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TECHNICAL REPORT RELATÓRIO TÉCNICO

Advanced Cementitious Composite Materials for application on Cracks in Concrete

Dams

Materiais Compósitos Cimentícios Avançados para aplicação em Fissuras em Barra-

gens de Concreto

Arizona State University - ASU

Tempe, AZ, USA

October of 2015 / Outubro de 2015

SUMMARY

SUMÁRIO

1. Introduction / Introdução ............................................................................................................................ 1

2. Objective / Objetivo ........................................................................................................................................ 2

3. Historic / Histórico .......................................................................................................................................... 3

4. Related literature / Literatura correlata ................................................................................................ 5

5. Experimental Program / Programa Experimental.............................................................................. 6

5.1. Infra-structure / Infraestrutura ............................................................................................................ 7

5.2. Methodology / Metodologia .................................................................................................................... 7

5.3. Materials / Materiais ................................................................................................................................. 7

5.4. Samples / Amostras .................................................................................................................................... 9

5.3.1. Specimens type B’ / Espécimes tipo B’ ............................................................................................ 9

5.3.2. Specimens type A and B / Espécimes tipos A e B ...................................................................... 11

5.3.3. Specimens type AA / Espécimes tipo AA ...................................................................................... 13

5.3.4. Specimens type M / Espécimes tipo M ......................................................................................... 13

5.5. Testing / Ensaios ...................................................................................................................................... 14

5.4.1. Bond tests for assessment / Testes de aderência para avaliação ...................................... 14

5.4.2. Digital Image Correlation – DIC / Correlação Digital de Imagens – CDI .......................... 17

5.4.3. TRC Tension tests / Ensaios de tensão do TRC .......................................................................... 20

5.4.4. F-M Bond tests / Ensaios de aderência F-M ............................................................................... 20

5.4.5. Fatigue tests (cyclic) / Ensaios de fadiga (cíclico) ................................................................... 21

5.4.6. Mortar compression tests / Ensaios de compressão de argamassa .................................. 21

6. Results and discussions / Resultados e discussões ........................................................................... 21

7. Conclusions / Conclusões ........................................................................................................................... 26

8. Upcoming steps / Próximos passos ........................................................................................................ 27

9. Acknowledgements / Agradecimentos ................................................................................................. 27

References / Referências ..................................................................................................................................... i

Appendix A / Apêndice A ..................................................................................................................................... I

Appendix B / Apêndice B .................................................................................................................................. IV

Appendix C / Apêndice C ...................................................................................................................................... I

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1. Introduction / Introdução

Crack formation in concrete structures is quite

common due to the intrinsic behavior of the

material. Moreover, the cracks are a path for

the access of deleterious substances, which

may reduce the useful life of structures. The

theme of this project is on implementation of

advanced cementitious composite materials for

applications on cracks in concrete dams.

This project was initiated by an invitation to

Eletrobras and its affiliates to participate in the

program of Science without Border sponsored

by the Brazilian Government. Under the terms

of this agreement, researchers at Itaipu Bi-

nacional, Itaipu Technological Park, and Ari-

zona State University (ASU) initiated the pro-

ject on March of 2015. The research project

was conducted by a postdoctoral research ap-

pointment by Dr. Étore Funchal de Faria.

The theme of the research is directly linked to

the activities of Dam Safety in Itaipu, namely:

a. Studies of the Itaipu dam structural behavior

using instrumentation and visual inspec-

tions;

b. Analysis and monitoring of the cracks based

on the surveys conducted on the concrete

structures;

c. Technical support to the activities of con-

crete repair and maintenance procedures in

terms of materials development and charac-

terization methodologies by the Laboratory

of Concrete Technology of Itaipu.

d. Analysis and interventions in controlling the

aging of concrete structures of Itaipu Dam,

with views of its durability.

The main benefit to the Itaipu Binacional is the

application of innovative materials and/or

Fissura em estruturas de concreto é bastante co-

mum, devido ao comportamento intrínseco do

material. Além disso, as fissuras são um caminho

para o acesso de substâncias deletérias, o que

pode reduzir a vida útil de tais estruturas. O tema

deste projeto é sobre a implementação de mate-

riais compósitos cimentícios avançados para

aplicação em fissuras em barragens de concreto.

Este projeto foi iniciado por um convite para a

Eletrobras e suas afiliadas para participar no

programa Ciência sem Fronteiras patrocinado

pelo governo brasileiro. Nos termos desse acordo,

pesquisadores de Itaipu Binacional, do Parque

Tecnológico Itaipu e da Arizona State University

(ASU) iniciaram o projeto em março de 2015. O

projeto foi conduzido através de um compro-

misso de pesquisa de pós-doutorado feito com o

Dr. Étore Funchal de Faria.

O tema da pesquisa tem ligação direta com as ati-

vidades de segurança de barragens em Itaipu,

quais sejam:

a. Estudos através de instrumentação e de inspe-

ções visuais do comportamento estrutural da

barragem da Itaipu;

b. Análise e acompanhamento dos resultados de

fissuras com base nos levantamentos feitos em

estruturas de concreto;

c. Apoio técnico às atividades de reparo de con-

cretos e procedimentos de manutenção em ter-

mos de metodologias de desenvolvimento e ca-

racterização de materiais, realizadas pelo La-

boratório de Tecnologia do Concreto da

Itaipu.

d. Análise e intervenções no controle de envelhe-

cimento das estruturas de concreto da Usina

de Itaipu, com vistas à sua durabilidade.

O principal benefício para a Itaipu Binacional é a

aplicação de materiais e/ou técnicas inovadoras

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techniques that have been studied in the con-

crete structures of the Hydroelectric Plant.

Other benefits include:

a. Sharing and application of knowledge

gained with the other companies of the

Eletrobras group;

b. Continuous improvements in the technical

qualifications of professionals the

Eletrobras group;

c. Expansion of information exchange among

experts in the field at a worldwide level, con-

sidering that the US has traditionally been a

leader in the construction of large dam pro-

jects and a pioneer in the studies of materi-

als for these projects; and

d. The exchange of internal technology devel-

oped to other technical professionals of

Itaipu and other companies of Eletrobras.

The materials/techniques studied are directed

at applications in repairing cracks and micro

cracks in order to increase the durability of the

concrete structures of the Itaipu Dam. This ac-

tion is closely linked to the dam’s structural

safety and the longevity of the Plant, maintain-

ing its purpose to provide clean and high qual-

ity electrical energy. The results obtained in the

project will provide an alternative to concrete

repair and maintenance programs at Itaipu, as

well as several other companies of the

Eletrobras group.

estudadas nas estruturas de concreto da Usina

Hidrelétrica. Outros benefícios incluem:

a. Compartilhamento e aplicação dos conheci-

mentos adquiridos com as outras empresas do

grupo Eletrobras;

b. Aperfeiçoamento contínuo da qualificação

técnica de profissionais do Grupo Eletrobras;

c. A expansão do intercâmbio de informações en-

tre os especialistas no tema, a nível mundial,

considerando que os EUA têm sido tradicional-

mente um líder na construção de projetos de

grandes barragens e um pioneiro em estudos

de materiais para esses projetos; e

d. A disseminação de tecnologia interna desen-

volvida para outros profissionais técnicos de

Itaipu e de outras empresas da Eletrobras.

Os materiais/técnicas estudadas são direciona-

das a aplicações em reparos de fissuras e micro-

fissuras, a fim de aumentar a durabilidade das es-

truturas de concreto da Barragem de Itaipu. Esta

ação está estreitamente ligada à segurança es-

trutural da barragem e a longevidade da Usina,

mantendo a sua finalidade de fornecer energia

elétrica limpa e de alta qualidade. Os resultados

obtidos no projeto fornecerão uma alternativa

para reparos de concretos e programas de manu-

tenção na Itaipu, como para várias outras empre-

sas do grupo Eletrobras.

2. Objective / Objetivo

This report is directed at partial fulfillment of

the requirements of the Process number:

232353/2014-0 - Call/Notice: Enc

Eletrobr2014-PDE-Encomenda Eletrobras

2014 - PDE. It complies with the Planning Re-

port since because the plan of work was previ-

ously dealt with.

Este relatório é direcionado ao preenchimento

parcial dos requisitos do Processo número:

232353/2014-0 - Chamada/Edital: EncEle-

trobr2014-PDE-Encomenda Eletrobras 2014 -

PDE. Ele compreende o Relatório de Planeja-

mento, porque o plano de trabalho foi previa-

mente tratado.

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3. Historic / Histórico

Past seventy years has witnessed an era of the

greatest infrastructure development in Brazil;

several large dams have been built and the tech-

nological developments of the nation is this area

has been enormously successful. Despite such

great advances, domestic technological

knowledge has not kept pace with the available

knowledge in terms on implementation of inno-

vative technologies. There is a currently need to

analyze the microstructural and macro-struc-

tural behavior of materials in terms of their du-

rability as well as the structures they are uti-

lized in. Therefore, development of collabora-

tive projects with international consultants has

been fundamental at this time.

Many techniques have been applied to mitigate

or minimize the problem of thermal cracking.

For example, cooling of the concrete prior to

placement and/or the use of pozzolanic mate-

rial on partial replacement for cement are suc-

cessful approaches in mitigation of thermal

cracking.

At the beginning of the construction of Itaipu, in

the 80s, several blocks of one of buttress dams

showed cracks in concrete which were at-

tributed to thermal and/or mechanical origin.

This situation was addressed by the Concrete

Laboratory at Itaipu using a special study to ad-

just the concrete mix. A team was created espe-

cially for identifying and measuring these

cracks. More than 10,000 cracks were recorded

and monitored between 1980 and 2013. Some

of them were treated, but some are still exposed

and active since they were untreated by recom-

mendations of Brazilian technical standards. An

important aspect of the study shows a wide var-

iation in daily ambient temperature that may

range from 14 to 35 degrees Celsius in Foz do

Os últimos setenta anos têm assistido a uma era

do maior desenvolvimento de infraestrutura no

Brasil; várias grandes barragens foram constru-

ídas e os desenvolvimentos tecnológicos da na-

ção têm sido um enorme sucesso. Apesar de tais

grandes avanços, o conhecimento tecnológico

nacional não manteve o ritmo com o conheci-

mento disponível em termos de implementação

de tecnologias inovadoras. Existe atualmente

uma necessidade de analisar o comportamento

macroestrutural e microestrutural de materiais

em termos de suas durabilidades assim como as

das estruturas nas quais eles serão utilizados.

