حقيبة اساسيات تحكم نظري
TRANSCRIPT
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1-4 א١٣ א
١ J٥אאא ١٦
١ J٦אאאא ١٧
אא אאא١٨ א
٢ J١ ١٨ ٢ J٢ אאF(Continuity principle ٢٣
٢ J٣ א ٢٤
٢ J٤אאא ٢٤
٢ J٥אא ٢٥ ٢ J٦ ٢٨
אאWא٣٠ א אאאאאאאא >אאK ٣١
٣ J١ ٣١ ٣ J٢א ٣١ ٣ J٣אאא ٣٦
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٣ J٤אא ٣٧ ٣ J٤ J١אאא ٣٨
٤١ ٣ J٤ J٢אאא ٤٢ ٣ J٤ J٣א ٤٣
אאאאאW ٤٨ ٤٩
אאא אאא٥٠ א ٤ J١אאאא(Single acting cylinders) ٥١ ٤ J٢אאאא(Double acting cylinders) ٥٣ ٤ J٣אאאא(Rodless cylinders) ٥٧ ٤ J٤ א אFאא אא אא E(Rotary cylinders and
Swivel drive) ٥٩
٤ J٥אאאא א(ISO) ٦٠ ٤ J٦אאא א(ISO) ٦٠
٦١ אאא٦٢ א
٥ J١ ٦٣ ٥ J٢ אא(Directional control valves) ٦٣ ٥ J٣א ٨١ א ٥ J٤אאFlow Control Valves ٨٥ ٥ J٥אPressure Valves ٨٧
٩١ אאאא ٩٥
٦ J١ ٩٥
אאאא
- 5 -
٦ J٣אאאאאאאא١٠١ א ٦ J٤אאWANDOR ١٠٦ ٦ J٥אא١١١ א ٦ J٦אאא ١١٤ ٦ J٧אא ١١٦ ٦ J٨אאTime Delay ValveW ١١٩ ٦ J٩ אאאאאא ١٢١
١٢٥ אאWא١٢٦ א אאא ١٢٨
٧ J١אאאאDirect current and alternating current ١٢٨ ٧ J٢Ohm's Law ١٢٩ ٧ J٣אFunction of a solenoid ١٣٢
א١٣٣ א ٨ J١אPower supply unit pressure ١٣٣ ٨ J٢אאאPush button and control switches ١٣٤ ٨ J٣ א אא אSensors for measuring displacement an
pressure ١٣٦
٨ J٤אאRelays and contactors ١٤٠ ٨ J٥אאאProgrammable logic controllers, PLC ١٤١ ٨ J٦אא١٤٢ א
١٤٩ אא אא ١٥٠
٩ J١אאאאאא١٥٠ א ٩ J٢אאLogic Operations ١٥٤
אאאא
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٩ J٣אא ١٥٨ ٩ J٤א Signal storage ١٥٩
אאאWא١٧٨ א
אאאאא ١٧٩ ١٠ J١אאHydraulic power supply unit ١٧٩ ١٠ J٢אDrive ١٨٢ ١٠ J٣אאHydraulic Pump ١٨٢ ١٠ J٤אCouplings ١٨٦ ١٠ J٥אאReservoir ١٨٦ ١٠ J٦אFilters ١٨٧ ١٠ J٧אאCoolers ١٨٨ ١٠ J٨אHeaters ١٨٩
אא ١٩٠ ١١ J١אאאSingle-acting cylinder ١٩٠ ١١ J٢אאאDouble Acting Cylinder ١٩٢ ١١ J٣אא Hydraulic valves ١٩٤
٢٢٦ א אF١EאאHאאאHאHאH
אאK ٢٣٠
אF٢Eא ٢٣٦ אF٣E٧ J٤אH٧ J٥אא+ ٧ J٦אאאא ٢٣٩ אF٤Eאא ٢٤٨ א٢٥٩ א
אאאא
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אא
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א א א א K
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١ J אFאאE
٢ J א FאאFאEא אE
٣ J אאאאFאאאE
٤ J אאאFאאKE
٥ J אאאFאאKE
א
אFOutput ElementsE אControl elements)E
אFProcessorsE
אF Input Elements E
א(Power source)
אאאא
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אאא אאאאאאאאאא
אאא א KאאאK
אא א א א
K אא א FאאאEאאאא
K ٣ Jאאא
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אאאאאK
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אאKאאאאאא
א א א K א א אFאא J Eא א א
אFאא J KE אא
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٤ Jאא
אאאאאאאאאאא K א אאא
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א Fא E(Pneumatics)א אא א אא א א א אא
FKEKKKKKאאא
אאאאאאW ١K אא ٢K א
٣K אאאא
٤K אא
אאאא
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٥K FאEאאא א א א א
אאאK
٦K אאאאאאא
אאאאאW א Jאא
א(Clamping)
א (Shifting)
א (Positioning)
א (Orienting)
Jאאא
א (Packaging)
א(Feeding)
אא(Metering)
אאא(Doors Control)
א(Turning and Inverting of Parts)
א (Sorting of Parts)
אא (Stacking of Components)
אא(Stamping and Embossing of Components)
JאאW א (Drilling)
אא(Turning)
א(Milling)
אFאE(Sawing)
א(Finishing)
א(Forming)
א(Quality Control)
אאאא
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F١E
١ J١א
א א אא א אא K١א J١١ J٢אאאאא
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אא1אאא K א א א א2א
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F٢E
١ J٢
١א J٢אאKאא Y Kאא
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K
٦ Jאא
א Fא EHydraulics א אא א אא א א א אא
אאFKEKKKKKK
אאאאאאK
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אאW
- אאא(Stationary Hydraulics)
- אאא (Mobile Hydraulics)
א א א א א Kא א א
אK אאאאאאא
אK
Kאאא א א א א א א
אאאאKאא א Fאא
אאEאאאK F١E١א J٣אא א
א(CNC)Kאאאאאאאאא(spindle)K
F١E
CNC ١ J٣א
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F٢E
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٨ Jאאאא
א א א א א א א W
١ J אאאאא ٢ J א
٣ J אאאא ٤ J אאאאאא ٥ J אא ٦ J אא
אאאא
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אא אאאא
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א Wא (P) א (F) א א א (A)אW
ZP
אW[Pascal, Pa] 1Pa = 1 N/m2, 1bar = 100000N/m2 =
105Pa
אW[Newton, N] 1N = 1kg.m/s2
אW [m2]
אאאpsi lb/in2
אאא
אאאא
- 19 -
אW ١ JאאAtmospheric Pressure (Pamb)W אא
אאא א א א אא FאE٧٦٠א(1.0332 kg/cm2)(1.013 bar)
א(14.7 lb/in2)(14.7 psi)K א א א אא Pamb. F(barometric
pressureWאאאFאאEאא Kא א אאאK
אFאאאאאאא Eאאא
FExcess Pressure (Pe >0)) א א א אא(Vacuum Pressure (Pe <0))K
٢ Jאא(Pabs)( absolute pressure)Wאאאא
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאא0
barK
٣ JאאGauge Pressure (Pe)Wאאא א א א א א א א
K
(Pabs) Z(Pe) H(Pamb)
אא(Pabs)Zאא(Pe) Hאא(Pamb)
אאאא
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١א J٦א א א א Kא א )(PeאאאאאאאK
٤ Jאא(Ps)Hydrostatic PressureW
אאאאאא١א J٧KאאW
W - PsWאא [Pascal, Pa]K - ρWא [kg/m3]K - gWאא [m/s2]K
- hWאאאא[m]
אF١ J٦Eאאא אאאא
אא
Ps = ρ. g. h
אאאא
- 21 -
١א J٧אא
אאאאאW
الكثافة א )kg/m3(
١٠٠٠ א
٩٥٠-٨٠٠ א
١٣٥٥٠ א
٨٩٧ א
אא)א( ١٫٢٩
א)א( ٠٫٠٩
אאאאאאאאאW
تناسب طردي(حجم الفتحات والصمامات ( تناسب طردي(القصور الذاتي وشدة موجات الضغط( تناسب عكسي(سرعة الصوت وهو سرعة تقدم اإلشارة خالل المائع( الخلوص المسموح به ودرجة نعومة األسطح للصمامات والمضخات والمكابس
)تناسب عكسي(
אאאא
- 22 -
F١WE J على نقطة قاعدة خزان مفتوح على تأثير الضغط P absو الضغط المطلق Peاحسب الضغط المقاس
:إذا تم ملؤه بالتالي. من أعاله amb=10⁵ Pa Pالجوي آثافته ( فوقه زيت ثم تم صب ال) h1= 2.5mو على ارتفاع 1000kg/m³ρ=آثافته ( ماء
=800kg/m³ρ على ارتفاع وh2= 3.5m (.
