解／重構台灣原住民族土地政策

4

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3-6 104

3-7 ..108

3-8 109

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8

2-3 49

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9

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25/26: 731965p. II 122003

p. 104 (2003)

11

1-2

qalang

misalisin

sekoleq

sedek

ajawan

talialalai

12

kakava kakava

pp. II 9-112003

sovereignty2

3

4

2 2004

3 pp. 38-401974 4

145 p. 991962

13

5

6

78

9

10

11

5 pp. 28-31, 691997 6

7 8

p. 2341910

9 p. 2902001 10 11 p. 291 122001

14

12

13

[]

[]

14

12 p. 2962001 13 John R. Shepherd

2001

14 00712 17 p. 98-992001p. 1781918 5

15

15

16

17

18

15 pp. 182-187, 289-2911918 16 pp. 250-2511987 17 1914-1929 39

p. 461996 18

16

19

20

19 pp.116-1171953 20 1624-1945p. 206

1997

17

S. James Anaya

21

21 S. JAMES ANAYA, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN INTERNATIONAL LAW, New York: Oxford University Press,

p. 3 (1996)

18

22

23

indigenous peoples lands, territories and resources

invented tradition

22

23 Indigenous Peoples and their Relationship to Land, Final working paper prepared by the Special Rapporteur, Mrs. Erica-Irene A. Daes, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/21

19

24

24 p. 117 9 (2003)

20

25

25 1997-199920001999199819991996

21

26

27

26 Robert C. Ellickson, Property in Land, 102 YALE LAW JOURNAL 13151993; Jennifer Roback, Exchange, Sovereignty, and Indian-Anglo Relations, in TERRY L. ANDERSON ED., PROPERTY RIGHTS AND INDIAN ECONOMICS1992

27 James Tully, Aboriginal Property and Western Theory: Recovering a Middle Ground, in DAVID ARMITAGE ED., THEORIES OF EMPIRE, 1450-18001998

22

28

29

28 HENRY REYNOLDS, ABORIGINAL SOVEREIGNTY: REFLECTIONS ON RACE, STATE, AND NATION, St.

Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin1996 29 1874

General Le Gendre

23

nation-to-nation

30

31

32

33

19961991

30 31 Judith V. Royster, The Legacy of Allotment, 27 ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL 11995 32

2003 33 2004

24

34

34 Special Rapporteur, Mrs. Erica-Irene A. Daes Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Indigenous Peoples and Minorities: Indigenous Peoples and Their

Relationship to Land, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/212001

25

35

35 2004-2013

26

36

36

29

States of Holland

37

38

39

their country and their

37 Shepherd, John R., STATECRAFT AND POLITICAL ECONOMY ON THE TAIWAN FRONTIER 1600-1800, p.

47, SMC Publishing Inc.: Taipei1995p. 652004

38 p. 481970 p.511991

39 Shepherd, John R., pp. 49-501995

30

possessions

40

41

Formosan Land Day42

landdag43

44

45

40 Shepherd, John R., p. 541995sovereignty2004 55

41 p. 151-15219701991

42 Shepherd, John R., p. 611995 43 Shepherd, John R., p. 541995 44 p. 682004 45 p. 652004

31

46

47

48

49

46 p. 65-662004

47 48 Shepherd, John R., pp. 74-751995 49 Pol HeynsECONOMY, LAND

RIGHTS AND TAXATION IN DUTCH FORMOSApp. 149-1742002

32

50

51

50 pp. 17-251985 51 Shepherd, John R., pp. 77-801995

33

52

53

5455

52 Cambell, William, FORMOSA UNDER THE DUTCH, DESCRIBED FROM CONTEMPORARY RECORDS,

London: Kegan Paul, pp. 113, 114, 1361903 53

p. 432001 54

55

Pol HeynsECONOMY, LAND RIGHTS AND TAXATION IN DUTCH FORMOSA

34

5657

58

59

60

pp. 77-84, 95-982002Shepherd ownedp. 1821746 Shepherd Shepherd, John R., pp. 88, 971995

56 Shepherd, John R., pp. 87-881995 57 pp. 102-1032004 58 pp. 189-1901958 59 pp. 94-972004 60

35

61

62

63

64

p. 1821746p. 164-1661871 61

p. 1021974

62 Shepherd, John R., p. 971995 63 Shepherd, John R., p. 1021995 64 Shepherd, John R., p. 92-94, 1021995p. 441997

p.982004

36

65

66

67

68

65 Shepherd, John R., p. 971995 66 p. 922004

p. 841954 67 Shepherd, John R., p. 941995 68 pp. 38-401974

37

69

70

71

72

69 p. 991962

70 71

p. 2341910

72

38

73

74

p.287

75

73 74

75

39

p.296

76

76

40

77

78

79

80

77 John R. Shepherd2001

78 p. 572001

79 pp. 303-3112001pp. 141, 1482006pp. 11-121996

80 84-86 pp. 28-35 (1998)

41

81

82

81 84-86 pp. 32-35 (1998)

82 p. 452006

42

83

84

85

86

83 pp. 135-1372006

84 p. 22-272001 85

86

p. 282001

43

87

88

89

87 278 88 p. 312001 89 p. 77

p. 19

44

90

91

92

90 p. 302001 91

1895-1915p. 111 211989

92 p. 1022001

45

93

94

95

96

93 pp. 101-1032001 94 pp. 250-2511987 95 1914-1929 39

p. 461996 96 pp. 39-412001

46

97

98

97 pp. 237-2692001 98 pp. 19, 272-275

47

99

100

101

2-1 2-2 2-3

2001 99 pp. 28-31, 691997 100

p. 2322006 101 pp. 15-162001

48

2-1

49

2-2

50

2-3

51

102

103

Marshall

Marshall trilogy104

102 EMMERICH DE VATTEL THE LAW OF NATIONS

103 HENRY WHEATON 1864pp. 11-122002 ELEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW

104 Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543 (1823); Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831); Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515 (1832)

52

105

Marshall

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

wards to the guardian

106

107

105 HENRY WHEATON 1864pp. 20-212002

106 p. 602001

107 p. 60-622001

53

108

109

110

108 pp. 9-10 1874

109 pp. 1-50 (1994)

110 p. 16 1874

54

111

112

Rover

Charles W. Le Gendre

113

114

115

111 p. 23 1874

112 pp.59-61 113 pp. 212-2131966 114 p. 2081966 115 pp. 214-2181966

pp. 92-932000

55

116

117

118

116 p. 2631966p. 411976

117 p. 2611994

118 p. 209-21019941871~74p. 11992p. 273 1978

56

119

120

121

G. E. De Long

Is Aboriginal Formosa a part of the

Chinese Empire?

