Unit 2 Grammar and usage

Attributive clausesAttributive clauses（（ 11 ））

泗洪县洪翔中学 张倩倩

Unit 2 Unit 2

Revision 定语从句 (attributive clauses)

1. 定义：

2. 先行词 (antecedent )

3. 关系词 (relative words )

关系词 分类

指人

指物that which whose

who whom that whose

when where why

修饰主句中名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。

被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。

引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。

relative pronouns （关系代词） relative adverbs: （关系副词）

关系词在定语从句中可以作：主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语

1) Mary is a student who is 21 years old.

2) The school where he studied is in Shenzhen.

先行词

先行词 关系代词关系副词

定语从句主句

定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中的使用

先行词 Subject Object Possessive

persons

things

who/ that

which/that

(whom/who/that)

(which/that)

whose

whose/

of which

Use proper relative pronouns to complete the sentences.

1.David is a kind person _________always helps others.

2. The book ____________ I borrowed from the library is very interesting.

3. He can’t find the book___________is borrowed from the library.

4. The girl ________________ you have just seen is very good at English.

5. He is a great boy _________name will be remembered.

(which/that)

which/that

(who/whom/that)

whose

who/that

定语从句中，关系代词常用 that 的情况：1. 当先行词是 all, everything, nothing, anything,

none, little, much, the one 等不定代词时 , 常用that 引导定语从句。

1 ） There is nothing (that) I can do.

2 ） This is all that is left.

3 ） Have you got anything that belongs to me?

特殊用法

2. 当先行词被 all, any, every, no, some, little, much, very, the only 等词修饰时，常用 that 引导定语从句。

1) I have read all the books (that) you gave me.

2) You may take home any of these books that you like.

3) The only thing that we can do is to wait.

3. 当先行词是序数词﹑形容词最高级或被序数词 ( the first, the last 等 ) ﹑ 形容词最高级修饰时 , 常用 that 引导定语从句。

1) The first (thing) that should be done is to get the book.

2) This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. 4. 当先行词是两个或两个以上既有人又有物时，常用 that引导定语从句。 1) He talked about the teachers and schools that they knew.

5. 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，无论先行词是人还是物，常用 that 引导定语从句。

1 ） He is no longer the man that he used to be.

1. This is the second book______I have ever written.

A. when B. that C. which D as

2. The fire destroyed all_____was in the building.

A what B which C that D who

3. This is the only answer _____right.

A which we think is B that we think it is C that we think is D which we think it is

4. Tom is not the man______he once was.

A who B whom C which D that

B

C

C

D

Fill in the blanks with relative pronouns.1. This is the story ____________ we wrote for

our storytelling contest.2. He likes the birthday gifts ____________ his

friends gave him.3. I don’t know the name of the teacher___________ I met in the computer room.

(which/that)

(which/that)

(who/whom/that) Conclusion:

The relative pronouns serve as the objects of the __________.verbs

Fill in the blanks with relative pronouns.4. Daniel is the person ______________ I

want to make friends with.5. Art is the subject ____________ I know little

about.6. The topic ____________ Eric is interested

in is Physics.

(who/whom/that)

(which/that)

(which/that)

Conclusion:

The relative pronouns serve as the objects of the __________.prepositions

Join the sentences with an attributive clause: 1. You were to buy dog food with the money. 2. The money is gone.

The money (which/that) you were to buy dog food with is gone.

The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.

Conclusion:

当关系代词作介词的宾语时 , 我们通常把介词放在关系代词之前来引导定语从句 , 就是用介词 + which/whom 来引导。

注意： 1 ） 这时关系代词 which 或 whom 不能用 that 或 who 来代替。 2 ） which 或 whom 也不能省略。

Rewrite the following sentences4. Daniel is the person with whom I want to make

friends.5. Art is the subject about which I know little.6. The topic in which Eric is interested is Physics.

Fill in the blanks with “prep.+ which/whom”:1. Are you interested in any songs ____ _____ you’ve listened.2. Tomorrow is a particular day ____ _____ his daughter will get married.

to which

on which

Fill in the blanks with relative pronouns:4. Daniel is the person (who/whom/that) I want to make friends with.5. Art is the subject (which/that) I know little about.6. The topic (which/that) Eric is interested in is Physics.

3. This is the knife ____ _____ I usually cut bread.

4. We can’t live without the sun ____ _____ we get heat and light.

5.The subject ____ _____ Eric is interested is physics.