≈ g =9.81) الجاذبية األرضية عجلة :القوانين
10 m/s²)
(Ps = ρ * g * h ) , (Pe = Ps1 + Ps2 ) , (Pabs= Pe+ P amb)
Ps1= 1000 * 10 * 2.5 = 25000 Pa = 25 KPa Ps2= 800 * 10 * 3.5 = 28000 Pa = 28 KPs Pe = 25000 Pa + 28000 Pa = 53000 Pa = 53 KPa Pabs= 53000 Pa + 100000 Pa = 153000 Pa = 153 KPa J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
F٢WE J א100 barאKאא7.85 cm2K
א؟אאW P = 100 bar = 1000 N/cm2
A = 7.85 cm2 F = P. A
F = F = 7850N
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
F٣WE J אN12000אאאא
bar65KאאA ؟FאWF = P * A KE F = 12000 N
P = 65 bar = 65 105 Pa = 65 105 N/m2
2
28571000
cm
cm.N
א :توضيح Kא
אK P = 100 bar * 100000 N/m2=10000000 N/m2 =10 Pa P= 10 N/ m2) / 10 1000 N/cm2
אאאא
- 23 -
A =FP
A=12000 N 6500000 N/m2 = 1.84 10-3 m2 A= 0.00184 m2 10000= 18.4 cm2
F٤WE J
خالل أنبوب مساحة مقطعه .t=10 secفي زمن قدره m=10kgعندما يتدفق مائع آتلته A=0.025m² 1000=آثافة المائع وkg/m³ρ .أوجد آال من التالي:
؟ Q (m³/s)معدل تدفق الحجم - ١ ؟ (kg/s) معدل تدفق الكتلة - ٢ ؟ V (m/s)سرعة سريان المائع - ٣
=Q : القوانين (∗ρ
( V = , = ,
W
- ρ:א [kg/m2] - mWא[kg]
- tWא[sec]
∗,
/ ³
. ³/
(2) = , = = 1 kg/s
(3) V = , V = . ³/
. ² =0.04 m/s
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
٢ J٢ אאF(Continuity principle אאאא
W Q1 = Q2
A1 x V1 = A2 x V2
12
12 V
A
AV
אאאא
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٢ J٣ א
אאאאאא
אאאאFFאKאKEE
א א א א א אא אא א א א אK
אאאאאאאW
W
- אFE F[N]
- אFEP[Pa] - אFE A[m2]
א)א( א)x(W[j or N-m]
אאאFא d [m]
W = F x d
٢ J٤אאא (Boyle-Mariottes Law) אאא
אאאKאאאאאKW
APF
אאאא
- 25 -
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 = P3 x V3 = Constant
F٥WE J אאאKאאאPe
אאאאK אW
, v1 = 7 , v2 = 1
ZאאF105 E
P2 = Pabs = 100 * (7/1)=700 kpa = الضغط المطلق(Pabs= Pe+ P amb)
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ٢ J٥אא
Pascal’s Law W א אF١א J٩KEא
אא
7
1
2211 VPVP
2
112 V
VPP
7
1
1
2 V
V
barkPaPP amb 11001
barkPakPa)(ambPabsPeP 6600100700
١אJ٨
توضيح: للتحويل من باسكال إلى آيلو باسكالنقسم على ألف
אאאא
- 26 -
١א J٩
אאא א אא א א
Fאא١ J١٠KEאאאאA1 א א A2 K F1 א אא א
אP1W
Wא א א ١ ٢אאאK W
א אא א א אאW
P2=P1 אאW
F1F2A1A2אאKF1A2W
1
11 A
FP
2
22 A
FP
1
11 A
FP
2
2
1
1
A
F
A
F
אאאא
- 27 -
אF2 F1א
אאאK
١א J١٠אאא
F٦WE J
א א א אא ١א J١١ K אא1500 kgKאאF1אאאא
A1
A2 WA1 = 40cm2A2 = 1200cm2K אW
m = 1500kg אW
F2 = m.g =1500kg 15000 אאאW
1N=1kg.m/s2
F then F1 = 500N
2
211 A
FAF
1
212 F
FAA
1
2
A
A
2 12 0
15000 004 0 2
m.
N m . 2
211 A
FAF
F1=
١א J١١
אאאא
- 28 -
F٧WE J
אאאא8 cm2אאא200barK
A= 8cm2 10000= 0.0008 m2 P= 200bar 105 = 2 107 N/m2 F= 2 107 N/m2 0.0008 m2 = 16000 N J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
FE
אאW15 000 NKאAאאאאאא75 bar؟
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
א אWאא F1 = 500N א אF٦E א א
אKאאA2אאאF1100NK J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
אאאא
- 29 -
אאWאאאPsא ρ = 1000kgאh = 15mK
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
אאאW אV1 = 0.8 m3V2 = 0.4 m3K אאP2אאאP1 = 3 barK
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
אאאא
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אאאא
אאאא
אאאא
- 31 -
אאWאא אא
אאאאאא
٣ J١
אאאאאא
א א א K א א אא אK K אא א א א
K א Fא אא E א FKEKKKאאא
אאאאאK
٣ J٢א
א אא א א אאאאKאW
J א (Power source) J אFאאSensorsE J אFאProcessorsE J א Control elements)E J אFאActuators E
אאאאא
א א א א Kא א א אאK
אאאא
- 32 -
٢א J١אא
א J J א J א J א
א
א
א א אא
א
אא
א
א א J א
א
אא א
אא
אאאא
- 33 -
٢א J٢ א
א
א
א
א
א
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- 34 -
Wאאאאא
א٢ J٣אא אא אKאאאאאKאא
א א אאא א א K אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאא אא א אא Fא KEא
א א אא א אאא אאFא KEא אאא
אאאK
א٢ J٤אאאKאא א א אא 1S א 1 א 2 א1אAK
אאאאאKאא א אאא K א אא
א3KאאאאאKאאאא1AKאא0אZ
0SK
٢א J٣אאאא
١Kאא ٢Kא
אאאא
- 35 -
٢א J٤אאא
אאאא
- 36 -
٣ J٣אאא
אאאאאW
א אאK א אK
א אאאאאא א
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אK א
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א אאאאא
K א אאאK
א
אאאאאא .
אאאK
אאאאW
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א א א
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א א אא א אא
אK
אאאא
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٣ J٤אא
אאאאאאאW אא
אאאKאאאאאא
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אאאאW א
אא
אאא
אא
אאא
א
אאאא
- 38 -
٣ J٤ J١אאא CompressorsW א אא F א א E
KאאKאאאאאאאאK
א אא א א א אא א א אאאאאK
א٢ J٥אאאאאW
אאא Types of
Compressors
Reciprocating compressor
א Rotary
Compressor
Piston
Compressor
Diaphragm Compressor
אFlow Compressor
Radial flow Compressor
Axial-flow Compressor
?? Roots Compressor
Twin-shaft screw
Compressor
א Sliding vane Compressor
٢א J٥אאא
אאאא
- 39 -
אאאK
١ J(reciprocating piston compressor)F٢א J٦WE אאאאKאאאאK
אאאאאK אW
J א(single stage compressor)K600kPa (6 bar)
J א(two stage compressor)K1500kPa (15 bar)
٢ J (radial flow compressor) F٢א J٧E אאאאאKאאאK
אאאאאאK אאא1000kPa (10 bar)
٢א J٦א
٢אJ٧
אאאא
- 40 -
٣ J(axial flow compressor)F٢א J٨E אאאאאKאאאK
אאאאאאאאK J אא .600kPa (6 bar)K
٤ Jא(sliding vane compressor-rotary compressor)
א א א אא Fא E אאKאאFאאE
אאאאKאאאאאאK
J א(single stage compressor)K400kPa (4 bar)
J אא(two stage compressor)K800kPa (8 bar)
٢א J٨
٢א J٩א
אאאא
- 41 -
FE אWאאאKK
WאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
WKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
WאKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
אאאא
- 42 -
٣ J٤ J٢אאאF٢א J١٠E
אא א א א א א אאאאKאאאאא
א א אא K א א אא אא Kא א א אא אאKאאאאאאאאא
K
אאא
אא
א
٢א J١٠אאא
אאאא
- 43 -
אService Unit W
אאאאאאאW
١ Jאא
٢ Jא
٣ Jא
אאאאK אאאאאKאאא
Kאאאאאאאאאא٢ J١١K