Entretanto, o desenvolvimento de projetos cola-

borativos com consultores internacionais tem

sido fundamental nesse momento.

Muitas técnicas foram aplicadas para mitigar ou

minimizar o problema de fissuração térmica. Por

exemplo, o resfriamento do concreto antes do

lançamento e/ou o uso de material pozolânico

em substituição parcial ao cimento são aborda-

gens bem-sucedidas na mitigação de fissuras de

origem térmica.

No início da construção de Itaipu, na década de

80, vários blocos de uma das barragens contra-

forte apresentaram fissuras no concreto, de ori-

gem térmica e/ou mecânica. Esta situação foi

abordada pelo Laboratório de Concreto em

Itaipu usando um estudo especial para ajustar a

mistura de concreto. Uma equipe foi criada espe-

cialmente para identificar e medir essas fissuras.

Mais de 10.000 fissuras foram registradas e mo-

nitoradas entre 1980 e 2013. Algumas delas fo-

ram tratadas, mas algumas ainda estão expostas

e ativas (sem tratamento por recomendações de

normas técnicas brasileiras).

Um aspecto importante do estudo mostra uma

ampla variação na temperatura ambiente diária

que pode variar de 14 a 35 graus Celsius em Foz

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Iguaçu – where the Itaipu Dam is located. An-

other situation of interest is the process of con-

crete dynamic micro cracking of Itaipu’s power-

house caused by the vibration of generating

units. Some studies with fibers embedded in the

concrete surrounding the spiral box of hydroe-

lectric plants have been proposed by Federal

University of Goiás, Furnas Centrais Elétricas

S.A. and COPPE/Federal University of Rio de

Janeiro, in addition to development of studies

by University of São Paulo.

The durability of the Itaipu Dam is critical to the

continuity of economic development of both

Brazil and Paraguay. It is a hydroelectric power

plant with a track record of superiority in en-

ergy generation: positive net financial result in

2012, with a world record in electricity annual

production near 100,000,000 MWh (2012 and

2013).

Considering the natural and inevitable durabil-

ity and long term aging of construction materi-

als such as concrete it is increasingly important

to search for technical alternatives of low cost

maintenance and structural health monitoring

of the dam.

It is necessary to study new techniques and ma-

terials that can be applied as an alternative to

detect and monitor the durability of structures

under imposed deformations in a large-scale

structure such as the Itaipu dam. The research

focuses on addressing the main challenges of

using cement based composite materials to seal

cracks, their compatibility and adhesion to old

concrete, deformation, and their use as an indi-

cator of the state of deformation during the

time of application. The results can be tested in

concrete structures of Itaipu.

do Iguaçu – onde a represa de Itaipu está locali-

zada. Outra situação de interesse é o processo de

microfissuração dinâmica do concreto da casa

de força de Itaipu causado pela vibração das uni-

dades geradoras. Alguns estudos com fibras em-

bebidas no concreto, circundante caixa espiral

de usinas hidrelétricas, têm sido propostos pela

Universidade Federal de Goiás, Furnas Centrais

Elétricas SA e COPPE/Universidade Federal do

Rio de Janeiro, além do desenvolvimento de estu-

dos pela Universidade de São Paulo.

A durabilidade da Usina de Itaipu é fundamental

para a continuidade do desenvolvimento econô-

mico do Brasil e do Paraguai, por ser binacional.

É uma usina hidrelétrica com um histórico de su-

perioridade na geração de energia: resultado fi-

nanceiro líquido positivo em 2012, com um re-

corde mundial de produção anual de eletricidade

perto de 100.000.000 MWh (2012 e 2013).

Considerando a durabilidade natural e inevitá-

vel e envelhecimento a longo prazo de materiais

de construção tais como concreto é cada vez

mais importante a busca de alternativas técnicas

de baixo custo de manutenção e monitoramento

de integridade estrutural da barragem.

É necessário estudar novas técnicas e materiais

que podem ser aplicados como uma alternativa

para detectar e monitorar a durabilidade das es-

truturas sob deformações impostas em uma es-

trutura de grande escala como a barragem de

Itaipu. A pesquisa centra-se na resolução dos

principais desafios da utilização de materiais

compósitos à base de cimento para selar fissuras,

a sua compatibilidade e adesão ao concreto ve-

lho, deformação, e seu uso como um indicador do

estado de deformação durante o tempo de apli-

cação. Os resultados podem ser testados em es-

truturas de concreto de Itaipu.

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4. Related literature / Literatura correlata

An extensive literature search was carried out

on the main project themes – Textile Rein-

forced Concrete (TRC), TRC tension tests and

Fabric-Masonry (F-M) Bond tests – to provide

the theoretical basis for the analysis as well as

the state of the art in testing and design of TRC

materials. This literature listed in Reference

section will be used to guide future reports and

papers.

One of the reasons for the extensive use of ce-

ment-based systems is the design versatility

that can be tailored for each application. Vari-

ous constituent materials and processing tech-

niques can be used to achieve desired perfor-

mance from fresh state properties to superior

mechanical properties and durability. Numer-

ous technical challenges remain in promotion

and use of blended cements as sustainable cost-

saving alternatives and value-added ingredi-

ents for concrete production [109]. However,

we must appreciate the complexity of integra-

tion of cement chemistry, early age and long-

term properties, and specifications when using

cement products in construction projects [82].

Fabric reinforced cement-based composites

are a new class of sustainable construction ma-

terials with superior tensile strength and duc-

tility. These materials have the potential for be-

coming load-bearing structural members;

therefore, a wide array of structural and non-

structural applications are possible. The consti-

tutive response that entails damage evolution

under tensile loading is the primary and funda-

mental component of mechanical response in

these systems.

In principle, there are many combinations of fi-

ber and matrix available for textile reinforced

composites. A large range of materials choices

is available which can be used with a range of

Uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada

sobre os principais temas do projeto – Concreto

Reforçado com Fibras Têxteis (TRC), ensaios de

tensão em TRC e ensaios de aderência entre Com-

pósitos com Fibras Têxteis e Alvenaria – para

fornecer a base teórica para a análise, bem como

o estado da arte em testes e concepção de mate-

riais de TRC. Esta literatura, listada na seção de

Referência, será usado para guiar relatórios e

artigos futuros.

Uma das razões para o uso extensivo de sistemas

à base de cimento é a versatilidade de design que

pode ser adaptado para cada aplicação. Vários

materiais constituintes e técnicas de processa-

mento podem ser usados para obter um desem-

penho desejado de propriedades do estado fresco

para propriedades mecânicas superiores e dura-

bilidade. Inúmeros desafios técnicos permane-

cem na promoção e utilização de cimentos com-

postos como alternativas sustentáveis de redu-

ção de custos e ingredientes de valor agregado

para a produção de concreto [109]. No entanto,

temos de apreciar a complexidade da integração

de química do cimento, idade precoce e as pro-

priedades de longo prazo, e as especificações

quando se utiliza produtos de cimento em proje-

tos de construção [82].

Compósitos à base de cimento reforçados com te-

cido são uma nova classe de materiais de cons-

trução sustentável, com resistência à tração su-

perior e ductilidade. Estes materiais têm poten-

cial para se tornarem membros estruturais de

suporte de carga; portanto, uma grande varie-

dade de aplicações estruturais e não estruturais

são possíveis. A resposta constitutiva que implica

a evolução do dano sob cargas de tração é o com-

ponente principal e fundamental da resposta

mecânica nestes sistemas.

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manufacturing techniques. One can analyze and

design materials at the same time that the man-

ufacturing is considered. This is in contrast

with other classes of engineering materials,

where the material is produced first and then

machined and formed into the desired shape.

The full range of possibilities for composite ma-

terials is very large. Reinforcements may con-

sist of arrange of fibers such as S-glass, R-glass,

a wide range of carbon, boron, ceramic (e.g.,

alumina, silicon carbide), polymeric, natural,

and aramid fibers. The reinforcement can come

in the form of long (continuous) or short fibers,

disks or plates, spheres, or ellipsoids. Matrices

include a wide ranges of polymers (epoxides,

polyesters, nylons, etc.), metals (aluminum al-

loys, magnesium alloys, titanium, etc.), ce-

ments, and ceramics (SiC, glass ceramics, etc.).

Em princípio, há muitas combinações de fibra e

matriz disponíveis para compósitos reforçados

com têxteis. Uma grande gama de opções de ma-

teriais está disponível os quais podem ser usados

com uma variedade de técnicas de fabrico. Pode-

se analisar e projetar materiais ao mesmo tempo

que o fabrico é considerado. Isto está em con-

traste com outras classes de materiais de enge-

nharia, onde o material é produzido primeiro e,

em seguida, industrializado e modelado na

forma desejada. A gama completa de possibilida-

des para materiais compósitos é muito grande.

Os reforços podem consistir de uma variedade de

fibras, tais como S-vidro, R-vidro, uma vasta

gama de fibras de carbono, de boro, de cerâmica

(por exemplo, alumina, carboneto de silício), po-

liméricas, naturais, e de aramida. O reforço pode

vir na forma de longas (contínuos) ou curtas fi-

bras, discos ou placas, esferas ou elipsoides. As

matrizes incluem uma ampla gama de polímeros

(epóxis, poliésteres, nylons, etc.), metais (ligas de

alumínio, ligas de magnésio, titânio, etc.), cimen-

tos e materiais cerâmicos (SiC, cerâmica de vi-

dro, etc.).

5. Experimental Program / Programa Experimental

As a relevant part of the project, it was neces-

sary to gain training and familiarity with the

various safety and health related aspects of

project management in the structural Engi-

neering Lab at ASU. Topics included chemical

safety, lab safety, waste management, as well as

administrative procedures such as machine

shop interaction as well as ordering proce-

dures. These tasks were necessary prior to the

initiation of research work with research using

laboratories and to allow access to servers and

internal network.

