سبب شناسي اعتياد
DESCRIPTION
سبب شناسي اعتياد. اعتياد چيست :. يك بيماري آيا يك مشكل اخلاقي است آيا ضعف اراده است آيا ارتباط ژنتيكي در كار است آيا مشكل اجتماعي است آيا مشكل رواني است آيا مشكل جسماني است آيا مشكل روحاني است. پيشرفت مصرف و سوء مصرف مواد مخدر. - اولين مصرف / مصرف آزمايشي. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
سبب شناسي اعتيادسبب شناسي اعتيادسبب شناسي اعتيادسبب شناسي اعتياد
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
يك بيماري::اعتياد چيستاعتياد چيست
آيا يك مشكل اخالقي است•آيا ضعف اراده است•آيا ارتباط ژنتيكي در كار •
استآيا مشكل اجتماعي است•آيا مشكل رواني است•آيا مشكل جسماني است•آيا مشكل روحاني است•
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
پيشرفت مصرف و سوء مصرف مواد پيشرفت مصرف و سوء مصرف مواد مخدرمخدر
اولين مصرف / مصرف آزمايشي -
مصرف آزمايشي / مصرف نامنظم -
مصرف منظم -
مصرف آسيب رسان -
وابستگي -
اعتياد -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies Addiction as a Brian DiseaseAddiction as a Brian Disease
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
Genetic Proclivity
Early Life Trauma
Personality and
Psychiatric Disease
Environment and Access
Add
ictio
n
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
اعتياداعتيادAddictionAddiction
اجتماعياجتماعيSocialSocial
زيست شناختيزيست شناختيBiologicalBiological
روحانيروحانيSpiritualSpiritual
روانشناختيروانشناختيPsychologicalPsychological
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
اعتياداعتياد بربر عوامل مؤثرعوامل مؤثر
محيطمحيطفردفرد
عوامل اجتماعيعوامل اجتماعي
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل زمينه سازعوامل زمينه ساز
عوامل مستعد كنندهعوامل مستعد كننده
عوامل محافظت كنندهعوامل محافظت كننده
شناساييشناسايي
شناسايي افراد در معرض خطرشناسايي افراد در معرض خطر
شناسايي تقدامات پيشگيرانه الزمشناسايي تقدامات پيشگيرانه الزم
انتخاب نوع درمانانتخاب نوع درمان
انتخاب اقدامات خدماتي، مشاوره اي و حمايتيانتخاب اقدامات خدماتي، مشاوره اي و حمايتي
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطرعوامل خطرRisk FactorsRisk Factors
فرديفرديPersonalPersonal
بين فردي و محيطيبين فردي و محيطيInterpersonalInterpersonal
اجتماعياجتماعيSocialSocial
نوجوانينوجواني - - استعداد ارثياستعداد ارثي - - صفات شخصيتيصفات شخصيتي - - اختالالت روانياختالالت رواني - - نگرش مثبتنگرش مثبت - - موقعيت هاموقعيت ها - - تاثير مثبت مواد بر فردتاثير مثبت مواد بر فرد - -
خانوادهخانواده - - دوستاندوستان - - مدرسهمدرسه - - سكونتسكونت - - شغلشغل- -
قوانينقوانين - - هنجارهاهنجارها - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
دوره نوجوانيدوره نوجواني
دوره انتقالدوره انتقال - -
كسب هويت فردي ـ اجتماعيكسب هويت فردي ـ اجتماعي - -
ميل به استقاللميل به استقالل - -
))والدينوالدين((مخالفت با قدرت مخالفت با قدرت - -
زير سؤال بردن ارزش هازير سؤال بردن ارزش ها - -
كنجكاويكنجكاوي - -
نياز به تحرك، تنوع و هيجاننياز به تحرك، تنوع و هيجان - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
))ارثيارثي((استعداد ژنتيكي استعداد ژنتيكي
بعضي عوامل خطر تحت نفوذ عوامل ارثي بعضي عوامل خطر تحت نفوذ عوامل ارثي هستندهستند
اختالالت شخصيتاختالالت شخصيت
اختالالت يادگيرياختالالت يادگيري
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
