解讀奧林匹克精神解讀奧林匹克精神運動家精神與公平競爭運動家精神與公平競爭

Rules, Cheating, Rules, Cheating, Sportsmanship & Fair Play Sportsmanship & Fair Play

Learning OutcomesLearning Outcomes Identify the link between Identify the link between valuesvalues, , principles principles

and and rules rules Differentiate between written and Differentiate between written and

unwritten rulesunwritten rules Consider rule keeping & breakingConsider rule keeping & breaking Analyse conditions for cheating in sportAnalyse conditions for cheating in sport Evaluate moral aspects of cheatingEvaluate moral aspects of cheating Analyse the relationship between Analyse the relationship between

‘Sportsmanship’ & ‘Fair Play’‘Sportsmanship’ & ‘Fair Play’

DiscussionDiscussion1. What are good (values) in your life?1. What are good (values) in your life? 2. What are ‘good’/ ‘bad’ sports contests? 2. What are ‘good’/ ‘bad’ sports contests? (moral, immoral & non-moral examples) - (OHP)(moral, immoral & non-moral examples) - (OHP) 3. What is cheating in sports?3. What is cheating in sports?

4. Can cheating in sport be justified? If 4. Can cheating in sport be justified? If yes, why? If not, why not?yes, why? If not, why not?

RulesRules Underpinned by Underpinned by valuesvalues & & principlesprinciples

Written rulesWritten rules- - constitutive rulesconstitutive rules - functional & defining - functional & defining - - regulative rulesregulative rules - penalty invoking - penalty invoking; etiquette; etiquette- - auxiliary rulesauxiliary rules - eligibility; doping - eligibility; doping

See handout: Searle (1969), Meier (1985) and See handout: Searle (1969), Meier (1985) and Kretchmar (2001) Kretchmar (2001)

RulesRules

Q- What is it to keep the rules? Q- What is it to keep the rules? - tacit agreement between participants - tacit agreement between participants

(contract) (contract)

- a moral obligation? I ought to play by the a moral obligation? I ought to play by the rules...(keep promise - Kant)rules...(keep promise - Kant)

- or a virtuous person (sportsperson)?or a virtuous person (sportsperson)?

Rule keeping & breakingRule keeping & breaking

Rule keeping = Fair Play? Rule keeping = Fair Play?

Formal - keep the written rulesFormal - keep the written rules- Consider examples of breaking the rules (e.g. Tyson Consider examples of breaking the rules (e.g. Tyson

vs Holyfield)vs Holyfield)

Informal - keep the unwritten rulesInformal - keep the unwritten rules- Spirits! Ethos! (e.g. Arsenal vs Sheffield)- Spirits! Ethos! (e.g. Arsenal vs Sheffield)

- A. Unintentionally - accidental foulA. Unintentionally - accidental foul- B. Intentionally - professional foul- B. Intentionally - professional foul

Cheating in SportCheating in Sport

What is cheating? Provide examplesWhat is cheating? Provide examples Violation of rulesViolation of rules = Cheating? = Cheating? Intentional Intentional (If you do not intend to (If you do not intend to

break rules - is this cheating?)break rules - is this cheating?) DeceptionDeception (if you do not intend to (if you do not intend to

deceive - is this cheating?)deceive - is this cheating?) What of the What of the strategic foulstrategic foul? A ? A good good

foulfoul?? Penalties - a sanction or a price? B/ballPenalties - a sanction or a price? B/ball Is it cheating if...?Is it cheating if...?

Concept of Cheating (I) 3 conditions to cheat (Reddiford)3 conditions to cheat (Reddiford)- players - players seek gainsseek gains not properly hers/his not properly hers/his- - conceals conceals real motives i.e. deceivesreal motives i.e. deceives- at time victim of - at time victim of rule violationrule violation & official & official

believe all is wellbelieve all is well- If A cheats B, A deceives B- If A cheats B, A deceives B- If A does not deceive B, B is not - If A does not deceive B, B is not

cheatingcheating

Concept of Cheating (II)Concept of Cheating (II) Definition - necessary conditions Definition - necessary conditions 1. Intention 1. Intention 2. Deception 2. Deception 3. In order to gain an unacceptable 3. In order to gain an unacceptable unfair unfair

advantage.advantage.

4. BUT: Breaking rules - not necessarily!4. BUT: Breaking rules - not necessarily!

Concept of Cheating Concept of Cheating (III)(III)

Cheating make the game more Cheating make the game more interesting? (Leaman)interesting? (Leaman)

Can cheating ever be justified?Can cheating ever be justified?

Concept of Cheating Concept of Cheating (III)(III)

Focus on Focus on external goalsexternal goals - - win at all costswin at all costs - - not how game is played (internal goods) not how game is played (internal goods) but the outcome (external goods - money)but the outcome (external goods - money)

Lack of respectLack of respect for persons > violation of for persons > violation of rules - rules are both functional & moralrules - rules are both functional & moral

Acceptable unfair advantage vs. Acceptable unfair advantage vs. unacceptable unfair advantageunacceptable unfair advantage. (Arnold) . (Arnold) Examples? Examples?