Como uma parte relevante do projeto, foi neces-

sário adquirir formação e familiaridade com os

vários aspectos relacionados com a segurança e

saúde do gerenciamento de projetos no Labora-

tório de Engenharia estrutural na ASU. Os tópi-

cos incluíram segurança química, segurança do

laboratório, gestão de resíduos, bem como os

procedimentos administrativos, como a intera-

ção oficina mecânica, bem como os procedimen-

tos para pedido. Estas tarefas eram necessárias

antes do início do trabalho de pesquisa com pes-

quisa utilizando laboratórios e para permitir o

acesso aos servidores e rede interna.

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5.1. Infra-structure / Infraestrutura

The experimental program have been carried

out in two laboratories of the School of Sustain-

able Engineering and the Built Environment:

Cement and Concrete Materials Laboratory:

with mixers, materials and a wet chamber. This

is where samples were prepared and cured.

Structures Lab: with several equipments for

mechanical tests, including the MTS and the In-

stron machines that were used to run essays of

this work.

Both located in the Interdisciplinary Science

and Technology Building II (ISTB 2), in the ASU.

O programa experimental tem sido realizado em

dois laboratórios da Escola de Engenharia Sus-

tentável e do Ambiente Construído:

Laboratório de Materiais de Concreto e Cimento:

com misturadores, materiais e uma câmara

úmida. Foi onde as amostras foram preparadas

e curadas.

Laboratório de Estruturas: com vários equipa-

mentos para ensaios mecânicos, incluindo as

prensas MTS e Instron que foram usadas para

executar os ensaios deste trabalho.

Ambos localizados no Edifício de Tecnologia e Ci-

ências Interdisciplinares II (ISTB 2), na ASU.

5.2. Methodology / Metodologia

The executive planning of the laboratorial pro-

gram included the optimization of designs of la-

boratory essays and logistics activities, includ-

ing procurement of materials and of equipment

eventually. The experiments has included:

- Preparation and characterization of materi-

als;

- Design and preparation of samples;

- Preparation of laboratory testing scheme;

and

- Experiments, focusing on tension and bond

tests.

O planejamento executivo do programa labora-

torial incluiu a otimização de modelos de ensaios

de laboratório e atividades de logística, inclu-

indo a aquisição de materiais e de equipamentos,

eventualmente. As experiências incluíram:

- Preparação e caracterização de materiais;

- Projeto e preparação de amostras;

- Preparação do esquema de testes de labora-

tório; e

- Experimentos, com foco em tensões e testes

de aderência.

5.3. Materials / Materiais

The first issue was how to ensure that the ma-

terial will bond to old concrete? From this point

on, type of fiber to be used was left to a second

stage, and the focus took a direction to how to

test it. In addition, the type of fiber should also

be analyzed from a technical and economic

A primeira questão foi: a forma de garantir que

o material se ligará ao concreto velho? Deste

ponto em diante, o tipo de fibra a ser usada foi

deixado para uma segunda fase, e o foco tomou

um rumo para como testá-lo. Além disso, o tipo

de fibra também deverá ser analisado sob o

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point of view, and if it is easily obtained in Bra-

zil. This is the major difference between a good

solution and a costly one.

Considering this, at this stage we could use any

type of fiber. So, instead of PVA fibers, one type

of Alkali-resistant (AR) glass fiber was used for

testing, either in tension or in bond assays. AR

glass filament yarns were designed especially

for their high alkalinity resistance in the rein-

forcement of portland-cement-based materials.

AR glass contains more than 15% by mass of

zirconia. The basic materials including silica

sand, clay, and limestone are melted at temper-

atures up to 1350°C and pulled off the spinning

nozzle with a speed between 25 and 150 m/s

and diameters ranging from 9 to 27 m. After

spinning a coating material defined as sizing

(0.5–1.5 mass% of the fiber) of organic poly-

mers dispersed in water is applied on the fila-

ments. Approximately 400 to 6600 of filaments

are combined to form a yarn. The sizing is im-

portant because it protects and improves the

yarn properties as well as its adhesion with the

matrix material. Table 1 details the characteris-

tics of fiber used.

ponto de vista técnico e econômico, e se é facil-

mente obtida no Brasil. Isto será o grande dife-

rencial entre uma boa solução e uma solução

onerosa.

Considerando isso, nesta fase poderíamos utili-

zar qualquer tipo de fibra. Assim, em vez de fi-

bras de PVA, um tipo de fibra de vidro álcali-re-

sistente (AR) foi utilizada para o teste, quer em

tensão, quer em ensaios de aderência. Fios de fi-

lamentos de vidro AR foram projetados especial-

mente por sua alta resistência à alcalinidade no

reforço de materiais baseados em cimento por-

tland. Vidro AR contém mais do que 15% em

massa de zircônia. Os materiais básicos, inclu-

indo areia de sílica, argila, pedra calcária, são

fundidos a temperaturas até 1350°C e puxados

para fora do bocal de fiação com uma velocidade

compreendida entre 25 e 150m/s e diâmetros

variando entre 9 e 27 de m. Depois da fiação,

um material de revestimento, definido como o

volume (0,5-1,5% de massa da fibra) de políme-

ros orgânicos dispersos em água, é aplicado so-

bre os filamentos. Aproximadamente 400 a 6600

de filamentos são combinados para formar um

fio. O volume é importante porque protege e me-

lhora as propriedades do fio, bem como a sua

adesão com o material de matriz. A Tabela 1 de-

talha as características da fibra utilizada.

Table 1: Characteristics of AR Glass fiber. Tabela 1: Características da fibra de vidro AR

Yarn Nature Natureza do fio

Strength Resistência

(MPa)

Young’s Modulus Módulo de Elastici-

dade (MPa)

Filament size Tamanho do fila-

mento (mm)

Bundle diameter Diâmetro do feixe

(mm)

Bundle Feixe

1372 72000 0.014 0.30

Other materials constituents of mortars were

cement Quikrete brand Type II/V, Silica Fume

Outros materiais constituintes das argamassas

foram cimento da marca Quikrete tipo II/V, sílica

ativa Rheomac®SF100 da BASF, Volastonita,

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Rheomac®SF100 of BASF, wollastonite, silver

sand #30, and water treated for common use.

areia normalizada #30, e água tratada para uso

comum.

5.4. Samples / Amostras

5.3.1. Specimens type B’ / Espécimes tipo B’

Samples for trial bond tests were prepared, as

shown in Figures 1 and 2, the thickness of the

TRC composite = 10mm and width the same of

the masonry block, about 4 inches (therefore,

the type B’). Two masonry blocks were put side

by side; one of them prevented from bonding to

TRC composite by a thin layer of polyethylene

film. Side fixed bars assured the final thickness

of the specimens (10mm) (Figure 1-a). AR glass

fiber meshes were cut to fit the mold of samples

(Figure 1-b).

Amostras para ensaios preliminares de aderên-

cia foram preparadas, como mostrado nas Fig. 1

e 2, com espessura do compósito de TRC = 10mm

e a mesma largura do bloco de alvenaria, em

torno de 4 polegadas (por isso o tipo B’). Dois blo-

cos de alvenaria foram colocados lado a lado; um

deles impedido de se ligar ao compósito de TRC

por uma camada fina de polietileno. Barras late-

rais fixas asseguraram a espessura final dos es-

pécimes (10 mm) (Fig. 1-a). Malhas de fibra de

vidro resistente a álcalis foram cortadas para

ajustar ao molde das amostras (Fig. 1-b).

(a) (b)

Figure 1: Adjusting the position of blocks and fasten them together (a); and cut of fiber mesh to fit the mold of samples

(b). / Figura 1: Ajustando a posição dos blocos e apertá-los unindo-os (a); e corte das malhas de fibra para ajustar aos

moldes das amostras (b).

Mortar mix design included: cement = 850g; Fly

Ash = 150g; sand = 500g; and water to cementi-

tious material = 0.35. Mix procedure was: ho-

mogenize dry materials within 2 minutes; put

water in 15 seconds, with the mixer on, and let

A mistura de argamassa incluiu: cimento = 850g;

Cinza Volante = 150g; areia = 500g; e água/ma-

terial cimentício = 0,35. O procedimento de mis-

tura foi: homogeneizar materiais secos por 2

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homogenizing up to complete 5 minutes of total

time.

The molding sequence of the samples was: one

layer of 3mm thickness mortar; the first layer of

fabric mesh; second layer of 3mm thickness

mortar; the second layer of fabric mesh; and the

last layer of mortar fitting to get 10mm thick-

ness (as shown in Figure 2).

Light manual pressure over fabric mesh layers

was imposed to give more internal adherence to

the fabric-cement composite (Figure 3-a). The

finishing was carried out by trowel to ensure

smooth surface (Figure 3-b).

Six samples were made at a time (Figure 4-a). A

layer of thin polyethylene film covered the sam-

ples after start of setting (about 1 hour after

molding) and remained until the fifth day. They

were demolded and the final aspect of the sam-

ples can be seen in Figure 4-b.

min.; colocar água em 15 segundos, com o mistu-

rador ligado, e deixar homogeneizar até comple-

tar 5 minutos de tempo total.

A sequência de moldagem das amostras foi a se-

guinte: uma camada de argamassa de 3 mm de

espessura; a primeira camada de fibra; segunda

camada de argamassa de 3 mm de espessura; a

segunda camada de fibra; e a última camada de

argamassa ajustando para obter 10 mm de es-

pessura (tal como mostrado na Fig. 2).

Leve pressão manual sobre camadas de fibra foi

imposta para dar mais aderência interna ao

compósito de tecido-cimento (Fig. 3-a). O acaba-

mento foi realizado por espátula para assegurar

a superfície lisa (Figura 3-b)

Seis amostras foram feitas de cada vez (Figura 4-

A). Uma camada de filme de polietileno fina co-

briu as amostras após o início de pega (cerca de

1 hora após a moldagem) e permaneceu até o

quinto dia. Eles foram desmoldados e o aspecto

final das amostras pode ser visto na Figura 4-b.

Figure 2: Layers of molding sequence. / Figura 2: Camadas da sequência de moldagem.