صفات شخصيتيصفات شخصيتي
عدم پذيرش ارزش هاي رايج و سنتعدم پذيرش ارزش هاي رايج و سنت - -
مقاومت در برابر منابع قدرتمقاومت در برابر منابع قدرت - -
نياز شديد به استقاللنياز شديد به استقالل - -
صفات ضد اجتماعيصفات ضد اجتماعي - -
پرخاشگري شديدپرخاشگري شديد - -
فقدان كنترل بر زندگيفقدان كنترل بر زندگي - -
اعتماد به نفس پاييناعتماد به نفس پايين - -
فقدان مهارت مقاومتفقدان مهارت مقاومت - -
فقدان مهارت اجتماعيفقدان مهارت اجتماعي - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
اختالالت روانياختالالت رواني
افسردگيافسردگي - -
اختالل شخصيت ضد اجتماعياختالل شخصيت ضد اجتماعي - -
((فوبيافوبيا))ترس بيمارگون ترس بيمارگون - -
((ديس تايمياديس تايميا))كج خلقي كج خلقي - -
اختالل وسواس ـ جبرياختالل وسواس ـ جبري - -
پانيكپانيك - -
مانيامانيا - -
اسكيزوفرنيااسكيزوفرنيا - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
نگرش مثبت بهنگرش مثبت بهمواد مخدرمواد مخدر
MythsMyths
باورهاي مثبتباورهاي مثبت - -
باورهاي خنثيباورهاي خنثي - -
كسب بزرگي و تشخصكسب بزرگي و تشخصرفع دردهاي جسمانيرفع دردهاي جسماني
رفع خستگيرفع خستگيكسب ارزشكسب ارزش
توانايي مصرف و معتاد نشدنتوانايي مصرف و معتاد نشدن
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
موقعيت هاي خطرناكموقعيت هاي خطرناك
خشونت در كودكيخشونت در كودكي - -
توجه بيش از حدتوجه بيش از حد - -
ترك تحصيلترك تحصيل - -
بي سرپرستي يا بي خانمانيبي سرپرستي يا بي خانماني - -
فرار از خانهفرار از خانه - -
معلوليت جسمانيمعلوليت جسماني - -
بيماري ها و دردهاي مزمنبيماري ها و دردهاي مزمن - -
حوادث تروماتيكحوادث تروماتيك - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر فرديعوامل خطر فردي
تاثير مواد بر فردتاثير مواد بر فرد
شرايط جسمي فردشرايط جسمي فرد - -
انتظار فرد از موادانتظار فرد از مواد - -
تجارب قبليتجارب قبلي - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر بين فردي و عوامل خطر بين فردي و محيطيمحيطي
خانوادهخانواده
رشد شخصيترشد شخصيت تشكيل باورهاتشكيل باورها تشكيل الگوهاي رفتاريتشكيل الگوهاي رفتاري حل استرس و منبع تنشحل استرس و منبع تنش
ناآگاهي والدينناآگاهي والدين - - ارتباط ضعيف والد و كودكارتباط ضعيف والد و كودك - - توجه زياد به كودكتوجه زياد به كودك - - فقدان انضباط در خانوادهفقدان انضباط در خانواده - - خانواده متشنج و ازهم گسيختهخانواده متشنج و ازهم گسيخته - - بزهكاري خانوادهبزهكاري خانواده - - مصرف مواد مخدرمصرف مواد مخدر - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر بين فردي و عوامل خطر بين فردي و محيطيمحيطي
دوستاندوستان
درصد علت شروعدرصد علت شروع6060 گروه همساالنگروه همساالن
تعلق به گروهتعلق به گروه
پيوند با خانوادهپيوند با خانواده - -
پيوند با مدرسهپيوند با مدرسه - -
پيوند با اجتماعات سالمپيوند با اجتماعات سالم - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر بين فردي و عوامل خطر بين فردي و محيطيمحيطي
مدرسهمدرسه
بي توجهي به مصرفبي توجهي به مصرف - - عدم وجود محدوديتعدم وجود محدوديت - - فقدان مقررات جديفقدان مقررات جدي - - استرس هاي تحصيلي و محيطياسترس هاي تحصيلي و محيطي - - فقدان حمايت معلمان و مسئولينفقدان حمايت معلمان و مسئولين - - طرد شدنطرد شدن - -
محل سكونتمحل سكونت
فقدان ارزش هاي مذهبي و اخالقيفقدان ارزش هاي مذهبي و اخالقي - - شيوع خشونتشيوع خشونت - - اعمال خالفاعمال خالف - - مشاغل كاذبمشاغل كاذب - - آشفتگي و ضعف همبستگيآشفتگي و ضعف همبستگي - - حاشيه نشينيحاشيه نشيني - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر بين فردي و محيطيعوامل خطر بين فردي و محيطي