Cheating & Rule Formalism Cheating & Rule Formalism (1) Leaman (1) Leaman Role of official enshrines cheatingRole of official enshrines cheating Official regulates skilfulnes of cheatingOfficial regulates skilfulnes of cheating(2) Lehman(2) Lehman Rules are inseparable from ends - break Rules are inseparable from ends - break

rules & original end becomes impossible to rules & original end becomes impossible to attain attain

Cannot win without play, cannot play Cannot win without play, cannot play without rule keeping (rule formalism)without rule keeping (rule formalism)

Q: Can Cheats Play the Game?Q: Can Cheats Play the Game?

Cheating and DeceptionCheating and Deception Pearson (1988):Pearson (1988):

1. 1. Strategic DeceptionStrategic Deception (SD) (SD)Permissible (basketball, tennis, baseball)Permissible (basketball, tennis, baseball)(see handout)(see handout)2. 2. Definitional DeceptionDefinitional Deception (DD) (DD)Cheating?Cheating?

Cheating and Rule Cheating and Rule BreakingBreaking

Examples: (see handout)Examples: (see handout)

(1) water polo (1) water polo

(2) swimming marathon (2) swimming marathon

Cheating and DeceptionCheating and DeceptionSummary: Summary: 1. ‘1. ‘Breaking rules with intention’ might Breaking rules with intention’ might

not be seen as cheating. not be seen as cheating. (e.g. marathon swimming)(e.g. marathon swimming)

2. Cheating can be achieved ‘without 2. Cheating can be achieved ‘without breaking rules’? breaking rules’?

(e.g. water polo)(e.g. water polo)

Cheating and Good Foul Cheating and Good Foul Fraleigh (1988): Fraleigh (1988): A player violates the rules whilst A player violates the rules whilst

expecting and willingly accepting a expecting and willingly accepting a penalty. => in order to gain an penalty. => in order to gain an advantage. Example: ?advantage. Example: ?

Q: 1. Is a ‘good foul’ good?Q: 1. Is a ‘good foul’ good? 2. Is a ‘good foul’ cheating?2. Is a ‘good foul’ cheating?

Sportsmanship (I)Sportsmanship (I) Sportspersonship or Sportsmanship? - Sportspersonship or Sportsmanship? -

gender awarenessgender awareness Sportsmanship in Practice: (Beller & Stoll, Sportsmanship in Practice: (Beller & Stoll,

1993)1993)

1. 1. Students’ viewStudents’ view: no moral character : no moral character 2. 2. Athletes’ viewAthletes’ view: for self-interested purposes.: for self-interested purposes.3. 3. Coaches & teachersCoaches & teachers: hard to define; culture : hard to define; culture

difference.difference.

Sportsmanship (II)Sportsmanship (II) Sportsmanship contains a variety of Sportsmanship contains a variety of

positive valuespositive values.. Sportsmanship has same things in Sportsmanship has same things in

common with moralitycommon with morality..a. refer to ‘character & action’.a. refer to ‘character & action’.b. sportsmanlike acts are ethical acts.b. sportsmanlike acts are ethical acts.c. as an important value (moral and non-c. as an important value (moral and non-

moral)moral)Q: Sportsmanship = Fair Play?Q: Sportsmanship = Fair Play?

Fair Play (I)Fair Play (I)The International Fair Play Committee The International Fair Play Committee

(IFPC, 1976)(IFPC, 1976) a ‘way of behaving’:a ‘way of behaving’:- honesty- honesty- respect for - respect for team colleaguesteam colleagues- respect for - respect for opponentsopponents- respect for the - respect for the refereereferee* BUT: Respect for the * BUT: Respect for the gamegame (Butcher & (Butcher &

Schneider,1988)Schneider,1988)

Fair Play (II)Fair Play (II) ““ Fair play is embodied in Fair play is embodied in modesty modesty

in victoryin victory, in graciousness in defeat, , in graciousness in defeat, and in that generosity of outlook and in that generosity of outlook which creates warm and lasting which creates warm and lasting human relationships”.human relationships”.

So: Fair play So: Fair play entailsentails good good sportsmanship?sportsmanship?

Group Project Group Project 1. 1. Can cheating ever be justified?Can cheating ever be justified?2. Can cheats play the game?2. Can cheats play the game?3. Does cheating necessarily entail 3. Does cheating necessarily entail

‘breaking the rules’?‘breaking the rules’?4. Is ‘strategic deception’ allowed? If not, 4. Is ‘strategic deception’ allowed? If not,

what is wrong with that?what is wrong with that?5. Is a ‘good foul’ good? If not, why?5. Is a ‘good foul’ good? If not, why?6. Is a ‘good foul’ cheating?6. Is a ‘good foul’ cheating?7. What is the relationship between 7. What is the relationship between

‘sportsmanship’ and ‘fair play’?‘sportsmanship’ and ‘fair play’?