BLOCK

TRC

Mortar

Fabric mesh

Mortar

Mortar

Fabric mesh

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(a) (b)

Figure 3: Light pressure over the layer of fabric mesh (a); and finishing of sample (b). / Figura 3: Leve pressão sobre a

camada de malha de fibra (a); e conclusão da amostra (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 4: Six samples molded (a); and final aspect of sample (b). / Figura 4: Seis amostras moldadas (a); e aspecto final da

amostra (b)

5.3.2. Specimens type A and B / Espécimes tipos A e B

A second set of specimens width around 3” was

made in order to fit to the hydraulic grips of ten-

sion test machine. They were called type A, for

thickness = 5mm, and B, for thickness = 10mm.

The molding process was the same, with the

thin layer of polyethylene replaced by a plastic

strip of 0.3mm thickness. Mix design was 850g

of cement, 50g of Silica Fume, 100g of wollas-

tonite, 1000g of sand; and water to cementitious

materials = 0.4. After molding, the samples were

covered with a damp cloth to prevent evapora-

tion of the mixing water for 24 hours and then

Um segundo conjunto de amostras de largura em

torno de 3" foi feito a fim de se ajustarem às gar-

ras hidráulicas da máquina de teste de tensão.

Eles foram chamados de tipo A, para espessura =

5 milímetros, e de B, para a espessura = 10 mm.

O processo de moldagem foi o mesmo, sendo a ca-

mada fina de polietileno substituída por tira de

plástico de 0,3mm de espessura. A composição da

mistura foi: 850g de cimento, 50g de sílica ativa,

100g de Volastonita, 1000 g de areia; e fator

água / materiais cimentícios = 0,4. Após a mol-

dagem, as amostras foram cobertas com pano

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placed in a humid chamber, where they re-

mained until the date of molding, being taken in

time to become dry to the following steps.

Samples to TRC tension tests were made as

shown in Figure 5-a; while for F-M bond tests,

they were molded as in Figure 5-b. In this setup,

specimens types A and B were conceived. Im-

ages of Figure 6 illustrate the final aspect of TRC

samples – type A and type B.

úmido para evitar a evaporação da água de mis-

tura por 24 horas e, depois, inseridas em câmara

úmida, onde permaneceram até a data de mol-

dagem, sendo retiradas a tempo de ficaram secas

para as etapas seguintes.

As amostras para os testes de tensão em TRC fo-

ram feitas tal como mostrado na Figura 5-a; en-

quanto que para os testes de aderência de F-M,

elas foram moldadas como na Figura 5-b. Nesta

configuração, os espécimes tipos A e B foram

concebidos. As imagens da Figura 6 ilustram o

aspecto final das amostras de TRC – tipo A e tipo

B.

(a) (b)

Figure 5: Mold for TRC samples (a); and for bond test samples (b). / Figura 5: Molde para amostras de TRC (a); e para

amostras de testes de aderência (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 6: TRC samples type A (a); and type B (b). / Figura 6: Amostras de TRC tipo A (a); e tipo B (b).

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Samples with and without a notch approxi-

mately 2 inches ("g" in Figure 7-b) were pro-

duced to evaluate the differences in adhesion

tensions and failure modes. Likewise, variations

were evaluated in the adhesion area between

the materials.

The dimensions of TRC samples are in Table 2

(Appendix B). Images of Figure 7-a show the fi-

nal aspect of F-M samples type A (equal to type

B). Dimensions of F-M specimens were meas-

ured (Figure 7-b and Table 3 in Appendix B).

Amostras sem e com fenda de aproximadamente

2 polegadas (“g” na Figura 7-b) foram produzi-

das para avaliar as diferenças nas tensões de

aderência e modos de ruptura. Da mesma forma,

foram avaliadas variações da área de aderência

entre os materiais.

As dimensões das amostras de TRC estão na Ta-

bela 2 (Apêndice B). As imagens da Figura 7

mostram o aspecto final das amostras F-M – tipo

A e tipo B. As dimensões dos espécimes F-M foram

medidas (Figura 8 e Tabela 3 no Apêndice B).

(a) (b)

Figure 7: F-M samples type A (a); and dimensions of Samples for F-M Bond testing. (b). / Figura 7: Amostras de F-M tipo A

(a); e dimensões das Amostras para testes de aderência F-M (b).

5.3.3. Specimens type AA / Espécimes tipo AA

Specimens type AA were produced with the

same characteristics of type A, replacing the

masonry block by an aerated concrete block.

Os espécimes do tipo AA foram produzidos com

as mesmas características do tipo A, substituindo

o bloco de alvenaria por um bloco de concreto

aerado.

5.3.4. Specimens type M / Espécimes tipo M

The compressive strength of the mortar used in

the preparation of TRCs and of the specimens

type B', A, B, and AA was evaluated. Twenty-

four specimens called M type were molded ac-

A resistência à compressão da argamassa usada

na confecção dos TRCs e dos espécimes tipo B’, A,

B e AA foi avaliada. Vinte e quarto espécimes

chamados tipo M foram moldados conforme

e

d

bc

L

wa

BLOCK

TRC

fg

notch

detail

DETAIL

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cording to ASTM 119C for 4 test ages (6 sam-

ples/age): 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. Images of Figure

8 show molds and samples type M.

ASTM 119C para 4 idades de teste (6 amos-

tras/idade): 1, 7, 14 e 28 dias. As imagens da Fi-

gura 8 mostram os moldes e as amostras tipo M.

(a) (b)

Figure 8: Molds for mortar samples (a); and mortar specimens (b). / Figura 5: Moldes para amostras de argamassa (a); e

espécimes de argamassa (b).

5.5. Testing / Ensaios

The parameters used in the test equipment

(presses) for bond and tension tests are in Ap-

pendix C. It is worth emphasizing that for the

tensile tests, the loading speed measured by the

actuator (ramp) was 0.015 in./Min. (0.381

mm/Min.) until 0.05 inches (12.5 mm) of dis-

placement and 0.10 in./Min. (2.54 mm/Min.)

until the end of the test (max. displacement =

1.25 in.). These parameters were used in both

MTS and Instron presses.

For the fatigue test (cyclic), the parameters are

described in item 5.4.5.

Os parâmetros utilizados nos equipamentos de

ensaios (prensas) para os testes de aderência e

de tensão estão no arquivo do Apêndice C. Cabe

ressaltar que, para os ensaios de tração, a veloci-

dade de carregamento medida pelo atuador

(rampa) foi de 0,015 pol./min. (0,381 mm/min.)

até 0,05 polegadas (12.5 mm) de deslocamento e

de 0,10 pol./min. (2,54 mm/min.) até o final do

ensaio (máx. = 1,25 pol.). Estes parâmetros fo-

ram utilizados tanto na prensa MTS quanto na

Instron.

Para o ensaio de fadiga (cíclico), os parâmetros

estão descritos no item 5.4.5.

5.4.1. Bond tests for assessment / Testes de aderência para avaliação

A setup was developed to perform bond test as

a tension test (Figures 9 to 11) and it was run

for assessment. The original bottom grips of the

MTS machine were changed to fit the 4 inches

width of specimen, and the final arrangement

looked like the pictures in Figure 9. Two LVDTs

Uma configuração foi desenvolvida para realizar

o teste de aderência como um teste de tensão (Fi-

guras 9 a 11) e ele foi executado como avaliação.

As garras inferiores originais da máquina de

MTS foram alteradas para se ajustar à largura

de 4 polegadas do espécime, e o arranjo final se

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were used: one fixed onto TRC to see the defor-

mation of the composite; another fixed onto lat-

eral of composite and onto the masonry block to

observe the relative displacement (debonding)

between them (Figure 9-b).

The bolt that fixed the masonry block was not

aligned to it (Figure 10-a). When testing, it was

observed that a sliding of the masonry block

was occurring and the first crack appeared

(number 1 in Figure 10-b).

As the masonry was displacing, the crack num-

ber 2 in Figure 10-b appeared and the type of

rupture, showed in Figure 11-a, was increas-

ingly happening. As it can be seen, one type of

torsion occurred. Figure 11-a also illustrates

the position of unaligned masonry block almost

at the end of test.

The regularity of molding layers of samples is

shown in details in Figure 11-b.

pareceu com as imagens da Figura 9. Dois LVDTs

foram usados: um fixo no TRC para ver a defor-

mação do compósito; outro fixado sobre lateral

do compósito e sobre o bloco de alvenaria para

observar o deslocamento relativo (descola-

mento) entre si (Figura 9-b).

O parafuso que fixava o bloco de alvenaria não

estava alinhado a ele (Figura 10-a). Ao realizar

o ensaio, foi observado que um deslizamento do

bloco de alvenaria estava ocorrendo e a primeira

fissura apareceu (número 1 na Figura 10-b).

À medida que a alvenaria foi se deslocando, a fis-

sura número 2 na Figura 10-b apareceu e o tipo

de ruptura, mostrado na Figura 11-a, foi aconte-

cendo cada vez mais. Como pode ser visto, um

tipo de torção ocorreu. A Figura 11-a ilustra

também a posição do bloco de alvenaria desali-

nhado quase no final do ensaio.

A regularidade de camadas de moldagem de

amostras é mostrada em detalhes na Figura 11-

b.

(a) (b)

Figure 9: Setup for bond testing (a); and position of LVDTs (b). / Figura 9: Configuração para o ensaio de aderência (a); e

posição dos LVDTs (b).

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(a) (b)

Figure 10: Bolt not aligned to masonry block (a); and cracks on sample testing (b). / Figura 10: Parafuso não alinhado ao

bloco de alvenaria (a); e fissuras no ensaio da amostra (b).

(a) (b)

Figure 11: Position of unaligned masonry block (a); and regularity of layers of the samples (b). / Figura 11: Posição do

bloco de alvenaria não alinhado (a); e regularidade das camadas das amostras (b).

After the observations of initial tests, there was

one proposal to avoid slipping of the masonry

blocks, shown in Appendix A. The adjustments

in original setup consisted of:

- Bolt an angle on the base of apparatus that

holds the masonry block;

Após as observações dos testes iniciais, houve

uma proposta para evitar o escorregamento dos

blocos de alvenaria, mostrada no Apêndice A. Os

ajustes na configuração original consistiram de:

- Aparafusar uma cantoneira com a base

do aparelho que contém o bloco de alve-

naria;

1

2

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- Make a plate with holes to fix the masonry

block at this angle;

- Make another angle with holes to fix vertically

the block, to make the bolt aligned to it, aiming

to not cause any torsion force on it.