محل كارمحل كار
نوع كارنوع كار - - سختي كارسختي كار - - همكاران مصرف كنندههمكاران مصرف كننده - - عدم مقررات خاصعدم مقررات خاص - - پنهان كردن اعتيادپنهان كردن اعتياد - - استرس كاراسترس كار - - طرد شدگيطرد شدگي - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر اجتماعيعوامل خطر اجتماعي
قوانينقوانينتوليدتوليد - - خريد و فروشخريد و فروش - - حمل و نقلحمل و نقل - - مصرفمصرف - -
ارزانيارزاني - - بازاربازاروفوروفوردر دسترس بودن و در دسترس بودن و - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر اجتماعيعوامل خطر اجتماعي
مصرف مواد به عنوان هنجار مصرف مواد به عنوان هنجار اجتماعياجتماعي
اداب و سنن جامعهاداب و سنن جامعه - - تمدنتمدن - - تشخصتشخص - - وسيله احترام و پذيراييوسيله احترام و پذيرايي - -
امكانات فرهنگي، امكانات فرهنگي، ((كمبود جايگزين ها كمبود جايگزين ها ))ورزشي، تفريحيورزشي، تفريحي
كنجكاويكنجكاوي - - تنوع طلبيتنوع طلبي - - هيجانهيجان - - ماجراجوييماجراجويي - - مورد پذيرش قرار مورد پذيرش قرار - -
گرفتنگرفتنكسب موفقيتكسب موفقيت - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل خطر اجتماعيعوامل خطر اجتماعي
عدم دسترسي به سيستم هاي عدم دسترسي به سيستم هاي خدماتي، خدماتي،
حمايتي، مشاوره اي، و درمانيحمايتي، مشاوره اي، و درماني
عدم حمايت روانيعدم حمايت رواني - - عدم حمايت ماليعدم حمايت مالي - - عدم حمايت شغليعدم حمايت شغلي - - عدم حمايت بهداشتيعدم حمايت بهداشتي - - عدم حمايت اجتماعيعدم حمايت اجتماعي - -
توسعه صنعتي جامعه، توسعه صنعتي جامعه، مهاجرت، مهاجرت،
كمبود فرصت هاي كمبود فرصت هاي شغلي، شغلي،
محروميت اقتصادي و محروميت اقتصادي و اجتماعياجتماعي
توسعه صنعتيتوسعه صنعتي - - مهاجرتمهاجرت - - جدايي از خانوادهجدايي از خانواده - - انزواانزوا - - نااميدينااميدي - - كم سواديكم سوادي - - فقدان مهارت هاي شخصيفقدان مهارت هاي شخصي - - عدم دسترسي به مشاغل مناسبعدم دسترسي به مشاغل مناسب - - محروميت در تامين نيازهاي حمايتيمحروميت در تامين نيازهاي حمايتي - -
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
از منظري متفاوت
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
شناشناسببسببسيسي
عوامل مهم در شروع تجربه•دسترسي به مواد –قيمت مواد–پذيرش اجتماعي –فشار همساالن–قوانين–
عوامل مهم در تلقي از مواد•شخصيت–شناسي فرد زيست–
عوامل تداوم مصرف مواد•اثر اعتيادآوري ماده–پذيري فردي آسيب–عوامل محيطي و اجتماعي–
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
سهمعواملمختلفسهمعواملمختلف
ژنتيك •عوامل ژنتيكي مؤثر در وابستگي )مشترك( به همه مواد–عوامل ژنتيكي مؤثر در وابستگي به يك ماده خاص–
محيط •عوامل خانوادگي مؤثر در وابستگي به همه مواد –عوامل خانوادگي مؤثر در وابستگي به يك ماده خاص –عوامل محيطي غير از خانواده مؤثر در وابستگي به همه –
مواد عوامل محيطي غير از خانواده مؤثر در وابستگي به يك –
ماده خاص
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
سهمعواملمختلفسهمعواملمختلف %52 تا 42 % و سهم محيط 58 تا 48سهم ژنتيك •در ميان عوامل موثر در وابستگي )مشترك(به همه •
مواد %31ژنتيك – %25خانواده – %44محيط خارج از خانواده –
مواد• % 30 % خاص و 70 % ) 54هروئين: نقش ژنتيك –
مشترك( % است. 70سيگار: نقش ژنتيك در وابستگي به نيكوتين –
اگرچه در شروع مصرف سيگار هم ژنتيك و هم محيط نقش دارند.