٢א J١١א
א א
א
אאאא
- 44 -
אאאאאאF٢א J١٢KE
אאאאאאK
٢א J١٢אא FE FE
FE
)ب(
אאאא
- 45 -
١ JאאFאE(Air filter with water separator) א אא א א
אאF٢א J١٣KE אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאא K א א א אא
א אא א אא K א א אאאאK
א א א א א א אאא אK
٢א J١٣אא
א
א
אא
א
א
אאאא
- 46 -
٢ Jא(Pressure Regulator) אFאאEאאFא
אKEא(Diaphragm)Kאאא א K א א K א
אאאEאאאFאKאאאאאאא
א Kא א א א א K אא אאאאא Kא
אK
٢א J١٤א
Pressure Regulator
אאאא
- 47 -
٣ Jא(lubricator) א א א א א אא
אא٢א J١٥KאאאאאאאאאאאאאKKאאאא
KאאFאEאאאאK
٢א J١٥א
אא
א
א
אאאא
- 48 -
אאאאאW
א
J Jא Jאא
FאE
J Jא–
Jא–
J
Jא
FE Jא– Jאא– Jא–
٢א J١٦אאאאא
אאאא
- 49 -
FE אאW؟אא
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
אאWאאKאK
אאאא
- 50 -
אאא אאאא
אאאאאאאK
א Fאאאא EKKKKK א אK
א א אא אאאאאאKאאאא
אאKאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאא Kאאא
א א א א K א א אאאאאאאK
אא א א א א א Kא א אא
אאאאK
אאאW
١ Jאאאאאא ٢ Jאאאאאאא ٣ Jאאאאא ٤ Jאאאאאאא
אאאא
- 51 -
٤ J١אאאא(Single acting cylinders)
אאאאאאאאKאאאאFאאKEאא
אאאאF٢א J١٧KE אאאאאFאE
אא א אא Kא א א אFאאEאאאאאK
אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאא٣L٢٢L٢אאK
אאאאW א(Piston cylinder) F٢א J١٧E
א(Diaphragm cylinder)F ٢א J١٨WE א KKK
א(Rolling diaphragm cylinder) W אאK
٢א J١٧אא
Single acting cylinder
א
אאאא
- 52 -
אא
א
٢א J١٨אא
Diaphragm cylinders
אאאא
- 53 -
٤ J٢אאאא(Double acting cylinders)
אF٢ J١٩E א א K אא א אא אא אא אאא א
אKאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאKאאFאEאאא א א א א א א
אאא א Kא אאא Kאאאאאא٤L٢אא٥L٢
א٥אL٣אאאK אא א א (branching) א(ejection) א
(clamping)KKK
אאאא
- 54 -
אאאאW
א(Piston cylinder) F٢א J١٩FEE
אאאאF٢א J١٩FEE Double-acting cylinder with adjustable end position cushioning
אאאF٢א J٢٠E Cylinders with through piston rod
אאאF٢א J٢١E Tandem double-acting cylinder
Kאאאא
Kאא
٢א J١٩אאאא
אאאא
- 55 -
٢א J٢٠אאא
٢א J٢١אאאאא
אאאא
- 56 -
٤ J٣אאאא(Rodless cylinders)
لمسافة مضاعفة –اسطوانة ثنائية الفعل تلسكوبية ٢٢ -٢الشكل telescopic cylinder double acting
٢א J٢٣אאאFאא
אאאא
- 57 -
אא אא אאKאאאאKאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאא W א(Band or cable cylinder) F٢א J٢٢E
אF٢א J٢٣E Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
אF٢א J٢٤E Cylinder with magnetically coupled slide
א(Band or cable cylinder) F٢א J٢٢E
אאאאאאאאאאK
٢א J٢٢א (Band or cable cylinder)
F٢א J٢٣Eא Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
אאאא
- 58 -
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאK
אאאאאK
אאCylinder with magnetically coupled slide
א א אא א א אאאאא Kאאא
א א Kא א אא אאאK
٢א J٢٣א Jאא
Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
٢א J٢٤א Cylinder with magnetically coupled slide
אאאא
- 59 -
٤ J٤אאFאאאאאאE(Rotary cylinders and Swivel drive)
אאאאאKאאאא Kא א א א
אFאאEאKא٢א J٢٥٢ J٢٦K
٢א J٢٥אאא( Swivel drive)
٢א J٢٦אאאא (Rotary cylinder)
אאאא
- 60 -
٤ J٥אאאא א(ISO)
٤ J٦אאא א(ISO)
Jאא
Jאא
Jאאא
Jאאא
Jאאא
Jאאאא
Jאא אא
א٢ J٢٧אאא
- אא
- אאא
- א
- אא
א٢ J٢٨אא
אאאא
- 61 -
FE אWאK
. .......................................................... ................................................................................................................
. ................................................................................................................. .........................................................
................................................................................................................. ..........................................................
אאאא
- 62 -
אא אא
אאאW
١ J אא ٢ J א א א א א אא א
אאK ٣ J אאאאאא
٤ J א ٥ J אא W א א א Fא
אאאאאE ٦ J אK
אאאא
- 63 -
٥ J١ אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאK א אא אאא Kא א
אאאאאאK אאW
١ J אאWאאאאK ٢ J אWאK ٣ J אWאאK
٥ J٢ אא(Directional control valves)
אאאאאאKאא אא א K א
אK
אאW
אאFא E(Number of ports or openings) WF٢EKKK
א(Number of positions)WF٢E٣KKKK
(Method of actuation) W
א א (Methods of return actuation) W אKKK
א٢ J٢٩אאDIN ISO 1219Kא K
FEאאKאאאאאKאאא
אאאא
- 64 -
אאאאאאאאאFאKEאTK
אאNormal positionWאאאK
אא אInitial positionWא א אא א א אאאאאK
אDIN ISO 5599-3אאאא
א אאא א Kאאאא٢ J٣٠א א א K א א
א٢א J٣١KאאW
W 3/2-way valve W 4/2-way valve
W 5/3- way valve
אאW
K Poppet Valves Wא א אאאKאאא K
אKאא אאאאאK
Kא א אSliding Valves Wא א
א(spool) (flat slide) Kא א אאאאאאאא
אאאאאK
אאאא
- 65 -
Jאא
J אא
JאאאאאאאK
JאאאאK
JFאאאEאKאאאאאK
٢א J٢٩אאא DIN ISO 1219
אאאא
- 66 -
א
ISO 5599-3
אא
אא
١ P א ٢٤ A, Bא ٣٥ R, Sא
א
١٠ Z אא١אאא١٢
١٢ Y, Zאא١א٢ ١٤ Zאא٣א٤
٨١٩١ Pz
٢א J٣١א
٢א J٣٠אאאאאא
אאאא
- 67 -
J אK
J
J א
J א
J א
J
J
J
J א
א J א
J J
J
٢א J٣٢א DIN ISO 1219
אאאא
- 68 -
אאאאW ٥ J٢ J١٢L٢(2/2-way valve)Wאא٢L٢
FKEא(on-off valve)אאFאאאEאאאK
אאאאא(ball seat)K
٥ J٢ J٢٣L٢ (3/2-way valve)F٢א J٣٣WEאא٣L٢
٣Kא٣אאאאאאKאאאא٢א
אאאKאאאאאאא١א٢K אאאKא
אאאאאא Kאא١٢אא אא K א אא
אK
אאW אW
٢א J٣٣א٣L٢W אא3/2 W V l B ll B i S t N ll Cl d P iti
אאאא
- 69 -
א٢ J٣٤ ٣L٢ (Disc seat)א Kא KאאאאK
אאאאK א٣L٢אאאאK
٢א J٣٤٣אL٢W אא
3/2-Way Valve: Disc Seat, Normally Closed Position
אאW אW
אאאא
- 70 -
א٣L٢א אאאא١٢אאKא٢ J٣٥٣L٢אאKאא
١٢א א٣ Kאא٣אאא٢٣אאאא
١א٢KאאאאK٣אא١٢Kא
א K א א ٣L٢א א אאאאאאאאאK
٢א J٣٥٣אL٢W אא
3/2-Way Valve: Disc Seat, Normally Open Position
אW אאW
א
אאאא
- 71 -
א٢ J٣٦אKאאא א א K א א (shut-off valve)
אK
א٢ J٣٧ ٣L٢א K א١٢K
א א א א אא K ١א٢Kא١٢אאא
אKאא١٢Kאא٢٣אKאאאאאאאK
٢א J٣٦٣אL٢W אא
3/2-Way Valve: Hand Slide, Normally Closed Position
אאW אW
٢א J٣٧٣אL٢אאא
3/2-Way Valve Single Pilot, Normally Closed Position
אאאא
- 72 -
٥ J٢ J٣אא٤L٢ אא٤L٢FEאאאKKא٢ J٣٨٤L٢Kאא
אאאאא٢א٤٣ Kא א אא ١ ٤ ٢ ٣ K א ٣
אKאאאאאאK
אא٤L٢WאאאאK
אא א
٢א J٣٨א٤L٢א
4/2-Way Directional Valve, Disk Seat