- Fazer uma placa com furos para fixar o

bloco de alvenaria neste ângulo;

- Fazer uma outra cantoneira com furos

para corrigir verticalmente o bloco, para

tornar o parafuso alinhado a ele, com o

objetivo de não causar qualquer força de

torção sobre o mesmo.

5.4.2. Digital Image Correlation – DIC / Correlação Digital de Imagens – CDI

The setup for DIC of some samples was used, as

seen in images of Figure 12.

About the use of Digital Image Correlation –

DIC, the thinking was to use two cameras taking

pictures of the lateral of specimen, showing ef-

fectively the deformation and the debonding of

TRC of the masonry block; and another one,

taking images of front of the TRC to see how is

its behavior under tension. The main problem

encountered until now is related to specimens,

type A and B. The face of the layer of TRC was

more distant of DIC cameras than the block

face, because of reducing width, from 4” to 3”.

Therefore, the images did not allow the analysis

by DIC. After this finding, the setup was ad-

justed to two cameras taking pictures of the

front of the F-M samples, only.

A configuração para a CDI de algumas amostras

foi utilizada, como visto nas fotos da Figura 12.

Sobre o uso de Correlação Digital de Imagem -

CDI, o pensamento era usar duas câmeras ti-

rando fotos da lateral do espécime, mostrando

efetivamente a deformação e o descolamento do

TRC do bloco de alvenaria; e outra, tomando

imagens da frente do TRC para ver como é seu

comportamento sob tensão. O principal pro-

blema encontrado até agora está relacionado

com as amostras, do tipo A e B. A face da camada

de TRC estava mais distante das câmaras de CDI

do que a face do bloco, por causa da redução de

largura, de 4 " para 3". Portanto, as imagens não

permitiram a análise por CDI. Após esta consta-

tação, a instalação foi ajustada para duas câme-

ras tomando imagens de frente das amostras F-

M, somente.

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 12: Support for cameras (a); type of camera used (b); setup for TRC tension test (c); and setup for F-M Bond test

(d). / Figura 12: Apoio para as câmeras (a); tipo de câmera usada (b); configuração para o ensaio de tensão em TRC (c); e

configuração para o ensaio de aderência F-M (d).

Samples were painted with a fine layer colored

white and, after dried, spackles were made with

black paint. Figure 13 illustrates the steps that

are a part of the DIC procedures.

As amostras foram pintadas com uma camada

fina de cor branca e, depois de secas, uma “nu-

vem” de pontos foram feitas com tinta preta. A

Figura 13 ilustra os passos que fazem parte dos

procedimentos da CDI.

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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 13: TRC plates drying (a); receiving white color (b); drying again (c); after making black spacles – TRC final aspect

(d); F-M Bond samples submitted to the same procedure (e); and their final aspect. / Figura 13: Placas de TRC secando (a);

recebendo tinta branca (b); secando novamente (c); depois de fazer spacles pretos – aspecto final do TRC (d); amostras de

aderência F-M submetidas ao mesmo procedimento (e); e seus aspectos finais.

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5.4.3. TRC Tension tests / Ensaios de tensão do TRC

TRC tension tests were run on MTS Machine af-

ter 7 days of molding. Special care was taken to

avoid sliding of the sample in the hydraulic

grips – top and bottom – by marks of reference

on samples (Figure 14-a). While running tests,

DIC images were taken. Figure 14-b shows one

specimen being subjected to this procedure.

Measurements of load, actuator displacement

and two parallel LVTDs were taken.

Ensaios de tensão em TRC foram executados na

prensa MTS após 7 dias de moldagem. Um cui-

dado especial foi tomado para evitar o desliza-

mento da amostra nas garras hidráulicas – supe-

rior e inferior – através de marcas de referência

nas amostras (Figura 14-a). Durante a execução

de testes, imagens para CDI foram tomadas. Fi-

gura 14-b mostra uma amostra que está sendo

submetido a este procedimento.

Medições de carga, deslocamento do atuador e

de dois LVDTs paralelos foram realizadas.

(a) (b)

Figure 14: Displacement control of sample in hydraulic grips (a); and runnig test with DIC (b). / Figura 14: Controle de

deslocamento da amostra na garra hidráulica (a); e execução do ensaio com CDI (b).

5.4.4. F-M Bond tests / Ensaios de aderência F-M

Bottom apparatus (see Appendix A) for bond

test replaced hydraulic grips (Figure 15-a). The

tests were run at Instron machine, following

the same procedure carried on TRC tension

tests.

Measurements of load, actuator displacement

and two LVDTs were also taken. The LVDTs

were fixed: one controlling the TRC defor-

mation (back of sample) and another control-

ling debonding between TRC and masonry

Um aparato inferior (ver Apêndice A) para teste

de aderência substituiu as garras hidráulicas

(Figura 15-a). Os testes foram executados na

prensa Instron, seguindo o mesmo procedimento

realizado em testes de tensão em TRC.

Também foram tomadas as medidas da carga,

deslocamento do atuador e dois LVDT. Os LVDT

foram fixados: um controlando a deformação do

TRC (parte de trás da amostra) e outro contro-

Reference mark to control displa-

cement. / Marca de referência

para controle do deslocamento.

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block (see Figure 15-b). DIC were also run for

F-M Bond tests.

lando o descolamento entre TRC e o bloco de al-

venaria (ver Figura 15-b). CDI também foi reali-

zada para os ensaios de aderência F-M.

(a) (b)

Figure 15: Apparatus replacing bottom hydraulic grips (a); and position of LVDTs (b). / Figura 15: Aparato em substituição

à garra hidráulica inferior (a); e posição dos LVDTs (b).

5.4.5. Fatigue tests (cyclic) / Ensaios de fadiga (cíclico)

Fatigue tests were composed by three phases:

Loading 1 – actuator force speed (ramp) equal

to 0.015 in./Min. (0.381 mm/Min.) until 0.01

inches (0.254 mm) of displacement; Cyclic –

frequency = 5 Hz, 500000 cycles; and Loading 2

– speed = 0.10 in./Min. (2.54 mm/Min.) until

the end of the test.

Os ensaios de fadiga foram compostos por três

fases: Carga 1 - velocidade de carregamento do

atuador (rampa) igual a 0,015 pol./min. (0,381

mm/min.) até 0,01 polegadas (0.254 mm) de

deslocamento; Cíclico – frequência = 5 Hz,

500000 ciclos; e Carga 2 – velocidade = 0,10

pol./min. (2,54 mm/min.) até o final do ensaio.

5.4.6. Mortar compression tests / Ensaios de compressão de argamassa

Procedures used to run compression tests on

mortars as recommended by ASTM C119.

Procedimentos utilizados para executar testes de

compressão em argamassas como recomendado

pela ASTM C119.

6. Results and discussions / Resultados e discussões

The results are presented in this section.

Tension test

Os resultados são apresentados nesta seção.

Ensaio de tensão

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“Strain-Stress” results of TRC tension tests are

shown in Figure 16. The graphs clearly show

the appearance of each crack on TRC plate (Fig-

ures 16-a and 16-b). The cracks are evident in

the specimens, as shown in the representative

images of Figures 16-c and 16-d. Note that you

can make a perfect correlation between the test

results and a sequence of images collected in

the meantime.

Each cracking of the cement matrix causes a re-

lief in the tension imposed on the TRC and the

fiber mesh acts, resisting the tensile load. Thus,

multiple cracks appear until the final rupture of

the composite.

Os resultados “Deformação-Tensão” dos testes

de tensão em TRC são mostrados na Figura 16.

Os gráficos exibem claramente o aparecimento

de cada fissura na placa de TRC (Figuras 16-a e

16-b). As fissuras são evidenciadas nos corpos de

prova, como mostram as imagens representati-

vas das Figuras 16-c e 16-d. Nota-se que é possí-

vel fazer uma correlação perfeita entre os resul-

tados dos ensaios e uma sequência de imagens

coletadas durante o mesmo.

Cada fissuração da matriz cimentícia causa um

alívio na tensão imposta ao TRC e a malha de fi-

bra atua, resistindo à carga de tração. Assim,

múltiplas fissuras aparecem até a ruptura final

do compósito.

(a) (b)

Figure 16: Tension test results of TRC samples: type A (a) and type B (b); images showing cracks on samples (c, d). / Figura

16: Resultados de ensaios de tensão das amostras de TRC: tipo A (a) e tipo B (b); imagens mostrando fissuras nas amostras (c,

d).

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(c) (d)

Figure 16 (cont.): Tension test results of TRC samples: type A (a) and type B (b); images showing cracks on samples (c, d).

/ Figura 16 (cont.): Resultados de ensaios de tensão das amostras de TRC: tipo A (a) e tipo B (b); imagens mostrando fissuras

nas amostras (c, d).

Bond test

The number of cracks in TRC was lower in bond

tests. Lower deformations in TRCs were also

observed, although the values of the rupture

tensions do not have to change (Fig. 17).

Ensaio de aderência

A quantidade de fissuras no TRC foi menor nos

ensaios de aderência. Menores deformações nos

TRCs também foram evidenciadas, embora os va-

lores das tensões de ruptura não tenham se alte-

rado (Fig. 17).

(a) (b)

Figure 17: Bond test results of Fabric-Masonry samples: type A (a) and type B (b). / Figura 17: Resultados de ensaios de

tensão das amostras de TRC: tipo A (a) e tipo B (b).

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The LVDTs were tested in a few locations to as-

certain which strains would be more relevant

in the specimens. Thus, for tension tests on TRC

plates, two LVDT's were used: one at each side

of the sample. And, for the bond test, one LVDT

was fixed on the back of the sample for the de-

formation of the composite, or plate of TRC, as

shows the Figure 18-a; and the other had its

lower part glued on masonry block and its top

on composite (Figure 18-b).

The analysis of the Digital Image Correlation

are made in specific computer programs. The

results produce images as presented on Figure

19. They clearly show the appearance of the

first crack and its strain field (Figure 19-a); and

the appearance of other cracks and the changes

in the sample deformation field (Figure 19-b).