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
سهمعواملمختلفسهمعواملمختلفالكل•
% خواهرهاي فرد الكلي دچار 25 % برادرها و 50–شوند. الكليسم مي
برابر زنان است.5 تا 4الكليسم در مردان –ها بيشتر از ميزان وابستگي به مواد ديگر در الكلي–
جمعيت عمومي است.ميزان الكليسم در افراد وابسته به مواد ديگر بيشتر –
افراد دچار وابستگي به مواد، است و در خانوادهالكليسم شيوع بيشتري دارد.
بودن در تكانشگري و ماجراجويي و احساساتي–شود. هاي الكليها بيشتر ديده مي خانواده
4پسران الكليها تحمل بيشتري به الكل داشته و –شوند. برابر بيش از ديگران به الكليسم دچار مي
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عواملزيستيعواملزيستي
ژنتيك•همراهي الكليسم در دوقلوهاي منوزيگوت بيش از –
زيگوت است. دياحتماال� چندين ژن مسئول وابستگي به الكل و مواد –
ديگر هستند.پذيري عوامل ژنتيكي باعث افزايش يا كاهش آسيب–
شوند. به الكليسم مي در الكليسم وجود دارد.D2شواهدي از نقش گيرنده –، سروتونين و اوپيوئيدهاي اندوژن نيز MAOنقش –
مطرح شده است.
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عواملروانشناختي)درنوجوانان(عواملروانشناختي)درنوجوانان(صفات رفتاري•
آشوبگري–عملكرد ضعيف تحصيلي–كاري بزه–كاري تبه–
صفات شخصيتي•كمي عزت نفس–اضطراب–افسردگي–فقدان كنترل روي خود–
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
دار فرضيه رفتار مشكل•(Problem Behavior Theory)
نظام شخصيتي–كم بها دادن به موفقيت فردي•استقالل خواهي زياد•كاهش اعتقاد مذهبي•احساس بيگانگي زياد•
نظام محيطي–كاهش كنترل والدين بر رفتار فرزند•تأثيرپذيري فراوان از دوستان•الگوهاي مصرف مواد در دسترس•
نظام رفتاري–اعمال انحرافي همچون دروغگويي، دزدي، پرخاشگري•عملكرد ضعيف تحصيلي•گونه رفتارها توسط ديگران تحمل اين•
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عواملخانوادگيوعواملخانوادگيواجتماعياجتماعي
مصرف مواد در والد)ها(•الگوي نامناسب–مشكالت بهداشتي، مالي و قانوني–اختالفهاي زناشويي و خشونت در منزل–كاهش عزت نفس و كفايت اجتماعي–
عوامل خانوادگي•ايفاي ضعيف نقش والدي–طالق–ازدواج مجدد–
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
عوامل همساالن•مصرف مواد توسط همساالن و نگرش –
مثبت آنها در مورد مصرف موادارتباط و دلبستگي شديد به همساالن–در دسترس بودن مواد در گروههاي –
همساالنپسندانه رفتارهاي جامعه–رعايت ارزشهاي اجتماعي–
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مغز و مواد
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شرطي سازي كالسيك
Classical conditioning
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شرطيسازيكالسيكشرطيسازيكالسيكClassical conditioning Classical conditioning
جفت شدن مكرر رويدادها، حالت ها، يا نشانه • هاي خاص با مصرف ماده، ايجاد وسوسة
مصرف آن ماده را ميكند
با گذشت زمان، مصرف مواد يا الكل با نشانه •هايي مانند پول، لوازم همراه با مصرف مواد، مكان هاي خاص، افراد، وقت خاصي از روز،
يا حالت هاي عاطفي جفت ميشود.