119 p. 226-2271994

120 p. 245-2461994

121 p. 2271994

57

Thomas F. Wade

58

122

123

122 1871~74 p. 1891992 123 1871~74 p. 1901992

59

124

125

126

124 1871~74 p. 191-1921992

125 p. 1966 126

60

127

128

127 Henry Wheaton 1864 p. 8-92002

128 Marshall

61

129

130

129 pp. 36-371976

130 p. 119181895-1900p. 231998

62

131

132

2-1

1895.08.06- 1896.03.31

1895.11.17

1898.07.16- 1908.08.27

1898.07.16

131 pp. 187-2311997

132 pp. 67-86 (1999)

63

1898.07.16

1908.08.28- 1922.12.31

1908.08.28

1922.09.18

1923.01.01-

1922.09.18

2-2

1895.11.17 1898.07.16

1895.08.06- 1905.06.30 I

1898.07.16

1905.07.01- 1922.12.31 II

1905.07.01

64

1923.01.01- III

1922.09.18

1945.10.25-

2-1 2-2

133

134

133 p. 192000

134 pp. 102-1031997

65

135

136

137

135 p. 202000

136 p. 1121997 137 1895-1900

p. 23-241998

66

138

139

140

141

138 1978

139 1895-1900p. 26-281998

140 1895-1900p. 601998

141 p. 209-2681997

68

James Wheeler Davidson

142

142 p. 871-8721918or 6

69

143

144

145

146

143 1895-1900p. 50-571998

144 1895-1900p. 80-81, 89-931998

145 1895-1900p. 1671998

146 p. 6601957

70

[]

[]

147

148

147 00712 17 p. 98-992001p. 1781918 5

148 p. 6611957

71

149

150 2-4

149 p. 40-422001 150 p. 20-211987

1,667,005 1,662,305

72

4,700 p. 152001

73

2-4

74

151

151 p.203-2042001

75

152153

3 0.2

1.8 0.5

0.5 154

155

152 1933p. 2022001

153 193,204

154

155 p. 2102001

76

1.8

156

157

156 p. 1932001 157 p. 2102001

77

158

3

250,000 159

51% 24%

158 p. 210-2111994p. 309-3451994

159 p. 216 41994; p. 212 302001

78

25%

160

161

162

163

160 pp. 217-219, 227-2281994

161 pp. 275-77 272001 162

pp. 229-2301994 163

1624-1945p. 2061997

80

164

165

166

164 pp. 2-32000

165 pp. 109-1191990

166 pp. 47-481990

81

167

3-1 3-3

3-3

3-3 3-2

3-3

167 p. 2362004

82

3-1

3-2

3-1

3-3

3-4

3-3 3-4

168

3

3-1

1921-1932 1933 1934

168 ()(3)pp. 862-863 (1998)

83

1,730,647.9810 1,730,992.6868 1,665,707.5708 188,902.1483 188,939.7713 177,262.5931 202,958.5880 202,999.0131 188,556.5486 395,524.6890 395,603.4635 390,335.4247 49,769.5644 49,779.4740 44,111.0360 301,308.0372 295,309.5465 294,773.6636 254,325.9448 260,435.1055 231,208.4515

337,859.0093 337,926.3027 339,459.8533 25-38 p. 1832004 3,707,657.0000 45%

3-2

(1) (2) (2)/(1)

1,665,707.5708 277,314.1692 17% 177,262.5931 35,918.7792 20% 188,556.5486 69,630.2282 37% 390,335.4247 28,684.2186 7% 44,111.0360 10,433.8718 24% 294,773.6636 16,133.5118 5% 231,208.4515 76,026.0668 33%

339,459.8533 40,487.4388 12% p. 2132004

84

3-3

1953

2006

1966

2001

1,675,797.3000 1,922,339.7600 240,634.2819 251,080.8427 3,313.0900 32,113.0600 3,021.5769 2,080.8138 139,819.6200 139,819.6200 14,517.8833 14,930.3223 39,712.0500 35,077.7500 11,708.6473 12,195.7230 70,896.4600 88,082.6800 17,411.8418 18,653.5395 61,451.2700 85,943.8900 7,304.5004 7,614.4480 103,781.9200 103,781.9200 6,304.1456 6,680.0149 272,972.0000 281,732.3500 30,788.7711 31,589.1758 42,784.7100 42,784.7100 6,379.8576 6,606.1261 199,106.9500 137,596.9500 15,827.0092 16,458.0977 148,313.4900 162,533.6200 63,152.6662 64,590.7097 264,392.7300 350,016.0700 41,004.8434 43,720.7550 329,253.0100 462,857.1400 23,210.7717 25,961.1169 pp. 243-245, 2492004pp. 4-51953 1,675,797.3000 1,704,597.2700 28,799.9600

85

3-1

86

3-2

87

3-3

88

3-4

89

169

170

171

169

170 Ronald

171 pp. 3-61996

91

172

172

92

173

174

173 174 pp.