Os LVDTs foram testados em algumas posições

para verificar quais deformações seriam mais re-

levantes nos espécimes. Desta forma, para os en-

saios de tensão em placas de TRC, dois LVDTs fo-

ram utilizados: um em cada lateral da amostra.

E, para o ensaio de aderência, um LVDT foi fixado

no dorso da amostra, para obter a deformação

do compósito, ou placa de TRC, como mostra a

Figura 18-a; e o outro teve sua parte inferior co-

lada no bloco de alvenaria e sua parte superior

no compósito (Figura 18-b).

As análises de Correlação Digital de Imagens são

realizadas em programas computacionais espe-

cíficos. Os resultados produzem imagens como as

apresentadas na Figura 19. Elas mostram clara-

mente o aparecimento da primeira fissura e seu

campo de deformações (Figura 19-a); e o apare-

cimento de outras fissuras e as alterações nos

campos de deformações da amostra (Figura 19-

b).

(a) (b)

Figure 18: Position of LVDTs on specimens for bond tests: side of TRC-masonry block (a) and back of TRC (b). / Fi-

gura 18: Posição dos LVDTs no corpos de provas para o ensaio de aderência: lateral do TRC e do bloco de alvenaria (a) e nas

costas do TRC (b).

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DIC

By this technique, one can analyze various pa-

rameters of structural analysis. In Figure 19, we

note the evolution of the cracks, with the fields

of deformation occurring during opening of a

crack.

CDI

Por esta técnica, pode-se analisar diversos parâ-

metros da análise estrutural. Na Figura 19, nota-

se a evolução das fissuras, com os campos de de-

formações que ocorrem durante a abertura da

fissura.

(a) (b)

Figure 19: Tension test results of TRC samples: type A (a) and type B (b); images showing cracks on samples (c, d). / Fi-

gura 19: Resultados de ensaios de tensão das amostras de TRC: tipo A (a) e tipo B (b); imagens mostrando fissuras nas amos-

tras (c, d).

Compression test

The graph of Figure 20 shows the results of

compression tests on mortar used as a cement

based on the TRC. The wide dispersion is due to

random choice between samples of three

batches. Rising average compression at 28 days

may be related to the beginning of the most

pozzolanic activity period of silica fume.

Ensaio de compressão

O gráfico da Figura 20 apresenta os resultados

dos ensaios de compressão em argamassa usada

como matriz cimentícia no TRC. A grande disper-

são se deve a escolha aleatória entre amostras

constituídas por três bateladas. A elevação da

compressão média aos 28 dias pode estar relaci-

onada ao início do período de maior atividade

pozolânica da sílica ativa.

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Figure 20: Compression test results of mortar samples. / Figura 20: Resultados de ensaios de compressão das amostras de

argamassa.

7. Conclusions / Conclusões

The use of textile fiber results in noticeable im-

provement in possible repairs of cracked sur-

faces. This is a fact. However, methods of test-

ing and analysis of materials used have yet to

be improved, it can be noted that the adhesion

of the matrix in the masonry block has modified

the aspect of cracking of the composite, reduc-

ing the amount of cracking.

In this sense, the main conclusion is that it new

methodologies and testing procedures was de-

veloped during the study period at ASU, but

should be improved and adjusted for materials

studies applicable in concrete structures of

dams.

O uso de fibras têxteis resulta em notória melho-

ria em eventuais reparos de superfícies fissura-

das. Isto é fato. No entanto, os métodos de en-

saios e de análises dos materiais utilizados ainda

têm que ser melhorados, pois pode-se notar que

a aderência da matriz no bloco de alvenaria mo-

dificou o aspecto da fissuração do compósito, re-

duzindo a quantidade de fissuras.

Neste sentido, a principal conclusão é que novas

metodologias e procedimentos de ensaios foram

desenvolvidas durante o período de estudos na

ASU, mas que deverão ser melhoradas e ajusta-

das para estudos de materiais aplicáveis em es-

truturas de concreto de barragens.

0

100

200

300

400

500

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

kgf/

cm²

Co

mp

ress

ion

str

engh

t (l

bf/

in²)

Res

ist.

à c

om

pre

ssão

(lib

ras/

po

l²)

days / dias

1 day / 1 dia

7 days / 7 dias

14 days / 14 dias

28 days / 28 dias

Mean values/Valores médios

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8. Upcoming steps / Próximos passos

Next steps include, mainly, the preparation and

publication of scientific papers and additional

researches.

Specimens type B with 4 layers of ARG Textile

instead of two layers, titled type "C", were

tested in the Fatigue tests. The analyzes have

not yet been completed and the results of these

tests were not included in this report. They will

be dealt with directly in technical papers.

Os próximos passos incluem, principalmente, a

preparação e publicação de artigos científicos e

pesquisas adicionais.

Espécimes tipo B com 4 camadas de fibra têxtil

ARG ao invés de 2 camadas, intitulados tipo “C”,

foram testados nos ensaios de Fadiga. As análises

ainda não foram concluídas e os resultados des-

tes ensaios não constam deste relatório. Eles se-

rão tratados diretamente em artigos técnicos e

científicos.

9. Acknowledgements / Agradecimentos

Author would like to thank Technological Park

of Itaipu, Arizona State University, Eletrobras

and Itaipu Binacional for supporting this re-

search; and also to thank Vikram Dey, Yiming

Yao, Xinmeng Wang, Jacob Bauchmoyer,

Brenno Martins and Anna Flávia Dias for atten-

tion, help and friendship.

Brazil, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 10/30/2015.

O autor gostaria de agradecer ao Parque Tecno-

lógico da Itaipu, à Universidade Estadual do Ari-

zona, à Eletrobras e à Itaipu Binacional por

apoiar esta investigação; e também de agrade-

cer Vikram Dey, Yiming Yao, Xinmeng Wang, Ja-

cob Bauchmoyer, Brenno Martins e Anna Flávia

Dias pela atenção, ajuda e amizade.

Brazil, Foz do Iguaçu, PR, 30 de outubro de 2015.

_______________________________ Étore Funchal de Faria Civil Engineer, D.Sc.

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[95] Naaman, A.E., V. Likhitruangsilp, and G. Parra-Montesinos, Punching Shear Response of High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite Slabs, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 104, No. 2, March-April 2007, pp. 170-179.

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APPENDIX A / APÊNDICE A

I

Project of Setup for F-M Bond test / Projeto de aparato para ensaio de aderência F-M

2 thread rods of 1/2" diameterwith 8 nuts and 4 washers tojoint Part #3 to Part #2.

Part #3: steel plate 1 1/2" x1/4" x 8", with 2 holes of 9/16".

Part #3

Assembly "A"

8"

3/4"3/4"

3/4"3/4"

Ø9/16"

Ø9/16"

Part #2: steel angle 2" x 3/16" x 8", fixedon Part #1 (Base) with 2 sets of 1 bolt, 1nut and 1 washer of 7/16".

2 holes of 1/2" diameter tobe made.

Base

Part #1

1 3/8" 1 3/8"

Part #2

3/16"

3/16"2"

2"

3/16"

2"

8"

1 5/8"

7/8"

7/8"

1 5/8"

3/8"

3/8"

5 1/2"

5"

3/4"3/4"

2 holes of 1/2" diameter to be made.

2 holes of 9/16" diameter to be made.

Existing holes in Part #1 to setPart #4, as shown in Assembly"B".

2"1 1/8"

1

7/8"7/8"

Projectionof Masonryblock.

1 1/2"

Projection of Part #1.


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II


1) Part #1: Make 2 holes 1/2";2) Part #2: Make one angle 2" x 3/16" x 8" with 2 holes 1/2" and 2 holes 9/16";3) Part #3: Make one plate 1 1/2" x 1/4" x 8" with 2 holes 9/16";4) Part #4: Make an angle 2" x 3/16" x 8" with 2 holes 9/16";5) See drawings for details;6) Provided a thread rod 12" lenght to be cut in two halves (6"each) to be usedin Assembly "A";7) Provided one flat steel bar 1 1/2" x 1/4" x 36"from which one steel platewith 8" lenght will be cut (Part #3).8) Provided one angle plain steel 2"x 3/16"x 36" from which two angles with 8"lenght will be cut (Part #2 and Part #4);9) Clean up pieces to remove all the rust and grease, if needed.

Part #4

2"

2"2 holes of 9/16" diameter to be made.

Assembly "B"

2 bolts of # 1/2" with 2 nuts and 4washers to joint Part #4 to Part #1.

Part #4: steel angle 2" x 3/16" x 8".

Part #4: steel plate 5 1/2" x 5" x 1/2",with a nut welded on its bottom to besetup on MTS press (Base).


1 5/8" 1 5/8"

7/8"7/8"

2"

3/16"

3/16"

Projectionof Masonryblock.

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III


Perspective(no scale)

Part #4

Part #3

Part #2

Part #1

Contact:

Étore Funchal de FariaCivil Engineer, D.Sc.Phone: 480 249 2141E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected]

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APPENDIX B / APÊNDICE B

IV

Tables / Tabelas

Dates in tables are in U.S. format / As datas nas tabelas estão no formato Norte-americano.

Table 2: Measures of TRC samples for tension tests. Tabela 2: Medidas das amostras de TRC para testes de tensão.

Mix Mistura

Sample Amostra

Length Comprimento

(inches) (pol.)

Width Largura (inches)

(pol.)

Thickness Espessura (inches)

(pol.)

Volume Volume

(in³) (pol.³)

Area Área (in²)

(pol.²)

Molding date

Data de moldagem

A 1 15 2.88 6.00 10.20 0.68 06-17-15

A 2 15 2.85 6.30 10.60 0.71 06-17-15

A 3 15 2.80 5.60 9.26 0.62 06-17-15

A 4 15 2.80 5.60 9.26 0.62 06-17-15

A 5 15 2.90 5.50 9.42 0.63 06-17-15

A 6 15 2.85 5.90 9.93 0.66 06-17-15

B 1 15 2.90 10.50 17.98 1.20 06-18-15

B 2 15 2.85 11.70 19.69 1.31 06-18-15

B 3 15 2.80 11.50 19.02 1.27 06-18-15

B 4 15 2.90 11.00 18.84 1.26 06-18-15

B 5 15 2.80 11.50 19.02 1.27 06-18-15

B 6 15 2.80 11.50 19.02 1.27 06-18-15

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I

Table 3: Measures of samples for F-M Bond testing. Tabela 3: Medidas das amostras para testes de aderência F-M.