אאאא
- 73 -
א٢ J٣٩٤L٢אאKאאאאאאK٤L٢
אא٣L٢KאאKאאאאF١٢١٤Eאא
אאאאאK
٥ J٢ J٤אא٤L٣ א ٢ J٤٠ ٤L٣
אאKאאא٤L٢ א א אא אאאK
٢א J٤٠א٣L٤
4/3-Way Plate Slide Valve, Mid-Position Closed
٢א J٣٩א٤L٢א 4/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Longitudinal Flat Slide
אאאא
- 74 -
٥ J٢ J٥א٥אL٢W אא٥L٢אא
אKK א ٢ J٤١ ٥L٢ א K אא K
٥אL٢WK
א٢ J٤٧٥L٢אKאאאKאאא١א٢٤K
אאKאאאא١٢א١٤K
٢א J٤١א٥L٢א 5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Pneumatically Actuated, Both Sides
אאאא
- 75 -
٢א J٤٢٥L٢א
5/2-Way Double Pilot Valve, Suspended Disk Seat
אאאא
- 76 -
٥ J٢ J٦א٥אL٣W א א ٥L٣ א ٢א J٤٨
אאאאKאאאאאאאאKאW
J אאאא١٢אא١٢K
J אאאא١٤אא١٤K
J אאאאאK
J אאאאאאא
J אאאאK
J א א אאא א K
٢א J٤٣א٥L٣אא5/3-Way Valve, Pneumatically Actuated, Both Sides
אאW
אאW
אאW
אאאא
- 77 -
٥ J٢ J٧אאאאF٢א J٣٩WE אאא אאא
אאאאאאKאאאא אאא א א אא K
אאאאKאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאK
א٢ J٤٠٣L٢אאאאאKא אא א א Kאא
אא אאKא٢٣אאא١א٢ Kאאא
אא אא K א א א אא Kא٢ J٤٠ ٢ J٤١אא
٣אL٢אאאאאאאK
٢א J٤٤אא Pilot Control
1
א
אאאא
- 78 -
א٢ J٤٢٣L٢אאאאאKאאאאKא
א Kא א א א אKאאאאאאאאאK
٢א J٤٦٣אL٢אאאאא
3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Operated, Normally Open
٢א J٤٥٣אL٢אאאאא
3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Operated, Normally Closed
א
א
א
אאאא
- 79 -
٢א J٤٧٣L٢א אאא
3/2-Way Roller Lever Valve, Pilot Operated, Normally Open
אאאא
- 80 -
٥ J٢ J٨אאW
J ٢L٢אא
J ٣L٢אא
J ٣L٢אא
J ٤L٢K
J ٥L٢
J ٥L٣KאאK
٢א J٤٨ אא
א
אFאE
אאאא
- 81 -
٥ J٣ אאFlow Control Valves
٥ J٣ J١אאNon-return Valve:
א א Fא א E א א א FאאEF٢א J٥٠KEאאאאF12EאאאאK
אאאאF21EאאאאאאK
אWK
٢אJ٤٩ Non-return Valve
1 2
א
אאאא
- 82 -
٥ J٣ J٢אFאאEDual-Pressure Valve (AND Function): 1 1F3 E 2F ٢א J٥١ KE א
אא אאא Kא א א K 1 1F3 Eא א
אאאKאאאאאאK א אא א א א א א א 2K
٢א(3)1א١א ٠١٠ ٠٠١ ٠٠٠ ١١١
אאאFE
٢א J٥٠אFאEDual-Pressure Valve (AND Function)
אאאא
- 83 -
٥ J٣ J٣FאFE٢א J٥١EShuttle Valve (OR Function)W
אאאKא11F3E2Kאאא11F3Eא
א אא א א א אא2 Kא א11F3Eא2אא
אKאאאאאאאאK
٢א(3)1א١א ١١٠ ١٠١ ٠٠٠ ١١١
אאFE
٢א J٥١FאEShuttle Valve (OR Function)
אאאא
- 84 -
٥ J٣ J٤אאאQuick Exhaust Valve:
אא א א F ٢א J٥٢ KEאאאאא12F١KEאאא3
אאKאאF٢Eאאאא1Kאאא23K
א אאא Kאאאא אאא
אאאK
١ ٢א J٥٢Quick Exhaust Valve
٢
אאאא
- 85 -
٥ J٣ J٥אאאThrottle ValveW אאFLא Eא א
א א א F ٢א J٥٣ KEאאאאאKאאאאא
אאא א KאאאאאK
٥ J٣ J٦אאOne-Way Flow Control ValveW
א אאא א אFא א Eאא F٢א J٥٤ KEאא א
אאא א א1א2 Kאאאאא
FKE
٢א J٥٣Throttle Valve
٢א J٥٤One-Way Flow Control Valve
٢ ١
א
אאאא
- 86 -
אא
J
J
J FאE
J אFאE
J
J
٢א J٥٦אא
אאאא
- 87 -
٥ J٤אא Pressure Control Valves
٥ J٤ J١אPressure RegulatorW אאאF٢א J٥٥KE
אאאאKא (Diaphragm) K א א
אא Kאא KאאאאאKאאאאא
אא א K אא אא א א אאא אאK
אא א א אא א K אאK
٢א J٥٥א
Pressure Regulator
אאאא
- 88 -
٥ J٤ J٢אאאאW
Time Delay Valve, Normally Closed
K
אאW٣L٢
אאאF٢א J٥٦KEאאF١אEא1Kא12אאאאאFאאEאאאא٣L٢Kא
א א 1א 2 Kאא א אאאאאאאא
12F٢אKE א אא12אאא٣L٢
Kא12אאאאאאאאאאאKאאא2א3K
٢א J٥٦ אאאא
, Normally Closed Time Delay Valve
٢ ١
א
אאא
אאאא
- 89 -
٥ J٤ J٣WPressure Sequence Valve א א א א א 12 א
٣אL٢אאאא 2 F٢א J٥٧KEאא٣L٢ א א א א א 12א
אK
٢א J٥٨Pressure Sequence Valve
אאאא
- 90 -
אW
J
-
J
J
J
٢א J٥٩א
אאאא
- 91 -
FE
אאWאאKאK
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
אאאא
- 92 -
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
אאאא
- 93 -
אאWאK
KאKאWאא
אאאא
- 94 -
אאאWאK
אאאא
- 95 -
אא אא
٦ J١ א٢ J٦٣אאאK
אאאW 0אWא
1א2KKKא אKאFאEא
אאKאאאאK
א א
אW
0Z1, 0Z2… א 1A, 2A… אFאאEKKKK
1V1, 1V2… א FאEKKKK 1S1, 1S2… אFEKKK
אאאאאW
אאא
אאאאאא
אאא
א א K אא א א א אאא٢ J٦٢
אK
٢ J١ אא
אאאא
- 96 -
٢א J٦٢
٦ J٢אאאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאאאK
א א א אא Kא אא
אאאאאאא40 mmא7mm
٦ J٢ J١אאאאא
٣L٢אאאאא٢ J٦٣ KאאאאאאFאאKE
אאאאFאKE
٢א J٦٣אאאא
١Kאא ٢Kא
אאאא
- 97 -
א٢ J٦٣א א א אא Kאא אא
א1אS א١ א٢ א1אA Kאאאאאא Kאאא
אאאאאKאאאא٣KאאאאאKאאאא
1A K אא אא אא 0אZא0SK
אאאא
- 98 -
٢א J٦٤אאאאאא
אאאא
- 99 -
٦ J٢ J٢אאאאא
א א ٥L٢ א אאא א ٢ J٦٥Kאאאאאאא
אאFא א KEא א אאFאKE
א٢ J٦٦אאאאאאאKאאאאא1אSא١א٤א1אAK
אאאאאאKאאאאאא א٢א٣ Kא א אא א
אאאאאאא٥K אאאאאאKא
אא אK אא٤L٢אאאK
٢א J٦٥אאאא
١Kאא ٢Kא
אאאא
- 100 -
٢א J٦٦אאאאאא
אאאא
- 101 -
אאא
رجوع تقدم
אאאא
- 102 -
Wאאאא٤L٢KאאאאאאKאאאאKא
אאאאאאK
٦ J٣אאאאאאאאא
אאא א א א אאאאאKא
אאא א א א א K
אאאאאאאאK ٦ J٣ J١אאאאא
W אא K א א א F ٢א J٦٧ KE אאא
אאKאאאאאאאK
٢א J٦٧אא
אאאא
- 103 -
אF٢א J٦٨WEאאאאאא1A
אאK٣L٢אאK11Vא2 א א אא 3 Kא א 1Sאא
١٢אא1VKאאאא
אאאא
- 104 -
אאאאKאא12אאKאא אא K א אא 1S
א K א 12 1V א א אא 1V אKאאאאאאאא1VK
٦ J٣ J٢אאאאא
٢א J٦٨אאאאאא
אאאא
- 105 -
א1SF٢א J٧١Eאאא141אVאKא1אA Kאא14אאK
אאא1SאKא141Vאאאא1VאKאאאא
אאאKאאאK
٢אJ٦٩אאאאא
אאאא
- 106 -
W אאאאKאאא
٣L٢ K א א אא Kא א אא K אא אאאאאK
٦ J٤אאWANDOR
אא??(AND)אKאא1א1(3)אאא2K
אאא? ?(OR)א Kאא11(3)א2K
٦ J٤ J١אאAND
אאאאאאW Wאאא٣L٢אא1S2
א٣L٢1S1 KאאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
אWא٢ J٦٩אאאאאא
KאאאאK א11(3)אא1V1א21אS1
1S2 K א ٣L٢א א 1S2 א 1אV2KANDאאKא
٣אL٢1S12אKאא٥L٢1V2 א1אA K א א א א1S1 1S2
ANDא א K א א 14 א1אV2 אאאא1S11S2Kא1V2
אאאK
אאאא
- 107 -
٢א J٧٠אאאKANDK
אאאא
- 108 -
W א אא א אF ٢א J٧٣ KE א1 אA
א אאאא א Kא א אא א א אא K אאא
אא א א א א א א א אK
٦ J٤ J٢אאOR
WאאאאKאאאאאKאאאאאאאK
אWא٢ J٧١אאאאאאKאאאאK
א١1(3)אא1V1א٢אא1S11S2Kאאאאא1S11S2
١א1(3)א1אV1K ORאא
٢א J٧١
אאאא
- 109 -
٢א K א א א א א א א K א א 1V2 אא Kא א
א א1S1 1S2 א 1V1א אK
אאאא
- 110 -
W א א F ٢א J٧٥ KE אאאא Kא אאא K
٣L٢א א א K א א אאאאאK
٢א J٧٢
٢א J٧٢אאאKORK
אאאא
- 111 -
٦ J٥אאא
Wאא٣L٢Kאאא Kאאאאא Kאא
אKKאאאאKאאאאאאאK
אW
אאא٤L٢F٢א J٧٦E٥L٢F٢א J٧٧KEאKא٤L٢٥L٢
א (Memory Function) K אא א א א K א אא א
KאאאאFאאאאאEאאא אאאא Kא1V1אאא
אאאאאאאאאK א א א 1S1א ١٤א א
1V1Kא1V1אאאKאאאאאא1V2א1V3K
אאKא1V1אא1S1Kא1S2 א 12 א 1אV1 Kא
1V1אאאאאאאאKאאאא1V2 K אא1S2א1V1
.