110-113 (1984)

93

175

175 (3)pp. 864-865 (1998) p. 941996p. 229 11 (1999)pp. 358-359 (2004)

94

176

176 pp. 103-105, 124 (1984)

95

177

177 pp. 121, 124, 140 (1984)pp. 85-90, 101 (1994)

96

178

178 pp. 38-391982

97

179

179 (53)37 (3)p. 890-891 (1998)

98

180

180 http://www.forest.gov.tw/web/publication/main_01-9-9.htm 5910c 10 31

59 7 19

99

181

182

181 p. 151 (1995)

182 p. 136 (1995)

101

183

184

3-4

183 p. 289 2003

184 p. 223, 2351999

102

1967 3,300 (33.14)%

9,957(100.00)%

1969 3,000(23.43)%

12,804(100.00)%

1972 5,200 (26.97)%

19,278(100.00)%

1974 8,800(27.15)%

32,408(100.00)%

1978 17,800 (33.39)%

19,000(35.65)%

53,303(100.00)%

1985

42,989 (36.04)% [78.80]%

45,012(37.74)%[82.50]%

51,781(43.41)%[94.91]%

54,558 (45.74)%

[100.00]%

119,272(100.00)%

1991

92,117 (41.94)% [78.98]%

96,524(43.95)%[82.76]%

112,586(51.26)%[96.53]%

116,636 (53.10)%

[100.00]%

219,637(100.00)%

1996

109,981 (32.93)% [62.08]%

120,894(36.20)%[62.24]%

157,480(47.16)%[88.90]%

177,149 (53.05)%

[100.00]%

333,948(100.00)%

2002

87,371 (21.94)% [41.83]%

92,522(23.23)%[44.30]%

135,549(34.04)%[64.90]%

208,874 (52.45)%

[100.00]%

398,248(100.00)%

http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/table.xls#a224 p. 221992 pp. 302-3042004 pp. 147-1482004 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1673&ctNode=511

103

3-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1967 1969 1972 1974 1978 1985 1991 1996 2002

()

(

)

3-4 3-5

33.14%

41.94% 23.43% 43.95%

51.26%

104

21.94%23.23%34.04%

78.80%

41.83% 82.50% 44.30%

3-5

(1)

(2)

(2)/(1) 24,263 17,833 73.50% - - -1967

84,145 73,711 87.60%

- - - 24,326 12,844 52.80% 1969

84,113 68,300 81.20%

37,593 22,330 59.40% - - -1972

124,447 92,837 74.60%

- - - 63,230 27,442 43.40% 1974

207,430 154,120 74.30%

112,668 50,475 44.80% 114,475 33,198 29.00% 1978

282,919 181,634 64.20%

238,851 51,663 21.63% 251,990 29,143 11.57% 1985

261,456 95,929 36.69%

105

454,332 70,488 15.51% 437,260 36,757 8.41% 1991

460,752 181,196 39.33%

501,344 62,464 12.46% 512,438 46,601 9.09% 1996

643,010 256,941 39.96%

422,880 389,520 2002

829,232 176,398 21.27% p. 221992p. 1511984 pp. 302-3042004 p. 1482004http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1673&ctNode=511

3-6

106

0

20

40

60

80

1967 1969 1972 1974 1978 1985 1991 1996 2002

()

(

)

3-5 3-6

73.50%

12.46%

52.80% 9.09%

87.60%

21.27%

107

3-6

3-7

3-6

%

%

%

% 1967 90.15 73.50 - - 1969 - - - 52.80 1972 78.82 59.40 - - 1974 - - - 43.40 1978 75.45 44.80 57.16 29.00 1985 62.66 21.63 45.32 11.57 1991 62.21 15.51 47.52 8.41 1996 55.04 12.46 39.87 9.09 2002 29.65 - 26.13 -

vol. Ipp. 16-181998 p. 132, 1361998 p. 1792004

108

3-7 :

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1967 1969 1972 1974 1978 1985 1991 1996

()

(

)

0102030405060708090100

%

7.2% 22.14%

109

21.09%185

432,516 147,365 34.07%186

9.24%14.86%8.37%

3.89%5.26%5.02%

95.02%

177,858 70.83% 51,547

20.53%

185 pp. 36, 381998

186 p. 552004

110

2,146 2,974 6,850

24,209 206,865

170,053

67.72% 81,000

187

50,435

50,022

56.26% 83.06% 3-7

26.16% 18.62%

56.26%

3-7

(1)

(2)

(3)

-1(3)/(1)

-2(3)/(2)

251,080.8427 170,053.5945 141,249.9500 56.26% 83.06%

2,080.8138 1,979.5240 1,129.0000 54.26% 57.03% 14,930.3223 8,917.1366 6,288.8300 42.12% 70.53% 12,195.7230 9,427.7609 8,144.2700 66.78% 86.39%

187

111

18,653.5395 15,469.2456 15,414.0200 82.63% 99.64% 7,614.4480 4,943.8878 5,529.1800 72.61% 111.84% 6,680.0149 3,914.3877 1,243.9600 18.62% 31.78% 31,589.1758 10,208.2807 8,265.0600 26.16% 80.96% 6,606.1261 5,148.8862 5,550.5800 84.02% 107.80% 16,458.0977 12,655.7384 8,787.9400 53.40% 69.44% 64,590.7097 50,137.9297 34,076.6300 52.76% 67.97% 43,720.7550 31,242.6918 32,870.8700 75.18% 105.21% 25,961.1169 16,008.1251 13,949.6100 53.73% 87.14%

p.4702004 ---p. 251, 2532004 -2 100%

3-8 16,778

6.68% 9.86%

66.72%

10%

112

14.23%44.84%

68.57%78.41% 3-8

3-8

(1) (2)

(3)

(2)/(1)

(3)/(2)

251,080.8427 16,778.4102 11,195.1098 6.68% 66.72%

2,080.8138 25.0601 21.3021 1.20% 85.00% 14,930.3223 663.2927 494.3447 4.44% 74.53% 12,195.7230 1,053.1682 976.4175 8.64% 92.71% 18,653.5395 77.0279 56.2185 0.41% 72.98% 7,614.4480 804.1194 479.8616 10.56% 59.68% 6,680.0149 2,995.5143 2,348.6438 44.84% 78.41% 31,589.1758 4,493.5943 3,081.3766 14.23% 68.57% 6,606.1261 149.9028 82.8311 2.27% 55.26% 16,458.0977 255.1802 150.5387 1.55% 58.99% 64,590.7097 1,931.8809 1,063.5890 3.00% 55.05% 43,720.7550 3,405.9534 2,218.7205 7.79% 65.14% 25,961.1169 923.7360 221.2657 3.56% 23.95% pp. 249, 3542004

113

3-8

188

10% 20%

189 11,000

190

191

188

189 pp. 104-112 1983

190 p. 4662004

191 pp. 70-75 (1998)

114

68.90% 46.10%

67.40%

192 3-9

3-9

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(2)/(1)

(4)/(3)

192 p. 50 (1984)