Mix

M

istu

ra

Sa

mp

le

Am

ost

ra

Mo

ldin

g D

ate

D

ata

de

m

old

ag

em TRC Block

L (in)

(pol.)

W (in)

(pol.)

e (in)

(pol.)

a (in)

(pol.)

Volume (in³)

Volume (pol.³)

Section (in²) Seção

(pol.²)

b (in)

(pol.)

c (in)

(pol.)

d (in)

(pol.)

Volume (in³)

Volume (pol.³)


(pol.²)

f (in)

(pol.)

g (in)

(pol.)

B' 1 05-28-15 -- -- -- -- 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- 0.00 0.00 -- --

B' 2 05-28-15 12.00 3.90 0.46 5.50 21.53 1.79 8.00 3.90 2.25 70.20 8.78 -- --

B' 3 05-28-15 12.00 3.88 0.51 5.55 23.75 1.98 8.00 3.90 2.30 71.76 8.97 -- --

B' 4 05-28-15 12.13 3.83 0.46 5.53 21.36 1.76 8.00 3.80 2.28 69.16 8.65 -- --

B' 5 05-28-15 12.10 3.87 0.41 5.50 19.20 1.59 8.00 3.81 2.28 69.49 8.69 -- --

B' 6 05-28-15 12.25 3.84 0.46 5.50 21.64 1.77 8.00 3.84 2.27 69.73 8.72 -- --

A 7 06-22-15 15.00 2.87 0.27 7.50 11.62 0.77 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.75 8.72 -- --

A 8 06-22-15 10.31 2.91 0.28 2.88 8.40 0.81 8.00 3.92 2.26 70.87 8.86 -- --

A 9 06-22-15 13.31 2.85 0.27 5.88 10.05 0.76 8.00 3.88 2.26 70.15 8.77 -- --

A 10 06-22-15 12.31 2.81 0.28 5.00 9.69 0.79 8.00 3.91 2.26 70.69 8.84 -- --

A 11 06-22-15 9.50 2.86 0.27 2.00 7.34 0.77 8.00 3.93 2.31 72.63 9.08 -- --

A 12 06-22-15 11.38 2.88 0.28 3.88 9.01 0.79 8.00 3.89 2.27 70.64 8.83 -- --

B 7 06-24-15 13.00 2.95 0.51 5.35 19.56 1.50 8.00 3.97 2.31 73.37 9.17 -- --

B 8 06-24-15 12.92 2.94 0.47 5.45 17.85 1.38 8.00 3.95 2.35 74.17 9.27 -- --

B 9 06-24-15 12.85 2.94 0.48 5.40 18.13 1.41 8.00 3.95 2.29 72.36 9.05 -- --

B 10 06-24-15 12.90 2.88 0.47 5.40 17.43 1.35 8.00 3.95 2.28 72.05 9.01 -- --

B 11 06-24-15 13.00 2.86 0.46 5.45 17.10 1.32 8.00 3.93 2.28 71.68 8.96 -- --

B 12 06-24-15 12.91 2.85 0.49 5.35 18.03 1.40 8.00 4.95 2.29 90.68 11.34 -- --

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II

Table 3: Measures of samples for F-M Bond testing. (cont.) Tabela 3: Medidas das amostras para testes de aderência F-M. (cont.)

Mix

M

istu

ra

Sa

mp

le

Am

ost

ra

Mo

ldin

g D

ate

D

ata

de

m

old

ag

em TRC Block

L (in)

(pol.)

W (in)

(pol.)

e (in)

(pol.)

a (in)

(pol.)

Volume (in³)

Volume (pol.³)


(pol.²)

b (in)

(pol.)

c (in)

(pol.)

d (in)

(pol.)

Volume (in³)

Volume (pol.³)


(pol.²)

f (in)

(pol.)

g (in)

(pol.)

A 13 07-06-15 12.88 2.80 0.23 5.56 8.29 0.64 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.44 2.13

A 14 07-06-15 12.88 2.80 0.25 5.50 9.01 0.70 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.50 2.13

A 15 07-06-15 13.00 2.85 0.25 5.63 9.26 0.71 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.38 2.00

A 16 07-06-15 12.88 2.90 0.25 5.50 9.33 0.73 8.06 3.94 2.25 71.43 8.86 2.50 1.88

A 17 07-06-15 12.75 2.93 0.25 5.50 9.34 0.73 8.00 3.94 2.25 70.88 8.86 2.44 1.88

A 18 07-06-15 12.75 2.89 0.25 5.56 9.21 0.72 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.44 2.00

B 13 07-07-15 12.63 2.86 0.40 5.50 14.44 1.14 8.00 3.88 2.31 71.78 8.97 2.50 2.00

B 14 07-07-15 12.63 2.90 0.46 5.50 16.84 1.33 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.50 2.00

B 15 07-07-15 12.50 2.83 0.48 5.50 16.98 1.36 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.50 2.00

B 16 07-07-15 12.50 2.81 0.45 5.50 15.81 1.26 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.50 2.00

B 17 07-07-15 12.50 2.93 0.45 5.50 16.48 1.32 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.50 2.00

B 18 07-07-15 12.56 2.83 0.45 5.44 16.00 1.27 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.84 8.73 2.50 2.00

A 19 07-08-15 12.63 2.90 0.23 5.44 8.42 0.67 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.75 8.72 2.44 2.00

A 20 07-08-15 12.63 2.80 0.25 5.44 8.84 0.70 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.75 8.72 2.50 2.13

A 21 07-08-15 12.50 2.92 0.24 5.38 8.76 0.70 8.00 3.94 2.25 70.88 8.86 2.56 2.56

A 22 07-08-15 12.69 2.91 0.22 5.50 8.12 0.64 8.00 4.00 2.25 72.00 9.00 2.50 2.00

A 23 07-08-15 12.75 2.82 0.23 5.50 8.27 0.65 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.75 8.72 2.50 2.00

A 24 07-08-15 12.75 2.85 0.24 5.50 8.72 0.68 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.75 8.72 2.50 2.00

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III

Table 3: Measures of samples for F-M Bond testing. (cont.) Tabela 3: Medidas das amostras para testes de aderência F-M. (cont.)

Mix

M

istu

ra

Sa

mp

le

Am

ost

ra

Mo

ldin

g D

ate

D

ata

de

m

old

ag

em

TRC Block

L (in)

(pol.)

W (in)

(pol.)

e (in)

(pol.)

a (in)

(pol.)

Volume (in³)

Volume (pol.³)


(pol.²)

b (in)

(pol.)

c (in)

(pol.)

d (in)

(pol.)

Vol-ume (in³)

Volume (pol.³)


(pol.²)

f (in)

(pol.)

g (in)

(pol.)

B 19 07-09-15 12.63 2.82 0.41 5.50 14.60 1.16 8.00 4.00 2.25 72.00 9.00 2.50 2.00

B 20 07-09-15 12.56 2.94 0.43 5.44 15.88 1.26 8.00 4.00 2.25 72.00 9.00 2.50 2.00

B 21 07-09-15 12.63 2.86 0.43 5.50 15.53 1.23 8.00 4.00 2.25 72.00 9.00 2.50 2.00

B 22 07-09-15 12.63 2.83 0.47 5.50 16.79 1.33 8.00 4.00 2.25 72.00 9.00 2.50 2.00

B 23 07-09-15 12.63 2.90 0.45 5.50 16.48 1.31 8.00 4.00 2.25 72.00 9.00 2.50 2.00

B 24 07-09-15 12.50 2.82 0.42 5.50 14.81 1.18 8.00 3.88 2.25 69.75 8.72 2.50 2.00

AA 1 07-23-15 12.00 2.88 0.25 5.50 8.63 0.72 7.88 3.94 2.25 69.77 8.86 2.39 2.00

AA 2 07-23-15 12.00 2.75 0.25 5.50 8.25 0.69 8.00 3.69 2.25 66.38 8.30 2.56 2.00

AA 3 07-23-15 12.00 2.75 0.25 5.56 8.25 0.69 7.88 3.75 2.25 66.45 8.44 2.44 2.00

AA 4 07-23-15 12.00 2.88 0.25 5.63 8.63 0.72 7.88 3.88 2.19 66.75 8.48 2.31 2.00

AA 5 07-23-15 12.00 2.88 0.27 5.50 9.32 0.78 8.00 3.94 2.25 70.88 8.86 2.44 2.00

AA 6 07-23-15 12.00 2.94 0.26 5.56 9.17 0.76 7.88 3.88 2.25 68.66 8.72 2.31 2.00

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IV

Table 4: Measures of samples for compressive strength testing. Tabela 4: Medidas das amostras para testes de resistência à compressão.

Mix

M

istu

ra

Sa

mp

le

Am

ost

ra

Mo

ldin

g D

ate

D

ata

de

M

old

ag

em

Te

stin

g a

ge

Id

ad

e d

e en

saio

Dimesions / Dimensões

L1 (in)

(pol.)

L2 (in)

(pol.)

L3 (in)

(pol.)

