Team name: TalentSharers

College: Goa Institute of Management

Providing clean drinking water & proper sanitation facility to all

Team members Ashima Birmani |Gagan Khare

Hardik Sojitra | Rahul Gupta | Subhasis Das

Towards Cleaner India

Parameter India United Nations’ Guidelines

Student-to-toilet compartment ratio 134.4 : 1 25:1 for girls, 50:1 for boys

Average no. of toilets per school 2.1

Water supply in urban areas (hours/day) 3.3 hours

Situational analysis: Challenges and Opportunities (1/2)

References: [a], [b], [c], [d], [e]

Situational analysis: Challenges and Opportunities (2/2)

Sanitation 1. Non-segregation of waste water from utilities and toilets, results in mixing of water and inability to treat entire water for re-use

2. Disposal of sewage directly into the rivers

3. Improper garbage disposal

1. Look at waste water from toilets and utilities as opportunity than a burden

2.Requirements for irrigation and flushing purposes can be fulfilled by treating waste water from toilets and reusing

3. Separate waste water at house/school/any premises level: Utilities vs. toilets

4. Segregation of human, animal excreta from water at community drain level – excreta to be used as manure after decomposition

Drinking water

1. Wastage of drinking water during transportation

2. Unavailability of sufficient water, which can be treated and used for drinking

3. Water leakage during storage

Drinking water 1. Treated waste water from utilities is usable for drinking

2. Rain water harvesting to increase ground water level

3. Utilizing rain water falling in land

Challenges Opportunities

Sanitation

India at global level: Access to sanitation

Source: References [f]

India at global level: Scarcity of water

Source: References [g]

Solution: An overview

Sewage treatment plant

1. Decentralize: Area level (one per 50 sq. kms)

Centralize: Zone/city level

2. Public Pvt. Partnership

BOLT – Build, Operate, Lease, Transfer

Allow local private players to build sewage treatment plants, run it as a business, transfer to government

3. Offer them benefits like lesser interest rates on loans, business opportunities

Rain water harvesting

1. Incentivize rain water harvesting scheme for residential area

2. AADHAR card linked monthly monetary payment to the household

3. Increase in ground water level

4. Stored water to be used for utilities

5. Financial inclusion

Public toilet hubs and portable toilet units

1. BOT - Build, Operate, Transfer

Allow private companies / individuals to invest and operate

2. Usability: Rural and congested urban areas

Potable drinking water

1. Water purification plants

Community level: Small distillation units

City / village level: Pipelines to individual households

2. Subsidized solar water disinfectors

Source: References [h], [i], [j], [k]

Sewage treatment plants: A new dimension

•Decentralize sewage treatment plant using PPP model

•Adopt of suitable state-of-the-art technology to convert the wastewater into potable drinking water

•As a result, reducing the negative impact of releasing untreated sewage into the environment (river)

• Setup of at least one plant covering approximately 60 sq.km of area with coverage of a population of minimum 2 lakhs

•Approx. capacity of the sewage treatment plant is 44.5 MLD

Identification

•PPP Mechanism bounded by contract by Government and concessionaire

• Land should be provided by the Government on lease and cost of power is borne by concessionaire

•Use biogas generated during treatment of sewage to meet part of its power requirements

•No role of government on consumption and reuse of potable quality recovered water

•Responsibility of quality and standards of services with subsequent independent checks will lie with the concessionaire

Implementation

•Debt equity ratio of 70:30, which is commonly used for infrastructure projects in India

•Operation and maintenance for 30 years in PPP mode with a debt equity ratio of 70:30 is both financially and economically viable

•All operating and maintenance costs are to be increased annually by 3%

•Price escalation of recycled water at the rate of 3% per annum may be assumed by the concessionaire

•High returns from the project can be gathered after the end of 30 years where IRR is minimum 15% and NPV is positive

Continuation

Rain water harvesting: Incentivize

Identification

Area: Rural and urban

Type: Residential, individual households

Aim: Incentivize households to install rain water harvesting system

Implementation

The scheme plans to incentivize every household with a monthly incentive.

Cost of installing rainwater harvesting system for 200 residents = Rs. 25, 000

Implied cost for a family of 4 = 25,000/200 = 125Rs.

