286

()

287

288

( )

fMRI--functional magnetic resonance imaging

pineal body

melatonin

fMRIfunctional magnetic resonance imagingPETpositron

emission tomographySPECTsingle photon emission

computed tomographyEEGelectroencephalogramREG

rheoencephalographyMEGmagnetoencephalography

Herzog (1991)1Lou (1999, 2005)2,3Kjaer (2002)4

PETYoga meditationLazar (2000)5fMRI

KundaliniNewberg SPECT

Tibetan Buddhist meditation(2001)6Franciscan nuns

"verbal" based meditation(2003)7Lo (2003)8Lutz (2004)9Takahashi (2005)10

EEGBuddhismZenJevning (1996)11Yamamoto

(2006)12REGMEGEEGTranscendental MeditationDavidson

(2003)13mindfulness meditationEEG

289

brain electrical activityLazar (2005)14MRI

cortical thicknessHlzel (2007)15fMRIVipassana

meditation

(1997)16

EEG theta-wave alpha-

beta-waves fMRI

17,18 1

BOLDBlood Oxygenation Level DependentfMRI

1

p10-5SPM

pineal body, corpora

quadrigemina, thalamus, insula, claustrum, anterior cingulate, cingulate gyrus, Brodmann

area 24, superior temporal gyrus, Brodmann area 47, middle temporal gyrus, right side inferior fontal gyrus, Brodmann area 37, putamen,

Talairach 2

anterior cingulate (Lazar5, Yamamoto12), precentral gyrus (Lazar5), cingulate

gyrus (Newberg7), inferior frontal gyrus (Newberg6,7), right anterior insula (Lazar14), temporal gyrus (Lazar5) and thalamus (Newberg7)

fMRIFACT

2 9 cross correlation

coefficient 0.30~0.79 3 3.1 0.3 pixels

signal change 3.5 % (3.5 0.6)18

hypothalamus 3

superior vermisleft insula

290

19-23

()

() melatonine

1.

melatonin

2.

salivamelatonin

1~50 pg/mLanalytical sensitivity0.29 pg/mL

3.

melatonin

20

3

24

4

1030

111230

5()

291

15 lux

15

()

melatonin 90 1~10

10~15 15~45

45~90

(1) 11

PM11:00

(2)

(3) 01020304560 90

(saliva) melatonin

()

(1)Salivettesaliva collection tube

60-90

(2) 24 24

(3) 10

(4)-20

(5)

(6)Union Clinical Laboratory

Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunoassay (ELISA)

BIO-RAD CODA Automated EIA Analyzer

292

()

52.2 2.2 ( 29~64) 15.8 1.4 (5~24)

2.0 0.2 (1~4) 57.5 4.0 (30~90) 4

4(a)

4(b)

1~10 10 1 10

1~10

2.3 0.2 (1~5)

3

()

baseline homogeneity

analysis/ 0 10 8.372.12/

5.651.10 (MeanSEM) 2.72 T paired t test

P p-value 0.06095% confidence interval(-0.12,5.56)

time period effect analysis

Pre period 0mint10minPost period 10mint90minPost (I)

10t45 mins Post (II) 45t90 mins

Post p p

0.05for Post (I)p0.001for both Post and Post (II) periods

Post

4 5

Mean concentration profile of melatonin secretion 6

Analysis results of melatonin level

of the MED (meditation) and the control groupsPrePost

p 0.001 p 0.106

293

()

fMRI

5,6,7,12,14

superior temporal

gyrus, Brodmann area 47, middle temporal gyrusright side inferior frontal gyrus

8

corpora quadrigemina

autonomic functionvisceral functions

motor systems and sensory systemsthalamusinsula

emotioncognitive functionsanterior cingulate

cingulate gyrus

hypothalamus

splenium of corpus callosum pineal body 1

2

hypothalamus 3

Massion (1995)19Tooley (2000)20 Harinath (2004)21

Solberg et al. (2004)

22Carlson et al. (2004)

23

294

295

1.