115

131,911 12,843 170,053.5945 13,839.7460 9.74% 8.14%

3,698 24 1,979.5240 11.5957 0.65% 0.59% 7,486 534 8,917.1366 458.5532 7.13% 5.14% 13,617 695 9,427.7609 930.0519 5.10% 9.87% 13,045 681 15,469.2456 653.9898 5.22% 4.23% 5,724 208 4,943.8878 183.5324 3.63% 3.71% 4,537 2,232 3,914.3877 1,900.9643 49.16% 48.56% 7,138 2,676 10,208.2807 2,726.3618 37.49% 26.71% 2,673 314 5,148.8862 527.8621 11.75% 10.25% 6,125 939 12,655.7384 2,368.5124 15.33% 18.71% 41,286 1,702 50,137.9297 1,160.7224 4.12% 2.32% 13,306 1,786 31,242.6918 2,171.1734 13.42% 6.95% 13,276 1,052 16,008.1251 746.4266 7.92% 4.66% p. 4702004

49.16%37.49%

48.56%26.71%

70.83%

120,448.9610 13,839.7460

11.49%

116

193 365,907.0000

32,000.0000 8.80%

43.24%

193 http://www.cy.gov.tw/ap020201-1.doc

117

764.0803

182.0484

582.0319 582.0319

280.0385 37.5428

264.4506

118

194

194

119

195

196

195

196 pp. 60-65 (2003)

120

197

197 pp. 62-63

121

198

199

200

(2003) 198 pp.

124-125 (2003) 199 200

123

201

201 Who (2000) ()

124

202

11.5%

34.6% 50.0%

203

204

202

203 p. 71 (1998)

204

125

205

205

126

206

207

206 pp. 221-292 (1999)

207 Robert Cooter

127

Robert Cooter, Normative Failure Theory of Law, 82 CORNELL LAW REVIEW 947, pp. 963-964 (1997) Cooter Robert Cooter, Decentralized Law for A Complex Economy: The Structural Approach to Adjudicating the New Law Merchant, 144

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LAW REVIEW 1643, pp. 1673-1675 (1996)

129

208

208 General Allotment Bill The real aim of this bill is to get at the Indian lands and open them up to settlement. The provisions for the apparent benefit of the Indian are but the pretext to get

at his lands and occupy themIf this were done in the name of Greed, it would be bad enough; but

to do it in the name of Humanity, and under the cloak of an ardent desire to promote the Indians

welfare by making him like ourselves, whether he will or not, is infinitely worse. DELOS SACKET OTIS, THE DAWES ACT AND THE ALLOTMENT OF INDIAN LANDS. Norman: University of

Oklahoma Press, p. 19 (1973

130

209

3-8

3-9

3-8

209

131

3-9

133

210

26.20%

14.70%211

212

210

211 p. 62 (1998)

212 pp. 260-265 (1999)

134

213

213

135

214

214 p. 9 (1994)

136

12,000

43,418 9,846

140

Coase 215

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1

2

3


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4

155,632,312

104,314,349 77,865,373

Painter

296



195

297

Indian Appropriate Act

295

330 1,287 948

1,185 2,500 Omaha Winnebago

140,000

112,000 6,463,840

2,357,542

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297 Otis

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298

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104,000,000 92,000,000

84,000,000 52,000,000



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302 1234 Mark D. Poindexter, Note of Dinosaurs and Indefinite Land Trust: A Review of Individual American Indian Property Rights amidst the Legacy of Allotment,

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309

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312

313

Oliphant 314

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312 http://www.indianz.com/SmokeSignals/Headlines/showfull.asp?ID=law02/02272002-103/04/2002 visit

313 Judith V. Royster, The Legacy of Allotment, 27 ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL 1, pp. 43-441995

314 Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe, 435 U.S. 1911978 315 Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 5441981

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Montana

Montana Brendale v. Yakima Indian Nation 316Brendale

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Yakima

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316 Brendale v. Yakima Indian Nation, 492 U.S. 4081989 317

Judith V. Royster, The Legacy of Allotment, 27 ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL 1, p. 51995

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318

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319

318 Judith V. Royster, The Legacy of Allotment, 27 ARIZONA STATE LAW JOURNAL 1, pp. 17-181995 Collier FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA ED., DOCUMENTS OF UNITED STATES INDIAN POLICY, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press3rd ed. 2000

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320

320 pp. 648-661 (1997)pp. 59-62 (1998)

206

321

322

reverse discrimination323

Bakke 324

321 pp. 36-41 (1996)(Racial Affirmative Aaction)pp. 5-11 (1996)pp. 62-70 (1998)

322 Korematsu v. United States 323 U.S. 214 Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483

323 Hopwood v. Texas pp. 179, 1972005

324 Regents of University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978)

207

325

Fullilove 326

Wygant 327

Paradise 328

Croson 329

325

326 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980) 327 Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, 476 U.S. 267 (1986) 328 United States v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149 (1987) 329 City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989)

208

Fullilove

Fullilove

Metro Broadcasting 330

Adarand 331

332

330 Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. F.C.C., 497 U.S. 547 (1990) 331 Adarand Constrictors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995) 332

pp. 48-53 (2002)

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333

Bakke

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AA

333 Hopwood v. Texas p. 1982005

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334

335

336

334 (anti-differentiation ) (anti-subordination) (anti-caste) Catharine A. MacKinnon, Reflections on Sex Equality Under Law, 100 YALE LAW JOURNAL 1281 (1991); CASS R. SUNSTEIN,

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337

338

339

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340

341

sliding scale approach

340 Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan, 458 U.S. 718 (1982)

341 pp. 186-189 (2002) Hopwood v. Texas p. 1952005

214

342Dworkin

343

Adarand

342 Thurgood Marshall Dandridge v. Williams, 397 U.S. 471, pp. 517-522 (1970) (Marshall, J., Dissenting Opinion); Erwin

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215

Fletcher Johnson 344

John Marshall

Johnson 345

Marshall trilogy

Cherokee Nation 346

Cherokee Cherokee

Marshall Cherokee

Cherokee

Andrew Jackson

344 Fletcher v. Peck, 10 U.S. (6 Cranch) 87 (1810); Johnson v. McIntosh, 21 U.S. (8 Wheat.) 543

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346 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1 (1831)