אאאא
- 112 -
٢א J٧٤אאאאא٤L٢K
٢א J٧٣אאאאא٥L٢K
אאאא
- 113 -
WאאF٢א J٧٥KEאאאK٣L٢אא
אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא
אK
٢א J٧٥אאאא
אאאא
- 114 -
٦ J٦אאא
WאאF٢א J٧٦EאאאאKאאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
אWא ٢ J٧٧ אא א אאא K א אא א Kא
אאאאא1S2Kא٣אא א אא א א K א א א
אאא K א א1S1 א ١ 1(3) א 1אV1 AND א א ١٤ א
1אV2Kא1V2אאאאאאKא1V2אא١1אV4Kאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא ٣א K אא א אא
אאKאא1S11S2ANDא1V1 K א 1V2א א א א
אאKא1V3אאK
٢א J٧٦
אאאא
- 115 -
٢א J٧٧אאאאאא
אאאא
- 116 -
٦ J٧אא
WאאF٢א J٧٨KE אF E א א א K
אאאאאאאKאK אאאאאאאK
אWא ٢ J٧٧ אKאא אאאKאאאאK
אא א א אא א א א א
א אאK א אאאא אאא٥אL٢אאאאKא
א1אSא 14אא 1אV2K א 1V2א אא אאא א א K א
٢א J٧٨
אאאא
- 117 -
א1אSא1V2KאאאאאאאKאאאאK
א 12אא 1אV1 א א1אAKאאאאאאא
א א א٣L٢ K א א12 1אV2Kא1V2אאאאאאאK
אאאאא Kאאאאאאאאא
אאK
٢א J٧٧אאאאא
אאאא
- 118 -
W
אאF٢א J٧٨KEאאאאאאאאאK
א א א Kא א אא KאאאאאKאא אא
אאאK
٢א J٧٨
אאאא
- 119 -
٦ J٨אאTime Delay Valve: WאאאF٢א J٧٩KEא
אא Kאא אא T = 6 secondsא K אאא K א
אאKאאאאאאאK
אWא٢ J٨٠אאאאאאKאאאאK
א אאאא אא אא٥L٢אא אא Kאא אא
1S2אאאאאאאאK א1S11S2אאKא1S2
אאאאא1S2אאK
אאא1V1א141אV3 Kא1V3אאאאאא
אKאאאא1V5FאאKEאאאאאא1S2K
ANDא1V1אאא14אא1אV3א א K אא 1S1
אאאK
٢א J٧٩אאא
אאאא
- 120 -
אא א1S3א א א אאא 1V2אא א 1אV2 Kאאאאא
אאא1V2Kאא٣L٢א1V3א12א1אV3 Kא1V3
אאא אאאאא Kאאא1אV4Kאאא1S3אאא
אא1V2אאאאאא1S3Kא٣L٢1אV3א Kא א12
1אV3 Kא א א א 1S2 אK
٢א J٨٠אאאאאאא
אאאא
- 121 -
٦ J٩ אאאאאא
٦ J٩ J١אאאאא
א אא אאא א אא א K א (Displacement diagram) Kא
א אא Kאאאא אאא Kא א אא א א Kא א
א אא א א א א KאאאאאאW
אא Roller lever valve with idle return
אאTime delay valve
Double pilot valve (Reversing valve)
אאאאאאאK
٦ J٩ J٢אאSequence Control
Wאאאא٢ J٨١K אא אאאאא א א א
אKאאאאKאאאאKאאאאאאאK
אWאאאאאאKאא٣L٢Kאאאאא
אא2S11S2אKא2S1א1אS1אאאK
אאאא
- 122 -
אאאאא ١ K א א 1S1 א א ٥L٢ 1V2
א1אAKאאK
٢Kא1אAא1S3Kאא٥L٢2Vא2אAKאאK
٣ K אא א 2S3 K 1אV2א1אAK
٤Kא1אAא1S2א2VKא2אAא2S1אK
٥Kאאאא א1אS1K
אאW1S12S1אא1A
אאW1S3 אא2A אאW 2S2 אא1A
אאאW1S2 אא2A אאW 2S1 אאא(Initial position)
אאאא
- 123 -
٢א J٨١
אאאא
- 124 -
٢א J٨٢אא
٢א J٨٣אאאא אאF٢Eא
אאאא
- 125 -
FE אWאאאאאKאK
אאא
אאא
אאאא
- 126 -
אאאאאאאא
אאאא
- 127 -
אאWאא
א K אא א
אאאא KאאאאאאאאK
אאאא
- 128 -
אא א
٧ J١אאאאDirect current and alternating current
א א אא KאFאEאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאK
אאWאאאאF٣א J١KE א א א א אא א א א
אאאאאאFDCEDirect CurrentK
א אא אא א אא אאK
א٣ J٢א F א א KEא א
FONEאאFאKEאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
٣א J١אאאאא
אאאא
- 129 -
٧ J٢ Ohm's Law
אא אאאאKאא
אאאKאאאאKאאאאא
אK
אאElectrical resistance
א אא אאא אא א אKאאא Kא אאאא
אKאאאאאאאK
אSource emf
אאאאאאאאאא(electromotive force)K
٣א J٢א DC circuit
אאאא
- 130 -
W V = I. R
W VWאVoltage (Volt, V) IWאCurrent (Ampere, A)
RW אResistance (Ohm, Ω)
א א א א א א א א אאW
אאאאאK
אאאK
אאElectrical power
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאFאאEFאאEאFאאאאE
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאK
P = V. I
אאאא
- 131 -
W VWאVoltage (Volt, V) IWאCurrent (Ampere, A) PW אPower (Watt, W)
W٥L٢24 V DCK
א60 OhmK؟א אWאאW
A.RV
I 4060
24
אאאW
P = V. I = 24×0.4 = 9.6 W
אאאא
- 132 -
٧ J٣אFunction of a solenoid
F ٣א J٣E.א אא Kאאאאאאאא
אK
אאStructure of a solenoid.
אW KאאאFאEא
אאאK אאKאאאאK
אאאאאאאא.
אאApplications of solenoids
א א א א א א אKאאאK
אאאאאK
אאאאאK
٣א J٣
א
א
אאאא
- 133 -
אא אא
٨ J١אPower supply unit pressure
א א א KאאאאF٣א J٦EKאא
אW אאKאאאאFא
٢٢٠EאF٢٤KE א(rectifier)אאאא
אאאK אאא
אאK
אאאF٣E
٣א J٦א
transformer rectifier אstabilization
אאאא
- 134 -
٨ J٢אאאPush button and control switches
אאאאאKאא
א (push button) א(control switches)K
אאאKאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
אאFENormally open contact (make)
אאאאאאאאאFאאEF٣א J٧KEאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
٣א J٧אאFE –Normally open contact (make) – section and symbol
א
אאאא
- 135 -
אאFENormally closed contact (break) אאאאאאאא
Changeover contact א א א א א
א K א אא Kאא אK
٣א J٨אאFE– Normally closed contact (break) – section and symbol
٣א J٩– Changeover contact – section and symbol
אאאא
- 136 -
٨ J٣אאאאSensors for measuring displacement an pressure
אאאKאאאאאאW
אאאK K אאK
אאLimit switches אאאאK
אאאKאאאאאאאF٣א J١٠KE
٣א J١٠–Limit switch – section and
אא אא
١K ٢K ٣Kאאא ٤K ٥K٦K٧
FאאE
F א אE
אאאא
- 137 -
אאProximity switches א א א KאאKאאאאW
אאReed switch Kא K
אאאK אאאאאאאאא
אאאאא K א אא א א א
F٢٠EאאאK
٣א J١١–א Reed switch – normally open contact
אאאא
- 138 -
אאElectronic sensors אאאאW א א אא.