Summarization of the brain activation research in different meditation styles

Meditation style Researcher Study method Main points or results

Yoga meditation Herzog H et al. (1991)1

PET the ratios of frontal vs. occipital rCMRGlc (regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose) were significantly elevated

Yoga Nidra meditation

Lou HC et al. (1999)2 (2005)3

PET the posterior sensory and associative cortices known to participate in imagery tasks were seen

Yoga Nidra meditation

Kjaer TW et al. (2002)4

PET increased endogenous dopamine release in the ventral striatum

Kundalini meditation

Lazar SW et al. (2000)5

fMRI signal increases in the dorso lateral prefrontal and parietal cortices, hippocampus/ parahippocampus, temporal lobe, pregenual anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, and pre- and post-central gyri

"Verbal" based meditation of Franciscan nuns

Newberg A et al. (2003)6

SPECT increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobes, and inferior frontal lobes

Tibetan Buddhist meditation

Newberg A et al. (2001)7

SPECT significantly increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was observed in the cingulate gyrus, inferior and orbital frontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and thalamus

Zen-Buddhism Lo PC et al. (2003)8 EEG Perception of the inner light can be comprehended as resonance. In the meditation experiment, a significant correlation was observed between perception of the inner light and EEG alpha blockage

Buddhist meditation

Lutz A et al. (2004)9 EEG Long-term practitioners self-induce sustained EEG high amplitude gamma-band oscillations and phase-synchrony during meditation. The EEG patterns differ from those of controls, in particular over lateral fronto-parietal electrodes

Zen meditation Takahashi T et al. (2005)10

EEG increases were observed in fast theta power and slow alpha power on EEG predominantly in the frontal area

Transcendental Meditation

Jevning R et al. (1996)21

REG the CBF of the frontal and occipital cortex were increased, and their showed high correlation between increased CBF and decreased cerebrovascular resistance

Transcendental meditation

Yamamoto et al. (2006)12

MEG and EEG

the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex play an important role in brain activity induced by meditation

Mindfulness meditation

Davidson RJ et al. (2003)13

EEG significant increases in left-sided anterior activation in the meditators compared with the nonmeditators

Insight meditation

Lazar SW et al. (2005)14

MRI Brain regions associated with attention, interoception and sensory processing were thicker in meditation participants than controls, including the prefrontal cortex and right anterior insula

Vipassana meditation

Hlzel BK et al. (2007)15

fMRI meditators showed stronger activations in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex bilaterally, compared to controls.

Chinese Original Quiet Sitting

Chen JC et al. (1997)16

EEG the brain theta-wave showed a marked increase, while the alpha- and beta-waves showed decreased after practice

Chinese Original Quiet Sitting

Liou CH et al. (2005,2005)17,18

fMRI pineal body and hypothalamus showed positive activation during the first and second stages of meditation process

296

2. Talairach Typical x, y, z Talairach coordinates and general functions of the brain activation regions of interest

during the IPQ stage of COQS.

Brain regions of interest Typical Talairach coordinates Location General functions 1 Pineal body (Epiphysis) [0 -28 2] behind the posterior

commissure, attached to the posterior wall of the third ventricle

secretes melatonin; receives sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations; controlling the onset of puberty; concerns in sexual development, metabolism

2 Corpora quadrigemina [0 -28 -6] on the tectum, the dorsal part of midbrain

reflex centers involving vision and hearing

3 Thalamus (L,R) L[-8 16 0], R[8 16 0] located obliquely (about 30) and symmetrically on each side of the third ventricle

relay information selectively to various parts of the cortex; regulating states of sleep and wakefulness; regulating arousal, the level of awareness and activity; devoted to motor systems, sensory systems (auditory, somatic, visceral, gustatory and visual systems, excepts the olfactory function); involved with consciousness

4 Insula (L,R) L[-36 0 2], R[36 0 2] within the cerebral cortex, beneath the frontal, parietal and temporal

associated with visceral functions, integrates autonomic information

5 Claustrum (L,R) L[-34 0 -4], R[34 0 -4] a thin layer between extreme capsule and external capsule

probably concerned with consciousness (by Francis Crick)

6 Anterior Cingulate [0 23 -11], L[-6 18 28], R[6 18 28] frontal part of cingulate cortax

autonomic functions; rational cognitive functions; empathy and emotion

7 Cingulate Gyrus (L,R) L[-10 0 40], R[10 0 40] wraps around the corpus callosum

emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory. Also, suppress inappropriate unconscious priming (involve the anterior cingulate gyrus).