216

Cherokee Marshall

domestic dependent

nations

a

ward to his guardian347

Marshall

Marshall

348

Worcester 349

347 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (5 Pet.) 1, p. 17 (1831) 348 Frank Shockey, Invidious American Indian Tribal Sovereignty: Morton v. Mancari Contra,

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217

Cherokee Worcester Cherokee

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Marshall Johnson Cherokee Nation

sovereignty

350

Marshall

Cherokee

Cherokee Marshall Cherokee

Marshall

Cherokee

Cherokee

350 Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515, pp. 542-543 (1832)

218

Cherokee 351

Worcester

Rogers 352

Taney

Taney

Rogers

351 Worcester v. Georgia, 31 U.S. (6 Pet.) 515, p. 561 (1832) Cherokee Andrew Jackson Cherokee

352 United States v. Rogers, 45 U.S. (4 How.) 567 (1846)

219

Simmons 353

354

Mancari 355

Bakke

356

further the

cause of Indian self-government

353 Simmons v. Eagle Seelatsee, 244 F. Supp. 808 (E.D. Wash. 1965), affd, 384 U.S. 209 (1966) 354 Simmons v. Eagle Seelatsee, 244 F.

Supp. 808, p. 814 (E.D. Wash. 1965) 355 Morton v. Mancari, 417 U.S. 535 (1974) 356

220

Fisher 357

Mancari

quasi-sovereign status

Mancari

Bakke

Bakke

Mancari

Mancari

Bakke

Bakke 358

357 Fisher v. District Court, 424 U.S. 382 (1976) 358 Frank Shockey, Invidious American Indian Tribal Sovereignty: Morton v. Mancari Contra,


221

Bakke

Adarand

Williams 359

IBIA

Kozinski

Mancari

360Kozinski Adarand

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222

Mancari Kozinski

Mancari

Adarand

Kozinski

Kozinski

Mancari

Kozinski

Mancari

Rice 361

Mancari Stevens

Williams v. Babbitt, 115 F.3d 657 (9th Cir. 1997)

361 Rice v. Cayetano, 120 S. Ct. 1044 (2000)

223

Stevens Mancari

the political

empowerment of indigenous people

362 Mancari

363

Rice

American Federation of Government Employees 364

362 Rice v. Cayetano, 120 S. Ct. 1044, p. 1070 n. 14 (2000) 363 DAVID H. GETCHES, CHARLES F. WILKINSON, ROBERT A. WILLIAMS, JR. ED., CASES AND MATERIALS

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224

Mancari

Adarand

Mancari

365

Williams

Rogers

365 American Federation of Government Employees v. Unites States, 104 F. Supp. 2d 58, pp. 70-71

(D.D.C. 2000)

225

366

367

366 P.S. Deloria and Robert Laurence, Whats an Indian?: A Conversation about Law School

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1132-1133 (1991) Wayne R. Farnsworth, Bureau of Indian Affairs Hiring Preferences After Adarand Constructors, Inc., v. Pena, 1996 B.Y. U. L. REV. 503, p. 511 n. 38 (1996)

367 Frank Shockey, Invidious American Indian Tribal Sovereignty: Morton v. Mancari Contra,

226

368

369


LAW REVIEW 275, pp. 310-311 (2000-2001) 368 P.S. Deloria and Robert Laurence, Whats an Indian?: A Conversation about Law School

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1133 (1991) 369 Carole Goldberg-Ambrose, Not Strictly Racial: A Response to Indians as Peoples, 39 U.C.L.A.

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227

370

371

370

371

228

372

372 pp. 45-51 (2000)

229

373

373 termination

230

374

375

376

374

375

376 pp. 112-119 (2004)

231

377

378

377 pp. 48-60 (2004) 2001 8 13 p. 40 (2002)

378 (2005.01.19)

232

379

380

381

379

380 (2006.11.18)

381

233

invidious382

383

384

382 Nicolas Peterson, Welfare colonialism and citizenship: Politics, economics and agency, in CITIZENSHIP AND INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS: CHANGING CONCEPTIONS AND

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384 An interview with Paul Chartrand, Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Aspirations for Distributive

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386

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387

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388

388

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390

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389 48pp. 114-1162000

390

391 (1933)p. 202 (2001)

392

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393

393 ()(3)pp. 862-863 (1998)

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394

395

396

394 p. 91 (1961)

395 pp. 1, 350-374(2005)pp. 89-90 (1961)p. 50 (2004)

396 pp. 90, 92 (1961)

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397

397

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customary international

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Erica-Irene A. Daes

400 Daes

398 Mr. Jose Martinez Cobo

399 Sarah Pritchard, The Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Existing and Evolving International Legal

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250

peoples and nations

401

1.

2.

401 peoples and nationsCommission on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources

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402

403

402 MATTHEW C. R. CRAVEN, THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS: A PERSPECTIVE ON ITS DEVELOPMENT, Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 1471995

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404

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405

406

Mathew Coone Come

405 http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/declaration.htm (visited on 2007.01.01)

406 Indigenous Peoples Caucus 2006.11.28 http://www.ipcaucus.net/ (visited on 2007.01.01)

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407

407 Sarah Pritchard, The Rights of Indigenous Peoples: The Existing and Evolving International Legal Framework, INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, HSU

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free, prior, and

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408 OUR COMMON FUTURE, Oxford University Press.1987

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410 p. 112 (2000)Lee Chien-Liang()& Lin Shu-Ya(), The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Taiwans New Constitution, presented at International Conference on Constitutional Reengineering in New Democracies: Taiwan & the World,

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414 seejiq Truku Teuda Tkdaya Tera YudawMuda Hakaw Utuxpp. 51-61 (2003)Gimi Ka Trukupp. 62-63, 68-83, 187-188 (2004)

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415

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415 p. 144 250 (2002)

416 pp. 173-174(2005)

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417

417 pp. 166-175 (2002)

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418

419

418

419

264

420

421

indigenous peoples

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422

423

424

422 pp. 191-193(2005)

423 pp. II 2-13 (2002) participatory geographic information system; PGIS

424 Alix Flavelle, COMMUNITY MAPPING HANDBOOK: A GUIDE TO MAKING YOUR OWN MAPS OF

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425

425 Alimanpp. 94-95 (2002)

267

426

426 pp. 85-100 (2001)