אאאאא.
אאאאPositive and negative switching sensors
אאאא אא א W א א א א K
אאאאאאK א אא W א א א K
אאאאאאאאK
אPressure sensors
אאW אאFE אFE
אאMechanical pressure switch אא א אא
אאאK
אאאF٣E
אאאא
- 139 -
אאElectronic pressure switches א אא Kא א K א א א א אאאK
٣א J١٧Piston-actuated pressure switch
אאאא
- 140 -
٨ J٤אאRelays and contactors
א W א K א א K א
אאאאKאאאאאאKאK א א אא א א
Kאאא
אApplications of relays
אאאאW אא אא א אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
٣א J١٩אConstruction of a relay
א
א א
א
אאאא
- 141 -
٨ J٥אאאProgrammable logic controllers, PLC אאאאKPLC
אאאאאאאK אאWאאPLCאאF٣א J٢٠E
אאW אאא FאאאאE. אאאא אאא
א א אאא אא אאK
٣א J٢٠אאאPLC
אאאא
- 142 -
٨ J٦אאא
א٢אL٢א2/2-Way Solenoid Valve without Pilot Control
א٣ J٢١א٢L٢אא Kאא١ ٢ Kא
אאאא١אא٢K
٣א J٢١א٢L٢א 2/2-Way Solenoid Valve without Pilot Control
אאאא
- 143 -
אאPilot controlled directional control valve
אאK אאא١אK
אאאאא١אK
א٣ J٢٢אW אאאאKאא
אאאFאFFE٣ J٢٢KE
א א א א א א FאFFE٣ J٢٢KE
٣א J٢٢אא Directional Control Valve with Pilot Control
FE FEא
א
אאאא
- 144 -
א٣L٢ אPilot controlled 3/2-way valve
א٣ J٢٣٣אL٢ אK אא אאאא
אFאFE٣ J٢٣KE٢א٣K
א א א א ١אFאFE٣ J٢٣ KEא א א א א א א K
א٢א٣אא١٢K אאאאאאK
אאאאK
٣א J٢٣א٣L٢אאאK
Pilot controlled 3/2-Way solenoid valve, normally closed with manual override
FE FE
אאאא
- 145 -
א٥L٢ א אPilot controlled 5/2-way single solenoid valve א٣ J٢٤٥אL٢אK
אאאאאFאFE٣ J٢٤KE١אא٢א٤א٥K
אאאאאFאFE٣ J٢٤KEאא١אא٤א٢א٣K
אאאאאK
אאא٨٤K
٣א J٢٤א٥L٢א
אPilot controlled 5/2-Way single solenoid valve
FE
FE
אאאא
- 146 -
א٥L٢א Pilot controlled 5/2-Way double solenoid valve
א٣ J٢٥٥אL٢ אK א א א ١ ٢ א ٤
٥FאFE٣ J٢٥KE
אא אא אF אFE٣ J٢٥KEאא١אא٤א٢א٣K
אאאאאאאאK
א א א א א אאאאK
٣א J٢٥א٥L٢א
Pilot controlled 5/2-Way double solenoid valve
FE
FE
אאאא
- 147 -
א٥L٣אFאאKE
5/3-way valve with exhausted initial position א٣ J٢٦אא٥אL٣ אK
א א אא אאF אFE٣ J٢٦ KE ٢א א ٣ א ٤ א ٥
א١K
אאאאאאFאFE٣ J٢٦KEאא١א٤אא٢א٣K
אאאאאאFאFE٣ J٢٦KEאא١אא٢א٤א٥K
אאאKאאאK
אאאא
- 148 -
אאאF٤E
٣א J٢٦א٥L٣אFאאKE
Pilot controlled 5/3-Way double solenoid valve
(Mid-position exhausted).
FE
FE
FE
אאאא
- 149 -
FE אאW؟אא
אאWאK
אאאא
- 150 -
אא אא
٩ J١אאאאאאא
א א א Kאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאא(PLC)אאאאאאאאאK
א א א K
אאאDirect and indirect control
WאאאאS1אאא(a)٣ J٢٧אאאאK
٩ J١ J١אאא אא
אאאא Direct control of a single-acting cylinder א(b)٣ J٢٧אאאאאאאK
א א א א 1Y1 א ٣אL٢ K אא א א Kא א א
אKאאאאK
אא אאIndirect control of a single-acting cylinder
א א אאאאF٣א J٢٧E א 1אY1 א K1 א א
אא.אאאאאKאאאאK
אאאא
- 151 -
٣א J٢٧אאאאא (aאאא (bאאאא (cאאאא
אאאא
- 152 -
٩ J١ J٢אאאאא
WאאאאS1אאK
א Wא(a)٣ J٢٨ (b)٣ J٢٨א אאא٢L٤א٥L٢KאאאאאאאK
אאאא
- 153 -
٣א J٢٨אאאאא
(aאאא٤אL٢ (bאאא٥אL٢ (cאאאא(dאאאא
אאאא
- 154 -
٩ J٢אאLogic Operations
אא אא א אאK
אאאFאEParallel connection (OR circuit)
אאאא)א(a)٣ J٢٩(b)٣ J٢٩(S1S2Kאאאאא)א(c)٣ J٢٩(d)٣ J٢٩(K
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאK
،אאאאאK
אאאא
- 155 -
٣א J٢٩אאאFא??OR CircuitE (aאאאאא (bאאאאא (cאאאא (dאאאא
אאאא
- 156 -
אאFאE(AND circuit) Series connection
אאא)א(a)٣ J٣٠(b)٣ J٣٠(אS1S2אKאאאא)א(c)٣ J٣٠(d)٣ J٣٠(K
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאK
אאאא،אאK
אאאא
- 157 -
٣א J٣٠אאFא??AND CircuitE (aאאאאא (bאאאאא (cאאאא (dאאאא
אאאא
- 158 -
٩ J٣אא א ٣ J١ ٣ J٢ ? ?(OR) ? ?(AND) K א א
אאאאאאW ٠WאאאK
١WאאאK
אS1אS2אS1 S2 1Y1
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ١
٠ ١ ١ ١ ١ ١
אS1אS2אS1 S2 1Y1
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ١ ١
٣א J١א?? OR operation
٣א J٢א?? AND operation
אאאא
- 159 -
٩ J٤א Signal storage
אאאאאאאKאאא אא אא K א
א א K א אאאאאK
אא Signal storage with double solenoid valve
אאאK
אאאא Manual forward and return stroke control with double solenoid valve
א אאאFS1 W S2 WE)א(a)٣ J٣١(b)٣ J٣١(K א א ) א(c)٣ J٣١
(d)٣ J٣١(KאאS1א1Y1KאאאKאאאאא
אKאאS2א1Y2KאאאKאS2אK
אאא Automatic return stroke control with double solenoid valve
אאאאS1א א א K א ٣ J٣٢(b)٣ J(c)٣٢ אא
א א K א א S1 אא אא1Y2אא1S2אK
אS1אאK
אאאא
- 160 -
א א א Oscillating movement with double solenoid
valve אאאS1Kא
אאאאK א א א א W א א א א
)א(b)٣ J٣٣(c)٣ J٣٣( KאS1אאאאא1S2אKא
אאאS1KאאS1אאK
אאאא
- 161 -
٣א J٣١אאא (aאאאאא (bאאאאא (cאאאא (dאאאא
אאאא
- 162 -
٣א J٣٢אאאא
(aאאאאא (bאאאא
b)
אאאא
- 163 -
٣א J٣٣אאאא(aאאאאא (bאאאא (cאאאא
אאאא
- 164 -
אאFאאאEא Relay circuit with latching
אא“ON”אאאא(a)٣٢٣אאK1 K א א“ON”אאאK1א
אאK“ON”KאאאK
א א א “OFF” א א K אא“ON”“OFF”אאKאא?א
?Dominant ON latching circuit) (. א אא(b)٣ J٣٢ א אא(a)٣ J٣٢א
א“ON”א א “OFF”אאא Kאא?א?Dominant OFF latching circuit) (.
٣א J٣٤אאFאאאELatching circuit (a Dominant ON (bDominant OFF
אאאא
- 165 -
אאאאא Manual forward and return stroke control via relay with latching function
אאאאאאS1אאאאS2KאאK
אאאאS1אא Kאאאא אאS2K
אאאאאאאYא?Dominant OFF relay circuit) (.