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در نـهايت، مواجـهه ـبا نـشانه ها، ـبه تنـهايي مصـرف ـ وسـوسـة و لـ مـي ايجـاد وـجب ـم
ا ـب ايت نـه درـ ـه ـك ود ميـ ـش ل الـك ا ـي ـواد ـمسـوءمصرـف مواد ـهمراـه است
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ايـجاد پاـسخ فيزيولوژـيك (CS)مـحرك ـشرطي ،محـرك بـا �قويـا كـه زمـاني امـا نمي كنـد،
ــرطي ــراه (UCS)غيرش هم ــذا( غ ــد )مانن )ماننـد فيزيولوژيـك پاسـخ همـان مي شـود،
ترشح بزاق( را ايجاد مي كندConditioned Stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) (e.g., food)
=
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شرطي سازي عامل: اعتيادشرطي سازي عامل: اعتياد
مصرف مواد رفتاري است كه توسط هاي مثبت ناشي از اثرات تقويت كننده
دراويي مواد تقويت مي شود
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به محضي كه فرد معتاد شد، مصرف مواد هاي منفي حذف يا توسط تقويت كننده
اجتناب از عالئم دردآور محروميت از مواد تقويت مي شود
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رفتارهاي ويژه اي را قدرت تقويت مثبتمي بخشد )نظير اثرات لذت بخش ناشي از
خواص دارويي مواد، پذيرش همتايان(
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شرايط منفي است كه كاهش دهنده تنبيهاحتمال انجام رفتار ويژه مي شود )نظير
گر مواد بفروشي، به زندان خواهي رفت. گر مواد بفروشي، به زندان خواهي رفت. ااگر مقدار زيادي مواد مصرف كني اگر مقدار زيادي مواد مصرف كني
overdose)ميكني
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گامي است كه رفتاري ويژه توسط گامي است كه رفتاري ويژه توسط تقويت منفي هناجتناب يا توقف شرايط منفي قوي تر مي شود اجتناب يا توقف شرايط منفي قوي تر مي شود
)نظير اگر عالئم ناخوشايند محروميت داشته باشي )نظير اگر عالئم ناخوشايند محروميت داشته باشي مي تواني با مصرف مواد آنها را كاهش دهد(مي تواني با مصرف مواد آنها را كاهش دهد(
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اثرموادبراثرموادبركنندگي مثبت اثرهاي تقويت•مغزمغز
(positive reinforcement)(reward circuit)مدار پاداش –
هاي اين نورونها و استطالهVTAنورونهاي دوپاميني در •در هسته اكومبنس و ديگر ساختمانهاي مرتبط
مصرف مواد باعث آزادشدن دوپامين در اين مدار شده •كند و احساس خوشي رواني ايجاد مي
اين امر باعث يادگيري رفتارهاي جستجوگرانه مواد و •شود )ولع(. وابستگي به مواد مي
برخي معتقدند كه همه تقويتهاي مثبت حتي غذا و •شود. امورجنسي به اين مدار مربوط مي
نحوه اثر مواد مختلف بر مدار پاداش متفاوت است•
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مدارپاداشدرمغزموش
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elec.stim.
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elec.stim.
Electrical Stimulation ON
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`
elec.stim.
Electrified Grid
Bar turnson stim.
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Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
`
elec.stim.
Electrified Grid
Bar turnson stim.
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Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
`
elec.stim.
Electrified Grid
Bar turnson stim.
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`
Reticular Formation
MFB
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كنندگي منفي اثرهاي تقويت• (negative reinforcement)
قطع مصرف مواد باعث برگشت عالئم –كننده قبلي و يا ايجاد عالئم ناراحتشود. اي )عالئم ترك( مي كننده تازه ناراحت
مدت هستند، اگرچه عالئم ترك حاد كوتاه–ولي گاهي عالئم خلقي، اختالل خواب و
ها و ماهها اختالل شناختي خفيف تا هفتهمانند. باقي مي
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ولع و ترك شرطي:• )مثل (paraphernalia)لوازم مصرف –
سوزن، بطري الكل، بسته سيگار(ديدن افرادي كه در حال مصرف مواد –
هستند.تعارف مواد به وي–
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تحريك مغزتحريك مغز
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مناطق مغزمناطق مغز
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اعتياداعتياد
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Your BrainYour Brain on Drugson Drugs
1-2 Min 3-4 5-6
6-7 7-8 8-9
9-10 10-20 20-30
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Normal
Cocaine Abuser (10 da)
Cocaine Abuser (100 da)
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Drugs HaveDrugs HaveLong-term Long-term ConsequencesConsequences
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The Memory of DrugsThe Memory of Drugs
Nature VideoNature Video Cocaine VideoCocaine Video
Front of BrainFront of Brain
Back of BrainBack of Brain
AmygdalaAmygdalanot lit upnot lit up
AmygdalaAmygdalaactivatedactivated
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Have you changed your mind?Have you changed your mind?