268

427

428

427

428 (2004)

269

429

429

270

7-1

271

7-1

272

430

430

273

431

nation-to-nation

432

431

432

274

433

433 pp. 153-157, 1612000

275

434

435

436

434 p. 180 (2003)

435 DAN RUSSELL, A PEOPLES DREAM: ABORIGINAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN CANADA, UBC Press: Vancouver, pp. 103-1302000

436 p. 181 (2003)

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437

437 pp. 186-188 (2003)48pp. 263, 271 (2000)

277

inherent

438

439

440

438 48pp. 252-253, 270 (2000)

439 p. 5 (2006)

440 p. 11 (1992)

278

441

441

279

442

443

442 2004pp. 18-20 (2005)

443 (2005)pp. 62-70 (2000) pp. 346-3482004

280

444

444 p. 181 (2003)

286

10,000 2 117

30,054.73 113 110

1,400,000 [1965]

3,360,000 [1965]

289

1988 8 25

2000

9 9

21 5

12000

43572 10

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290

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1 9 8 9 9 2 7

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1993

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1999.09.10

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302

capacity building

303

9 4 1 2 1

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307

Human Rights Council

Resolution 2006/2. Working group of the Commission on Human

Rights to elaborate a draft declaration in accordance with paragraph 5 of

the General Assembly resolution 49/214 of 23 December 1994

UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE

RIGHTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

Affirming that indigenous peoples are equal to all other peoples, while

recognizing the right of all peoples to be different, to consider themselves different,

and to be respected as such,

Affirming also that all peoples contribute to the diversity and richness of

civilizations and cultures, which constitute the common heritage of humankind,

Affirming further that all doctrines, policies and practices based on or

advocating superiority of peoples or individuals on the basis of national origin, racial,

religious, ethnic or cultural differences are racist, scientifically false, legally invalid,

morally condemnable and socially unjust,

Reaffirming also that indigenous peoples, in the exercise of their rights,

should be free from discrimination of any kind,

Concerned that indigenous peoples have suffered from historic injustices as

a result of, inter alia, their colonization and dispossession of their lands, territories and

resources, thus preventing them from exercising, in particular, their right to

development in accordance with their own needs and interests,

308

Recognizing the urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of

indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and social structures

and from their cultures, spiritual traditions, histories and philosophies, especially their

rights to their lands, territories and resources,

Further recognizing the urgent need to respect and promote the rights of

indigenous peoples affirmed in treaties, agreements and other constructive

arrangements with States,

Welcoming the fact that indigenous peoples are organizing themselves for

political, economic, social and cultural enhancement and in order to bring an end to

all forms of discrimination and oppression wherever they occur,

Convinced that control by indigenous peoples over developments affecting

them and their lands, territories and resources will enable them to maintain and

strengthen their institutions, cultures and traditions, and to promote their development

in accordance with their aspirations and needs,

Recognizing also that respect for indigenous knowledge, cultures and

traditional practices contributes to sustainable and equitable development and proper

management of the environment,

Emphasizing the contribution of the demilitarization of the lands and

territories of indigenous peoples to peace, economic and social progress and

development, understanding and friendly relations among nations and peoples of the

world,

Recognizing in particular the right of indigenous families and communities

to retain shared responsibility for the upbringing, training, education and well-being

of their children, consistent with the rights of the child,

309

Recognizing also that indigenous peoples have the right freely to determine

their relationships with States in a spirit of coexistence, mutual benefit and full

respect,

Considering that the rights affirmed in treaties, agreements and constructive

arrangements between States and indigenous peoples are, in some situations, matters

of international concern, interest, responsibility and character,

Also considering that treaties, agreements and other constructive

arrangements, and the relationship they represent, are the basis for a strengthened

partnership between indigenous peoples and States,

Acknowledging that the Charter of the United Nations, the International

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on

Civil and Political Rights affirm the fundamental importance of the right of

self-determination of all peoples, by virtue of which they freely determine their

political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development,

Bearing in mind that nothing in this Declaration may be used to deny any

peoples their right of self-determination, exercised in conformity with international

law,

Convinced that the recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples in this

Declaration will enhance harmonious and cooperative relations between the State and

indigenous peoples, based on principles of justice, democracy, respect for human

rights, non-discrimination and good faith,

Encouraging States to comply with and effectively implement all their

obligations as they apply to indigenous peoples under international instruments, in

particular those related to human rights, in consultation and cooperation with the

310

peoples concerned,

Emphasizing that the United Nations has an important and continuing role

to play in promoting and protecting the rights of indigenous peoples,

Believing that this Declaration is a further important step forward for the

recognition, promotion and protection of the rights and freedoms of indigenous

peoples and in the development of relevant activities of the United Nations system in

this field,

Recognizing and reaffirming that indigenous individuals are entitled without

discrimination to all human rights recognized in international law, and that indigenous

peoples possess collective rights which are indispensable for their existence,

well-being and integral development as peoples,

Solemnly proclaims the following United Nations Declaration on the Rights

of Indigenous Peoples as a standard of achievement to be pursued in a spirit of

partnership and mutual respect,

Article 1

Indigenous peoples have the right to the full enjoyment, as a collective or as

individuals, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms as recognized in the

Charter of the United Nations, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and

international human rights law.

Article 2

Indigenous peoples and individuals are free and equal to all other peoples

and individuals and have the right to be free from any kind of discrimination, in the

exercise of their rights, in particular that based on their indigenous origin or identity.

311

Article 3

Indigenous peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that

right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic,

social and cultural development.

Article 4

Indigenous peoples, in exercising their right to self-determination, have the

right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal and local

affairs, as well as ways and means for financing their autonomous functions.

Article 5

Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinct

political, legal, economic, social and cultural institutions, while retaining their rights

to participate fully, if they so choose, in the political, economic, social and cultural

life of the State.

Article 6

Every indigenous individual has the right to a nationality.

Article 7

1. Indigenous individuals have the rights to life, physical and mental

integrity, liberty and security of person.

2. Indigenous peoples have the collective right to live in freedom, peace

and security as distinct peoples and shall not be subjected to any act of genocide or

any other act of violence, including forcibly removing children of the group to another

group.