אאאא
- 166 -
٣א J٣٥אאא(aאאאאא (bאאאאא (cאאא
אאאא
- 167 -
٣ J٧ J٥אא Delay Time
אאאאK א א א א
(time relay)אK
אאאאcylinder with timing Control of a
אאאS1אאאF٣א J٣٦KE
אאאא
- 168 -
٣א J٣٦אאאFאE
(aאאאאא (bאאא
אאאא
- 169 -
١-٣אאאא Sequential control with signal storage by double solenoid valves
אאא אאא(latching relays)K
אאאאאאאK
Wא(Feeding device)
א٣ J٣٧ אא Kאא 1A2A1B12B2(proximity inductive switches)K
٣א J٣٧
אאאא
- 170 -
אאאאW Displacement-step diagram for the feeding device
א א א א א א אא “START” KאאW
אאWאא1AKאא
אאWאא2AKאאא
אאWאא1AK
אאאWאא2AK
א“START”K אאאאאאאא٣ J٣٨
٣א J٣٨אאאא
א1A
א2A
אא
אאאא
- 171 -
אאאא
אאאא٣ J٣٩אאאK
٣א J٣٩אאאא
אאאא
- 172 -
אאאא א א א א א אא
אאאאK٣א J٤٠אאK
אאW
אאאאאWאא
אאאאאWא אא
אאאאאWאא
אא
אאאאאWאאא
٣א J٤٠אאאא
אאאא
- 173 -
אSensor evaluation א אא א א א א
אKאאאאאאאKאאאא
א א אF ٣א J٤١ KE א א א 1B1 א אK1אאאK
٣א J٤١אאאא
אאאא
- 174 -
אאאFirst sequence step
אאאW אא1AאFא1אB1אK1E
אא2AאFא2אB1אK3E
אא“START”(S5)K
א א אK6 Kא1Y1א1אAK
٣א J٤٢אאאאאאא
אאאא
- 175 -
אאאSecond sequence step אא1Aא1B2אא
אKא2Y1אא2AK
٣א J٤٣אאאא אא אא
אאאא
- 176 -
אאאThird sequence step אא2Aא2B2אא
אKא1Y2אא1AK
٣א J٤٤אאאאאאא אאאK
אאאא
- 177 -
אאאאFourth sequence step
אא1Aא1B1אאאאKא2Y2אא2AK א٤٥٣אאא
אאאאאאK
٣א J٤٥אאאא
אאאא
- 178 -
٤
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאא
- 179 -
אאאWאא אא
אאא
١٠ J١אאHydraulic power supply unit א א א א א א א
אF٤א J١WE א
א
א
א
אא
א
א
א
א אאK
א٤ J٢אאאK
אאאא
- 180 -
אא
א
א
אא
אא
א
אFE
٤א J١אא
א
א
אאאא
- 181 -
אא
٣L٢
א
٤א J٢אאאא
אא
אאאא
- 182 -
١٠ J٢אDrive
א F אא א Eא א Kא אאאאאאאא
א א אא K א ٤ J٣ K
١٠ J٣אאHydraulic Pump א א א א א א א
F KEא אא א K א א א אאא א א
אאאאאאאאאאW
- א א Wא א א א א אאאאאK
- אא א Wא א א א א אאאאאאKאאאFאKE
٤א J٣
אאאא
- 183 -
א א
א
א
א א
א
אא
אא
א
٤א J٤אאא
אאאא
- 184 -
א
א א
א
א א
(r.p.m)
א
אא א א
א
א
٤א J٥אאאא
אאאא
- 185 -
WGear pump אאאאאאאאאK
אא א٤ J٦KאS אKאא
אWאאאאאאKאא א אא א אK
אאאאאP אא א א Kא א א א
אKאאאאK
א
א א
٤א J٦Gear pump
אאאא
- 186 -
١٠ J٤אCouplings
אאאאאאאאא K א א א
א א אא K א אאאאאW
אאK
١٠ J٥אאReservoir
אאאאאאW אאאK אאK אאאאאאאאK אאאאאאאKKK
אאאאאאW אK אאאאאאK אאאאאא
F،אאאאKE אK
אK
אאאא
- 187 -
١٠ J٦אFilters
אאאK
אאW אאאאW
אאאאא،،،א،،אאאאK
א א א א א א א אאאאאאאK
א ٤ J٧א א א K
٤א J٧אא
א א
א
אZ
אאאא
- 188 -
١٠ J٧אאCoolers אאאאאאאאK
א אא אא K אאאאאאאאאאKאאא٥٠–٦٠
KאאאאאאאאאK
א א א (thermostat)אאאאK
אאאW
אWא٢٥K Wא٣٥K אאWאאאK
א٤ J٨٤ J٩אK
٤א J٩א ٤א J٨
אאאא
- 189 -
١٠ J٨א Heaters
אאאאאאKא א א א K א א א א א
אK א א א٤ J١٠אK
٤א J١٠
אאאא
- 190 -
אא אאאא
א אא א K א
אאאKאאאW
אאאK אאאK
א٤ J١١ ٤ J١٢א א٣ J١٣א
אאאאאK
١١ J١אאא Single-acting cylinder
אאאאאאאאKא٤ J١١אאK
אאאא
- 191 -
١K Wiper
٢K אVenting screw
٣K אאPiston rod
٤K אאCylinder barrel
٥K אאCylinder rod bearing
٦K אSeal
٧K אMounting screw
٤אJ١١אאSingle Acting Cylinder
אאאא
- 192 -
١١ J٢אאאDouble Acting Cylinder
אאאא אאאאאK٤א J١٢אאK
.
١K Piston
٢K אאPiston rod
٣K אאCylinder rod bearing
٤K אAnnular piston surface
٥K אPiston surface
٤אJ١٢אאDouble Acting Cylinder
אאאא
- 193 -
א٢W١FאWאKEא
אK
אאF١A=٢AE
אZ א
אאא
א
אא
א
اسطوانة تلسكوبيةللمسافات األطول
اسطوانة الضغط )العالي( المكثف
אאאא
- 194 -
١١ J٣אא Hydraulic valves
١١ J٣ J١אאPressure valves
א א א א אK
- אW אאאאאאאK
- א W א א א א אאK
א٤ J١٤אאK
א Pressure relief valve
א
Two-way pressure
regulator א
א Three-way pressure
regulator
٤א J١٤אא
אאאא
- 195 -
א Jא Pressure relief valves
א (poppet valves) (slide valves)KאאאW
אאאא
אאאאK
א٤ J١٥אאKאאאאאאאאא
א٤ J١٦K אאאW
אאאFZp1.A1K
אאאK
אאאא א אאאאK
א א א א א א אאK
א٤ J١٧אאK
אאאא
- 196 -
٤א J١٥אא
אאאא
- 197 -
٤א J١٦א
אאאא
- 198 -
אW JאSafety valves: א
אאאKאאאאאK
Jא Brake valves Wא א אאא אאאאאK
JאאSequence valveWאאאאK
٤א J١٧א
אאאא
- 199 -
Jא Pressure regulators
אא אא אאK
א٤ J١٩אאאאK
٤א J١٨אאא
אאאא
- 200 -
אאאאאאאF٤א J١٩WE אאאKא(A)א(1)
א(3)אאאK
אאאא אאאאאאKאאK
אאא(A)אK
٤א J١٩אא
אאW
אW
אאאא
- 201 -
١١ J٣ J٢אא
אאאאאK א א א א K
אאאDIN 150129K א٣ J٢٠٢L٢אK
٤א J٢٠٢L٢
אאאא
- 202 -
אא אאאאאF٤א J٢١WE
אK אאK
אאK
אאאאK
א (L) אK
אאאא
- 203 -
אאאW ٢L٢ ٣L٢ ٤L٢ ٥L٢ ٤L٣
א٤ J٢٢אאאFאאKEאאאאאK
אאK
אאאK
אאאאאK
K
K
٤א J٢١אא
אאאא
- 204 -
٤אJ٢٢אא
אא(P,A)
אא (P A)
٢L٢
٣L٢
٤/٢
٥L٢
٤L٣
٤L٣
٤L٣
٤L٣
٤L٣
אא(P,T A)
אא(T,P A)
אא
(P B, A T)
אא
(A R, P B, T)
א (P, A, B, T)
אא (P T, A, B)
אאH
(P A B T)
א
א(P, A B T)
אא
(P A B, T)
אאאא
- 205 -
١ Jאא٢L٢2/2-way valve
אא٢L٢(A)(P)F٤א J٢٣Eאאא Kא٢٣٤٢L٢
א٤ J٢٤٢L٢FKE
٤א J٢٣٢L٢
2/2 way valve, spool design
אאW P A אW P A
٤א J٢٤٢L٢FE
2/2 way valve, poppet design
אאאא
- 206 -
٤א J٢٥ א א א ٢L٢٣א J٢٦אאאאK
٤א J٢٥אאא٢L٢
אאאא
- 207 -
٤א J٢٦אאא٢L٢
אאאא
- 208 -
٢ Jא٣אL٢3/2-way valve
אא٣L٢(A)(P)אא(T)F٤א J٢٧KEאאאW
אאWP A TK
אWאT PAK
אא٣L٢אאWPAאאK א٤ J٢٨אאא٣L٢K
٤א J٢٧٣L٢FE3/2 way valve, poppet design
אאאא
- 209 -
٤א J٢٨אא٣אL٢K
KאאKאאא
אאאא
- 210 -
٣ Jא٤אL٢4/2-way valve
א א٤L٢(A) (B) (P) אא(T)F ٤א J٢٩ ٤ J٣٠ KEא א
אW אאWאPB A TK
אWאPABTK
א٤ J٣٠٤L٣Kאא אLK
٤א J٢٩٤L٢ 4/2 way valve with three control pistons
٤א J٣٠ ٤L٢ 4/2 way valve with two control pistons
אאאא
- 211 -
א٤L٢אאKאאFאE٣L٢٢L٢K
אא٤אL٢W אאאF٤א J٣١E
אאK
אאK
אאא٥L٢א٤L٢אאא א٤ J٣٢K
٤א J٣١אא٤אL٢K
Kאא Kאאא
אאאא
- 212 -
٤א J٣٢אא٥אL٢K
אאאא
- 213 -
٤ Jא٤אL٣4/3-way valve
א ٤ J٣٣ ٤L٣ K א א ٤L٣א٤אL٣אאא
٢L٢Kא٤ J٣٤אא٤L٣אאאאK
٤א J٣٣٤L٣אאא
אאאא
- 214 -
אא–א
אא–
אא–H
אא–א
٤א J٣٤אא٤L٣
אאאא
- 215 -
אא٤L٣אאאא٤ J٣٥K
٤א J٣٥אאא٤L٣K
Kאא Kאאא
אאאא
- 216 -
١١ J٢ J٣אNon-return valves