Area 1 (in²)

(pol.²)

Area 2 (in²)

(pol.²)

Area 3 (in²)

(pol.²)

Volume (in³)

(pol.³)

M 1 07-29-15

1 day 1 dia

2.0700 1.9935 1.9905 4.1265 4.1203 3.9681 8.2139

M 2 07-29-15 2.0000 2.0365 2.0100 4.0730 4.0200 4.0934 8.1867

M 3 07-29-15 2.0055 2.0175 2.0935 4.0461 4.1985 4.2236 8.4705

M 4 07-29-15 2.0050 1.9765 2.0070 3.9629 4.0240 3.9668 7.9535

M 5 07-29-15 2.0020 2.0230 2.0165 4.0500 4.0370 4.0794 8.1669

M 6 07-29-15 2.0130 2.0125 2.0300 4.0512 4.0864 4.0854 8.2239

M 7 07-29-15

7 days 7 dias

2.0145 2.0055 2.0055 4.0401 4.0401 4.0220 8.1024

M 8 07-29-15 1.9870 1.9850 2.0755 3.9442 4.1240 4.1199 8.1862

M 9 07-29-15 1.9890 1.9965 2.0240 3.9710 4.0257 4.0409 8.0374

M 10 07-29-15 2.0650 1.9965 2.0015 4.1228 4.1331 3.9960 8.2517

M 11 07-29-15 1.9970 1.9980 2.0435 3.9900 4.0809 4.0829 8.1536

M 12 07-29-15 2.0070 2.0120 2.0230 4.0381 4.0602 4.0703 8.1690

M 13 07-29-15

14 days 14 dias

2.0160 2.0100 2.0345 4.0522 4.1016 4.0893 8.2441

M 14 07-29-15 1.9950 2.0100 2.0110 4.0100 4.0119 4.0421 8.0640

M 15 07-29-15 2.0030 2.0040 2.0180 4.0140 4.0421 4.0441 8.1003

M 16 07-29-15 2.0205 2.0145 2.0230 4.0703 4.0875 4.0753 8.2342

M 17 07-29-15 1.9985 1.9875 2.0315 3.9720 4.0600 4.0376 8.0692

M 18 07-29-15 1.9970 1.9980 2.0440 3.9900 4.0819 4.0839 8.1556

M 19 07-29-15

28 days 28 dias

1.9920 1.9925 2.0360 3.9691 4.0557 4.0567 8.0810

M 20 07-29-15 1.9970 1.9920 2.0005 3.9780 3.9950 3.9850 7.9580

M 21 07-29-15 2.0020 2.0030 1.9980 4.0100 4.0000 4.0020 8.0120

M 22 07-29-15 1.9770 1.9805 2.0155 3.9154 3.9846 3.9917 7.8916

M 23 07-29-15 2.0385 1.9970 2.0450 4.0709 4.1687 4.0839 8.3250

M 24 07-29-15 1.9965 1.9930 2.0020 3.9790 3.9970 3.9900 7.9660

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APPENDIX C / APÊNDICE C

V

Parameters for testing machines / Parâmetros para as prensas.

Ensaios de tração / Tensile tests

MPT PROCEDURE PARAMETERS - C:\tsiis\mpt\Procs\Vikram_BASF_FWM_Tension-static_2.0007/15/2015 2:48:14 PM Items preceded by an asterisk (*) have been modified. Application Information Name : MultiPurpose TestWare (MPT) Version : 3.3B 1205 Station Information Path : Configuration : TEST_dk5.cfg Parameter Set : Large-Instron-Ext *Procedure: Vikram_BASF_FWM_Tension-static_2.000 Sequencing Procedure is done when : Actuator Down Fast.Done *Procedure / Data Acq: Timed Acquisition Sequencing Start : <Procedure>.Start Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Acquisition Time Between Points : 0.10026 (Sec) Total Samples : Continuous sampling enabled Signals : Time : Channel 1 Displacement : Channel 1 Force : Aux Input 4 : Aux Input 6 Destination Buffer Size : 1024 Data Header : ETORE_BOND_TEST_070815_A19 Destination : User-specified data file *User Data File : ETORE_BOND_TEST_070815_A19.dat Buffer Type : Linear Write First Data Header Only : True Output Units

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VI

UAS : Current Unit Assignment Set Procedure / Actuator Down Slow: Segment Command Sequencing Start : <Procedure>.Start Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Command Segment Shape : Ramp Rate : 0.01500 in/Min Adaptive Compensators : None Do Not Update Counters : False Relative End Level : True Channels Channel 1 Control Mode : Displacement Relative End Level : 0.05000 (in) Procedure / Actuator Down Fast: Segment Command Sequencing Start : Actuator Down Slow.Done Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Command Segment Shape : Ramp Rate : 0.10000 in/Min Adaptive Compensators : None Do Not Update Counters : False Relative End Level : False Channels Channel 1 Control Mode : Displacement Absolute End Level : 1.2500 (in) Execution Options Hold State Support : Enable Hold Resume Test After Stop : Enable Resume Required Power : High Command Hold Behavior : Stay at Level Command Stop Behavior : Stay at Level Setpoint : Disable and Reset

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VII

Span : Disable and Reset Confirm actions that may affect resuming the test : True Specimen Options Data File Mode : Append Data File Format : Excel Specimen Log Mode : Append Data File Time Stamp : Time Clear Counters on Reset : True Recovery Options Enable saving recovery status: : True Upon program state change : True At least every: : 60.000 (Sec) Message Options Message Capture Minimum Severity : Information Source : All Applications Archive Auto Deletion Delete Older Than : Disabled Control Panel Display Options Test Progress Run Time : Display As HH:MM:SS Counters Channel Counters : Display As Cycles Sequence Counters : Display As Cycles Specimen Procedure Name : True Procedure State : True Station Status Power : True Procedure Properties Description : Author : Unit Selection Current UAS : Use Station Unit Assignment Set

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VIII

Ensaios de Fadiga / Fatigue tests

MPT PROCEDURE PARAMETERS - C:\tsiis\mpt\Procs\Vikram_Etore_Bond_2015_Fatigue_Ten-sion_v1.0008/5/2015 3:06:39 PM Items preceded by an asterisk (*) have been modified. Application Information Name : MultiPurpose TestWare (MPT) Version : 3.3B 1205 Station Information Path : Configuration : TEST_dk5.cfg Parameter Set : 27fEB2013_cyclic *Procedure: Vikram_Etore_Bond_2015_Fatigue_Tension_v1.000 Sequencing Procedure is done when : Hold position.Done Procedure / Data-Loading 1: Timed Acquisition Sequencing Start : <Procedure>.Start Interrupt : Loading 1.Done General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Acquisition Time Between Points : 0.09993 (Sec) Total Samples : Continuous sampling enabled Signals : Time : Channel 1 Displacement : Channel 1 Force Destination Buffer Size : 1024 Data Header : MSF648_0222-0711-Load-45p_11 Destination : User-specified data file User Data File : MSF648_0222-0711-Load-45p_11.dat Buffer Type : Linear Write First Data Header Only : True Output Units UAS : Current Unit Assignment Set Procedure / Loading 1: Segment Command Sequencing Start : <Procedure>.Start Interrupt : Break detect.Done

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IX

General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Command Segment Shape : Ramp Rate : 0.01500 in/Min Adaptive Compensators : None Do Not Update Counters : False Relative End Level : True Channels Channel 1 Control Mode : Displacement Relative End Level : 0.01000 (in) *Procedure / Data-Cyclic: Cyclic Acquisition Sequencing Start : Loading 1.Done Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Cycles Master Channel : Channel 1 Data Storage Pattern : Linear Relative Cycle or Segment Counts : False Linear Data Interval : 50 cycles Maximum Cycle Stored : 500000 (cycle) Store Data At : 50.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0, 250.0,… :… … : 499850.0, 499900.0, 499950.0, 500000.0 : (cycle) Store Data For : 1.0 cycles Acquisition Acquisition Method : Timed Time Between Points : 0.00993 (Sec) Signals : Time : Channel 1 Displacement : Channel 1 Force Destination Data Header : MSF648_0222-0711-Cyclic-45p_11 Write First Data Header Only : True Destination : User Data File User Data File : MSF648_0222-0711-Cyclic-45p_11.dat Output Units

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X

UAS : Current Unit Assignment Set Procedure / Cyclic: Cyclic Command Sequencing Start : Loading 1.Done Interrupt : Break detect.Done General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Command Segment Shape : True Sine Frequency : 5.0000 (Hz) Count : 500000 cycles Adaptive Compensators : None Do Not Update Counters : False Relative End Levels : True Channels Channel 1 Control Mode : Displacement Relative End Level 1 : 0.01000 (in) Relative End Level 2 : 0.09000 (in) Phase Lag : 0.00 (deg) *Procedure / Data-Loading 2: Timed Acquisition Sequencing Start : Cyclic.Done Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Acquisition Time Between Points : 0.20003 (Sec) Total Samples : Continuous sampling enabled Signals : Time : Channel 1 Displacement : Channel 1 Force Destination Buffer Size : 1024 Data Header : Destination : User-specified data file User Data File : Buffer Type : Linear *Write First Data Header Only : True Output Units

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XI

UAS : Current Unit Assignment Set Procedure / Loading 2: Segment Command Sequencing Start : Cyclic.Done Interrupt : Break detect.Done General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Command Segment Shape : Ramp Rate : 0.10000 in/Min Adaptive Compensators : None Do Not Update Counters : False Relative End Level : True Channels Channel 1 Control Mode : Displacement Relative End Level : 0.20000 (in) Procedure / Hold position: Dwell Command Sequencing Start : Loading 2.Done Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Command Time : 0.10000 (Sec) Do Not Update Counters : False Channels Channel 1 Control Mode : Displacement Procedure / Break detect: Data Limit Detector Sequencing Start : <Procedure>.Start Interrupt : None General Process Enabled : True Execute Process : 1 Time(s) Counter Type : None Limits Channel 1 Displacement Upper Limit : 0.2500 (in)

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XII

Lower Limit : -0.2500 (in) Channel 1 Force Upper Limit : 0 (lbf) Lower Limit : -50000 (lbf) Settings Limit Mode : Absolute Process completes when : Any selected signal exceeds its limit Log Message As : Information Action : Station Power Off Execution Options Hold State Support : Enable Hold Resume Test After Stop : Enable Resume Required Power : High Command Hold Behavior : Stay at Level Command Stop Behavior : Stay at Level Setpoint : Disable and Reset Span : Disable and Reset Confirm actions that may affect resuming the test : True Specimen Options Data File Mode : Append Data File Format : Excel Specimen Log Mode : Append Data File Time Stamp : Time Clear Counters on Reset : True Recovery Options Enable saving recovery status: : True Upon program state change : True At least every: : 60.000 (Sec) Message Options Message Capture Minimum Severity : Information Source : All Applications Archive Auto Deletion Delete Older Than : Disabled Control Panel Display Options Test Progress Run Time : Display As HH:MM:SS Counters Channel Counters : Display As Cycles Sequence Counters : Display As Cycles Specimen Procedure Name : True Procedure State : True Station Status Power : True

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