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Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies www.drugabuse.gov
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Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies www.drugabuse.gov
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controlcontrol on cocaineon cocainewww.drugabuse.gov
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Dopamine Pathways
Functions•reward (motivation)•pleasure,euphoria•motor function (fine tuning)•compulsion•perserveration•decision making
Serotonin Pathways
Functions•mood•memory processing•sleep•cognition
nucleusaccumbens
hippocampus
striatum
frontalcortex
substantianigra/VTA
raphe
04/21/23 117
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Neuronal structure
(receiving)
(sending)
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/serotonin/serotonin
Vmat
transporterstimulationstimulation
DA/5HT DA/5HT
How some drugs of abuse cause dopamine release:• opioids narcotics (activate opioid receptors)• nicotine (activate nicotine receptors)• marijuana (activate cannabinoid receptors)• caffeine• alcohol (activate GABA receptors; an inhibitory transmitter)
How some drugs of abuse cause dopamine release:• opioids narcotics (activate opioid receptors)• nicotine (activate nicotine receptors)• marijuana (activate cannabinoid receptors)• caffeine• alcohol (activate GABA receptors; an inhibitory transmitter)
Drug :• cocaine• ritalin
vesicle Neuronal terminal
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• Release DA from vesicles and reverse transporter
Drug Types:• Amphetamines -methamphetamine -MDMA (Ecstasy)
Vmat
transporter
serotonin/serotonin/
DA/5HT DA/5HT
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OFCOFCSCC
NAcc
NAcc VPVP
REWARDREWARD
PFCPFC
ACGACG
INHIBITORY CONTROL
INHIBITORY CONTROL
MOTIVATION/DRIVE
(saliency)
MOTIVATION/DRIVE
(saliency)
Brain Circuits
Involved in Drug
Addiction
Brain Circuits
Involved in Drug
Addiction
HippHipp
AmygAmygMEMORY/LEARNING MEMORY/
LEARNING
121
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control cocaine abuser
Decreases in Metabolism in Orbito Frontal Cortex (OFC)
Decreases in Metabolism in Orbito Frontal Cortex (OFC)
Volkow et al. Am. J. Psychiatry 148, 621Volkow et al. Am. J. Psychiatry 148, 621
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Get Rewired by Drug UseGet Rewired by Drug Use
Their Brains…Their Brains…
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Genetic &Genetic &
AddictionAddiction
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17172222
r-SA
r-candidate
r-SA
r-candidate
55 66 3 samples, > 2 labs4 samples, > 3 labs
>2 samples, >2 labs
3 samples, > 2 labs4 samples, > 3 labs
>2 samples, >2 labs
Chromosomal Locations for Substance Abuse Chromosomal Locations for Substance Abuse
Uhl et al Tr Genetics, updated June 03Uhl et al Tr Genetics, updated June 03125
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VULNERABILITY to What?VULNERABILITY to What?
Starting Drug Use?Starting Drug Use?
Liking Drugs More?Liking Drugs More?
Continuing Drug Use?Continuing Drug Use?
Becoming Addicted?Becoming Addicted?
Specific to A Particular Drug?Specific to A Particular Drug?
Starting Drug Use?Starting Drug Use?
Liking Drugs More?Liking Drugs More?
Continuing Drug Use?Continuing Drug Use?
Becoming Addicted?Becoming Addicted?
Specific to A Particular Drug?Specific to A Particular Drug?
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In General: Inheritability for Drug Abuse Ranges From 40-60%In General: Inheritability for Drug Abuse Ranges From 40-60%
• Some Variability Between Drugs• Some Variability Between Drugs
• Some Gender Variability• Some Gender Variability
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PET Images:PET Images:Dopamine Receptor DensityDopamine Receptor Density
PET Images:PET Images:Dopamine Receptor DensityDopamine Receptor Density
MoreMore likelylikelyto self-to self-administeradministerCocaineCocaine
MoreMore likelylikelyto self-to self-administeradministerCocaineCocaine
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GeneticsGeneticsGeneticsGenetics
EnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironmentEnvironment
Gene/Gene/EnvironmentEnvironmentInteractionInteraction
Gene/Gene/EnvironmentEnvironmentInteractionInteraction
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Theories of addictionTheories of addiction
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Why a theory of addiction?Why a theory of addiction?
It affects our strategy for dealing with the problem
For example ...
Addiction as choice control using deterrence + education
Addiction as a mental disorder
control using treatment
Addiction as disordered choice
deterrence + education + treatment
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It affects our tactics for dealing with the problem
For example ...
