measurement 變數測量（構念的操作化）中央大學. 資訊管理系范錚強 mailto:...

Measurement 變數測量（構念的操作化）

中央大學 . 資訊管理系范錚強

mailto: [email protected]

2011.04 updated

8

中央資管：范錚強 2

Learning Objectives

Understand . . .

The distinction between measuring objects, properties, and indicants of properties.

The similarities and differences between the four scale types used in measurement and when each is used.

The four major sources of measurement error.

The criteria for evaluating good measurement.


Why Measurement Is Important

“If you can’t measure it, you can’t manage it.”

Bob Donath, Bob Donath and Co, Inc

中央資管：范錚強 411-4

Measurements Will Vary Measurements Will Vary Over TimeOver Time

“The only man who behaved sensibly wasmy tailor; he took my measurement anewevery time he saw me, while all the restwent on with their old measurements andexpected them to fit me.”

George Bernard Shawplaywright and essayist


Measurement

Selecting measurable phenomena

Developing a set of mapping rules

Applying the mapping ruleto each phenomenon


Characteristics of Measurement


Types of Scales

OrdinalOrdinal

intervalinterval

RatioRatio

NominalNominal （男、女）；（製造業、服務業）

（大、中、小）

（溫度）

（長度；速度）


Levels of Measurement

OrdinalOrdinal

intervalinterval

RatioRatio

NominalNominal ClassificationClassification


Nominal Scales

Mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive categories

Exhibits the classification characteristic only



OrdinalOrdinal

intervalinterval

RatioRatio


OrderOrderClassificationClassification


Ordinal Scales

Characteristics of nominal scale plus an indication of order

Implies statement of greater than and less than



OrdinalOrdinal

intervalinterval

RatioRatio



OrderOrderClassificationClassification DistanceDistance


Interval Scales

Characteristics of nominal and ordinal scales plus the concept of equality of interval.

Equal distance exists between numbers



OrdinalOrdinal

intervalinterval

RatioRatio




Natural OriginNatural Origin



Ratio Scales

Characteristics of previous scales plus an absolute zero point

ExamplesWeight

Height

Number of children


Moving from Investigative to

Measurement Questions


Sources of Error

Respondent

InstrumentMeasurer

Situation


Evaluating Measurement Tools

CriteriaCriteria

Validity

Practicality ReliabilityReliability


Validity Determinants

Content

ConstructCriterion

在一個構念經由多個外顯 (manifest) 項目來測量之下，有以下效度


理論驗證

實質層次

構念層次

統計結論

X Y學說：因果關係

操作化

x誤差

操弄、測量

y測量

誤差

操作化

因果關係：實徵支持

因果、共變關係


構念效度的種類

Construct Validity 構念效度測量工具是否在整體上，反映了該理論構念

Face Validity 表面效度每一個外顯項目都和所測量的構念相關

Content Validity 內容效度所有外顯項目合在一起，涵蓋所測量的構念

Convergent Validity 收斂效度用不同測量工具來衡量同一構念，結果需要收斂

Discriminant validity 區別效度用相同測量工具來衡量不同構念，結果需要能被區別


Increasing Face and Content Validity

ContentLiterature Search

Literature Search

Expert Interviews

Expert Interviews

Group Interviews

Group Interviews

Question DatabaseQuestion Database

Etc.Etc.


Multi-trait Multi-method Matrix

用同一個方法來衡量不同的構念用不同方法來衡量同一個構念

對角線用 Cronbach’s alpha 取代內部一致性 (ca) 係數要比 Hetero-method Mono-trait (hm) 係數高hm 係數要比 mh/hh 係數高mh 和 hh 係數的三角形 pattern 要相同

M1T1

M1T2

M1T3

M2T1

M2T2

M2T3

M1T1 ca

M1T2 mh ca

M1T3 mh mh ca

M2T1 hm hh hh ca

M2T2 hh hm hh mh ca

M2T3 hh hh hm mh mh ca

Correlations Matrix


構念效度的種類 2

Nomological Validity 法理效度the degree to which a construct behaves as it should within a system of related constructs called a nomological set.

Criterion validity 效標效度若已經驗證的理論中， X 影響 Y 。建構的新測量工具衡量 X 的時候，其結果需要能預測 Y

Concurrent validity 同步效度用該工具與另一個之前已經驗證過的工具來測量，兩者的結果應該要高度相關

Predictive validity 預測效度用該工具測量出來的結果，應該能夠預測之前已經驗證過的工具測量的結果



Content

Construct


Increasing Construct Validity

New measure of trustNew measure of trust

Known measure of trustKnown measure of trust

EmpathyEmpathy

CredibilityCredibility



Content

ConstructCriterion


Judging Criterion Validity

RelevanceRelevance

Freedom from biasFreedom from bias

ReliabilityReliability

AvailabilityAvailability

Criterion


信度 Reliability

測量工具的穩定度、可靠度重測信度、折半信度、複本信度

測量工具的內部一致性項目間的信度 (e.g. Cronbach )評分員間的信度


Understanding Validity and Reliability


Reliability Estimates

Stability

InternalConsistency

Equivalence


信度相關的名稱

Internal consistency reliability: 內部一致性Inter-rater reliability: 評分員之間的一致性Test-retest reliability: 再測信度

用同一測量工具對同一個受測對象測量，結果之間的一致性（包含評分員內部 Intra-rater reliability ）

Inter-method reliability: 用不同測量工具對同一個受測對象測量，結果之間的一致性Parallel-forms reliability/ Duplicate-forms reliability: 複本信度

同上，採用不同份題目（常使用在考試）Split-half reliability: 折半信度

考試題目，前後半的一致性


Practicality

Economy InterpretabilityConvenience


測量理論 Measurement Theory

所有測量，必然影響受測量標的的行為表現衡量人的任何行為，必然影響其行為表現衡量學生的成績，會使他們用功，因而影響成績衡量高速公路上的車速，會使他們在合法速度下行進

measurement 變數測量 （構念的操作化） 中央大學. 資訊管理系 范錚強 mailto:...

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