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאW
א F א E א KאאאאאאK
אW
١ JSpring loaded non-return valve
א ٤ J٣٦ K א (p1) א אאא
א(p2)Kאאאאאאאא(p2)אW
p1 > p2 + pF
א(pF)אW
א٤ J٣٧אאאKאאאאאW
- א א א א א א אK
- אאאאאאK
א٣ J٣٨אאK
אאאא
- 217 -
٤א J٣٧אא
אאאא
- 218 -
(lockable)K
אאK
(de-lockable)K
אאK
FאE
٤א J٣٨אא
אאאא
- 219 -
٢ JPiloted non-return valve
א٤ J٣٩אאאאW BA
AB
BAWאאXאאאאBAK
٤א J٣٩
Piloted non-return valve
BA
AB
BA
אאאא
- 220 -
אא א א א אא ٤ J٤٠ א א
K אאאא٣L٢אKאא٤L٢א
אאאאאאK אא٣L٢אאאXאא
א Kאאאאאא٤L٢אאא Kאא٤L٢ אאאא
אאאאK
א٤ J٤٠א K
אאאא
- 221 -
١١ J٢ J٤אאFlow control valves
א אא א א K א אאאK
אאאKאאאאאאWאאאאK
אאאFאEאאאאאKאאאK
אאK ٤א J٤١אא٤ J٤٢٤ J٤٣
אאאאאKאאא٤א J٤٤אאK
אאאא
- 222 -
١ J אא(Restrictors)אא(Orifice valves)
אא
א א
א א(Q)
אא(Q)
٤א J٤١אא
אאאא
- 223 -
٢ JאאאOne-way flow control valve
٤א J٤٢אא
One-way flow control valve
אאאא
- 224 -
٣ JאאTwo-way flow control valve
٤א J٤٣אאTwo-way flow control valve
אאאא
- 225 -
٤א J٤٤אאא
אאאא
- 226 - -
FאE
2/2-way valve ٢L٢
3/2-way valve ٣L٢
4/2-way valve ٤L٢
4/3-way valve ٤L٣
5/2-way valve ٥L٢
5/3-way valve ٥L٣
Absolute pressure אא
Actuators א Air compressor א
Air bleeder אאאא Air distribution אא
Air dryers א
Air filter א
Air lubricator א
Air motor א
Air reservoir אא
Air preparation equipment אאא Air supply א
Ambient אאאא Analogue control
Applications
Barometer אא
Binary control
Check valves אא
Circuit diagram א
אאאא
- - 227 - -
Clamping devices
Components
Compressor
Compressed air regulators א
Condensate א
Coordinated motion
Components
Compressor
Compressed air regulators אאא
End position cushioning אא
Energy א
Fault finding
Filters
Fitting of valves א
Flow compressors אא
Flow control elements אא
Flow control valves אא
Fluid FE
Force
Friction א
Gauge pressure אאא Gear motors
Handling technology א
Heater
Hydraulic
אאאא
- - 228 - -
Idle roller lever valve א
Indirect control of a pneumatic cylinder אאאא
Input element א
Lettering system א
Line Linear actuators אא
Linear motion
Logic control אא
Lubrication א
Non-return valves אא
Operational safety א
Pilot control system א
Piston force א
Piston motors
Pneumatic elements
Poppet valves
Positional sketch
Power components א
Pressure control valves אא
Pressure level א
Pressure regulator א
Pressure sequence valve
Processors: Valves and logic elements אW
Quick exhaust valve א
אאאא
- - 229 - -
Reciprocating compressor
Reservoir א
Rodless cylinder אאא
Roller lever valve אא Rotary actuators א
Rotary motion א
Rotary piston compressor א
Seal א
Sequence control Sequence valves
Shut-off valves אא
Shuttle OR valve FE
Signal flow
Single-acting cylinder אאא
Slide valves Sliding-vane motors א
Standards
Tandem double-acting cylinder אאאא Throttle valve
Time delay valve אא Vent hole
אאאא
230
אF١E
אא
אאאאאא
אאאא
231
אא
אאאא
232
אאאא
233
אאאא
234
אאאא
235
אאאא
236
אF٢E
אאW
אאW
אאאא
237
אאW
אאאW
אאאא
238
אאW
٢א J٨٤
אאאא
239
אF٣E
٧ J٤אFunction of a capacitor
א KאFאS1א٣ J٤EK
א K א אא א K א אKאאאFFE
FaradK א אא F א S2 א ٣ J٤ E
אאאK
٧ J٥אא F٣א J٥E Function of a diode
אאאאאW אאאK
אאאאK
٣א J٤א
א א
אאאא
240
אאאאאא אא
(The current is rectified) Kאא א אאאאאאאK
٧ J٦אאאא
אאא אאא א א א אFMultimeterKEאאאאאW
אאאאאאK
אאאK
٣א J٥אא
אאאא
241
אא א אא Kא אא אVoltmeter א א א א
AmmeterK
Wאא٢٤KאאF230V Eאאאא
אKאאאK אאאאאאאאW
אאאאK
אאאא(Voltmeter or Ammeter, AC or DC, Resistance)
אאאאאK
אאאאFאאאאKE
אK
אאK
אאאאאאאK
אא א F אא אEK
אאאא אאאא אאK
אVoltage measurement
אא(voltmeter)אאKאאאאKאא
א א א א אאK
אCurrent measurement
אאאא
242
אKאאא (Ammeter) אאא K א א א
אK
אResistance measurement אDCW
א א Wא א א א אאאאK
א א Wא אא א א (Ohmmeter)אאKאאK
אאFEאאא Fאshort-circuitEFאopen circuitKE
W אאאאאאאACK
אאSources of error
אאאאאאK אאאאאK
א א א א ٥٠אא٥٠٪אאאK
אאאInductive proximity sensors אאאF١E F٢ EF٣ KE
אאאאKאאאאאאאKאאא
אאK
אאאא
243
אאאאאא אאאK
אאא Capacitive proximity sensor
א א אאא K א א א א א א
אKאאאאאאא אא K אא א א אא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٣א J١٢ Inductive proximity sensor
٣א J١٣
Capacitive proximity sensor
אאאא
244
אאאOptical proximity sensor
אאא א אאאאK
אאא אא(Semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs))
א.אאאאKאאאאאא(photodiode)אא
אאאKאאאW אא
אאאא
245
אאOne-way light barrier
אKאאאאKאאאאK
Reflective light barrier
אאאאKאאאאאKאאאאK
٣א J١٤אא One-way light barrier
א
٣א J١٥ Reflective light barrier
א
אאאא
246
Diffuse reflective optical sensor
אאאKאאאאאאKאאK
אאAnalogue pressure sensors א FaE٣ J١٨ א א א K אאF١EאאאKא
אF٢ E K א FbE٣ J١٨ א א אFcE٣ J١٨א אאאא
אKאאא١٢٢٤אK
٣א J١٦Diffuse reflective optical sensor
א
אאאא
247
٣א J١٨
Construction and characteristic curve of an analogue pressure sensor
١K٢K
٣K
١K٢K٣Kא٤K O ٥Kא
٦K٧K
אאאא
248
אF٤E
אאאא
249
אאאא
250
אאאא
251
אאאא
252
אאאא
253
אאאא
254
אאאא
255
אאאא
256
אאאא
257
אאאא
258
אאאא
259
אא References
א א
١ J? א א? א א א א
א١٩٩٧K
٢ JHarry L. Stewart, “Pneumatics and Hydraulics”, Macmillan Publisher Co, New York, 1987.
٣ JPeter Croser and Frank Ebel “ Pneumatics - Basic Level”, Festo Didactic Gmbh, 2002.
٤ JD. Merkle, B.Schrader and M. Thomes, “Hydraulics - Basic Level Textbook”, Festo Didactic Gmbh, 2003.
٥ J٦ JD. Waller and H. Werner, “Fundamentals of Electropneumatics”, Festo
Didactic Gmbh, 2000.
٧ J“Hydraulic Components Catalogue”, Mannesmann Rexroth Gmbh, 1991