Failure of addict to appreciate adverse effects
make these ‘real’
Need to escape withdrawal symptoms
treat symptoms
Reward-driven habit extinguish the habit
Problem of impulse control enhance self-control
Means of coping teach new coping strategies
Response to cultural norms ‘denormalise’
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Theories of addictionTheories of addiction
• Choice, memory and attention– Maladaptive choices following economic principles (e.g. Becker
& Murphy 1988)– Positive and negative ‘outcome expectancies’ (e.g. Christianson
& Goldman, 1983)– Cognitive biases (e.g. Brown, Christiansen et al. 1987)
• Coping and avoidance– Self-medication for pre-existing problems (e.g. Gelkopf et al,
2002)– ‘Opponent processes’ generating withdrawal symptoms (e.g.
Solomon, 1980)
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Theories of addictionTheories of addiction
• Reward mechanisms– Deficits in response inhibition (see Lubman, Yucel et al. 2004– Reward-driven habit (e.g. O'Brien, Childress et al. 1992)– Functional neurotoxicity on reward pathways (e.g. Weiss et al,
2001)– Multi-system learning process (e.g. White, 1996)– Incentive sensitisation (e.g. Robinson & Berridge, 2003)
• More general theories– Maladaptive personality (e.g. Cloninger. 1987)– Biologically driven compulsion (e.g. Jellinek 1960)– Excessive appetites (e.g. Orford, 2001)
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Constructing a synthetic theoryConstructing a synthetic theory
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Humans are more or less instinctive, habit-driven, emotional decision-makers with a
propensity to make and break plans, powerfully influenced by our social world, with a sense of
identity which can act as a source of self-control
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ImpulsesImpulses• Impulses can be generated by
– Triggers interacting with innate dispositions (instincts) and learned dispositions (habits)
– ‘Motives’: feelings of desire (anticipated pleasure or satisfaction) and/or need (anticipated relief from unpleasantness or tension)
• They decay quickly once the triggers or motives are no longer present
Responses
Impulses versus
inhibitory forces
Triggers
Motives
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MotivesMotives• Motives can be generated
by:– Reminders interacting
with the level internal tension at the time
– ‘Evaluations’: beliefs about what is good/bad, right/wrong, useful/detrimental etc.
Responses
Impulses versus
inhibitory forces
Triggers
Motives Reminders
Evaluations
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EvaluationsEvaluations• Evaluations are
generated by:– Recall of observations– Analysis, inference– Accepting what others
say– Motives– Plans
Responses
Impulses versus
inhibitory forces
Triggers
Motives Reminders
Evaluations Plans
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PlansPlans• Plans are ‘mental actions’
generated when:– Actions are considered to
be required in the future– Actions are considered to
be more likely to meet desires or needs if undertaken at a future time
– Actions meeting desires or needs do have a sufficient priority to be enacted at the moment
Responses
Impulses versus
inhibitory forces
Triggers
Motives Reminders
Evaluations Plans
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The human motivational systemThe human motivational system
External environment
(stimuli, information)
ResponsesImpulses
(urges etc.)
Motives(wants etc.)
Evaluations(beliefs)
Plans(intentions)
Internalenvironment
(percepts, drives, emotional states,
arousal,ideas, frame of
mind)
Flow of influencethrough the system
External stimulation
Internal stimulation
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The importance of the momentThe importance of the moment
• Everything we think, feel or do is a reaction to what happened or our state just prior to that acting on our dispositions
• We only think about things when we are prompted to do so• The way that we think or feel about things depends on the current
situation• Not thinking about things is an important method of reducing
dissonance
Evaluations, wants, emotional states, impulses and plans are only present when triggered and have no influence when not present
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DispositionsDispositions
• The way that we react is determined by our ‘dispositions’• These are more or less stable features of the functioning
of our nervous system deriving mainly from the features of, and interconnections between, neurones
• At a psychological level, long term dispositions are thought of in terms of ‘personality’, ‘attitudes’, ‘mind sets’ etc.