Article 8

1. Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right not to be subjected

312

to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture.

2. States shall provide effective mechanisms for prevention of, and

redress for:

(a) Any action which has the aim or effect of depriving them of their

integrity as distinct peoples, or of their cultural values or ethnic identities;

(b) Any action which has the aim or effect of dispossessing them of their

lands, territories or resources;

(c) Any form of forced population transfer which has the aim or effect of

violating or undermining any of their rights;

(d) Any form of forced assimilation or integration by other cultures or

ways of life imposed on them by legislative, administrative or other measures;

(e) Any form of propaganda designed to promote or incite racial or ethnic

discrimination directed against them.

Article 9

Indigenous peoples and individuals have the right to belong to an

indigenous community or nation, in accordance with the traditions and customs of the

community or nation concerned. No discrimination of any kind may arise from the

exercise of such a right.

Article 10

Indigenous peoples shall not be forcibly removed from their lands or

territories. No relocation shall take place without the free, prior and informed

consent of the indigenous peoples concerned and after agreement on just and fair

compensation and, where possible, with the option of return.

313

Article 11

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to practice and revitalize their

cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and

develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as

archaeological and historical sites, artefacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies and

visual and performing arts and literature.

2. States shall provide redress through effective mechanisms, which may

include restitution, developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples, with respect to

their cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without their free,

prior and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and customs.

Article 12

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to manifest, practice, develop and

teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies; the right to

maintain, protect, and have access in privacy to their religious and cultural sites; the

right to the use and control of their ceremonial objects; and the right to the repatriation

of their human remains.

2. States shall seek to enable the access and/or repatriation of ceremonial

objects and human remains in their possession through fair, transparent and effective

mechanisms developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples concerned.

Article 13

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and

transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies,

writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for

communities, places and persons.

314

2. States shall take effective measures to ensure this right is protected and

also to ensure that indigenous peoples can understand and be understood in political,

legal and administrative proceedings, where necessary through the provision of

interpretation or by other appropriate means.

Article 14

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish and control their

educational systems and institutions providing education in their own languages, in a

manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning.

2. Indigenous individuals, particularly children, have the right to all levels

and forms of education of the State without discrimination.

3. States shall, in conjunction with indigenous peoples, take effective

measures, in order for indigenous individuals, particularly children, including those

living outside their communities, to have access, when possible, to an education in

their own culture and provided in their own language.

Article 15

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to the dignity and diversity of their

cultures, traditions, histories and aspirations which shall be appropriately reflected in

education and public information.

2. States shall take effective measures, in consultation and cooperation

with the indigenous peoples concerned, to combat prejudice and eliminate

discrimination and to promote tolerance, understanding and good relations among

indigenous peoples and all other segments of society.

Article 16

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish their own media in their

315

own languages and to have access to all forms of non-indigenous media without

discrimination.

2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that State-owned media

duly reflect indigenous cultural diversity. States, without prejudice to ensuring full

freedom of expression, should encourage privately-owned media to adequately reflect

indigenous cultural diversity.

Article 17

1. Indigenous individuals and peoples have the right to enjoy fully all

rights established under applicable international and domestic labour law.

2. States shall in consultation and cooperation with indigenous peoples

take specific measures to protect indigenous children from economic exploitation and

from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs

education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or

social development, taking into account their special vulnerability and the importance

of education for their empowerment.

3. Indigenous individuals have the right not to be subjected to any

discriminatory conditions of labour and, inter alia, employment or salary.

Article 18

Indigenous peoples have the right to participate in decision-making in

matters which would affect their rights, through representatives chosen by themselves

in accordance with their own procedures, as well as to maintain and develop their own

indigenous decision-making institutions.

Article 19

States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples

316

concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free,

prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or

administrative measures that may affect them.

Article 20

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and develop their

political, economic and social systems or institutions, to be secure in the enjoyment of

their own means of subsistence and development, and to engage freely in all their

traditional and other economic activities.

2. Indigenous peoples deprived of their means of subsistence and

development are entitled to just and fair redress.

Article 21

1. Indigenous peoples have the right, without discrimination, to the

improvement of their economic and social conditions, including, inter alia, in the

areas of education, employment, vocational training and retraining, housing,

sanitation, health and social security.

2. States shall take effective measures and, where appropriate, special

measures to ensure continuing improvement of their economic and social conditions.

Particular attention shall be paid to the rights and special needs of indigenous elders,

women, youth, children and persons with disabilities.

Article 22

1. Particular attention shall be paid to the rights and special needs of

indigenous elders, women, youth, children and persons with disabilities in the

implementation of this Declaration.

2. States shall take measures, in conjunction with indigenous peoples, to

317

ensure that indigenous women and children enjoy the full protection and guarantees

against all forms of violence and discrimination.

Article 23

Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and

strategies for exercising their right to development. In particular, indigenous peoples

have the right to be actively involved in developing and determining health, housing

and other economic and social programmes affecting them and, as far as possible, to

administer such programmes through their own institutions.

Article 24

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to their traditional medicines and to

maintain their health practices, including the conservation of their vital medicinal

plants, animals and minerals. Indigenous individuals also have the right to access,

without any discrimination, to all social and health services.

2. Indigenous individuals have an equal right to the enjoyment of the

highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. States shall take the

necessary steps with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of this right.

Article 25

Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their

distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied

and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources and to uphold

their responsibilities to future generations in this regard.

Article 26

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to the lands, territories and resources

which they have traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or acquired.

318

2. Indigenous peoples have the right to own, use, develop and control the

lands, territories and resources that they possess by reason of traditional ownership or

other traditional occupation or use, as well as those which they have otherwise

acquired.

3. States shall give legal recognition and protection to these lands,

territories and resources. Such recognition shall be conducted with due respect to

the customs, traditions and land tenure systems of the indigenous peoples concerned.

Article 27

States shall establish and implement, in conjunction with indigenous

peoples concerned, a fair, independent, impartial, open and transparent process, giving

due recognition to indigenous peoples laws, traditions, customs and land tenure

systems, to recognize and adjudicate the rights of indigenous peoples pertaining to

their lands, territories and resources, including those which were traditionally owned

or otherwise occupied or used. Indigenous peoples shall have the right to participate

in this process.