Average cost for a unit for single house = Rs. 3000 to Rs. 5000

Suggested incentive = 100 Rs. per month

Payback period = 3 to 5 years

Use bank account linked to AADHAR card for transactions

Continuation

Future scope:

The model can, then, be extended to:

1. Commercial and institutional entities

2. Society / community level project undertaking of installing rain water harvesting system

3. Incentivizing for saving the water

Source: References [l]

Iden

tifi

cati

on

•Segmentation of cities and villages according to population density

•Find current availability of public toilets

•Find the locations where people go for defecation

• Identify local businesses, NGOs, corporate houses to make them invest under CSR activities / PPP models

• Identify contractors to build/maintain toilets

Imp

lem

enta

tio

n

•Setup portable toilet hubs according to pre-determined ratio

•Setup under PPP model / ask NGO / corporate body to sponsor the same

•Choose contractor who will be responsible for toilet hygiene & water facility

•Setup cost under BOT model: INR 2 lakh/toilet [m]

•Contract allocation as per bidding system

Co

nti

nu

atio

n

•Surprise check by sarpanch/municipal commissioner

•Penalties to be levied on contractor in case of irregularities

•Offer outer wall for advertisements to bring in the revenues to operate it business model and achieve breakeven as soon as possible

•Add more toilets in subsequent years, in nearby area to increase the reach

Public toilet hubs & portable toilet units

Source: References [m]

Iden

tifi

cati

on

•Sources for water plant can be rain water , harvested water , artificial canals, dams etc.

•Requirement of minimum level of pure water to maximum no. of people

• Identify local communities to setup small distillation units

• Identify contractors to build/maintain water treatment plant

Imp

lem

enta

tio

n

•Check dam concept for villages

•Setup under PPP with water purifier companies

•Extensive distribution of pure water covering individual households

•Use of glass beds for purifying water

•Setup cost starts with minimum range of 40 lakhs

•Distribution of subsidized solar water disinfectors

Co

nti

nu

atio

n

• Setup of (Reverse osmosis) RO plant for high purity of water.

• Surprise check by government authorities to maintain quality standards

• Increases resource capacity of water

• Issue of continuous supply of potable drinking water will need to be addressed

Potable drinking water: Fresh perspective

Road ahead: Anticipated challenges & issues

Institutional challenges

Lack of govt.

regulation

Non-robust framework

Lack of initiation

Lack of role clarity

Technical issues

Lack of availability

of technology

Outdated infrastructu

re

Low penetration

level of sewage

channels

Lack of knowledge

Financial issues

Budget constraints

High maintenan

ce cost

Improper utilization

of resources

Changing global

environment

Appendix

1. Toilets

Total schools in India (27 states) = 6,12,131 + 98,054 = 7,10,185

Total schools without toilet = 35773 + 10,581 = 46,354

% of total schools without toilets = 6.53%

2. Water facility in school toilets

Total toilets in schools = 1252844 + 245892 = 1498736

No. of school toilets without water facilities = 64255 + 8911 = 73166

% of school toilets without water facilities = 4.9%

3. Toilets per school

Total schools in India (27 states) = 6,12,131 + 98,054 = 7,10,185

Total toilets in schools = 1252844 + 245892 = 1498736

Average no. of toilets per school = 2.1

4. Student-to-toilet compartment ratio

Total enrolment in schools (excluding enrolments in class XI, XII attached to degree colleges) = 140404561 + 61052501 = 201457062

Total toilets in schools = 1252844 + 245892 = 1498736

Student-to-toilet compartment ratio = 201457062 / 1498736 = 134.4

References: [a], [b], [c], [d], [e]

References

a. School Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey (2012) http://www.unicef.org/oPt/UNICEF_-_English_Report_Final.pdf

b. Seventh All India School Education Survey (2002) http://www.ncert.nic.in/programmes/education_survey/pdfs/Enrolment_in_school.pdf

c. http://tsc.nic.in/BLS2012/Report/Rpt_AbstractReport.aspx

d. India: Water Supply and Sanitation – UNICEF Study (2002) http://www.arlingtoninstitute.org/wbp/global-water-crisis/606#_ftn8

e. http://www.ebtc.eu/pdf/111031_SNA_Snapshot_Water-and-waste-water-in-India.pdf

f. WHO and UNICEF: Meeting the MDG drinking water and sanitation target, 2006 http://mattpaish.wordpress.com/2012/01/

g. http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/03/14/are-we-running-out-of-water/

h. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg

i. http://www.clker.com/cliparts/B/g/c/g/o/l/man-woman-toilet-sign-md.png

j. https://extension.usu.edu/waterquality/images/uploads/Homeowner/water%20testing/drinking%20glass%20of%20water.jpg

k. http://164.100.138.13/Styles/Images/rainHarvesting.jpg

l. Harvesting and Harnessing Rainwater - Roshni Udyavar http://www.enviro-arch.com/article_harvesting_harnessing.html

m. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/hubli/39975825_1_public-toilets-hdmc-hubli-dharwad-municipal-corporation

Thank you