6. This is the good car ____ _____ I spent all my money.

7. She is the teacher ______ _______all his students show respect .

with which

from which

in which

on which

to/for whom

8. Do you know the girl ____ _____ our head teacher is shaking hands?

9. I can’t find my dictionary ____ _____ I paid over $100 .

10. The teacher ____ _____ you have been waiting is coming in a minute.

with whom

for which

for which

Conclusion:

介词 +whom/which 结构 中介词的选择主要看两点：

1. 与先行词的搭配

2. 与定语从句中动词或动词短语的搭配

1)根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭 配来决定。

Conclusion

Test yourself

1. Do you know the girl_____________________ our head teacher is talking ?

2. I can’t find my dictionary ___________I paid over $100 .

3. This is the good car____ ______I spent all my money.

4. The teacher_____ ________you have been waiting is coming in a minute.

More Practice

to/with/about whom

for which

on which

for whom

talking to/with /about the girl

pay… for the dictionary

spend money on the car

waiting for the teacher

I ‘ll never forget the day. He made the speech on that day.

The moment _____which I made the decision is exciting.

______ the moment( 在此刻 )

at

at

The month _____which I left for vocation is July.

______ the month

in

in

I ‘ll never forget the day on which he made the speech.

2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。

Test youselves

1. This is the knife ______________ I usually cut my pencil.

2. . Is this the house which your father was born?

with which

∧

in

1.The house ______ there is a big tree was built more than 1000 years ago.

A. which B. in front of which

C. that D. in the front of which

Air, ________ which man can’t live, is really important.

③ 根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定

without

The pen _____which he is writing now was bought yesterday.

with

1)     The German boss_____________ the actress works is a kind person.

2)    The pen friend _______________ the poet writes is good at literature.

for whom

to whom

Is this the watch that you are looking for?

The old man whom I am looking after is better .

在固定短语中介词不能提前

下面两句中的介词能提前吗 ?

固定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不能提前 .

常见的这类动词短语有 :

look for/after/forward to,

care for( 照顾，喜欢）hear of/about/from, take care of 等 .

This is the right place I’m looking for.

The girl whom he is looking after is his sister.

你有没有看到那座房子？它的屋顶是红的。Do you see the house? Its roof is red.

Do you see the house whose roof is red?

Do you see the house the roof of which is red?

Do you see the house of which the roof is red?

roof

the roofConclusion: 关系代词 whose 可以用 of which 来替换 , 但要注意它的形式和位置。

the roof

Exercises:

1. I was given three books on cooking, the first _______ I really enjoyed. (06 浙江 )

A. of that B. of which

C. that D. which

Tip: the first of the three books

Exercises:

2. Last week, only two people came to look at the house, _______ wanted to buy it. (07 安徽 )

A. none of them B. both of them

C. none of whom D. neither of whom

Tip: neither of the two people

Exercises:

3. We shouldn’t spent our money testing so many people, most of _____are healthy. (07 北京 )

A. that B. which

C. what D. whom

Tip: most of the people

Exercises:

4. The man pulled out a gold watch, ______ were made of small diamonds. (08 陕西 )

A. the hands of whom

B. whom the hands of

C. which the hands of

D. the hands of which

Tip: the hands of the watch

Fill in the blanks with “prep.+relative pron.”1. Are you interested in any songs ____

______ you’ve listened.2.Tomorrow is a particular day _____

_______his daughter will get married.3. This is the knife ______________ I usually

cut my pencil.4. We can’t live without the sun______ __we

get heat and light.5. The subject ___________ Eric is

interested is physics.

More Practice

to which

on which

with which

from which

in which

listen to songs

on the day

with the knife

get heat and light from the sun

is interested in the subject

6. Do you know th girl_____________________ our head teacher is talking ?

7. I can’t find my dictionary ___________I paid over $100 .

8. This is the good car____ ______I spent all my money.

9. She is the teacher _________all his students show respect .

10. The teacher_____ ________you have been waiting is coming in a minute.

More Practice

to/with/about whom

for which

on which

to whom

for whom

talking to/with /about the girl

pay… for the dictionary

spend money on the car

show respect to the teacherwaiting for the teacher

1 ． In the dark street , there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.

A. that 　　 B. who 　 C. from whom 　 D. to whom 　

2. I will never forget the days during ______ I had a good time in Canada.

A. this B. which C. that D. when 3. Is this the house_______ your father was born?

A. at where   B. which C. in which  D. at which4. Recently I’ve bought a very beautiful car , _____

was very reasonable. A. which price 　 B. the price of which 　

C. its price 　 D. the price of whose

More Practice

5. Have you found the book _________ I spent $10?

  A. for which B. at which C. on which D.in which    

6. The gentleman _______ you told me yesterday

turned out to be a thief.        A. who   B. about whom C. whom  D. with whom

More Practice

7. ---- Did his words make you angry?

---- No. Not his words but the way _____ he spoke.    

A. which   B. in which

C. in that   D. where        

More Practice

Homework

Finish the exercises given out after class.