasty

#ichard of

(ngland

1195C

1144

/on of Henry /pent almost his entire reign crusading and

fighting in *rance

#o)in Hood fl 1200Leader of a legendary )and of )ene%olent )andits who stole

from rich and ga%e to the poor

(leanor of

Auitaine

1122C

1208

!ife of Henry " ueen of Auitaine Led dramatic"

ad%enturous life@ohn of

(ngland

11=5C

121=

!ic'ed 'ing" murdered his nephew and usurped throne *orced

to sign the Magna +arta

Arch)ishop

Langton

1190C

122

Arch)ishop who rallied opposition to 'ing @ohn and forced him

to sign Magna +arta

/aint #ichard

de !yche

1145C

1293

Appointed )y the Pope against the wishes of Henry

*aithful ser%ant of the poor

/imon de

Montfort

120C

12=9

*rench no)leman who led resistance to Henry and laid

foundations of (nglish Parliament

Henry of

(ngland

1205C

1252

:lundering 'ing whose go%ernment lay largely in the hands of

/imon de Montfort throughout his reign!illiam

!allace

1252C

1309

+ommoner who led resistance to (dward .s conuest of

/cotland

(dward of 1234C +ompetent and decisi%e 'ing of (ngland #eformed

10
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ters&FileName=john1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=john1e.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=langton&FileName=langtonhttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=langton&FileName=langtonhttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=wyche&FileName=wychehttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=wyche&FileName=wychehttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=montfort.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=montfort.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=henry3e&FileName=henry3ehttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudochar&Person=henry3e&FileName=henry3ehttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=wallace.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=wallace.phphttp://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=characters&FileName=edward1e.php


11/12

(ngland 1305 go%ernment" pacified !ales and /cotland #uled 39 years

(dward of

(ngland

128C

1325

!ea' and profligate son of (dward Lost all his father.s

holdings in /cotland

#o)ert of

/cotland

1258C

1324

/cottish no)leman who claimed the crown and led resistance to

(ngland at :annoc')urn

/ir @ames

7ouglas

12=C

1330

Associate of #o)ert the :ruce *ought in wars of /cottish

ndependence

Philippa of

Hainault

1313C

13=4

!ife of (dward and mother of 13 nter%ened at siege of

+alias in fa%or of citiBens

(dward the

:lac' Prince

1330C

135=

(6cellent general and leader who ruled alongside his father"

(dward ictor at theBattle of Poitiers

(dward of

(ngland

1312C

1355

#eigned for nearly 90 years n%aded *rance" and won

theBattles of Crecyand Calias

!at Tyler died 131Leader of a peasant re)ellion during reign of #ichard He

was 'illed during tal's

@ohn !ycliffe1339C

138

(arly proponent of reform in the +atholic +hurch *a%ored

power of state o%er church

>eoffrey+haucer

1380C1800

!rote the first widely read epic poem in the (nglishlanguage"Canterbury Tales.

#ichard of

(ngland

13=5C

1800

/on of the :lac' Prince #eigned after (dward 7eposed )y

Henry :oling)ro'e

Henry of

(ngland

13=5C

1813

/on of @ohn of >aunt Assumed the throne after #ichard was

deposed

lendower

1394C

181=

Last !elshman to )e crowned Prince of !ales He led an

unsuccessful !elsh re%olt

Henry of

(ngland

135C

1822

Led a %ictorious army of long)owmen against *rance at

Agincourt

@ac' +ade died 1890 Led a re)ellion against Henry .s go%ernment #e)els lootedLondon and many were 'illed

7u'e of &or'1811C

18=0

Aspirant to the throne in the early years of !ar of the #oses

;illed in action with eldest son

(arl of

!arwic'

182C

1851

Primary figure in war of the #oses +hanged sides from &or'

to Lancaster ;illed at :arnet

Margaret of

Anou

1824C

182

#uled in stead of her wea' hus)and" Henry Led armies

against &or's 7eposed after the &or' %ictory at He6ham

(dward of

(ngland

1882C

183

/on of the 7u'e of &or' :ecame 'ing of (ngland when other

aspirants were dead or deposed

#ichard 1832C189


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