• Short-term dispositions include things such as ‘mood’ and ‘frame of mind’
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How dispositions come aboutHow dispositions come about
DispositionsGenetic endowment
Experience
1. Habituation/sensitisation - becoming less or more sensitive to repeated or ongoing stimuli
2. Associative learning - habit formation, classical conditioning
3. Explicit memory - images and thoughts recreated in response to cues
Time
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The ‘unstable mind’The ‘unstable mind’• The fly-by-wire brain: the brain has
evolved to be inherently unstable– this makes it highly adaptable and
creative– but it needs constant balancing input to
keep it from veering off in unwanted directions
• This is similar to modern fighter aircraft whose airframes are designed to be unstable and require constant input from computers to keep them on course
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Self-controlSelf-control
• Self-control is a cornerstone of behaviour change. The moment-to-moment wants and needs arising from that must be strong enough to overcome impulses, wants and needs coming from other sources
• The exercise of self-control is effortful; it requires and uses up mental resources
Self-control refers to wants and needs that arise from evaluations associated with our identity
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Applying PRIME theory to Applying PRIME theory to addictionaddiction
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Addiction and dependenceAddiction and dependence
Addictions are activities that are given an unhealthy priority because of a disordered
motivational system
Dependence refers to the nature of that disorder. It varies from individual to individual and
behaviour to behaviour
The key concept is ‘motivational balance’
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What activities are addictive?What activities are addictive?
• They may increase reliance on the addictive behaviour as a source of reward or means of meeting particular needs
• They may create unpleasant reactions when the activity is stopped• They may create a ‘habit’• They may create an ‘acquired drive’
They are all activities that provide pleasure or meet needs but change the individual in ways that reduce the propensity or ability to maintain motivational balance
West (2006) Theory of Addiction: Oxford: Blackwells
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
Who is susceptible to development of Who is susceptible to development of addiction?addiction?
• They are more impulsive• They are less committed to conventional morality• They have a greater propensity to depression or anxiety• They are lower in self-esteem• They may be more sensitive to the rewarding effects of the
activity/drug• They may be less sensitive to the aversive effects of the activity• They may be more sensitive to lasting effects of the drug on the
brain
West (2006) Theory of Addiction: Oxford: Blackwells
They have a reduced ability to maintain motivational balance
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
What conditions promote addiction?What conditions promote addiction?
• A culture in which the activity is commonplace and regarded as normal
• Peer groups in which the activity forms a part of social identity• An environment with greater opportunities to engage in the activity• An environment with reduced opportunities for other sources of
reward• Adverse social, economic or environmental circumstances• Possibly an environment in which there is lower propensity for the
activity to lead to immediate adverse consequences
Social and physical conditions that are not conducive to motivational balance by virtue of providing opportunities or incentives for a behaviour and/or failing to provide motivation for restraint
West (2006) Theory of Addiction: Oxford: Blackwells
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
What conditions promote suppression What conditions promote suppression and recovery?and recovery?
• Full or partial agonist therapy can lead to suppression and sometimes recovery
• Life-changing events that introduce powerful new competing motivations
• Epiphanies can lead to recovery
Suppression is achieved by pharmacological, environmental or psychological methods that restore temporary balance. Recovery is achieved by methods that effect permanent changes to the motivational system to enable it to function in balance
West (2006) Theory of Addiction: Oxford: Blackwells
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
Example: Motivation to smokeExample: Motivation to smokeSmoking
Impulse to smoke
Desire to smoke
Need to smoke
Positive evaluations of
smoking
Anticipated enjoyment
Anticipated benefit
Nicotine ‘hunger’
Unpleasant mood and physical
symptoms
Smoker ‘identity’
Beliefs about benefits of smoking
Cues/triggers
Reminders
Nicotine dependence involves generation of acquired drive, withdrawal symptoms, strong desires from anticipated enjoyment and direct simulation of impulses through habit learning
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
Example: Inhibition of smokingExample: Inhibition of smokingNot smoking
Inhibition
Desire not to smoke
Need not to smoke
Positive evaluations of not smoking
Anticipated praise
Anticipated self-respect
Plan not to smoke
Anticipated disgust, guilt
or shameFears about
health
Non-smoker ‘identity’
Beliefs about benefits of not
smoking
Cues/triggers
Reminders
Nicotine dependence also involves impairment of impulse control mechanisms undermining response inhibition
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
ConclusionsConclusions• Motivation involves multiple levels: Plans, Responses,
Impulses/inhibitions, Motives, and Evaluations• The balance between impulses and inhibitions is the final
common pathway through which all motivation operates• There are many ways in which an unhealthy balance
may be created and sustained that are different for different individuals, drugs and situations
• Tackling addiction requires identifying at an individual or societal level the sources of imbalance and developing workable ways of restoring balance either by introducing countervailing motivations or reducing the strength, frequency or impact of maladaptive motivations.
INCAS
Etiology of AddictionEtiology of Addiction
Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies
سؤال ؟سؤال ؟نظر يا نظر يا پيشنهاد؟پيشنهاد؟
سؤال ؟سؤال ؟نظر يا نظر يا پيشنهاد؟پيشنهاد؟