Article 28

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to redress, by means that can include

restitution or, when this is not possible, of a just, fair and equitable compensation, for

the lands, territories and resources which they have traditionally owned or otherwise

occupied or used, and which have been confiscated, taken, occupied, used or damaged

without their free, prior and informed consent.

2. Unless otherwise freely agreed upon by the peoples concerned,

compensation shall take the form of lands, territories and resources equal in quality,

size and legal status or of monetary compensation or other appropriate redress.

319

Article 29

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to the conservation and protection of

the environment and the productive capacity of their lands or territories and resources.

States shall establish and implement assistance programmes for indigenous peoples

for such conservation and protection, without discrimination.

2. States shall take effective measures to ensure that no storage or

disposal of hazardous materials shall take place in the lands or territories of

indigenous peoples without their free, prior and informed consent.

3. States shall also take effective measures to ensure, as needed, that

programmes for monitoring, maintaining and restoring the health of indigenous

peoples, as developed and implemented by the peoples affected by such materials, are

duly implemented.

Article 30

1. Military activities shall not take place in the lands or territories of

indigenous peoples, unless justified by a significant threat to relevant public interest

or otherwise freely agreed with or requested by the indigenous peoples concerned.

2. States shall undertake effective consultations with the indigenous

peoples concerned, through appropriate procedures and in particular through their

representative institutions, prior to using their lands or territories for military

activities.

Article 31

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain, control, protect and

develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural

expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures,

320

including human and genetic resources, seeds, medicines, knowledge of the properties

of fauna and flora, oral traditions, literatures, designs, sports and traditional games

and visual and performing arts. They also have the right to maintain, control, protect

and develop their intellectual property over such cultural heritage, traditional

knowledge, and traditional cultural expressions.

2. In conjunction with indigenous peoples, States shall take effective

measures to recognize and protect the exercise of these rights.

Article 32

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities

and strategies for the development or use of their lands or territories and other

resources.

2. States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous

peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their

free and informed consent prior to the approval of any project affecting their lands or

territories and other resources, particularly in connection with the development,

utilization or exploitation of their mineral, water or other resources.

3. States shall provide effective mechanisms for just and fair redress for

any such activities, and appropriate measures shall be taken to mitigate adverse

environmental, economic, social, cultural or spiritual impact.

Article 33

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine their own identity or

membership in accordance with their customs and traditions. This does not impair

the right of indigenous individuals to obtain citizenship of the States in which they

live.

321

2. Indigenous peoples have the right to determine the structures and to

select the membership of their institutions in accordance with their own procedures.

Article 34

Indigenous peoples have the right to promote, develop and maintain their

institutional structures and their distinctive customs, spirituality, traditions, procedures,

practices and, in the cases where they exist, juridical systems or customs, in

accordance with international human rights standards.

Article 35

Indigenous peoples have the right to determine the responsibilities of

individuals to their communities.

Article 36

1. Indigenous peoples, in particular those divided by international borders,

have the right to maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation, including

activities for spiritual, cultural, political, economic and social purposes, with their

own members as well as other peoples across borders.

2. States, in consultation and cooperation with indigenous peoples, shall

take effective measures to facilitate the exercise and ensure the implementation of this

right.

Article 37

1. Indigenous peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and

enforcement of Treaties, Agreements and Other Constructive Arrangements concluded

with States or their successors and to have States honour and respect such Treaties,

Agreements and other Constructive Arrangements.

322

2. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as to diminish or

eliminate the rights of Indigenous Peoples contained in Treaties, Agreements and

Constructive Arrangements.

Article 38

States in consultation and cooperation with indigenous peoples, shall take

the appropriate measures, including legislative measures, to achieve the ends of this

Declaration.

Article 39

Indigenous peoples have the right to have access to financial and technical

assistance from States and through international cooperation, for the enjoyment of the

rights contained in this Declaration.

Article 40

Indigenous peoples have the right to have access to and prompt decision

through just and fair procedures for the resolution of conflicts and disputes with States

or other parties, as well as to effective remedies for all infringements of their

individual and collective rights. Such a decision shall give due consideration to the

customs, traditions, rules and legal systems of the indigenous peoples concerned and

international human rights.

Article 41

The organs and specialized agencies of the United Nations system and other

intergovernmental organizations shall contribute to the full realization of the

provisions of this Declaration through the mobilization, inter alia, of financial

cooperation and technical assistance. Ways and means of ensuring participation of

indigenous peoples on issues affecting them shall be established.

323

Article 42

The United Nations, its bodies, including the Permanent Forum on

Indigenous Issues, and specialized agencies, including at the country level, and States,

shall promote respect for and full application of the provisions of this Declaration and

follow up the effectiveness of this Declaration.

Article 43

The rights recognized herein constitute the minimum standards for the

survival, dignity and well-being of the indigenous peoples of the world.

Article 44

All the rights and freedoms recognized herein are equally guaranteed to

male and female indigenous individuals.

Article 45

Nothing in this Declaration may be construed as diminishing or

extinguishing the rights indigenous peoples have now or may acquire in the future.

Article 46

1. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any

State, people, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act

contrary to the Charter of the United Nations.

2. In the exercise of the rights enunciated in the present Declaration,

human rights and fundamental freedoms of all shall be respected. The exercise of

the rights set forth in this Declaration shall be subject only to such limitations as are

determined by law, in accordance with international human rights obligations. Any

such limitations shall be non-discriminatory and strictly necessary solely for the

purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others

324

and for meeting the just and most compelling requirements of a democratic society.

3. The provisions set forth in this Declaration shall be interpreted in

accordance with the principles of justice, democracy, respect for human rights,

equality, non-discrimination, good governance and good faith.

325

2002

1997

2000

2000 1993

1997a 1997b

1999a 1999b 1945-1949p. 17-21, 77 2000

2002 2004

1997 2003

1992 1929

1956

326

2001 1996 []

2001 []

1918-1938 1991

1992

1992

2001

1999

1993

1980

1988

1997

1990

1993 1994a

327

1994b 1994c

1999 1999 --

1999 --

1999

2000

1958

2000

2000

1999

1985

2003

2002 248-250

328

2000a

2000b Who

解／重構台灣原住民族土地政策

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