8 Brodmann area 24 (L,R) L[-4 -6 40], R[4 -6 40], L[-4 0 40], R[4 0 40], L[-8 10 36], R[8 10 36]

ventral anterior cingulate cortex

probably concerned with free will (by Francis Crick)

9 Superior Temporal Gyrus (L,R)

L[-46 0 -12], R[46 0 -12] below the lateral sulcus sensation of sound

10 Brodmann area 47 (L,R) L[-34 20 0], R[34 20 0] inferior prefrontal gyrus processing of syntax in spoken, signed languages and musical syntax

11 Middle Temporal Gyrus (L,R)

R[56 -44 0], L[-58 -46 -6], R[58 -46 -6]

between superior and inferior temporal gyrus

accessing word meaning while reading

12 Inferior Frontal Gyrus (R) R[40 0 35], R[46 30 0] Includes Brodmann area 44, 45, 47 and deep frontal operculum

(right side) concerned with intonation, phonological and syntactic processing, syntax in spoken, musical syntax

13 Brodmann area 37 (L,R) L[-48 -68 0], R[48 -68 0] caudal portions of the fusiform gyrus, caudal extreme of the temporal lobe

may involve in auditory processing

14 Putamen (L,R) L[-30 -14 0], R[30 -14 0] a portion of basal ganglia, outermost part of lenticular nucleus

reinforcement learning; also involves in sensorimotor integration and motor control

297

1. (p10-5)Talairach [0 0 0]

A

D

C

B

2.

pineal gland( A )

3.

hypothalamus( B)

C superior vermis D left insula

298

(a)

(b)

4 (a)(b)

299

3.

Basic information of the subjects and self-evaluation of the affection of saliva sampling operation during the meditation process.

(Number of subjects = 20) Means SEM** Range

What is your age 52.2 2.2 29-64

How many years have you practiced meditation 15.8 1.4 5-24

How regularly do you practice every day(0-4 scale) 2.0 0.2 1-4

How long do you practice each time(minutes) 57.5 4.0 30-90

Whats the affection of the saliva sampling operation(1-10 scale)* 2.3 0.2 1-5

*The scale numbers are set from 1 to 10 which mean no affection at all by scale 1, with very serious affection by scale 10, and may change by gradation between those two scales. Every subject was asked to give a score subjectively right after the end of the experiment.

**SEM: Standard Error of Mean.

4.

Results of the time period effect analysis.

Paired t test

Treatment Time period* Mean SEM** One-sided

p-value

95% Confidence

Interval

Pre 8.37 2.13 --- ---

Post (I) 9.42 2.44 0.043 (0.05, )

Post 9.93 2.39 < 0.001 (0.86, ) Meditation

Post (II) 10.70 2.42 < 0.001 (1.26, )

Pre 5.65 1.10 --- ---

Post (I) 6.51 1.50 0.152 (-0.55, )

Post 6.70 1.48 0.106 (-0.35, ) Control

Post (II) 6.97 1.48 0.064 (-0.12, )

* Pre: 0t10 mins; Post (I): 10t45 mins; Post: 10t90 mins; Post (II): 45t90 mins.

**SEM: Standard Error of Mean.

300

Meditation Control

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Time (mins)

Mel

aton

in le

vel (p

g/m

l)

Post (I) Post (II) PostPre

5. (Mean concentration profile of melatonin secretion). The gray area in this diagram represents the meditation period and the deep gray area represents the IPQ stage. The time periods are: Pre: 0t10 mins; Post (I): 10t45 mins; Post: 10t90 mins; Post (II): 45t90 mins. Error bars represent the SEM. (IPQ stage)

6. (Analysis results of melatonin level of the MED (meditation) and the control groups). Error bars represent the SEM. The p-values between Pre (0t10 mins) and Post (10t90 mins) of the MED and the control groups are less than 0.001(**) and equal to 0.106 respectively.

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

MED Control

Mel

aton

in le

vel (

pg/m

l)

Pre

Post* *

301 301

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